APUSH Ch 1-4 Test

Santa Elena

- Spanish colonists established the settlement of Santa Elena in South Carolina, which survived until the English navaal raids

John Calvin

- Swiss thologin (puritan) says that the world is divided between the elect and the damned - Who is saved was pre-determined - Lead a good life, and you're probably in god's good graces

Mercantilism

- The government should regulate economic activity to promote national power - More goods enter the country than leave it - Role of colonies is to serve the mother country with raw materials

Half-way covenant

- The standards of church admission were too strict - Allowed "half-way" membership for grandchildren of members - compromise of puritan belief causes pathway to inclusion among the elect

Repartimiento system

- Villages legally free and entitled to wages, but forced to do labor each year

Tobscco

- Virginia's (and Maryland's) substitute for gold - Created dispersed society with little social unity as well as a scramble for land and labor - Indentured servants under grutal conditions

Pedro Cabral

Claimed Brazil for Portugal

Inca

Largest and most powerful Andean empire. Controlled the Pacific coast of South America from Ecuador to Chile from its capital of Cuzco.

Columbian Exchange

- Biological and Physical exchange - Disease, crops, animals, etc - Europe → Americas Wheat, rice, sugarcane, horses, cattle, pigs, sheep Smallpox, influenza, measles - Americas → Europe Corn, tomatoes, potatoes, peanuts, tobacco, cotton

The Wealth of Nations

- Book written by Adam Smith detailing the "discovery" of America

Tenochtitlán

- Captial of the Aztec empire in Mexico - One of the world's largest cities at the time - Temples, palaces, marketplace, etc. are on par with European society

Matrilineal

- Children become members of the mother's family, not the father's

Métis

- Children of marriages between Native American women and French traders

Great League of Peace

- Choctaw, Cherokee, and Chicksaw unite loose alliances, giving a period of stability - Coordinate dealings with outsiders

Anglicization

- Colonies became more English as they had more contact with Britain instead of developing an American identity - Tried to model British etiquette and behavior

Cecilius Calvert

- Son of recently decease friend of King Charles - Had control fo trade and right to initiate all legislation in Maryland - Desired a feudal domain without representation - Wanted protestants and catholics to live in harmony

St. Augustine

- Spain hoped to establish a military there, and it was the first region to be colonized

Mestizos

- Spanish and native american heritage - Repopulated Mexico and created hybrid culture

Aztec

(1200-1521) 1300, they settled in the valley of Mexico. Grew corn. Engaged in frequent warfare to conquer others of the region. Worshipped many gods (polytheistic). Believed the sun god needed human blood to continue his journeys across the sky. Practiced human sacrifices and those sacrificed were captured warriors from other tribes and those who volunteered for the honor.

Christopher colombus

- 1492 landed in the Americas - Instated unjust slavery systems - Inspired Columbian exchange

Adam Smith

- A British writer who wrote The Wealth of Nations - Emphasized importance of "discovery" of America

Toleration Act

- A year after English Bill of Rights released, says Dissenters can worship freely

Zheng He

- Admiral who held seven naval expeditions in the Indian Ocean - Visit east africa but not the americas because of China's lack of support

An Act Concerning Religion

- All christians were guaranteed free exercise of religion in Maryland

Edmund Andros

- Appointed governor of New York who made the Covenant Chain

Hopi and Zuni

- Arizona settled village life - Planned towns with multiple-family dwellings - Dams and canals & conduct trade - Pueblo Bonita: largest of structures

Anthony Johnson

- Arrived in Virginia as a slave but obtained his freedom - Was the owner of slaves and of hundreds of acres of lands - Symbolizes how things used to be more equal

Magna Carta

- Attempted to put an end to civil unrest, listing liberties granted by the king (to a restricted group only) - Protection against arbitrary imprisonment and seizure of ones property - Barons were those who benefited - English civil war soon followed

Headright system

- Awards fifty acres of land to any colonist who paid for his own or another's passage - Favors bringing servants

Pocahontas

- Daughter of Virginia's leading chief who married an Englishman named John Rolfe - Later such marriages were outlawed so it's unique - EnglishMen can still marry Native American women for economic advantages - Was an intermediary between two peoples in a time of conflict - Time of war ensued in which many villages were destroyed, and she was captured and converted to christianity as well as married to Rolfe

Caravel

- Developed by portuguese to explore atlantic - Ship capable of long-distance travel - Compass and quadrant as well for accuracy

English Civil War

- Disputes over catholicism and power of the king - Stop taxes and abolish the monarchy

Bartolomé de Las Casas

- Dominican priest who published a book called A Very Brief Account of the Destruction of the Indies about the decimation of the Native American population - Preached injustices of Spanish rule - Denounced Spain for causing death and cruelty - Still wants Africans to be enslaved?

Charter of Liberties

- Duke of york agreed on this elected assembly - Assembly drafted charter of liberties - Required elections every 3 years - Reaffirmed english liberties

William of Orange

- Dutch nobleman, husband to James II daughter - Was pushed to take throne from him for English liberties and succeeded

John Smith

- Early leader of Jamestown who promised freedom in America

Covenant Chain

- Edmund Andros formed this alliance in which the English and Native American ambitions enforced eachother - Helped Andros clear parts of new york - Helped british in attacks on the french

Mayflower Compact

- Established by pilgrims in the colony of plymouth - Forty one men obey just and equal laws - First written frame of government in the US

House of Burgesses

- First elected assembly in colonial America - Only freemen could vote and the governor could nullify anything

Hernán Cortés

- First explorer to encounter american civilization (Aztecs Tenochtitlan) - Conquered Aztecs with superior weaponry - Disease was also on his side

Quakers

- Followers of Anne Hutchinson that formed this group during the English Civil War - [God dwells within every individual rather than the bible or teachings - Were prosecuted- whipped, fined, banished

James II

- Formerly the Duke of York, a catholic who promoted religious toleration. - When his son was born people were scared of catholic succession, and so he was kicked off the throne by the orange guy

Cahokia

- Fortified community after mound builders - Also built mounds - Largest unsettled community in the US now

Samuel de Champlain

- French explorer sponsored by a French fur-trading company who founded Quebec - Equality of Natives

John Cabot

- Genoese merchant who reached Newfoundland - inspired by Chrisopher Colombus

Johannes Gutenberg

- German craftsman who invented the printing press - Rapid spread of information

Diggers

- Give freedom an economic underpinning - Common ownership of land

Royal African Company

- Government supported new ventures under Charles II - Company given a monopoly over slave trade

Walter Raleigh

- Granted charters (rights and privileges) to establish colonies - Raleigh set up Roanoke colony but his followers moved to join the Native Americnas - Failure oopsie

Squanto

- Had been kidnapped and brought to Spain, then learned English in England - Went back to Massachusetts but his people died of smallpox - Taught the pilgrims how to fish and plant corn (Thanksgiving stuff)

Powhatan

- Had consolidated authority over the local tribes and liked trading advantages with colonists - Peaceful and stuff until he kidnaps John Smith but Pocahontas freed him

Benjamin Franklin

- Had worked as a printer before becoming a salesman - Fits into artisan class

Anne Hutchinson

- Held meetings about religious issues - There is an elect, but it has nothing to do with church attendance or behavior - Was put on trials and banished when she claimed that God speaks directly instead of through the bible or ministers - Moved north of New York and her family was killed

Pueblos

- Hopi and Zuni move - Desert farming with irrigation systems - Referred to as pueblo Native Americans

English liberty

- Idea of freedom for all men and the rights of Englishmen - Protection against arbitrary imprisonment and seizure of one's property - Barons could oversee the king's conduct

Black Legend

- Image of spain as a uniquely brutal and exploitative colonizer - Provided justification for other European powers to challenge Spain - Encouraged by Las Casas

Roger Williams

- Insisted that church and state should be separated - Wanted religious toleration - Rejected that Puritans were elect and god had favorites - Moved to Rhode island, which became a place of religious freedom - No churches, no voting qualifications, very democratic, etc - Became haven for dissenters and Jews

Amerigo Vespucci

- Italian explorer in South America who discovered that America was not Asia - America was named after him

Myer Myers

- Jewish silversmith of dutch ancestry, one of New York city's most prominent artisans - Used his profits to acquire land - His career reflected the opportunities colonial cities offered to skilled men

King Philip's War

- King Philip, also known as Metacom or the Wampanoag leader, led attacks on New England Colonies, significantly weakening them - Their coutnerattack, however, left most dead or in slavery - Expanded New Englanders access to land

Enclosure Movement

- Landlords, farmers, etc benefit from evicting small farmers and fencing off commons to practice modern farming practices such as crop rotation - Results in unemployment- wages also falling because of Spain's wealth from silver mines - Large population in poverty - If people are unwilling to accept jobs, they are punished See economic dependence as a lack of freedom

Hacienda

- Large scale farms controlled by Spanish land-lords that Native Americans were forced to labor on

Henry VIII

- Launched Protestant Reformation in England, creating the Anglican Church and persecuting catholics- Elizabeth cnotinued his legacy

Juan Ponce de Léon

- Led a colony in Puerto Rico where there was gold, keeping some for himself - Tried to explore Florida for wealth, slaves, etc but it failed several times

Juan de Onate

- Led people to establish a permanent settlement in New Mexico - Destroyed town of Acoma with brutality

Coverture

- Legal doctrine - When a woman marries she surrenders her legal identity Cannot own property, control wages, etc.-- only her husband can

Popé

- Main organizer of Pueblo revolt - Wanted to practice traditional religion and held secret meetings - Orchestrated uprising

Borderland

- Meeting place of peoples where geographical and cultural borders are not clearly defined

Quakers pt 2

- Members of the Society of Friends - Followers of Anne Hutchinson that formed this group during the English Civil War - [God dwells within every individual rather than the bible or teachings - Were prosecuted- whipped, fined, banished

Separatists

- Minority of puritans who abandoned the Church of England to start their own - Many decided to emigrate because of the reinstatment of catholic beliefs

Pueblo Revolt

- Native Americans were forced to convert to catholicism as well as labor - Inquisition: persecution of non-catholics - Prolonged drought allows Najavo and Apache to cause local discontent - Destroyed isolated farms, villages, and freed Santa Fe Rebuilt places of worship (Kivas)

Mound Builders

- Native americans construct community centered on giant mounds in Louisiana - Poverty Point - Commercial and governmental center with established trade routes - Native Americans of Ohio River Valley

Duke of York

- New Netherland was seized during an anglo dutch war - Charles II awarded it to his younger brother James, or the Duke of York - Becomes New York

Other Native American societies

- Pacific coast- Independent villages depending on sea mammals - Great plains- Buffalo-fueled agricultural communities

West Jersey Concessions

- Penn was responsible for it - Created elected assembly with broad suffrage - Established religious liberty - Penn hoped it would become a society of small farmers, instead it became one of large landowners

William Penn

- People facing religious persecution could enjoy spiritual freedom in Pennsylvania - Everyone exists in harmonyy - He is a quaker

Criollos

- Persons born in the colonies of European ancestry

William Bradford

- Pilgrim leader who participated in Native American raids - Their defeat just meant god wanted it

Opechancanough

- Powhatan's son who led a surprise attack but was then massacred - Last rebellion was led by him before his people were forced to acknowledge colonial superiority - Were forced to move to the West

Ninety-Five Theses

- Presented by Martin Luther - Church accused of worldiness and corruption - Read the bible for yourself - Encourages protestant reformation

Virginia Company

- Private business organization whose shareholders sponsored the capital colony of Virginia, Jamestown - More interest in gold and resources than permanent settlement

Richard Hakluyt

- Protestant minister and scholar who wrote A Discource Concerning Western Planting for Raleigh - Said that they should go on a divine mission to rescue the New World - If they colonized, England could rival the wealth of Spain and France - Place for poor people there

Thomas More

- Published Utopia, a book about the freedoms of the Western Hemisphere

Captivity narratives

- Published by captured Native Americans to promote the avoidance of Native American lifestyle - Most popular was The Sovereignty and Goodness of God

John Winthrop

- Puritan leader who left for Massachusetts - Says towns are attempting to rid themselves of poor people - Distinguished between liberties - Natural liberty/acting without restrant/liberty to do evil - False idea of freedom - Moral liberty/only good - Restraints on life - Subjection to authority

Great Migrations

- Puritans immigrate to Massechusetts

Bacon's Rebellion

- Read William Berkeley and Nathaniel Bacon

Puritans

- Rejected chatholic structure and church, but prided england - Seek the truth by reading the bible - Hated poor people

Dower rights

- Rights of a wife to one-third of her husband's property if he passes before her

Vasco da Gama

- Sailed around the cape of good hope after Bartholomeu Dias to India - Demonstrated sea route to the east and opened trading empire for portugal with many bases

Pilgrims

- Separatists who fled to Virginia - Did not restrict voting to church members & divided land equally

Encomienda system

- Settlers were gifted authority over conquered Indina lands with the right to extract forced labor - Abolished after Casas

Patroons

- Shareholders who agreed to transport tenants for agricultural labor - Required to purchase a title of the land from Native Americans

William Berkeley

- Virginia's governor who ran a corrupt regime with the wealthiest tobacco planters - Freed servants were screwed by him, there were heavy taxes on tobacco, and there were falling prices due to overproduction - Confined right to vote to landowners - Refusal to allow white settlement in Native-reserved areas made colonists angry

King Philip

- Wampanoag leader Metacom was also known by this name - Go see metacom term - Pueblo war is also called King Philip's War

Jacob Leisler

- Wealthiest merchants in New York city who hated James II - His regime divided the colony- many said he was a tyrant and he was brutally executed- continued to divide politics of New York

Nathaniel Bacon

- Wealthy planter whose men were those with wealth outside of the governor's circle - Call for removal of Natives from the colony, reduction of taxes - Promised freedom to those who joined him, gathered an army, and burned Jamestown to the ground - Berkley fled and he became Virginia's ruler, but english warships overthrew him

Feme sole

- Woman alone who does not want to marry - Able to make contracts and conduct buisnesa

Navigation Act

- Wrest control of world trade from the Dutch, who were quite wealthy - CERTAIN GOODS HAD TO BE TRANSPORTED IN ENGLISH SHIPS AND BROUGHT BACK TO ENGLAND - Taxes - Stimulated ship-building industry

Levellers

Universal entitlement in a society based on equal rights