APUSH Chapter 2
Act Concerning Religion
Adopted in Maryland in 1649; institutionalized the principle of toleration that had prevailed from the colony's beginning.
Pequot War
An armed conflict in 1634-1638 between an alliance of Massachusetts Bay and Plymouth colonies, with Native American allies (the Narragansett and Mohegan tribes), against the Pequot tribe.
English Freedom
An idea that certain ''rights of Englishmen'' applied to all within the kingdom.
Uprising of 1622
Powhatan rose against the English. The Indian Massacre of 1622 took place in the English Colony of Virginia on Friday, 22 March 1622. Chief Opechancanough led a coordinated series of surprise attacks of the Powhatan Confederacy that killed 347 people, a quarter of the English population of Jamestown.
captivity narratives
Publications written by colonists who had been captured by Indians.
Pilgrims
Puritan Separatists who broke completely with the Church of England and sailed to the New World aboard the Mayflower, founding Plymouth Colony on Cape Cod in 1620.
Mayflower Compact
1620 - The first agreement for self-government in America. It was signed by the 41 men on the Mayflower and set up a government for the Plymouth colony.
Half-Way Convenant
A Puritan compromise allowing for the baptism and a subordinate church membership for grandchildren of those who emigrated during the Great Migration.
Moral liberty
A Puritan concept meaning ''a liberty to that only which is good.''
Considering politics, social tensions and debates over the meaning of liberty, how do the events and aftermath of the English civil war demonstrate the the English colonies in North America were part of a larger Atlantic community?
By the middle of seventeenth century, several English colonies existed along the Atlantic coast of North America. Economic, politic and social structures were established in the Atlantic world. The seeds had been planted, in the Chesapeake, for the development of plantation societies based on unfree labor, and in New England, for arrivers centered on small towns and family farms. The colonies and many residents enjoyed freedoms they had not possessed at home, especially access to land and the right to worship as settlers desired. Some settlers found themselves confined to unfree labor for many years or an entire lifetime.
headright system
Headrights were parcels of land consisting of about 50 acres which were given to colonists who brought indentured servants into America. They were used by the Virginia Company to attract more colonists.
John Smith
Helped found and govern Jamestown. His leadership and strict discipline helped the Virginia colony get through the difficult first winter.
House of Burgesses
In 1619 the London Company authorized the settlers to summon an assembly known as the House of Burgesses. This assemblage was the first of many miniature parliaments in America.
enclosure movement
In the English countryside English landlords were "enclosing" croplands for sheep grazing, forcing many small farmers into precarious tenancy or, off their land altogether.
tobacco
John Rolfe began planting tobacco in virginia. Many were willing to buy so growing tobacco became very popular up and down the James. This pressured the colonists to expand their territory because a lot of land is needed for growing tobacco to grow large amounts and because tobacco exhausted the soil. The need for land made Europeans move more inward away from the center of European settlement, which was going in to the native's land. Tobacco quickly became the most valuable crop. By 1616 tobacco was profitless due to overproduction.
John Winthrop
Led a group of English Puritans to the New World, joined the Massachusetts Bay Company in 1629 and was elected their governor on April 8, 1630. Between 1639 and 1648 he was voted out of governorship and re-elected a total of 12 times.
Puritanism
Similar to the beliefs of the Protestant Reformation however they believed that the reformation was not moving fast enough. They believed that the church would be purified by eliminating Catholic influence.
Roanoke
The first English settlement in the New World was on the island of Roanoke, off the coast of North Carolina, established in 1587. Virginia Dare, the first English child born in America was born on Roanoke Island. The settlement failed, and no one knows what became of the people who first settled there.
Virginia Company
The first joint-stock company in the colonies; founded Jamestown; promised gold, conversion of Indian to Christianity, and passage to the Indies
How did the tobacco economy draw the Chesapeake colonies into the greater Atlantic World?
Tobacco started to become really popular the colonies wanted to be imported and started the basis of the economy. Integrated into the greater Atlantic trade, which caused an increase in slavery.
How did the expansion of the British empire affect the freedoms of native Americans, the Irish, and even many English citizens?
When the Europeans arrived in America and began to colonize the area, the Indians were displaced and began to rely heavily on European goods in order to survive. The Irish were abused and discriminated against socially and lawfully. Finally the English citizens were used for labor, to become colonists, and to farm.
A Discourse Concerning Western Planting
Written by Richard Haluykt, and describes that colonies would permit the expansion of Anglicanism, enhance the growth of the British economy, and increase Britain's military strength and international prestige, essentially, Gold, God, and Glory.
dower rights
A legal right originating in medieval Europe and carried to the colonies that entitled a widow to a portion (at least one-third) of the deceased husband's estate for use during her lifetime whether he left a will granting her a portion or not.
indentured servant
A person who worked for 4-7 years of service in exchange for passage across the Atlantic to North America.
The Sovereignty and Goodness of God
A popular captivity narrative written by Mary Rowlandson.
Describe who chose to migrate to North America from England in the seventeenth century and explain their reasons.
Between 1607 and 1700, more than half million people left England. Around 180,000 migrated to North America. English settlers came as indentured servants, who voluntarily surrendered their freedom for a specific time in exchange for passage to America. They believed the land was the basis of liberty. Anyway there was the main reason why English emigrated to America. It was because economic conditions in England were so bad. It was also social crisis with economic growth unable to keep pace with the needs of population that grew from 3 million on 1550 to about 4 million in 1600. Many flooded into England's cities, where wages fell dramatically. Due to it many people stayed without their jobs and they were in search of a new work. The situation grew worth as prices rose. So, because of economic reasons English chose to emigrate to North America. They were looking for a liberty and a freedom and to stay away of economic instability in Europe commonly.
Describe the factors promoting and limited religious freedom in the New England and Chesapeake colonies.
In seventeen century, the English emigrated to the New England and the Chesapeake. They had totally different political, economic and social. Also, the religious were between the puritans and separatist puritan. In that time, the king of British thought religious must be unity, and imposed people to belief and follow the religious that the king thought it was the standard. However, the new king Charles decided the name of unity religious was the Church. Then The New England was became a religious country. The Church was controlling the economic and political of New England. However, there were a group of people was coming. They believe in the freedom of religious and liberty of speech. They thought no one should impose others to change faith and religious. People had right to choose their faith and religious, and the leather of this group people was Roger Williams.
For English settlers, land was the basis of independence and liberty. Explain the reasoning behind that concept and how it differed from the Indians' concept of land.
Juxtaposition of the English and Indian conceptions of Land and Land ownership. In a place where development only just began, Land was the most important resource. According to the text, "English Colonists . . . wanted land, not dominion over the existing population" (54). This want for land by the settlers, made them treat the men with land with more esteem. Consequently, Men with lands weren't made slaves and this made Land the basis of liberty. Soon the settlers took over unoccupied lands as well as occupied land; they also sought to purchase land from the Indians. And so settlers who owned lands and Indians who retained the ownership of their lands were free and allowed to vote. This describes the power of land as the basis of liberty for the English settlers. Before the coming of the English settlers, the Indian perspective to land had always been a collective one. A perspective that embraced collective ownership of land by members of the Indian community. The Indians believed, unlike the English settlers, that their land was given to them by The Great Spirit with a mandate to take care of it.
Great Migration
Large-scale migration of southern blacks during and after World War I to the North, where jobs had become available during the labor shortage of the war years.
In what ways did the economy, government and household structure differ in New England and the Chesapeake colonies?
Men only at first. Women didn't come until later. Was a disaster, huge population died. Was headed back when a ship carrying a new governor, supplies, and settlers came and convinced them to turn around. Military discipline held colony together. "You don't work, you don't eat". Virginia company realized it needed to be a society in order to thrive. Company convinced people to go by offering land if you could afford the trip
Compare and contrast settlement patterns, treatment of Indians and religion of the Spanish and English in the Americas.
The Spanish and English had different settlement patterns, closely treatment of Indians, and same religion in the Americas. First, the Spanish and English had different settlement patterns. The Spanish followed plantations and mining, but the English followed two different patterns of settlement that were plantations in Chesapeake and Carolinas and family farms in New England and Middle Colonies. Second, the Spanish and the English had closely treatment of Indians, but they had different ultimate aims. For the Spanish colonists, it continued to mistreat Indians as the Spanish Empire expanded in the Americas. At that time, the Spanish were seeking for gold that was the most important reason for their colonist, and they used every way to get it, that by the way was the violence they got everything they wanted killing Indians and they killed every Indian on their way.Therefore, Indians usually involved a lot of killing, disease and forced conversions. However, for the English Colonists, it cruelly treated Indians because they desired to exploit Indians' resources. As far as the religion of the Spanish and English, they had a same religion and a same religious ultimate aim in the New World-Americas. Whatever the Spanish and English, they introduced Christianity to Natives, and tried to convert them with education, particularly to the young.