APUSH 1491-1607 Period 1

Why was colonization thought of as a money-making venture?

Colonization allowed Europeans to obtain new commodities and luxury goods to sell.

Pope Alexander issued this decree soon after

Columbus' initial trip to the Americas.

What major historical event does this map pretend never happened?

European discovery of the New World

The passage from historian Winthrop Jordan specifically challenges which alternative historical viewpoint regarding English perspectives on race?

That the superficial differences between Europeans and Africans were immediately used to justify slavery

Which of the following aspects of the painting is most consistent with the reality of Native American and European interaction in the seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries?

The Europeans associated their technological advantage over the Natives as a cultural and spiritual advantage as well.

Which of the following statements best explains the sanctioning of racial intermarriage in New Spain?

The Spanish Crown, colonial authorities, and Catholic clergy hoped to promote social stability and further the conversion of Indians to Catholicism.

Which of the following was a result of the increased presence of African slaves in the Spanish colonies?

The growth of a racial caste system in the Spanish colonies.

Charles C. Mann mentions that "Andean potatoes lead Ireland to feast and famine." One subsequent result of this trend in the nineteenth century was

The relocation of hundreds of thousands of Irish migrants to cities in the U.S. East

Which of the following effects of the historical events described by Mann had the MOST devastating impact on peoples of the Americas?

The spread of deadly epidemics, such as smallpox.

According to the source above, which of the following BEST describes the main goal of the Spanish?

To convince Native Americans to help the Spanish find gold.

Native American societies were influenced by...

all of the above.

What does this passage tell us about Columbus's future treatment of indigenous people?

Columbus's violent treatment of indigenous people was not an inevitable outcome.

According to the source above, which of the following had the MOST significant effect on how well the Spanish treated native people?

Whether or not the natives converted to Christianity.

The incident described in the excerpt is most directly the result of:

aggressive efforts by the Spanish to convert Americans Indians and challenges to fundamental social views.

From the perspective of the present day, we can safely argue that...

Contact between Native Americans and Europeans forced both groups to reflect on their ways of life and negotiate between competing lifestyles.

Which of the following imperialist powers most closely followed the Pope's prescribed treatment of indigenous people and was the least threatening to the well being of the natives?

France.

Based on the passage above, which of the following arguments is MOST valid?

Indigenous people influenced the behavior of European explorers and set some of the terms of political engagement.

African slaves typically filled which of the following positions in the Spanish colonies?

Manual labor in mines and on plantations.

The passage above reflects which of the following characteristics about French settlement in the New World?

Many French traders took Native American wives.

Which evidence would best support Jordan's claim in the passage?

Narratives from several time periods that included perspectives regarding the nature of Africans

Which of the following MOST accurately describes the colonial society that resulted from the practices suggested in this letter?

New Spain had a lot of diversity and a clear social hierarchy.

Which of the following was a result for Europe of the interactions and adaptations described by Mann ?

New crops from the Americas stimulated European population growth.

The voyages depicted on this map led to which of the following long-term impacts on Europe?

New sources of mineral wealth.

Which of the following historical phenomena is not an extension of the trends described in the passage above?

Population decline in Europe as more and more migrants move to the New World in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries

Which of the following areas on the map above witnessed the development of the most complex civilizations based around maize cultivation in the pre-Columbian era (before 1492)?

Present-day Mexico.

This reflection of Bartolome de las Casas most strongly supports which of the following statements concerning Spanish brutality in the Indies?

Spanish conquistadors were focused on gaining personal wealth.

Based on the passage above, which of the following arguments is MOST valid?

Spanish explorers used the Columbian Exchange as a tool of intimidation and war.

The excerpt reflects which of the following goals of Spanish exploration of the New World?

Subjugating and exploiting the American Indians and their natural resources.

Which of the following is the term used by historians to label the process Charles Mann is describing?

The Columbian Exchange.

Which of the following groups is LEAST like the inhabitants of Cahokia in terms of their socio-economic organization?

The Crow of the Great Plains.

Which of the following BEST explains why there were so few Spanish settlements in North America?

The Spanish only settled where they could find gold or similar precious metals of value, and they found little of value in North America.

The historical account above illustrates what major historical trend among Europeans during the 16th and 17th centuries?

The belief in white superiority that became a rationalization for slavery.

Which of the following was a key motivation for European leaders to sponsor the voyages of discovery?

The desire to find more lucrative trading routes.

Which of the following occurrences in New Spain was MOST immediately the result of Spanish attitudes towards non-Spaniards?

The development of a strict caste system within New Spain.

Which of the following best represents continuity with the ideas expressed in Powell's work?

The idea of Manifest Destiny which later influenced political debates before the Civil War.

Which of the following historical trends does this charter exemplify?

The increasing importance of African slaves as a source of labor in the New World.

Which of the following BEST explains why Charles V issued this charter?

The sharp decline in the number of American Indian laborers.

The opinions in Zuazo's letter BEST support which of the following shifts in Spanish colonial policies?

The shift from Native Americans to African slaves as the principal labor source.

Large, pre-Columbian settlements like the one described in the passage can MOST directly be attributed to which of the following developments?

The spread of maize cultivation.

The excerpt might suggest the following European misunderstanding of the native population:

They poorly understood the native peoples they encountered and hoped to change their lifestyles.

Which of the following statements BEST reflects the long-term economic impact of the Spanish colonies on Spain?

Though the Spanish economy initially thrived, wide-scale inflation led to a decline in Spanish power.

Christopher Columbus wrote this letter for all of the following reasons EXCEPT:

To convince prominent Spaniards such as Luis De Sant Angel of the value of trading with the people of Hispaniola.

During the Columbian Exchange, organisms...

had a larger impact than could have been anticipated by people at the time.

The engraving was intended too

provide europeans an informative snapshot of alonquin life

The process described by Crosby most significantly impacted Native American society by

providing new resources that dramatically changed native settlement patterns as well as political, social, and economic development.

The use of the term Hochelaga indicates that the French...

Defferred to indigenous expertise.

Based on this passage, indigenous Mexicans were most concerned about which Columbian Exchange organisms?

Dogs

Which of the following statements explains the historical context of the excerpt?

England fell behind Spain and Portugal in the competition to build an empire in the New World.

Which of the following statements BEST summarizes the European motivation for global expansion?

Europeans' experience of the New World was biased by their own desires and motivations.

Which of the following BEST describes the argument made in this passage?

It was a justification for the Spanish of their subjugation of American Indians.

Which of the following intellectuals and their ideas would have had a point of view most consistent with that of the painting?

John L.O'Sullivan, Manifest Destiny (1840s).

Which of the following best describes the likely intent of las Casas' message?

Las Casas is trying to convince the Spanish monarchy to more actively supervise its subjects in the Indies.

Which of the following was the MOST significant reason why the Spanish replaced Native American slaves with African slaves?

Native American populations were rapidly decreasing due to disease.

The perspective of the author in the above excerpt most directly challenged the prevailing idea of the Spanish colonists that

Native peoples were inferior and uncivilized and should consequently be treated as subservient to the Spanish.

Which of the following best describes North American native societies prior to the arrival of Europeans?

Native populations adapted and transformed to their diverse environments.

Which of the following BEST accounts for differences in housing, food acquisition and permanence of settlement in native North American tribes?

Proximity to Mesoamerica's maize influence and climate.

Based upon the image above, which North American Indian tribe once inhabited these ruins?

Pueblo

What was the primary force behind French exploration during the Age of Discovery?

Royal decree

Which of the following groups would MOST LIKELY have supported the argument put forth by Sepulveda?

Spanish plantation owners in the New World.

All of the following is clear from Cortes' letter to King Charles V EXCEPT:

The Aztec were severely limited in their movements by the mountains and lakes that surrounded and divided their inhabitable landscape.

Given the background of las Casas, which of the following statements is strongly implied concerning the treatment of indigenous people in the New World?

The Catholic Church was trying to help indigenous people.

Crosby's description illustrates which major historical development throughout the world?

The Columbian Exchange

This passage mentions that the Spanish Explorers gave gifts ("trifles") to some of the indigenous leaders. What may have motivated the Spanish to do this?

The Spanish were attempting to establish friendly trade relationships with indigenous people.

The ideas described by historian Winthrop Jordan demonstrated continuity with justifications for what later historical development?

The Supreme Court's decision in Plessy v. Ferguson

The approach to exploration of Spanish conquistadores like de Soto foreshadowed which of the following larger developments?

The acquisition of great mineral wealth and the economic shift from feudalism to capitalism

Conditions like those shown in the image contributed most significantly to what broader impact?

The advantage of the Spanish and Portuguese in conquering Native American populations.

Based upon his perspective in the excerpt, Hakluyt would be MOST likely involved with which of the following future events?

The settlement of Jamestown.

This passage best illustrates which of the following historical processes?

The transition from fuedalism to capitalism.

Which of the following is the MOST accurate statement about North American Native American societies in 1491?

They formed diverse societies and economies based in part on their interactions with the environment.

Had the union of Senor Garcia and his Indian wife produced a male heir, that child would have been

consigned to the Mestizo class of artisanal workers.

Both Las Casas and Sepulveda most likely shared the same goal of

converting the Native Americans to Christianity.

Based on this account, Native Americans...

critically compared and evaluated European ways of life.

Based on this map, North American societies prior to European contact were...

diverse and geographically widespread.

According to the Nahua man narrating, the organisms brought by the Spanish vai the Columbian Exchange were...

frightening.

The process illustrated in the map resulted primarily from:

improvements in technology and more organized methods for conducting international trade.

The spread of maize cultivation from Meso America into North America

led to more cities of larger populations.

The "Doctrine of Discovery" formally established

the Line of Demarcation.

The pattern in global trade during the 16th and 17th centuries most directly had the effect of:

the decreased reliance on Native slaves as a source of labor in the New World.

The image most directly reflects

the impact of deadly epidemics on Native Americans.

What external factors led to the Dutch creating joint-stock companies?

Global competition between European empires.

This passage reveals what about French colonization?

The French were primarily interested in making money.

The letter BEST describes which of the following historical developments?

The encomienda system.

The patterns illustrated in the image resulted most directly from which of the following factors?

The lack of immunity to diseases carried over from Europe.

Based upon the image, which statement below BEST describes the Indian tribe that inhabited these ruins?

The tribe lived in permanent structures as part of a community.

The commerce pattern suggested in this passage would become known as __ shortly after this letter was written.

Triangular Trade

The engraving would be most useful to historians as a source of information about which of the following?

A European perspective of Algonquin village life.

How did the motives for French exploration compare to Spanish, English, and Dutch motivations?

All four empires had similar economic motivations.

The incident described in the excerpt was representative of what larger historical development?

American Indian resistance to European expansion was often futile in light of superior European weaponry and technology.

Based on this passage, the French approach exploration as...

An act of diplomacy.

The various aspects of Powell's depiction of Spanish explorer Hernando de Soto's discovery of the Mississippi best reflect which of the following motivations for European exploration and conquest in the 16th century?

An aspiration for wealth, greater prestige and influence, and increased conversions to Christianity.

The social patterns reflected in the engraving are most consistent with Native American life in which region?

Atlantic Seaboard.

Which of the following held opinions in opposition to Sepulveda?

Bartolome de Las Casas.

Señor Garcia's enlightened regard of the Native population in New Spain is most in line with the views of

Bartolome de las Casas.

Based on this passage, what did Europeans and Native Americans have in common?

Both Europeans and Native Americans valued family and material comfort.

Corn had which of the following effects on Native Americans during this period?

Corn was often grown with other crops like beans and squash prior to the European arrival.

Based upon your knowledge of European colonialism in the 16th century, which of the statements below BEST explains why Cortes described the city of Temixtitlan (Tenochtitlan) in such great detail?

Cortes sought to enlighten King Charles V about the wealth and resources to be gained for Spain in the New World.

Based on the passage above, which statement is the most accurate?

Europe was already experiencing monumental changes when the New World was "discovered."

The "discovery" of the New World was a turning point in history in all of the following ways EXCEPT

Europe would no longer succumb to epidemics such as "The Plague," but would now only export its diseases to the New World.

Based on this passage, what aspect of European culture remained consistent through to the Age of Exploration?

Europeans competed for power and resources continuously.

The excerpts above were written in response to which of the following?

Growing concerns over the treatment of American Indians by Spanish plantation owners.

Based on this passage, which statement about the indigenous Mexicans is MOST valid?

Indigenous Mexicans mounted an organized response to Spanish people and organisms.

Based on the passage above, the Aztec economy was based on:

Production from domestic resources.

The passage above most precisely describes the effects of

The Columbian Exchange

Based on the passage above, which of the following is the MOST valid argument?

The Columbian Exchange assisted Europeans in colonizing the New World by providing material resources.

Based on this description, the Columbian Exchange was...

The Columbian Exchange introduced a mix of good and bad organisms.

Which of the following is true about French exploration in the New World?

The French extracted a large amount of wealth from the fur trade.

Using your knowledge of U.S. history, French relations with the Natives Americans in the Americas differed from the English in which of the following ways during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries?

The French were more likely to intermarry with the Natives than the English.

Which of the following regions of North America developed MOST similarly to the Aztecs?

The Mississippi Valley.

Based on this passage, the French empire was most similar to...

The Spanish Empire

Which of the following was a consequence of the encomienda system established by the law above?

The Spanish began to use African slaves in mines and on plantations as the numbers of American Indian laborers decreased because of widespread epidemic diseases and exploitation.

Which of the following BEST describes the Spanish colonial system established in the New World?

The Spanish built a system based on direct control and exploitation of the natives.

How does the passage above accurately contrast with Spanish explorers in the New World?

The Spanish developed poorer relations with native peoples compared with the French.

Which of the following best summarizes the event described by Dr. Diego Alvarez?

The Spanish explorers were building diplomatic relationships with indigenous people.

Which of the following events in U.S. History most closely resembles the actions taken by the Spanish in their imperial conquest of the New World?

The annexation of Hawaii.

Juan Gines de Sepulveda was a vocal component to one side of a debate within Spanish society over how to treat Native American populations. Which of the following trends was a result of this debate?

The increased use of African slaves.

Which of the following MOST directly impacted the attitudes of Sepulveda and those with opinions similar to him?

The inexperience of the Spanish in dealing with people from Native American cultures.

Which of the following did NOT enable Europeans to establish colonies and trading posts in the New World and Asia?

The invention of the ironclad warships.

The pattern described by Las Casas illustrates which of the following developments within the Spanish colonies?

The use of encomiendas to support plantation-based agriculture.

Which of the following areas on the map above was MOST altered by the introduction of the horse by Spanish settlers?

The western Great Plains.

Which of the following statements BEST reflects the relationship established between the Spanish and American Indians by the set of laws above?

These laws allowed for Spanish exploitation of American Indians as a source for labor on mines and plantations.

Which of the following characteristics made the Iroquois unique among native North American tribes?

They formed a confederacy out of five tribes and dominated a region thereafter.

Which of the following conclusions about pre-Columbian America is MOST directly supported by the passage above?

Trade existed among Native Americans despite geographic and other barriers.

Which of the following is a major effect of trade networks in North America?

Trade networks led to an exchange of goods from different regions.

Why does Verrazzano mention the climate and weather of North America?

Verrazzano wanted to convince King Francis profitable plantations could be established in the New World.

Geological and geopolitical factors forced Native Americans to adapt to new climates. When the Iroquois were eventually forced to respond to the threat of European settlement, they did this by

forming a five-nation alliance known as the Iroquois Confederacy.

Following internal reformations on dealing with the indigenous people in the Western Hemisphere, the Spanish

saw the development of hybrid forms of Christianity which combined elements of Catholicism and local religious beliefs.

The engraving most directly reflects

the stable, yet multifaceted nature of Secotan (Algonquin) village life.

England was motivated to follow Hakluyt's recommendation for all of the following reasons EXCEPT

their need to import slaves to work in domestic industries.

The trend described by Las Casas was most immediately the result of:

wars and violence initiated by Spanish explorers.