APUSH CH. 3
Walden
..., an American book written by noted Transcendentalist Henry David Thoreau. The work is part personal declaration of independence, social experiment, voyage of spiritual discovery, satire, and manual for self reliance. Published in 1854, it details Thoreau's experiences over the course of two years in a cabin he built near Walden Pond
Cherokee Nation vs Georgia
1. Cherokee sued Georgia because the state had declared all Cherokee laws void. Marshall and the Supreme Court ruled that Cherokees could not sue because they were not a foreign nation nor real citizens. Marshall and the supreme court denied self-government to a Native American tribe, which was previously thought of as a soverign entity.
William Lloyd Garrison
1805-1879. Prominent American abolitionist, journalist and social reformer. Editor of radical abolitionist newspaper "The Liberator", and one of the founders of the American Anti-Slavery Society.
gag rule
1835 law passed by Southern congress which made it illegal to talk of abolition or anti-slavery arguments in Congress. In general , a rule for limiting or ending debate in a deliberative body.
Webster-Ashburn Treaty
1842- because of the Creole incident, negotiations between the British and the US stated. They settled the Maine boundary dispute and provided for joint naval patrols off Africa to suppress slave trade- the US never actually helped patrol the coast of Africa
Senaca Falls convention
1848; women suffragists went to senaca falls to rewrite the declaration of independents to include women, Start of the feminist movement- they where interested in getting voting rights. A natural progression of this is the abolitionist movement. It was to abolish slavery.
Leaves of grass
A collection of poems by Walt Whitman, written mainly in free verse. Published with revisions every few years in the late 19th century, it contains such well known poems as "I Hear America Singing," "Song of Myself," and "Oh Captain, My Captain." The poems celebrated democracy and liberation of the individual.
Dorothea Dix
A reformer and pioneer in the movement to treat the insane as mentally ill, beginning in the 1820's, she was responsible for improving conditions in jails, poorhouses and insane asylums throughout the U.S. and Canada. She succeeded in persuading many states to assume responsibility for the care of the mentally ill. She served as the Superintendant of Nurses for the Union Army during the Civil War.
Second Great Awakening
A series of religious revivals starting in 1801, based on Methodism and Baptism. Stressed a religious philosophy of salvation through good deeds and tolerance for all Protestant sects. The revivals attracted women, Blacks, and Native Americans. It also had an effect on moral movements such as prison reform, the temperance movement, and moral reasoning against slavery
Elizibeth Cady Stanton
A social activist leading figure of early women's rights movement. She organized the Senaca Falls Convention where the declaration of sentiments was written. She is credited with initiating the first organized women's rights and women's suffrages in the U.S.
the Overland trail
A stagecoach and wagon trail in the American West during the 19th century that took 6 months in the best of conditions. While portions of the route had been used by explorers and trappers since the 1820s, the Overland Trail was most heavily used in the 1860s as an alternative route to the Oregon. Previously the California and Mormon trails through central Wyoming were used, but the Overland trail avoided most of the Natives.
Pet banks
A term used by Jackson to describe the state banks that the federal government used for new revenue deposits in an attempt to destroy the Second Bank of the United States; the practice continued after the charter for the Second Bank expired in 1836.
Tariff of Abominations
Also called Tariff of 1828, it raised the tariff on imported manufactured goods. The tariff protected the North but harmed the South. The South said that the tariff was economically discriminatory and Southerners, like John C. Calhoun of South Carolina, declared the tariff unconstitutional because it violated state's rights. Led to the Nullification crisis.
Battle of Buena Vista
Also known as the Battle of Angostura. A February of 1847 battle in the Mexican-American War in which Taylor's army held out in a desperate defensive battle that brought the Americans as close as they came to defeat during the entire war, but Jefferson Davis's Calvary charge create a neutral battle that prevented Mexico from retaking Texas, gave Scott time in Veracruz, and made Taylor an hero during the battle for the Rio Grande river.
Fredrick Douglas
American abolitionist and writer. He was taught to read and write by a wife of one of the owners, decided to escape. Became the leading african american freedom fighter spokesperson and writer
Walt Whitman
American poet and transcendentalist who was famous for his beliefs on nature, as demonstrated in his book, Leaves of Grass. He was therefore an important part for the buildup of American literature and breaking the traditional rhyme method in writing poetry.
Henry David Thoreau
American transcendentalist who was against a government that supported slavery. He wrote down his beliefs in Walden. He started the movement of civil-disobedience when he refused to pay the toll-tax to support him Mexican War.
Angelina and Sarah Grimke
Daughters of a South Carolina slaveholder that were antislavery. Controversial because they spoke to audiences of both men and women at a time when it was thought indelicate to address male audiences. Womens' rights advocates as well. "men and women are created equal"
perfectionism
Due to the new liberal movements and religious fervor, many Americans believed that perfection was attainable. Therefore, a series of movements took place to perfect society, such as prison reform, temperance, etc.
Upper south
During the civil war it was the region of the South consisting of the states of Virginia, Maryland, North Carolina, and Kentucky. They had a more diversified economy than the Lower South's states and practiced a more paternalistic kind of slavery, but increasingly sold their slaves "down the river" to the Lower South, where cotton production was booming.
American Temperance Society
First national organization to protest the abuse of alcohol that began in Boston. They demanded the "total" abstinence and pressured churches to expel members who condoned alcohol.
Millerites
Followers of a Calvanist Baptist minister, William Miller, who taught that the second coming of Christ would occur on October 22nd, 1843. This group dissolved at the moment they realized that the 2nd coming did not take place on the day they all thought it would
Mormonism
Founded by Joseph Smith, who claimed he was visited by God, and in 1830 he published a document called The Book of Mormon. He said it was a translation of a set of gld tablets he had found in the hills of New York, revealed to him by an angel of God. Smith's followers moved steadily westward during the early 1830s to escape religious persecution, and after Smith's murder in 1844, the new leader Brigham Young led the Mormons to Utah, where they are still centered today.
Zachary Taylor
General that was a military leader in Mexican-American War and 12th president of the United States. Sent by president Polk to lead the American Army against Mexico at Rio Grande. Taylor's success in Rio Grande made him famous and helped his electoral campaign.
Log cabin campaign
It was a Whig party presidential campaign of William Henry Harrison in 1840. It portrayed Harrison as a simple man sprung from the people, using the log cabin as their symbol, when in reality Harrison was rich. It won Harrison the election. Campaigning among the masses.
the Bank of the United States
Jackson thought the bank discriminated against ordinary people. He accused the bank of readily granting loans to merchants and manufacturers while denying loans to western farmers. After his election Jackson sought to destroy the Second bank of the United States. Jackson put all of the national funds in state banks, calling the state banks his "pet banks". Eventually the Bank of the United stated folded because it didn't have any money.
Harriet Tubman
Known as Black Moses or Grandma Moses, she was an abolitionist. Born a slave on a Maryland plantation, she escaped to the North in 1849 and became the most renowned conductor on the Underground Railroad, leading more than 300 slaves to freedom.
pidgin
Language that may develop when two groups of people with different languages meet. The pidgin has some characteristics of each language.
Sojourner Truth
Name used by Isabel Baumfree, United States abolitionist and feminist who was freed from slavery and became a leading advocate of the abolition of slavery and for the rights of women (1797-1883)
Nat Turner Rebellion
Nat Turner's Slave Revolt (1831) -Most violent slave revolt in the country -a slave from Southampton County, Virginia -In the night of August 1831 led a group of slaves to plan and kill all of the slave holders and their families in the county->first attacked the family that held tuner as a slave->ended up killing about 60 white people in their community->more than 100 innocent slaves who were not part of Turner's group were killed in an attempt to stop the rebellion->Turner captured and executed after 6 weeks of hunting(hid in caves and in the woods)->brought to trial->executed on Nov. 11, 1831->Afterwards, many states strengthened slave codes.(new codes placed stricter control on slaves but despite the resistance slavery continued to spread)
John Humphrey Noyes and the Oneida community
Noyes was the founder of the Oneida community, at first gathered a group of "Perfectionists" and created the doctrine of "complex marriage," but was kicked out of Vermont and fled to NY and formed the Oneida community. In Oneida they practiced polygamy, communal childcare and farming.
James Fenimore Coopers
One of the nation's first writers of importance; attained recognition in the 1820's. He changed the mood of national literature, started textbooks in America being written by Americans. Two pieces of his literature include THE SPY and THE LAST OF THE MOHICANS, about life on the frontier. American themes-example of the nationalism after the Revolution and War of 1812. (pg. 212-213).
Indian removal act
Passed in 1830, authorized Andrew Jackson to negotiate land-exchange treaties with tribes living east of the Mississippi. The treaties enacted under this act's provisions paved the way for the forcible emigration of tens of thousands of American Indians to the West.
Treaty of Guadeloupe Hidalgo
Peace treaty after the Mexican American war. Mexico ceded Texas with the Rio Grande boundary, New Mexico, and California to the United States. In return, the United States assumed the claims of American citizens against the Mexican government and paid Mexico $15 million. It was signed on February 2, 1848.
James K. Polk
Polk was a slave owning southerner dedicated to Democratic party. In 1844, he was a "dark horse" candidate for president, and he won the election. Polk favored American expansion, especially advocating the annexation of Texas, California, and Oregon. He was a friend and follower of Andrew Jackson. He opposed Clay's American System, instead advocating lower tariff, separation the treasury and the federal government from the banking system. He was a nationalist who believed in Manifest Destiny.
reannexation of texas
President James K. Polk adding Texas to the union
Auburn system v. Pennsylvania System
Prison reform in 1790, based on concept that solitary confinement would induce meditation and moral reform; actually led to many mental breakdowns; Auburn system, 1816, allowed congregation of prisoners during the day, An early system of U.S. penology in which inmates were kept in solitary cells so that they could study religious writings, reflect on their misdeeds, & perform handicraft work
The American Scholar
Ralph Waldo Emerson's lecture at Harvard; encouraged American authors to develop their own literary techniques instead of using European ideas and cultural characteristics.
Declaration of Sentiments
Revision of the Declaration of Independence to include women and men (equal). It was the grand basis of attaining civil, social, political, and religious rights for women.
the Alamo
Santa Anna's army succeeded in late 1836. His force of 4000 men laid siege to San Antonio, whose 200 Texan defenders retreated into an abandoned mission, the Alamo. After repeated attacks, the remaining 187 Texans including Davy Crockett were wiped out and a few weeks later Mexican troops massacred some 350 Texas prisoners.
Horace Mann
Secretary of the Massachusetts Board of Education, he was a prominent proponent of public school reform, and set the standard for public schools throughout the nation.
Worcester v. Georgia
Supreme Court Decision - Cherokee Indians were entitled to federal protection from the actions of state governments which would infringe on the tribe's sovereignty - Jackson ignored it " Marshall has made his decision, now let him enforce it."
Stephen Austen
The "father of texas", land speculator who was granted land in texas -given 180,000 acres of land by mexican gov. which he sold to incoming settlers -1829, him and other grantees requested and won exemption from law ending slavery in mexico -led "peace party," of longtime settlers who wanted political autonomy for region.. won significant concessions from mexican authorities -"war party," led by new settlers from georgia, wanted independence
Trail of tears
The Cherokee Indians were forced to leave their lands and move to Oklahoma. They traveled from North Carolina and Georgia through Tennessee, Kentucky, Illinois, Missouri, and Arkansas-more than 800 miles (1,287 km)-to the Indian Territory. More than 4,000 Cherokees died of cold, disease, and lack of food during the 116-day journey.
Whigs
The Whigs were conservatives, pro-Bank people and plantation owners. They mainly came from the National Republican Party, which was once largely Federalists. They took their name from the British political party that had opposed King George during the American Revolution. Their policies included support of industry, protective tariffs, and Clay's American System. They were generally upper class in origin. Included Clay and Webster.
the proslavery argument
The ideology that preached that slavery should be allowed using texts from the bible and economic theory to support their claims. Detail 1: Slave owners believed it was cheaper to employ slaves than pay workers. Detail 2: Slave owners believed they were making better lives for their slaves. Sig: it is why southerners and slave owners argued to keep slavery legal. It caused tension in churches because they were split between northern and southern members.
Spoils system
The practice of rewarding supporters with government jobs. Jackson made this practice famous by clearing out the cabinet after assuming Presidency and replacing its members with his supporters.
free southern blacks
They generally lived in the urban Lower Old South. Free Blacks had the opportunity to become skilled artisans such as carpenters and small traders. One of their strong holds was New Orleans, but their numbers started to decrease when whites realized that they could influence black slave rebellion. A "third race", prohibited from certain occupations, barred from some Northern states, often in competition with whites for menial jobs
Manifest destiny
This expression was popular in the 1840s. Many people believed that the U.S. was destined to secure territory from "sea to sea," from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean. This rationale drove the acquisition of territory.
Robert owen
This man helped to lead the first national union in English factories. He believed that humans would reveal their true natural goodness if they lived in a cooperative environment. Tested his theories of a utopian America at New Lanark, Scotland and New Harmony, Indiana, but failed. He was concerned with mistreatment of workers, especially children. He organized one of the largest and most visionary of the early national unions, the GNCTU, or Grand National Consolidated Trades Union. Helped pass Factory Act of 1833, limiting work hours.
New Harmony
This was a society Indiana lasting from 1825 to 1827 that focused on Utopian Socialism (Communism). It was started by Robert Owens but failed because everybody did not share a fair load of the work. It had 1,000 settlers, but a lack of authority caused it to break up. "village corporation"
American Renaissance
Transportation revolution and romanticism contributed to this development. New market for fiction that urged American writers to differentiate themselves from European writing. Emphasized emotion and inner feeling and created a more democratic literature, accessible to everyone. Women also contributed literary works. Cooper, Emerson, Thoreau, Fuller and Whitman were all involved in this movement. Langston Hughes, Zora Neal Hurston, Countee Cullen, Emily Dickinson, Melville's Moby Dick, Walt WItman's O Captain my Captain
South Carolina Exposition and Protest
Written in 1828 by Vice-President John C. Calhoun of South Carolina anonymously wrote this widely circulated book to protest the Tariff of Abominations, which seemed to favor northern industry. Calhoun introduced the concept of state interposition and became the basis for South Carolina's Nullification Doctrine of 1833. Over time the doctrine of nullification became a Doctrine of succession in which the Southern states asserted their right to leave the Union after President Abraham Lincoln's election in 1860, leading to the outbreak of the Civil War.
Underground railroad
a network of people who helped thousands of enslaved people escape to the North by providing transportation and hiding places. Harriet Tubman was a conductor of the underground railroad and guided escaped slaves to freedom.
Locofocos
a radical faction of the Democratic Party that supported Andrew Jackson. This faction supported laissez-faire and was anti-monopoly. The members in this group were mostly laborers looking for their own party. *The ideas were the source of van Buren's economic policy.
Burned Over District
area of New York State along the Erie Canal that was constantly aflame with revivalism and reform; as wave after wave to fervor broke over the region, groups such as the Mormons, Shakers, and Millerites found support among the residents.
Unitarianism
belief that God existed in only one person (hence unitarian), and not in the orthodox Trinity; denied the divinity of Jesus; stressed the essential goodness of human nature rather than its vileness; believed in free will and the possibility of salvation through good works; God as a loving father rather than stern Creator; followed by Ralph Waldo Emerson; appealed to intellectuals whose rationalism and optimism naturally made them not support the hellfire doctrines of Calvinism (especially predestination and human depravity)
the second American party system
created truly national political parties for the first time in American History. Democrats v. Whigs; were distinguished by class and cultural, not sectional, differences.
Nullification controversy
southern states (especially Calhoun in South Carolina) believed that each state had the right to declare federal laws unconstitutional and not enforce them within state boundaries if they didn't agree with them. This controversy began because of the Tariff of Abominations. After the tariff of Abomination was issued an anonymous article known as South Carolina Exposition and Protest influenced North Carolina's threat to succeed from the union.
Lower south
states of Texas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, Florida, Georgia, and South Carolina
Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna
was a Mexican general and dictator, who dominated Mexican politics for a quarter of a century. He was elected president, but didn't serve; instead he overthrew the government and established himself as a dictator. He commanded the Mexican army that stormed The Alamo during the Texas Revolution of 1835 and 1836 and killed all 187 defenders, but he was shortly afterward defeated and captured by Sam Houston's Texans.