APSY 203 ASSESSMENT 3 STUDY QUESTIONS

When Michaeala looks in the mirror, she sees nothing but flaws. She continuously works on her image, limiting her food intake to the extreme and running to exhaustion every day. What disorder does Michaeala most likely suffer from?

Anorexia nervosa

As typical adolescent girls, Inez and her friends have poor nutritional habits. A major reason for adolescents' poor nutritional habits is:

Anxiety about their body image

Secondary sex characteristics are traits that:

Are not directly related to fertility

Deion, who is 4 years old, is very surprised when he meets a woman firefighter who comes to his school. He tells her that he thought only men were firefighters. What does this reflect?

Gender streotyping

Neal goes to a clinic to seek help for chronic anxiety. At the clinic he's given a questionnaire which asks about experiences he had in childhood, such as whether he suffered physical, emotional, or sexual abuse, or neglect. What is the survey measuring?

General health conditions

Arjun's mom is baking a cake. He realizes that once the batter is mixed, the ingredients cannot be separated out. Which principle of concrete operational thought is Arjun using here?

Reversibility

Martha is teaching her third graders some typing skills, and challenges them to complete a task she knows will be difficult, but feels confident they can handle if they work in groups. Martha is relying on which psychological concept?

The zone of proximal development

After being told by many other individuals that he is an outgoing person, John begins to see himself the same way. Which theory of self-concept development does this reflect?

The-looking glass self

What have most children usually acquired by age 3?

Their primary teeth

Which of the following is true about taste preferences during early childhood?

They are being developed

Hanna and Cora are best friends. What might be the glue keeping this friendship together?

They are loyal to one another and share their innermost secrets

As children reach middle childhood, they adapt new strategies to meet goals. Which of these developments or strategies does NOT demonstrate this cognitive change?

They begin prioritizing every minute detail, trying to learn everything.

In individualistic cultures, like the United States, this firm, yet responsive parenting style is considered ideal for healthy development in children.

auhtoritative

Young children tend to lack the awareness that altering a substance's appearance does not change its basic properties. What is this awareness called?

conservation

Sophia is trying to learn material for an exam. Which component of memory will store the information she is learning?

long-term-memory

gender stereotyping

overgeneralizing about the attitudes, traits, or behaviors of men or women.

Children learning a new language rule may not use it correctly. If a child uses a new rule with words that the rule is not appropriate for, then the child has ________ the rule.

overregulated

When young children are learning new grammar rules, they often fail to understand that there are exceptions to the rule, and that there are situations in which the rule does not apply. What is this called?

overregulation

Which of the following reflect what Erikson believed to be the main influence on personality development?

relationship with other individuals

Before placing a child diagnosed with a learning disability into a special program, what additional esteem need should be considered for the child?

social considerations

Pamela is taking a state achievement test. What is being measured in the test?

what she has already learned

________ is gross motor skill, while ________ is a fine motor skill.

Walking; coloring

The preoperational stage of development in Piaget's theory coincides with which age range?

2-7

At 17, Nolan is already a star on the internet. He'd like to continue making and uploading popular videos as a career According to Marcia, what identity status does Nolan occupy?

Achievement

Shayla watches a documentary on environmental protection, and it heightens her awareness of her carbon footprint. She decides to make small adjustments to her everyday life, realizing that her personal comfort should not take precedence over protecting the environment. What type of shift in thinking does this perspective indicate?

A shift from egocentric thinking

A sticker chart designed to reward a child for every ten stickers earned for doing household chores is an example of what?

A token company

Approximately how many girls have been sexually abused in their lifetime?

About 1 in 4

Priya, an 8-year old, is experiencing a major growth spurt. This past year, she has grown 3 inches in height. Which phase of puberty is Priya most likely experiencing?

Adrenarche

Three-year-old Tristan's parents took him to the toy store. While there, he wanted to buy a Barbie. Which of the following would be the best parental response to the situation if Tristan's parents wanted him to do less gender stereotyping as he grew older? The question has been evaluated. Your choice is correct. Multiple Choice QuestionDiscuss with Tristan that even though he may want to play with a Barbie, other children might make fun of him, so he should get something else.Steer Tristan toward a gender appropriate toy without saying that Barbies are for girls.

Allow tristan to purchase the barbie.

Which two stages of Freud's psychodynamic theory do children progress through during early childhood?

Anal and Phallic stage

Which of the following is not one of the multiple intelligences proposed in Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences?

Analytical

Angela is 7 years old, and her little sister, Maurya is 2 years old. How are Angela's visual pathways likely to differ from those of her sister?

Angela's visual pathways are likely to be more mature, allowing her illustrations to more clearly reflect what she visualizes.

Autumn is worried her daughter, who seems depressed and listless most of the time, might be considering suicide, but she's afraid to ask because she doesn't want to plant the idea. What should she do?

Ask her friends to check in with her

Jordan has always had issues sitting still in the classroom, because he has trouble filtering out all of the extra noises and sights and paying attention to the teacher above all the stimuli. What disorder does Jordan likely have?

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

Kyle has trouble sitting still in class and paying attention to the teacher. One day he gets so annoyed with the sound of someone sharpening a pencil during a test, that he yells at them to be quiet. What disorder does Kyle likely struggle with?

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

Adrik is having difficulties in school. He is not reading well, but this seems to be because he cannot focus on the readings. Adrik also has difficulty paying attention when he is completing his math work. Which of the following learning disabilities is likely affecting Adrik?

Attention deficit Hyperactivity disorder

The Love and Logic approach emphasizes the importance of providing loving support while helping children learn to be respectful and responsible. Which parenting style is similar to the Love and Logic approach?

Authoratative

Aaron admits he was a bit of a "wild child" in high school, disobeying rules and testing boundaries. He's a well-adjusted adult now, and he appreciates his parents' firm, yet responsive parenting style. What type of parenting did they most likely use?

Authoritative

During high school, Maureen questioned her religious beliefs, moral values, and social attitudes. Her parents set limits and boundaries, but allowed her to explore her feelings without suppressing them. What type of parenting style did they use to help Maureen build a strong moral foundation of her own?

Authoritative

Early development in girls is associated with some increased risk of psychosocial turmoil. Which of these issues does NOT occur more frequently in early-developing girls than their peers?

Bipolar disorder

Aiden just ate a whole box of cookies, and he's really mad at himself, because he keeps doing things like this. He forces himself to throw up because he doesn't want to gain weight. He can't seem to stop this behavior. What is Aiden's most likely diagnosis?

Bulimia nervosa

Candice has a normal body mass index (BMI), but her eating patterns consist of binge and purge episodes. What eating disorder does Candice most likely have?.

Bulimia nervosa

Peer pressure, or encouragement to conform to one's friends or contemporaries in behavior, dress, and attitude:

Can be positive

Being obese as a child can place an individual at a greater risk of developing the all of following health risks EXCEPT?

Cancer

Four-year-old Carmen is at the checkout counter with her mother. She sees a candy bar that she really wants. When her mother isn't looking, she grabs one, opens it, and takes a bite from it. Her mother notices the chocolate on her face as they are leaving and asks Carmen where she got chocolate. Carmen happily shows her mom the chocolate bar. Carmen's mom tells her that she should not steal and tells Carmen that she is now in trouble. Carmen never steals again. According to Freud, why would Carmen never steal again?

Carmen sees that her mother's reaction is negative, and through parental introjection, Carmen incorporates the idea that stealing is bad into her value system so that she will not lose the love from her mother.

Achmed and his sister, Talia, are getting snacks from their mom. Their mom grabs two different sized bowls from the cupboard—one is narrow and small, while the other is large and wide. She asks Achmed to count twenty goldfish crackers to put in each bowl. When he's done, Achmed sees his amount in the large, wide bowl, and he protests that Talia got more. This act of focusing all attention on one characteristic or dimension of a situation, whilst disregarding all others is known as ________.

Centration

Adam spends a lot of time indoors watching television and playing video games for fun. What does this primarily sedentary lifestyle put him at risk for?

Childhood Obesity

Melanie and Lucas are both 4 years old. Melanie comes from a family of high socioeconomic status (SES), while Lucas comes from a family of low SES. According to research by Hart and Risley, why is it likely that these two children will experience different academic outcomes in school?

Children from high SES families are exposed to more words than children from low SES families, and therefore have an advantage when starting school.

Devin is 4, and his little sister, Carmela, is 8 months. How will Devin's appetite likely differ from that of his infant sister?

Children in early childhood have less of an appetite than infants.

Eight-year-old Orianna is figuring out that she is good at some things and bad at others. According to Erikson, if Orianna views herself as successful in most of the things that she does, she will develop a sense of

Competence

Shalecia is noticing that her child has much better coordination between the left and right hemispheres. She is wondering what is behind this increased coordination, so she asks her doctor. Dr. Marti tells Shalecia that the growth spurt that occurs in the ________ results in improved coordination between right and left hemispheres.

Corpus callosum

Bullying has always been an issue for vulnerable teens, but with the proliferation of technology, bullies have new ways to target others. What is the term for this new form of bullying, via technology?

Cyber bullying

Patty checks her social media account and is shocked to find rumors and lies posted about her on a school gossip page. What phenomenon is Patty experiencing?

Cyberbullying

While young children tend to identify themselves by physical characteristics, such as hair color, adolescents describe a number of possible selves and ideal selves. What is the concept that describes an individual's understanding that their actions are situationally dependent and flexible?

Differentiation

Mila's friends all seem to know what they want to do after they graduate high school, but she feels alone in not knowing. She doesn't know what she wants to do, and she's not ready to start thinking about it yet. According to Marcia, what is Mila's identity status?

Diffusion

During adolescence, the increased production of this neurotransmitter is partially responsible for increased risk-taking behaviors.

Dopamine

Sean, a high-schooler, takes a trip to the lake with some of his friends and someone finds an ideal ledge to jump off of into the water. Sean's friends dare him to jump, and he does so, enjoying the thrill. What neurotransmitter is flooding Sean's brain as he takes this plunge?

Dopamine

Cherise is very good at solving math problems through a deliberate analytical process, but she is also good at sensing when others are having a bad day and need to talk. Which theory gives Cherise credit for both intuitive intelligence and analytical intelligence, through different channels?

Dual-process theory

Louis, who has developed earlier than most of his male peers is popular, confident and independent. It seems early on, the effects of developing early for boys is at least partially positive. However, to what potential risks might this early development predispose Louis?

Early sexual activity and substance abuse

What aspects of intimacy are vital to children's friendships in middle childhood that weren't as salient in early childhood?

Emotional disclosure, trust, and vulnerability

Leah, age 8, is teased at school for being overweight and she's self-conscious about her body image. How can Leah's parents best support her in losing weight?

Encouraging physical play and joining her in increasing physical activity.

Ian, like many Americans, is the child of immigrants, and is curious about his family's history, so he seeks out old family documents and interviews his grandparents about their lives. What aspect of identity formation will this process of family discovery help Ian solidify?

Ethnic identity

Lisa's mother exerts absolute control over Lisa's schedule. She determines who Lisa is allowed to be friends with, what media she is allowed to consume, and tries to control Lisa's thoughts and feelings. What is Lisa's mother doing?

Exerting psychological control over Lisa

Debbie, a 9-year-old has developed early, and older men make physical advances at her, expecting her to act as old as she looks. What are these older men doing to Debbie, mentally?

False -self training

Both preschoolers and school-aged children experience a vast increase in vocabulary. What is the term used for the rapid association between related words, that school-aged children use with their new vocabulary explosion?

Fast-mapping

Many children learn new words by connecting them to previously learned concepts. This process is known as:

Fast-mapping

Teachers using synonym exercises to teach new vocabulary are taking advantage of which heightened cognitive ability to associate new words with words the child already knows?

Fast-mapping

The impact of divorce on children varies depending on a wide array of factors. Which of these short-term factors is among the strongest impacts on children of divorced parents?

Financial/ economic issues

In a pre-k classroom, children are allowed time to play with toys throughout the day. The teacher encourages the girls to play with dolls, and the boys to play with toy trucks. Which of the following concepts does this reflect?

Gender role socialization

Davin's parents divorced a few years ago, and he's mostly adjusted to the change. What is one of the likely positive outcomes he will experience?

Greater emotional independence

School-aged children are able to tell and appreciate jokes like "knock-knock" jokes and puns, thanks to what advancement in language?

Greater sophistication in vocabulary

Children's shows that encourage jumping and dancing are promoting the development of which type of motor skill?

Gross motor skills

Changes in primary sex characteristics include:

Growth of uterus and testes

Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding physical growth in middle childhood?

Growth rates slow during middle childhood

A group discussion begins with "if you were trapped on a deserted island and you could only bring five book, what would they be?" This question engages what type of thinking?

Hypothetical thinking

Hoyt is 10 years old, and is a victim of sexual abuse. Which of the following is least likely?

He is being abused by a female

Ralph wants to drop out of high school so he can start making money in the real world. What is the main problem with this ambition?

He may have fewer job opportunities without a diploma

enamin was diagnosed with dyslexia early in her fifth grade school year. Even though she had dyslexia, she was a good reader then. Now, at the end of the school year, her reading scores are lagging far behind those of the other students. Which explanation makes the most sense given this scenario.

Her teachers may be interpreting difficulties with reading material as due to dyslexia, so they might work with her as much as the teachers in her earlier grades did.

Cultural influences on students informally teach all of the following messages, EXCEPT:

Homework does not build greater responsibility

Sandra moved to a new high school, and she's facing the challenging task of making new friends. One of the girls in her English class seems really cool, and they struck up a conversation about a book they both liked. What principle or phenomenon likely led Sandra to this new potential friend?

Homophily

Like most parents and teenagers, Sal, who is 15, and his parents are likely to argue over all of the following issues, EXCEPT?

How much he owes them for rent this month

In Kohlberg's studies, what mattered most in the decision making process?

How their child arrived at their decision

Yazmine is taking an IQ test. Which of the following skills might be measured with this test?

Lingusitic

According to Erikson, those in their late teens struggle with which of the following?

Identity vs role confusion

Janet is the mother of a 6 year old. She is looking for a way to decrease his risk of obesity. Which of the following is likely to help her do this?

Increase his water consumption

According to Erikson, a successful resolution of the crisis in middle childhood will lead a child to a sense of what?

Industry

Information processing theory proposes three main levels of memory to compare human memory to computer processing Which of the following is NOT one of the components of memory introduced in information processing theory?

Information Processing

Which of Erikson's stages occurs during early childhood, often beginning at age 3?

Initiative vs guilt

Jenna is 6 years old, and her sister Anna is 3 years old. How are Jenna's physical proportions likely to differ from those of Anna?

Jenna is likely to have a longer torso.

Johann is five years old and even though he really struggles with shoe tying, he protests when his parents try to help him. According to Erikson, Johann does this because

Johann is exploring his autonomy

Jovie is 2 and her older brother Chris is 5. Which of Freud's stages do these children fit into?

Jovie is in the anal stage, while Chris is in the phallic stage.

Why didn't Kohlberg focus on whether the study participant said Heinz should steal the medicine or not?

Kohlberg's research interest was finding out why people made the decision they did.

which of the following skills are associated with the preoperational stage of Piaget's theory of development?

Language; thinking symbollically

Fifteen year old Connor doesn't have his driver's license yet, but he jumps at the chance to race his friend's car. The thrill of taking this risk outweighs any long term consequences for Connor, which could be partly due to the fact that during adolescence, the ________ matures before the ________ in the brain.

Limbic system; Prefrontal cortex

Which of the following statements about losing one's primary teeth is TRUE?

Losing one's primary teeth takes place at a predictable rate, and all are lost by age 12.

Lysa has an autism spectrum disorder, and people often think she is rude because she doesn't wave back to them when they wave at her. What is the more likely explanation for Lysa not waving?

Lysa is probably misreading or miscommunicating social cues.

Tammy is playing blocks with a friend when she suddenly reaches for one of her friend's blocks and takes it. Right after she does this, Tammy says out loud in a scolding voice, "don't take from others without asking". According to Mead, what part of self is Tammy developing here?

Me

According to Carol Gilligan, Kohlberg's theories were biased against women, based on all of the following observations, EXCEPT?

Men focus on logic, while women focus on caring for others and relationships

Megan evaluates several different problem-solving techniques when approaching a task. What thought process is she engaging in, as she selects which strategy she will use to perform her task?

Metacognition

Mike is 5 years old, and often comes up with new things to do and try, such as building forts in the living room with couch cushions. His older brother, Lucas, is a teenager who is struggling to develop his own self-identity. Which of the brothers would Erikson classify as being in the initiative vs. guilt stage of development?

Mike

According to James Marcia's identity status theory, Regina, a high-school senior who is contemplating whether she wants to enlist in the Navy or attend her local community college then transfer to a larger school for ROTC, currently occupies which identity status?

Moratorium

Jason is serving a two-year mission for his church at the age of 18. When he returns home from his mission assignment, he will decide whether or not to attend college and will make decisions about career and family. Jason's current status is identity:

Moratorium

Francisco is not really liked or disliked by his peers. Francisco would be considered a ________ child.

Neglected

Danny is 5 years old. He has been taught in school that adding an "ed" to the end of a word means it's past tense, or something that's already happened. After learning this, Danny begins applying the rule to all words, even those that are supposed to be exceptions. What is this called?

Overregulation

Children raised with this parenting style may fail to learn self-discipline and develop uncertainty toward boundaries.

Permissive

Sammie's dad tries to be the "cool" dad, Sammie's buddy. Dad always grants Sammie permission to spend time with friends and go to the park. What type of parenting, according to Baumrind's model, is Sammie's dad most likely enacting?

Permissive

Howard's mother is taking a psychology course in college. She is concerned that her three-year-old is capable of sexual arousal, but better understands his behavior after learning about modern sexual development theory. According to the theory, three-year-old Howard is capable of sexual arousal that includes:

Physical arousalHoward's mother is taking a psychology course in college. She is concerned that her three-year-old is capable of sexual arousal, but better understands his behavior after learning about modern sexual development theory. According to the theory, three-year-old Howard is capable of sexual arousal that includes

Anastasia, who is in her late teens, bases all of her moral decisions on her own ethical principle of dignity and respect for all life. According to Lawrence Kohlberg, Anastasia's moral reasoning represents the ________ level.

Postconventional

Sternberg believed common aptitude and intelligence testing only tested one aspect of intelligence. Which aspect do such tests measure?

Practical

Children in kindergarten are usually between 4 and 6 years of age. Which one of Piaget's developmental stages does this coincide with?

Preoperational

Sam is 4 years old, and she is learning to utilize language effectively and think about the world symbolically. Which of Piaget's developmental stages is sam currently in?

Preoperational

Quentin is quick with a witty retort every time his dad leaves an opening. His dad remarks, "I don't remember him being so sarcastic as a kid." Quentin's quick sarcasm is likely due to what cognitive improvement?

Processing speed

Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are frequently characterized by marked deficits in which of the following areas?

Reading social cues

In addition to talking with their parents about sex, health and sex education courses are an important part of high school curriculum. Being informed can help teens make better decisions and reduce the rate of teenage pregnancy, as well as what other major health concern sexually active teens face?

STI'S

Sariah had difficulties with math in the second grade, but she feels "back on track" now and wants to return to her normal class, instead of the remedial course she's been taking. What obstacle is Sariah most likely to face in having this request granted?

Sariah won't have the confidence to make it among her peers who have gone on without her.

Leah, age 10, is starting to outgrow her clothing. She feels as if all her pants got shorter overnight. What stage of puberty is Leah experiencing?

Secondary Development

The development of pubic and underarm hair during puberty for both boys and girls are examples of what?

Secondary sex characteristics

Logan views himself as a quiet and shy individual, who prefers to be alone and does not like interacting with large groups. This is Logan's:

Self-concept

Molly views herself as a kind and generous person, who is empathetic towards others and capable of helping others in need. This is Molly's:

Self-concept

Sam and Andy, both 18, have been dating for a year, and they have decided to have sex for the first time. In terms of physical health, what should their primary concern be, and how should they protect against this concern?

Sexually transmitted infections (STIs); condoms

Shaelynn is a 4 year old girl. Mealtimes in her house tend to be negative, and often involve tensions and her parents arguing. How is this likely to affect Shaelynn?

She is likely to develop problems eating and digesting food due to stress.

Contemporary research indicates that children of divorced parents are more ________ their peers with non-divorced parents.

Similar to than different from

Which of the following is an example of the use of fine motor skills?

Sonjia is playing a game where she holds the thumb and index finger an each apart. Her sister then drops a dollar through the opening and if Sonjia can "catch" it by pinching it, she can keep it.

Jess is in school. He is walking slowly from music class back to his room and waves at his friend Ovid. What state is Jess in?

Street corner state

Akilah, a 15 year old high school student, finds that she often thinks about killing herself. This is called

Suicidal Ideation

Lane has felt lately like nothing in life can go right, and he expresses to a friend that he thinks maybe he should just end it all. What is Lane expressing?

Suicidal ideation

All of these examples are likely to be detrimental aspects of a school's hidden curriculum, EXCEPT?

Teacher support for tutoring

Which of the following scenarios demonstrates a concrete operational child performing a conservation task?

The child categorizes her toys into different classifications, recognizing that toys can belong to more than one category at a time.

Which of the following statements is representative of Piaget's stage concrete operational thought a child might perform in middle childhood?

The child is able to demonstrate an understanding of cause and effect, as well as size and distance.

Which factor led to the creation of middle schools that would provide education for grades 5 (or 6) through 8?

The declining age of puberty

Lamar wakes up with a big pimple on his forehead, and he's so embarrassed that everyone is going to see it and make fun of him. What does this illustrate?.

The imaginary audience

Eight-year-old Seth is the class comedian. How might his jokes differ from those he would have told at age 4?

The jokes have punch lines

Labeling a child as learning disabled can lead to the child lacking self-confidence and performing poorly in school. What is this phenomenon called?

The self-fulfilling prophecy

What is "hidden curriculum?"

The underlying values and belief systems of the school and its members that do not constitute formal curriculum, but affect children's learning experience.

Amanda is a "jock" and Sophie is a "nerd." Robert plays the tuba, so of course, he's a "band kid." What function do these categories serve?

They serve as reputations or "images"

What functions is the prefrontal cortex involved in?

Thinking, controlling emotions, and language.

How does the appetite of toddlers tend to differ from that of infants?

Toddlers tend to have more of an appetite than infants.

Jan walks into the living room, then begins to color with a crayon. Which of the following accurately describes the motor skills used by these actions?

Walking involves gross motor skills, while coloring involves fine motor skills. Walking involves gross motor skills, while coloring involves fine motor skills.

Wendy keeps a "kindness jar" to reinforce her children's prosocial behavior. When they are kind to one another, Wendy places a marshmallow in the kindness jar.When the jar is full, the children get to select a movie to watch. What does Wendy's kindness jar exemplify?

a token economy

Negative, stressful events in childhood that have profound and lasting sociological, psychological, and physiological effects are referred to as what?

adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs)

Claire and her parents argue about what time she has to come home at night. Such parent-child arguments during the teen years indicate:

an adolescents desire for autonomy

Christina is going through a period of major depression, and she feels the only person who she can talk to at this time is her friend Lauren, who knows exactly how she feels, because she feels it too. When they get together, they feel each other's pain. What dangerous thought pattern are they engaging in that is likely to increase their negative affect?

co-rumination

Body dissatisfaction is associated with all of the following EXCEPT.

dietary restrictions

development for girls and ________ development for boys present the greatest challenges to healthy body image.

early;late

Many adolescents go through family histories to discover their roots, or genealogy. What aspect of identity formation does this help an individual solidify?

ethnic identity

The processes of myelination and synaptic pruning make neural processing ________ and ________ complex.

faster;more

Sam is 3 years old, and many of the shows she watches provide opportunities for viewers to jump and dance. Which type of motor skill development does this promote?

gross motor skills

Alejandro's mom has noticed that he seems overweight. What is the best strategy to help Alejandro lose the extra weight he is carrying?

increase Alejandro's activity level

Janet is the mother of a 6 year old. She is looking for a way to decrease his risk of obesity. Which of the following is likely to help her do this?

increase his water consumption

Dan is 5 years old, and progressing through Freud's phallic stage of development. When he uses proper manners, such as saying please and thank you, he notices that his parents are happy, so he uses proper manners more often. When he leaves his toys out after playing with them, he notices that his parents are not happy, so he avoids doing this in order to avoid loss of love. What did Freud call this process?

introjection

Edgar can sound out most three-letter words, but when he sees a long eight-letter word, he turns to his teacher instead of trying to sound it out. His teacher encourages him to go ahead and try to sound it out by breaking it down into two parts. According to Vygotsky, Edgar

is in the zone of proximal development

Which of the following situations is most likely to be a positive stressor and learning experience?

meeting a new friend and forming a connection

Mike slapped his brother, so his mother places him in "time out" to reconsider his actions. What operant conditioning principle does this use?

negative punishment

Chuck goes to a fairly small school, yet nobody seems to notice him, and most days he's alone. What category of child is Chuck?

neglected child

Delia is trying to help two-year-old Simon understand that he should eat his cereal and not throw his cereal to the ground. When she first gives Simon his cereal, before he has had a chance to really throw it, Delia tells Simon, "Simon, I like the way you are eating your cereal!" What type of conditioning is Delia using to help Simon learn?

operant conditioning

Roberto and his adolescent classmates are learning about sexual development in their school health class. Which one of the following statements is true according to current theory and research?

peer pressure is the main reason reported by teens for sexual intercourse

Ayeli's father praises Ayeli when she cleans her room. Ayeli's father is using which operant conditioning principle?

positive reinforcement

Peter believes in recycling because it's important to protect the environment. According to Kohlberg, at what stage of moral development is Peter?

post-conventional

Miracle is a devoted mom of two picky toddlers. She wants her kids to eat healthily and understands that struggles over food are bad because ________.

power struggles can teach your child to eat or refuse to eat in order to gain favor or express anger toward someone else

Jane, a senior in high school, finds a diary she kept her freshman year. Reading through it, she laughs at an event she'd chronicled as "the most embarrassing moment in her life," an event she hardly remembers now. What part of her brain has developed more fully in the intervening time to change her perspective?

prefrontal cortex

Molly views herself as a kind and generous person, who is empathetic towards others and capable of helping others in need. This is Molly's:

self concept

Cultural images, social media influencers, and other celebrities can all affect how a child views him or her self in relation to others. This is called ________.

self-concept

Conservation can be described as:

the belief that altering a substance's appearance changes its basic properties. the belief that altering a substance's appearance changes its basic properties.

Mandy has been reading a lot of child development books and websites. She is becoming confused about what she should be looking for with her child's physical growth. Which of the following is true about a child's physical growth during early childhood?

the child will grow about 3 inches in height per year.

Thirteen-year-old Mark refuses to go to school because he has a pimple. He is convinced that everyone will make fun of him. Mark's behavior is an example of

the imaginary audience

Four-year-old Amy is playing with a truck. Which of the following is NOT likely to be true?

the other children are probably not making fun of Amy

One of the most important factors to consider in choosing a daycare is

the student teacher ratio

Egocentrism can be described as:

the tendency of young children to think that everyone sees things in the same way as they do.

Gender constancy refers to:

the understanding that superficial changes do not mean gender has actually changed. the understanding that superficial changes do not mean gender has actually changed.

the theory of mind is

the understanding that the mind holds people's beliefs, desires, emotions, and intentions.

Karla is 5 years old, and is beginning to understand that thoughts and realities do not always match, and that the mind is not always accurate. What is Karla beginning to develop her understanding of?

theory of cognition

Charlee is 4 and has begun to understand that her mind is capable of holding thoughts that are incorrect. Charlee is developing ________.

theory of mind

According to Erikson, which of the following choices best describes the rationale for adolescents trying out different "selves"?

to establish an identity

As a young child, Jason repeatedly experience sexual and physical abuse from a close relative. Which form of stress did Jason most likely feel as a result of this trauma?

toxic stress

For as long as Alessandro can remember his parents have been constantly arguing, often ignore him and his siblings for long periods of time, and he often does not get enough to eat. What sort of stress is Alessandro likely suffering from?

toxic stress

In general, according to David Elkind, adolescent egocentrism refers to the:

view that one is noticed by everyone