APUSH Chapter 22

What were the ideological arguments:

Social Darwinism, European nations were expanding into Asia/Africa so America had to keep up, racial superiority as English/Anglo-Saxans, Manifest Destiny/the white man's burden (John Fiske), consistent with the ideals of masculinity - forceful expansion would be a manly course.

Define imperialism

A policy of extending a country's power and influence through the acquisitions and exploitations of colonial possessions.

What happened in Chile?

1891=American sailors on shore leave in Chile got involved in a drunken brawl, leaving some dead and many in jail. President Harrison threatened military retaliation against Chile, relenting only when Chile apologized and paid an indemnity.

Create a brief "timeline" of sorts outlining the events in Hawaii (1891)

1891=Blaine endorses annexation/McKinley Tariff Act closed the US market to Hawaiian sugar producers, threatening their economy/Queen Liliuokalani moved to restore native control of Hawaiian affairs.

Create a brief "timeline" of sorts outlining the events in Hawaii (1893)

1893=American planters overthrew the queen. John Stevens, the American diplomatic representative ordered the US marines to help the rebels and declared an American protectorate over the new Hawaiian government. New provisional government, with no native Hawaiians, went to Washington and drafted a treaty for annexation, which Harrison signed but did not get Senate approval before Cleveland took office, who called for an investigation. Cleveland apologized to the queen, but the American provisional government refused to step down, setting off a big debate. Many Republicans strongly supported annexation. The commercial/strategic value of Hawaii was clear for people in California/the West Coast. Democrats opposed annexation, doubting whether the US should desert its traditional principles. They believed in building up the country they already had.

Who presided over Cuba and what type of government did they have once the SPAM war was over?

A US military government was set up. Only in 1900, when the Democrats made an issue of imperialism, did the McKinley administration move towards permitting a Cuban government and withdrawing military forces.

What was life like for Puerto Ricans after the Treaty of Paris?

A military government improved transportation, sanitation, and developed public health/education. But their political freedom was curtailed.

What were the major arguments now (again) against the US's involvement in the Philippines?

African Americans, such as John Mitchell, condemned the talk of a white man's burden and was disgusted by the racism. The Anti-Imperialist League cited the war as proof of the corrosive influence of imperialism on the nation's morals.

What was the response of most Filipinos to American intervention in their land?

Aguinaldo welcomed Dewey's naval victory as the sign of a de facto alliance with the US. He issued a declaration of independence of the Philippine Republic. His own troops captured most of Luzon (Philippines major island).

What "caused" the RUSSO-JAPANESE WAR?

Alarmed at the threat of Russian expansion in Manchuria and Korea, Japan in 1904 attacked the Russian fleet at Port Arthur and defeated the Russian army in Manchuria.

Create a brief "timeline" of sorts outlining the events in Hawaii (1875/1887)

Although Hawaii was ruled by native monarchs, American influence grew, as other Americans arrived to establish sugar plantations and eventually dominate the economy. Treaties in 1875 and 1887 integrated the islands into the American economy and gave the US control over Pearl Harbor, Oahu.

What type of problems persisted in P.R., and what were most American businessmen interested in Puerto Rico?

American investors quickly gained control of the best land and pursued large-scale sugar production for the US market. Poverty became widespread.

What role did the media play in the Cuban revolution?

American sympathy grew due to yellow press. To attract readers, the popular press adopted bold headlines with exaggerated stories. A circulation war between Hearst's "New York Journal" and Pulitzer's "New York World" stimulated interest in Cuban war. Failure to intervene to help the Cubans would be dishonorable and cowardly. The nation's religious press, which reflected the prejudice of many Protestants against Catholic Spain, advocated for American intervention. The "Catholic Herald" of NY said the Protestant preachers were bloodthirsty, but the preachers influenced American opinion against Spain. Expansionists like Roosevelt and Lodge clamored for intervention, but so did their opponents, including Populists (sympathized with the Cubans) and conservative Democrats (excitement of intervention/war would distract from the Gold-Silver issue). Both major parties endorsed Cuban independence in the election of 1896.

How was racism an evident issue in the Filipino conflict?

Americans often did little to distinguish between soldiers and civilians. As long as they were black, the Americans shot.

Why did Japan also worry the US?

An overwhelming Japanese victory would threaten American interests as much as Russian expansionism did, so Teddy Roosevelt mediated an end to the war.

What course of action DID McKinley choose and why?

At the end of March, 1898, McKinley sent Spain an ultimatum, demanding an armistice in Cuba, an end to the reconcentration policy, and the acceptance of American arbitration, which implied Cuban independence. Spain made concessions, abolishing reconcentration and declaring a unilateral armistice. McKinley had already begun war preparations, withdrawing American diplomats from Cuba and Spain, ordering the navy to prepare for war, and drafting a war message for Congress. He submitted the letter on April 11, and Congress declared war on April 25, 1898.

Why were both Japan and Russia "concerns" to the US?

Both were more deeply involved in East Asia than the US. They expressed little support for the Open Door, seeing it as favoring US interests over their own. In pursuing their interests, the two came in conflict with each other.

How did the Treaty of Paris become a political issue in the ensuing national election races?

Bryan attempted to make the 1900 election a referendum on imperialism, promising to free the Philippines if the Democrats won. However, some of the most anti-imperialists were conservatives who remained loyal to Mckinley because they could not tolerate Bryan's economic policies. Republicans also benefited from the prosperity the country experienced under McKinley, as well as nominating the hero of the San Juan Hill, Roosevelt, for vice president.

Who did WW eventually support and why? Why did that support end?

By August, Carranza had toppled Huerta and Wilson shifted his support to Villa. But Carranza's growing popular support in Mexico and Wilson's preoccupation with WW1 finally led the US to grant de facto recognition to the Carranza government.

What was the long term effect of the Open Door Note in terms of US foreign economic policy?

China remained a tempting arena for imperial schemes, but the Open Door became a cardinal doctrine of American foreign policy to dominate foreign markets. The US promoted an informal or economic empire, as opposed to a territorial one.

Why were they (Cuban insurrectos) mad? What were their grievances?

Cuba was the last major European colony in Latin America. American investors expanded their economic influence in Cuba, while Cubans themselves rebelled repeatedly/unsuccessfully from Spanish rule. Cuban erupted again in 1895, when the Cuban patriot Marti launched another revolt.

Why was Hawaii suddenly so important?

Dewey's victory also precipitated the annexation of Hawaii, as annexationists said it was a stepping stone to Manila. McKinley agreed. In July, Congress approved annexation, a decision welcomed by Hawaii's white minority. Native Hawaiians solemnly protested.

How did the US treat the Filipinos?

Filipinos' optimism declined as American officials acted more rudely to them, first refusing to meet with the savages, then insisting that Filipino forces withdraw from Manila, and finally dismissing the claims of Aguinaldo and his government.

What was the "DeLome" letter?

Early 1898= "NY Journal" published a private letter from the Spanish minister to the US that mocked McKinley as weak. The Journal called it the worst insult to the US in history. McKinley found it troubling, as it insinuated that Spain was not negotiating in good faith.

What places did the US's eye now focus on in terms of new areas to get involved in?

East Asia and Latin America. In Asia, the Philippines was the first issue, but then it was the American ambitions in China.

What were the economic arguments:

Expand/protect US international trade. Majority favored economic expansion through foreign trade, promising more markets for manufacturers/farmers, greater profits for merchants/bankers, and more jobs for workers. Commercial, not colonial, goals were the primary objective. The Us already had trade with Latin America, East Asia, China, and Japan (with help from Commodore Perry). Exports, especially of manufactured goods, increased greatly but periodic depressions fed the fears of overproduction, so unemployment/social unrest provided argument for economic relief through foreign trade.

What had been going on in the Philippines under Aguinaldo before the US already arrived?

Filipino nationalists were already fighting Spain for their independence.

How did Taft still act quite a bit like TR when needed (examples):

He did not shrink from using military force to protect America. He actually intervened more than Roosevelt, with Nicaragua a major target. In 1909, Taft sent US troops there to aid a revolution and to seize the Nicaraguan customs houses. Under the new government, American bankers then gained control of Nicaragua's national bank, railroad, and custom service. To protect these arrangements, US troops were again dispatched in 1912. The marines remained in Nicaragua for 2 decades.

Why did people like McKinley feel American intervention in Cuba was necessary?

He opposed independence and distrusted the Cuban rebels. They considered the Cubans racially inferior.

Who was WW's point man in this arena and how did he show that he meant business right away?

His Secretary of State, Bryan. Bryan signed a treaty with Colombia apologizing for Roosevelt's seizure of the Panama Canal Zone.

What were the religious arguments:

Hoping to evangelize the world, American religious groups increased the number of Protestant foreign ministers sixfold - women in particular. Pursued religious transformation that often resembled a cultural conversion. Reverend Barrows lectured on the Christian conquest of Asia. Motivated by idealism.

What arguments were made in favor of the Treaty of Paris?

Imperialists argued economic expansion, national destiny, and strategic necessity, while asserting that Americans had religious/racial responsibilities to advance civilization. "United States Investor" spoke for business leaders and the "Presbyterian Banner" spoke for the religious. Some imperialists argued that the conquering would give Americans physical manhood, important in the international Darwinian struggle.

What was the BOXER REBELLION?

In 1900, an antiforeign Chinese nationalist movement (the Boxers) laid siege to the diplomatic quarter in Beijing. The defeat of the rebellion by a multinational military force, to which the US contributed, raised the prospect of a division of China among the colonial powers. Hay sent a second Open Door note.

How did the US "deal with" the French and eventually decide where to build the canal?

In 1903, Roosevelt purchased the French company's claim for $40 million, deciding to build it in Panama/small section of Colombia. Colombia refused.

What happened in 1917?

In 1917, the US granted citizenship and greater political rights, but it remained an unincorporated territory.

How did American businessmen react to possible involvement in China?

In early 1898, business leaders organized the Committee on American Interests in China to lobby Washington to promote American trade in the shrinking Chinese market. They persuaded the nation's chambers of commerce to petition the McKinley administration to act, influencing McKinley's interest in acquiring the Philippines, but they were only a foothold.

What were some of the US's overall goals for the Latin American region?

In the two decades after the Spanish-American War, the US intervened in Latin America multiple times to promote its own strategic and economic interests. Policy makers believed that this required restricting the influence of European nations in the region, building an isthmian canal under American control, and establishing the order thought necessary for AMerican trade/investments to expand.

How did the insular cases further cause problems for P.R.?

In them, the Supreme Court upheld the authority of Congress to establish an inferior status for Puerto Rico as an "unincorporated territory" without promise of statehood. Puerto Ricans pressed to end this colonial status.

Why had Puerto Rico been so alluring to many Americans for so long as something worth annexing?

It had a strategic location in the Caribbean.

What, in the end, was the result of Dollar Diplomacy for the US? What were the results for the Latin American nations of Dollar Diplomacy?

It increased American power and influence in the Caribbean and tied underdeveloped countries to the US. It failed to improve conditions for most Latin Americans. US officials remained primarily concerned with promoting American control and extracting their own profits from the region.

Describe the Cuban revolution:

It was a classic guerrilla war, with the rebels controlling the countryside and the Spanish army the towns/cities. Both Cubans and Spaniards destroyed American property and disrupted American trade. The Cleveland administration urged Spain to adopt reforms. But Spain's brutality made America sympathetic towards the Cubans. Determined to cut rebels off from peasant supporters, thousands were sent to reconcentration camps, where civilians died of starvation/disease.

What was the Gentlemen's Agreement?

Japan agreed to deny passports to workers trying to come to the US and the US promised not to completely prohibit Japanese immigration.

What happened to the relationship between the US and Japan at this point?

Japan began to exclude American trade from its territories in East Asia and to press for further control over China. Roosevelt's Secretary of State, Elihu Root, insisted that the Open Door and American access had to be maintained. But the US could not do so without becoming a protagonist in China.

What did the Treaty of Portsmouth outline, and who helped to broker the peace?

Japan won control of Russia's sphere of influence in Manchuria, half the Russian island of Sakhalin, and recognition of its dominance of Korea.

Why was China a target of many other nations? Who was already involved in the region?

Japan, after defeating China in 1895, annexed Formosa/Taiwan and secured economic privileges in Fujihan. Major European powers fought to claim other areas of China as their own spheres of influence. In Manchuria, Russia won control of Port Arthur and the right to construct a railway. Germany also got rights in the Shandong Peninsula and Britain in Kowloon/other Chinese provinces.

Who did the US initially side with? Why?

Japan, as the Russians were planning to close Manchuria to foreign trade.

What did the Treaty of Portsmouth do for Japan?

Marked its emergence as a great power, but worsened its relations with the US. Anti-American riots broke out in Tokyo. The Japanese people blamed Roosevelt for obstructing further Japanese gains. Tensions were further aggravated when San Fran segregated white and asian school children. Roosevelt got them to desegregate in trade of him limiting Japanese immigration.

What was the technicality that made the Philippines such a tricky issue now?

McKinley defended his decision to acquire the Philippines with imperialistic rhetoric, promising to extend Christian/American values. He was actually promoted primarily by a desire to use the islands to strengthen America's position in East Asia, believed the Filipinos could not self rule, and feared that Germany/Japan might seize it if the US did not.

Why was the Philippines the site for the beginning of the SPAM war?

McKinley had approved plans for an attack on the Philippines in event of war with Spain. Commodore Dewey led the US Asiatic squadron into Manila Bay and destroyed the Spanish fleet. To expand this foothold in Asia, McKinley ordered troops to the Philippines, postponing the military expedition to Cuba itself.

What was the Platt Amendment?

McKinley summoned a Cuban convention to draft a constitution under the direction of the American military governor, General Wood. It restricted suffrage on the basis of property/education, leaving few Cubans with the right to vote. Before removing its troops, the US wanted to ensure its control over Cuba, adding the Platt Amendment to the constitution. It restricted Cuba's autonomy in diplomatic relations with other countries and in internal financial policies, required Cuba to lease naval bases to the US, and authorized US intervention to maintain order and preserve Cuban independence. Cubans resented it.

How did McKinley and the US eventually decide to deal with the Philippines?

Meeting in Paris in December, Spain agreed to cede the Philippines to America.

What were the choices with regard to where to build the canal?

Nicaragua, where a sea-level canal could be built. Also Panama, then part of Colombia. A canal through Panama would require an elaborate system of locks, but the French-owned Panama Canal Company had been unsuccessfully trying to build a canal in Panama and was eager to sell its rights to the project before they expired in 1904.

Why was Latin America perhaps an easier "target' for the US than the far east?

No major powers directly challenged American objectives.

What were arguments against the Treaty of Paris?

Opponents raised questions about national goals/ideals. Believed imperialism went against the traditions of the Declaration of Independence. The acquisition of overseas colonies conflicted with the nation's commitment to liberty and its claim to moral superiority. Some just said Filipinos were inferior and unassimilable, Asian labor would undercut wages/living standards, and "The San Francisco Call," representing California-Hawaiian sugar interests, didn't want competition from the Philippines.

What kind of early pressure did McKinley put on Spain regarding Cuba?

Opposed to military intervention, he first used diplomacy to pressure Spain to adopt reforms. Following his instructions, the US minister to Spain warned the Spanish government that if peace was not established, the US would do whatever it had to do to make peace itself. Late 1897=Spain modified its brutality and offered limited autonomy to Cuba, but Cubans insisted on complete independence, which Spain refused.

What new ideas did McKinley have to help expand the nations power and prestige?

Ranged from further enlargement of the navy to the annexation of Hawaii and a Central American canal in Nicaragua, but his administration soon focused on Cuba. His main complaint was that chronic disorder in Cuba disrupted American investments and public opinion.

What did the Treaty of Paris armistice entail:

Required Spain to accept Cuban independence, cede Puerto Rico and Guam to the US, and allow the Americans to occupy Manila. The acquisition of Puerto Rico and Guam and the postponement of the Philippine issue indicated the expansionist nature of the US. Since the US Army did not capture Manila until after the armistice had been signed, McKinley could not claim the islands by conquest.

What was the Roosevelt Corollary? Example of use of Roosevelt Corollary?

Roosevelt announced the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine, declaring that chronic wrongdoing would cause the US to exercise an international police power in Latin America. The Monroe Doctrine had expressed American hostility toward European intervention in Latin America, while the Corollary attempted to justify US intervention/authority in the region. Roosevelt imposed American management of the debts/customs duties of the Dominican Republic in 1905, as commercial rivalries and political intrigue had caused disorder.

What were the issues with Britain and how were they resolved?

Roosevelt persuaded Britain to renounce its treaty right to a joint role with the US in any canal venture, creating a growing friendship of the two nations, weary of Germany's aggressiveness.

How did the US "deal with" Columbia?

Roosevelt proposed military action to seize the isthmus of Panama by working with Bunau-Varilla, a French official of the Panama Canal Company, to exploit Panamanian discontent with Colombia. Roosevelt ordered US naval forces to Panama. From NY, Bunau-Varilla coordinated a revolt against Colombian authority directed by officials of the Panama Railroad. The bloodless revolution succeeded when US forces prevented Colombian troops from landing in Panama, although the US was bound by treaty to maintain Colombian sovereignty in the region. Bunau-Varilla signed a treaty accepting Roosevelt's original terms for a canal zone and making Panama a US protectorate.

Create a brief "timeline" of sorts outlining the events in Hawaii (1887)

US rejected a proposal from Britain and France for a joint guarantee of Hawaii's independence and endorsed a new Hawaiian Constitution that gave political power to wealthy white residents.

Who was the author of Dollar Diplomacy policy?

Roosevelt's successor, President Taft. He wanted to use government action to encourage private American investments in Latin America.

Who were some prominent people who weighed in on the issue?

Schurz, Carnegie, Jane Addams, Samuel Gompers, and Mark Twain, all apart of the Anti-Imperialist League. African Americans organized the Black Man's Burden Association to promote Philippine independence.

What were some other agreements made by the US and Japan?

Taft-Katsura Agreement, Root-Takahira Agreement, and the Lansing-Ishii Agreement traded grudging American acceptance of Japan's special interests in Manchuria and control of Korea for Japanese promises to respect American rule of the Philippines and maintain the Open Door in China. They were vague and did not create harmony.

Once this was all said and done, how did the US "rule" the Philippines?

The American military had largely suppressed the rebellion and the US had established a colonial government headed by an American governor general appointed by the President. Filipino involvement in the government was limited. Taft, the first governor general, brought new schools, roads, a health system, and an economy tied to the elite/America.

What was it that caused the Venezuelan conflict to be the US's "coming out party" as far as imperialism goes?

The forces pushing the US towards imperialism came to a head in the Spanish-American War. Cuba's quest for independence from Spain activated Americans' interest in the island. It changed American relationships with the rest of the world and gave it a colonial empire.

What was the final result (2/16/1899), and what factors led to it?

The Senate narrowly ratified the treaty. Democrats opposed it, but some voted in favor after Bryan suggested it was necessary to end the war and detach the Philippines from Spain. But later, by a single vote, the Republicans defeated a Democratic proposal for Philippine independence once a stable government had been established; the US would keep the islands.

What FINALLY took place in Cuba and who were the major players?

The US Army finally landed in late June. Victory came despite bureaucratic problems in the War Department. The Rough Riders, a cavalry regiment of cowboys and eastern dandies organized by Wood and Roosevelt, were a volunteer unit in Cuba. The 10th Negro Cavalry captured San Juan Hill, even though the Rough Riders took the credit. US naval power was used in a lopsided battle on July 3, destroying the Spanish squadron in Cuba, guaranteeing its defeat. America quickly took over Puerto Rico as well, and Spain signed an armistice on August 12.

What was the proverbial "straw that broke the camels back" on 2/15/1898?

The US battleship "Maine" blew up in Havana harbor, killing 260 men. The Spanish were not responsible, but many Americans agreed with Roosevelt, the assistant secretary of the navy that it was. The sinking did not bring war, but it did restrict McKinley's options and pressured him to be more assertive towards Spain. Business interests favored war as less disruptive than a volatile peace that threatened their investments. McKinley also feared that a moderate policy would endanger Republican congressional candidates. Senator Lodge advised McKinley that if the war dragged on, they would be greatly defeated in the presidential election.

How did the US continue to control Cuba economically, and at times militarily?

The US prevented Cuba from extending the same trade privileges to the British that US merchants enjoyed. The Open Door would not apply in the Caribbean, which was to be an American sphere of influence. The US sent troops into Cuba three times between 1906 and 1917, the third lasting 6 years. American property interest increased and American exports to the island increased as well. The Americans modernized the Cuban financial system, built road/public schools, and developed a public-health/sanitation program the eradicated the yellow fever.

How was Wilson VERY different than his predecessors when it came to foreign policy?

Took office in 1913. He promised not to seize/annex/take over anymore land and instead wanted to focus on bringing human rights, integrity, and opportunity to Latin America.

Why was America now nervous about getting involved in the area?

The creation of exclusive spheres of influence limited the opportunity to compete.

Mexico: Make a list of leaders

The dictatorship of Porfirio Diaz had collapsed in 1911. Francisco Madero took power, promising democratic/economic reforms that alarmed both wealthy Mexicans and foreign (American) investors. General Huerta seized control in a counterrevolution backed by the landed aristocracy and foreign interests. Most nations recognized the Huerta government, but Wilson refused

Why were we so worried that European nations were might try to intervene in the region?

The inability of Latin American countries to pay off their debts to foreign leaders raised the possibility of European intervention. Examples: German and British blockade of Venezuela in 1903 to secure repayment of debts to European bankers.

What was the response to the "note" from the other powers?

They replied evasively, except Russia, who rejected it.

What was the response from the various Latin American nations to the Corollary?

They resented the US. By 1907, the Drago Doctrine (named after Argentina's foreign minister) was incorporated into international law, prohibiting armed intervention to collect debts. Still, the US continued to invoke the Corollary.

Create a brief "timeline" of sorts outlining the events in Hawaii (1842)

US openly opposed European control of Hawaii

What happened in Venezuela?

Though opposed to annexing Hawaii, Cleveland adopted an increasingly aggressive policy in Latin America. 1895=Cleveland intervened in a boundary dispute between GB and Venezuela over British Guiana, motivated by the US goal of challenging GB for Latin American markets, the more expansive notions of the Monroe Doctrine/the authority of the US, and to distract from a severe economic depression. Secretary of State Olney sent Britain a note demanding arbitration of the disputed territory. Cleveland urged Congress to establish a commission to determine the boundary and enforce its decision by war if necessary. Britain agreed. Cleveland's assertion of US hemisphere dominance angered Latin Americans, their fears deepening when the US decided arbitration terms with Britain without consulting Venezuela, who eventually bowed to American pressure.

What did the SPAM war have to do with the need/desire for a canal connecting the Pacific and Atlantic oceans?

To eliminate the lengthy/dangerous ocean route around South America. It was of strategic importance.

What were the goals of the US in protecting the Caribbean region?

To protect the security of the canal. The objective was to establish conditions there that would both eliminate any pretext for European intervention and promote American control over trade and investment.

How did the US become just the "New Spain" in the minds of many Filipinos?

US used 4 times as many soldiers to repress Filipinos than to defeat Spain in Cuba, and employed many of the same brutal methods for which it had condemned Spain. Recognizing their loyalty to Aguinaldo, US military commanders adopted harsher methods, crowding civilians into concentration camps.

Why/how did Pancho Villa become such a problem for the US? How did WW handle Pancho Villa?

Villa began terrorizing New Mexico and Texas, hoping to provoke American intervention that would undermine Carranza. In 1916, Wilson ordered troops under General Pershing to pursue Villa into Mexico, leading Carranza t fear permanent US occupation of northern Mexico. Soon US soldiers were fighting the Mexican army, rather than Villa's bandits. He ordered troops to withdraw in January 1917 and extended full recognition to the Carranza government.

Why was the Teller Amendment so important?

Was added to the war resolution, disclaiming any intention of annexing Cuba and promising that Cubans would govern themselves. Congress also refused to approve a canal bill and the annexation of Hawaii, as many interventionists were not imperialists.

What kinds of views and ideas did Leonard Wood have that could also be found in the minds of many other Americans during his time, or maybe even today?

Was appointed military governor of Cuba after Spain surrendered in the Spanish-American war. Believed in the superiority of America, favoring expansion, as America had the duty to uplift those less able. Improved education/sanitation in Cuba, but did so through an authoritarian government. He believed that American businesses would naturally benefit from his reorganization of Cuban life. Thought the Cubans were extremely grateful.

What was the Teller Amendment SUPPOSED to do? What did it NOT do for the Cubans?

Was supposed to leave Cuba independent. Did not give them independence.

2/4/1899 - what took place?

When the Treaty of Paris provided US ownership, not independence, Filipinos felt betrayed. A battle erupted between American and Filipino troops outside Manila, sparking a war.

What none the less happened to contradict these views held by Wilson? List some examples:

Wilson believed American objectives were absolute and other cultures/traditions were simply wrong. His determination to transform the behavior of others became known as missionary diplomacy. In 1915, Wilson ordered US marines to Haiti. Bryan said they went to restore order and preserve American interests. The US enhanced those interest by establishing a protectorate over Haiti and drawing up a constitution that increased US property rights and commercial privileges. The US Navy selected a new Haitian president, but real authority rested with the American military, which controlled Haiti until 1934. In 1919, marines suppressed a revolt against American domination. In 1916, when the Dominican Republic refused t cede control of its finances to US bankers, Wilson ordered the marines to occupy the country. They installed a military government to rule on behalf of the Dominican government and ran the nation until 1924. In 1917, the US intervened in Cuba and held control until 1922.

How did WW take action in Mexico:

Wilson hoped to bring the Constitutionalists to power, thereby securing a better Mexican government. He authorized arms sales to the forces led by Carranza, pressured Britain and other nations to deprive Huera of support, and blockaded the Mexican port of Vera Cruz. In 1914, Wilson exploited a minor incident to have the marines attack and occupy Vera Cruz. This damaged his image and even Carranza/the Constitutionalists denounced the American occupation.

What were the strategic arguments:

With two oceans and the activities of other nations (Britain and Germany), people believed the US had to develop new policies for protection. Mahan, naval officer and president of the Naval War College, emphasized the importance of a strong navy in "The Influence of Sea Power Upon History". He also proposed the US build a canal across the isthmus of Panama to link its coasts, acquire naval bases in the Pacific/Carribean, and annex Hawaii/Pacific islands to promote trade/service the fleet (Mahanism). Other vocal advocates of Mahanism were a group of northeastern, nationalistic Republicans. Roosevelt promoted these ideas when he became assistant secretary of the navy. This large-navy policy went back to 1881, when Congress established the Naval Advisory Board. Successes of Mahanism led to a larger navy that demanded strategic bases and coaling stations.

What was the Open Door Note?

Without consulting the Chinese, Secretary of State Hay asked the imperial powers to maintain an Open Door for the commercial and financial activities of all nations within their Chinese spheres of influence. Privately, Hay had already approved a plan to seize a Chinese port for the US.

Blaine:

secretary of state under Garfield and Harrison (1881, 1889-1892). He worked to expand America's "commercial empire" in the Pacific and to ensure US sovereignty over any canal in Panama. To influence Latin America to import manufactured goods from the US, not Europe, he proposed a conference of the nations of the Western Hemisphere, called the First International American Conference (proposed for 1881, happened in 1889). He called for the establishment of a customs union to reduce trade barriers, expecting it to strengthen US control over the market. The Latin American nations rejected it, instead establishing the Pan American Union, which helped to promote hemispheric understanding/cooperation.

Steward:

secretary of state under Lincoln and Johnson (1860s). Possessed an elaborate imperial vision. His interest in opening East Asia to American commerce and establishing AMerican hegemony over the Caribbean anticipated future American expansion. His hope of annexing Canada and Greenland went unfulfilled, but he did purchase Alaska from Russia, approved the navy's occupation of the Midway Islands in the Pacific, pushed American trade on Japan, and tried to acquire Caribbean naval bases. Congressional opposition frustrated his efforts to obtain Haiti, the Dominican Republic, and the Danish West Indies. Colombia blocked his attempt to build a canal across the isthmus of Panama.