APUSH Ch. 9

Why did the United States feel vulnerable to international threats in the 1790s?

1. Threats of war with France and England were always a threat. 2. The country had a division with the two party system, the federalists and republicans were constantly on edge because of peoples political beliefs. 3. Whiskey Rebellion. This caused increasingly high tensions between the Government and the people. Many people were afraid to go out because of the violence that was happening in the streets from the Whiskey Rebellion.

XYZ Affair

1798 - A commission had been sent to France in 1797 to discuss the disputes that had arisen out of the U.S.'s refusal to honor the Franco-American Treaty of 1778. President Adams had also criticized the French Revolution, so France began to break off relations with the U.S. Adams sent delegates to meet with French foreign minister Talleyrand in the hopes of working things out. Talleyrand's three agents told the American delegates that they could meet with Talleyrand only in exchange for a very large bribe. The Americans did not pay the bribe, and in 1798 Adams made the incident public, substituting the letters "X, Y and Z" for the names of the three French agents in his report to Congress.

Alien and Sedation Acts

3 measures. alien acts raised the residence requirment for American citizenship from five years to 14 years and allowed the President to deport or jail any alien that was considered undesirable. The 4th measure, the sedation act sets ffines and jail terms for anyone trying to hinder the operation ofthe government or expressing false scandal and malicious statement agaisnt the governemnr

Anthony Wayne

A General, nicknamed "Mad Anthony". Beat Northwest Indians at the Battle of Fallen Timbers on August 20, 1794. Left British made arms on the fields of battle. After that the Treaty of Greenville in 1795 led to the Indians ceding their claims to a vast tract in the Ohio Country.

Haitian Revolution

A major influece of the Latin American revolutions because of its successfulness; the only successful slave revolt in history; it is led by Toussaint L'Ouverture.

James Madison

"Father of the Constitution," Federalist leader, and fourth President of the United States.

Report on Manufactures

A proposal written by Hamilton promoting protectionism in trade by adding tariffs to imported goods in order to protect American industry Though congress did not do anything with it, the report later influenced later industrial policies.

Toussiant L'Ouverture

An educated former slave and a millitary genius. Lead the revolt against Napolean on Santo Domingo, indirectly set-up the Louisiana Purchase. (Pageant pg. 221)

Little Turtle

Chief of the Miami who led a Native American alliance that raided U.S. settlements in the Northwest Territory. He was defeated and forced to sign the Treaty of Greenville. Later, he became an advocate for peace

Judith Sargent Murray

Female rights activist following the revolution who argued that the brain is not a sex organ. She wrote "On the Equality of Sexes".

Treaty of Greenville

Gave America all of Ohio after General Mad Anthony Wayne battled and defeated the Indians at the Battle of Fallen Timbers. 1795 Allowed Americans to explore the area with peace of mind that the land belonged to America and added size and very fertile land to America.

Whiskey Rebellion

In 1794, farmers in Pennsylvania rebelled against Hamilton's excise tax on whiskey, and several federal officers were killed in the riots caused by their attempts to serve arrest warrants on the offenders. In October, 1794, the army, led by Washington, put down the rebellion. The incident showed that the new government under the Constitution could react swiftly and effectively to such a problem, in contrast to the inability of the government under the Articles of Confederation to deal with Shay's Rebellion.

How did the war between Britain and France intensify the political divisions in the United States?

Political opinions were so different that factions were created in the United States creating two different parties, which George Washington warned politicians and colonists about. This made the country no longer unified and tensions were increasingly high. Federalists passed the alien and sedation acts which angered Republicans and they attempted to nullify these acts.

Battle of Fallen Timbers

The U.S. Army defeated the Native Americans under Shawnee Chief Blue Jacket and ended Native American hopes of keeping their land that lay north of the Ohio River

What provoked the Whiskey Rebellion? How did the government respond?

The Whiskey Rebellion was a tax placed on whiskey, drawn up by Alexander Hamilton in order to fund National War debt. This provoked a rebellion where citizens rioted in the streets and killed and wounded many officers who attempted to arrest colonists for disobeying the tax. Washington placed his army in the streets in order to deescalate the situation. The incident showed that the new government under the Constitution could react swiftly and effectively to such a problem, in contrast to the inability of the government under the Articles of Confederation to deal with Shay's Rebellion.

Bill of Rights

The first ten amendments to the Constitution

How did political leaders in the 1790s attempt to overcome the divisions of the 1780s?

They attempted to create prosperity and stability through the Secretary of Treasury, Alexander Hamilton, who laid out the Report on Public Credit and The Report on Manufacturing. Many political leaders also attempted to influence men to put the public good before personal desires and that women should put their family and their husband before themselves.

Why were Hamilton's economic policies controversial?

They were controversial because it cause problems in the Nations First Congress. He attempted to lay out plans on debt by merging state and federal debt, but speculators had already bought up debt certificates. His plan to tax whiskey led to one of the Nations first violent protests, with protesters killing and wounding many officers who attempted to place them under arrest for disobeying the tax placed on alcohol.

Eli Whitney

United States inventor of the mechanical cotton gin (1765-1825)

Americans held that virtue was pivotal to the success of their new nation. What did they mean by virtue? How did they hope to ensure that their citizens and leaders possessed virtue?

Virtue meant to have morals that were guided by religion. They hoped to ensure that their citizens and leaders possessed virtue by implicating the Constitution and the Bill of rights which guaranteed liberty and virtue among all citizens.

Jay Treaty

Was made up by John Jay. It said that Britain was to pay for Americans ships that were seized in 1793. It said that Americans had to pay British merchants debts owed from before the revolution and Britain had agreed to remove their troops from the Ohio Valley

Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions

Written anonymously by Jefferson and Madison in response to the Alien and Sedition Acts, they declared that states could nullify federal laws that the states considered unconstitutional.

Report on Public Credit

proposed by Hamilton to repair war debts; selling of securities and federal lands, assumption of state debts, set up the first National Bank