APUSH Chapter 6 - The Constitution and New Republic
Conclusion reached at the Annapolis Convention??
Another convention must be held to revise the Articles of Confederation
Advantages and Disadvantages of Feds vs Anti
Advantages - Feds. - Strong leaders; well organized - Anti - Appealed to popular distrust of government based on colonial experience Disadvantages - Feds. - Constitution was new and untried; as originally written, it lacked a bill of rights - Anti - Poorly organized; slow to respond to Federalist challenge
Secretary of Treasury
Alexander Hamilton • His top priority was to correct the economic problems brought on by the Articles of Confederation • Favored the wealthier groups
Why is this election sometimes called the "Revolution of 1800?"
Bc it was when the Democratic-Republicans were able to take power in Congress and quietly kick out the Federalist majority
Public Land Act in 1796
In 1796, this act established orderly procedures for dividing and selling federal lands at reasonable prices.
Representative Government -
Instead of a direct democracy, the writers created an indirect democracy in which voters elect representatives to govern.
Federalism -
division of power between national and state gov't
Delegates
- went for the convention and all were white, male and most were college-educated needed to elect a presiding officer and deciding whether to communicate with the public at large — voted to conduct meetings in secret and say nothing to public until work completed
Why did Rhode Island refuse to participate?
they did not trust the other states
Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions: Kentucky Resolution
(Jefferson) • The federal government had overstepped its authority in the Alien and Sedition Acts • Nullification - the states' rights to determine violation of the Compact Theory was to nullify the law ❖ Later used by Southerners in the States' Rights issues
Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions: Virginia Resolution
(Madison)- Compact theory • "Contract;" as applied to America by Jeffersonians, it meant that the thirteen sovereign states, in creating the federal government, had entered into a "compact" or contract, regarding its jurisdiction; the national government was a creation of the states
Adams deals with France
- Administration dealt with France (Jays Treaty infuriated them) - French felt that Jays Treaty was a violation of Franco-American Alliance • Refused to accept U.S. ambassadors
Election of 1796
- Candidates: • John Adams (Federalist) • 71 electoral votes • Thomas Jefferson (Democratic-Republican) • 68 electoral votes - Issues of the Campaign: • Jefferson • Whiskey Rebellion • Jay's Treaty • Adams • Continuation Policy
Revolution of 1800
- Democratic-Republicans took over the Presidency - Peaceful transfer of power
Convention of 1800
- Ended the Franco-American Alliance - The U.S. agreed to pay the damage claim of American shippers • Adams avoided war and set the path for the purchase of Louisiana in 1803
Washington as President 1789-97
- Facts About Washington: • Strong character • Selected as president, not elected • Inaugurated in New York - Washington's Cabinet: • Vice President: John Adams • Secretary of State: Thomas Jefferson • Secretary of Treasury: Alexander Hamilton • Secretary of War: Henry Knox
Washington Retires
- Farewell Address... • No political parties • Stay neutral in foreign affairs, avoid permanent alliances • Not get involved in European affairs • Not to fall into sectionalism - U.S. was financially strong after Washington's service.
Jays Treaty
- Federalist Jay sent by the U.S. to work out an agreement with England. (Hamilton, fearful of war with England, sabotaged Jay's strategies.) - Jays Treaty : • Britain agreed to evacuate the U.S. posts (dating back to 1783) • Britain agreed to pay damages for seizure of American ships during thistime. (NOT FOR FUTURE IMPRESSMENT OR SUPPLYING INDIAN WEAPONS) • U.S. agreed to pay the debts of pre-Revolutionary to British merchants. - Jefferson felt that Jay's Treaty was a surrender to Britain. • Jeffersonian Southerners burned the "damned Arch-Traitor" Jay in effigy. - Results of Jay's Treaty • Jay's Treaty solidified the Jeffersonian party. • Spain, fearing an Anglo-American union, struck a deal (Pinckney's Treaty).
Federalists vs. Jeffersonians
- Federalists • "Best people" • Loose interpretation • Industrial • Protective tariffs • National Bank • Strong navy • Pro-British - Jeffersonians (Anti Federalist/ Democratic-Republicans) • Informed masses • Strict interpretation • Agrarian • No tariffs • State banks • Minimal navy • Pro-French
Hamilton's Priorities : 1. Bolster the national credit
- Fund the entire national debt at par (face-value plus interest) - $54 million - Assume the state debts - $21.5 million - Hamilton's real purpose was to strengthen the national government. • Virginia disliked the plan - little debt • Massachusetts liked the plan - were heavy in debt
Framers
- Group of delegates who drafted the United States Constitution at the Philadelphia Convention in 1787 - Specified that a favorable vote of only 9 states out of 13 would be required for ratification. Each state would hold popularly elected conventions to debate and vote on the proposed Constitution
Political parties
- Hamilton's successes brought about opposition. • Jefferson/Madison (Democratic-Republicans) vs. • Hamilton (Federalist) - Political parties served to provide a counter-balance to the government. • Proved to be an important part of a solid democracy
Was the Bank of the United States constitutional???
- Jefferson - NO! • strict interpretation • 10th Amendment - Hamilton - YES! • loose construction • necessary and proper clause/implied powers • elastic clause - North and industry supported the bank! - South and agriculture opposed the bank! - 1791- Bank of U.S. was chartered for 20 years! (Philadelphia)
XYZ Affair
- John Marshall, John Jay, & Charles Pinckney were to meet Maurice de Tallyrand - requested bribes as the basis for entering into negotiations. American delegated refused • Loan of $32 million florine (10 Million) • Payment of $250,000
Preparing for War
- Preparations made by the U.S. : • Navy department • Marine Corps - U.S. captured over 80 French ships during the undeclared naval war (1797-1800)
John Adams Problems with France
- Tallyrand sent word that any American ambassador would be met with respect. • Wanted to avoid war with America - 1799 - Adams sent a new ambassador to France (Hamilton) - 1800 - Napoleon Bonaparte seized control of France • Set up the Convention of 1800
Weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation
- The articles reflected the fear of a strong executive branch and lacked the ability to function in several important areas — No power to tax — Could not enforce laws — Could not regulate trade — Could not be changed without consent of all 13 states — No direct power over citizens
Annapolis Convention
- Washington hosted conference and only 5 states sent delegates - after discussing ways to improve commercial relations among the states, James Madison and Alexander Hamilton persuaded the others that another convention should be held in Philadelphia for the purpose of revising the Articles
Outcome of Federalists vs. Antifederalists
-Feds won early victories bc promised to add Bill of rights to Constitution which successfully addressed Anti-Feds most telling objection - Feds won 9 out of 13 to achieve ratification of the Constitution - Even so, the larger states of Virginia and New York had not acted yet. If they fail to ratify, any chance for national unity and strength would be in dire jeopardy - Virginia's Federalist managed to prevail by a close vote only after promising a bill of rights - News of Virginia's vote had enough influence on NY's ratifying convention to win for Constitution in that state. - NC and RI reversed earlier rejections and thus became last 2 states to ratify Constitution as new "supreme law of the land"
First Congress (2)
1) Bill of Rights- first ten amendments ➢ 1791 ➢ Amendments can be proposed 1 of 2 ways: • Constitutional convention requested by 2/3 of the states • 2/3 of both houses of congress 2) Judiciary Act- 1789 ➢ Created the Supreme Court • Chief Justice with five associate justices • Federal and district courts • Attorney General
Hamilton's Priorities (3)
1. Bolster the national credit 2. Paying for the Debit 3. Bank of the United States
Why did James Madison and Alexander Hamilton want to draft an entirely new document rather than just amending the Articles of Confederation? (3)
1. To implement checks and balances 2. For a stronger Federal government 3. To be able to tax through the government
List 3 motivations of those organizing and attending the Annapolis Convention
1. To revise the Articles of Confederation 2. To review what could done about the critical problems in the country 3. To draft a new document to eventually replace the Articles of Confederation
Which Amendment was the most important to the Anti-Federalists? Explain why
10th bc it ensued that the states had power, not just the Federal government
Shay's Rebellion
A series of attacks on courthouses by a small band of farmers led by Revolutionary War Captain Daniel Shays to block foreclosure proceedings. Rebellion led by Daniel Shays of farmers in western Massachusetts in 1786-1787, protesting mortgage foreclosures. It highlighted the need for a strong national government just as the call for the Constitutional Convention went out.
Commercial Compromise
Allowed Congress to regulate interstate and foreign commerce yet prohibited any tariffs on exported goods. This agreement incorporated the needs of both the Anti-Federalists (afraid that export taxes would be placed on its agricultural products such as tobacco and rice) and the Federalists (wanted central gov to regulate interstate commerce and foreign trade) to some degree.
Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union
America's first written constitution by John Dickenson. Adopted by the Continental Congress in 1777, the Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union were the formal basis for America's national government until 1789, when they were superseded by the Constitution - intended to make weak central gov designed to deal with only an immediate crisis - Had power to make war, negotiate diplomatic agreements, and approve Western Expansion
To what extent did the British honor the Treaty of 1783 which stated they recognized the US and its new boundaries? What does this foreshadow?
British still had ports blocking the US western frontier blocking even though the Treaty said that they were mot supported to which foreshadows future conflict
"Citizen" Genêt
Broke all the normal rules of diplomacy by appealing directly to the American people to support the French cause. So outrageous versus conduct that even Jefferson approved of Washington's request to the French government that they remove the offending diplomat. Recalled by his government, he chose to remain in the US, remarried and became a US citizen
Great Compromise
Connecticut Compromise It provided for a bicameral Congress A. House of Representatives- each state is represented according to its population (satisfied the VA Plan) B. Senate- each state has 2 senators (satisfied the NJ Plan) - Both houses of Congress must pass every law
Arguments for and against the Bill of Rights
For (Anti) - to escape a tyrannical government in Britain Against (Feds) - argued that since members of Congress would be elected by the people, they did not need to be protected against themselves - People should assume that all rights were protected rather than create a limited list of rights that might allow unscrupulous officials to assert that unlisted rights could be violated at will - finally backed off their position and promised to add a bill of rights to the Constitution as 1st order of business for a newly elected Congress
How did George Clinton respond differently than Benjamin Franklin to the proposition that the new federal government have a strong executive branch?
George Clinton responded differently because he saw it as resemblance to the British government
What role did Alexander Hamilton play in the election of 1800?
He told his followers that he supported Jefferson bc he was the better candidate and wanted them to vote for him too
Judiciary Act of 1789
In 1789 Congress passed this Act which created the federal-court system. The act managed to quiet popular apprehensions by establishing in each state a federal district court that operated according to local procedures.
Following Jay's Treaty, George Washington's approval rating, to borrow a modern phrase, plummeted and there was even talk in the House of impeaching him. Why was this treaty so offensive to some?
It angered American supporters of France bc it said nothing about British seizures of American Merchant Ships
Federalist Papers
James Madison, John Jay, & Alexander Hamilton wrote a series of 85 articles over many months that supported ratification (the passing) of the Constitution and explained the intent behind its major ideas
Summarize Thomas Jefferson's response to each of the following parts of Alexander Hamilton's financial plan. Assumption of debt.
Jefferson agreed with this part of the plan
Summarize Thomas Jefferson's response to each of the following parts of Alexander Hamilton's financial plan. National Bank
Jefferson didn't agree with the need for a national bank bc the government would be too strong
Summarize Thomas Jefferson's response to each of the following parts of Alexander Hamilton's financial plan. Tariffs
Jefferson didn't agree with the tariffs bc they didn't benefit the Southern Farmers
Summarize Thomas Jefferson's response to each of the following parts of Alexander Hamilton's financial plan. Excise Taxes
Jefferson was sympathetic to the republic's cause. Hamilton didn't want to get involved in the revolution
John Adams is one of the most underrated presidents. Support, refute, or modify this statement
John Adams honestly wasn't the most underrated president bc he still didn't helpful things like making sure we didn't go to war with France
List the writers of the Federalist Papers
John Jay, Alexander Hamilton, James Madison
The Constitution rests on 6 principles:
Popular Sovereignty, Limited Government, Separation of Power, Federalism, checks and balances, and Representative government
Did Hamilton's role in the election of 1800 cause his death?
Possibly bc he betrayed his old friend Aaron Burr, who would eventually be the one to shoot and kill Hamilton
List the 4 writers of the Anti-Federalist Responses
Samuel Adams, Richard Henry Lee, Melancton Smith, Robert Yates
Pinckney's Treaty was the silver lining on the cloud of Jay's Treaty. What was the long term impact of this treaty?
Spain agreed to open the lower Mississippi River and New Orleans to American trade
Explain the weakness in the Presidential election process in 1796. What does this flaw reveal about the Framers?
That to decide who was president you just needed the majority of the 2 house Congress to vote for your political party's candidate (John Adams with the Federalists). This reveals that the Framers were motivated more by majority rule (from political parties).
3/5th's Compromise
The Three-Fifths Compromise established that enslaved men and women would be represented in the House at a ratio of 3 to 5 of their actual numbers. • Thus, every five individuals would count as three for the purposes of both legislative representation and taxation.
These two political parties are not the same as the Federalists and Anti-Federalists of the Constitutional Convention and ratification process. Different?? (between Feds & Anti-Feds and the first two political parties)
The difference is that the Feds interpret the Constitution loosely (Federalists before were all about listening to the Constitution) while Democratic-Republicans interpret the Constitution strictly (Anti-Feds didn't want Constitution).
The Articles of Confederation
The new nation's first attempt at government: First proposed soon after the signing of the Declaration of Independence, the Articles of Confederation were adopted by Congress in 1777, but not ratified by the required number of states until 1781. A confederation has a weak national government and provides for states to be the most powerful level of government.
These two political parties are not the same as the Federalists and Anti-Federalists of the Constitutional Convention and ratification process. Similar?? (between Feds & Anti-Feds and the first two political parties)
The similarity is that both opposed each other. Federalists supported a strong government while Anti-Federalists (Democratic-Republicans) didn't want the government to be too strong).
Thomas Jefferson was not at the Constitution. He was serving as minister to France and was abroad. He called the Convention "An Assembly of Demigods." Does this indicate a tendency toward the Federalist or Anti-Federalist side of the Constitution debate?
This indicates a tendency towards the Anti-Federalists side, because by labeling the Framers "demigods," he was implying that they had too much power
Similarities and Differences between Virginia Plan and New Jersey Plan
VA - called for a bicameral legislature, in which the number of representatives in each house would depend on the population of the state NJ - called for a unicameral legislature, in which every state received one vote Both - Both plans called for a strong national government with 3 branches
Federalists vs Democratic-Republicans (View of the Constitution, Foreign Policy, Military Policy, and Economic Policy)
View of the Constitution - Feds - Interpret loosely; Create strong central gov - D-R - Interpret strictly; Create weak central gov Foreign Policy - Feds - Pro-British - D-R - Pro-French Military Policy - Feds - Develop large peacetime army and navy - D-R - Develop small peacetime army and navy Economic Policy - Feds - Aid business; Create a national bank; Support high tariffs - D-R - Favor agriculture; Oppose a national bank; Oppose tariffs
How did the Whiskey Rebellion end differently than Shay's Rebellion?
Whiskey Rebellion collapsed with almost no bloodshed unlike with the Shay's Rebellion
Hamilton's Priorities : 3. Bank of the United States
a. Storehouse for U.S. government funds (still would circulate to stimulate the economy) b. Print a stable currency
Pinckney's Treaty
agreement between the united states and spain that changed floridas border and made it easier for american ships to use the port of new Orleans • Free navigation of the Mississippi River • Large disputed territory of north Florida - Spain further agree to except the US claim that Florida's northern boundary should be at the 31st parallel
How did westward migration impact American Indians living in the Ohio Valley and Mississippi Territory?
by pushing them out of the lands. There were violent battles between tribes and Americans
Checks and Balances -
each branch has some control over the other - President - has veto power - Congress - can override veto w/ a 2/3 vote - Supreme Court - can declare bills passed by Congress and signed by the President unconstitutional
Limited Government -
gov't limited in what it can do (The Bill of Rights set specific limits on the government.)
Northwest (or Western) Confederacy
in an effort to resist the settlers encroachment on their lands, a number of the tribes formed this under the Miami war chief Little Turtle, when a series of bloody victories over the local militia. Americans on the frontier were incensed by evidence that the British were supplying the American Indians with arms and encouraging them to attack the intruding Americans. The US Army led by General Anthony Wayne defeated the confederacy tribes at the battle of Fallentimber's in Northwestern Ohio. The next year, the Chiefs of the defeated peoples agree to the treaty of Greenville, in which they surrendered claims to the Ohio territory and promised to open it up to settlement
Separation of Powers -
influenced by French political thinker Barron Charles de Montesquieu • Power divided among 3 branches: Legislative; makes law (Congress) Executive; enforces law (President) Judicial; interprets law (Supreme Court)
Explain the role of compromise at the Convention in Philadelphia
it provided a solution for one of the most divisive subjects discussed at the convention that all states could agree on
How does the Bill of Rights differ today than their original intent in 1791?
protections are now extended to apply to state government as well
Popular Sovereignty -
rule by the people
Explain how the first two-party system illustrated the evolving American System and American Identity
showed that people were getting involved in politics and that people could disagree civally
What is the significance of this difference?
showed that the US can handle disputed and people respect the government
What was the most significant argument of the Anti-Federalists?
the constitution doesn't protect individual rights
How did California differ from the US in terms of interactions of Whites and Natives?
the land of California was once the land of the Natives. The Whites, the Americans, took over this land and made it theirs
Why did the framers decide only 9 of 13 states would need to ratify the Constitution, rather than 13 of 13 needed for the Articles of Confederation??
they expected some opposition to the document
Explain how James Madison and Thomas Jefferson illustrated the continued American spirit of rebellion after independence and the creation new republic?
they wrote the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions to rebel against even their own government could never abuse them or their states
Whiskey Rebellion
• 1794 - Southwestern Pennsylvania • Burden on economic necessity • Began to tar and feather ❖ Militias of several states were able to put down the rebellion. • 3 killed, 2 pardoned ❖ Proved that the Constitution was an effective form of government. - Contrasting with previous gov's helplessness to do anything about Shay's Rebellion
Federalist Policies
• Aimed at minimizing the Jeffersonians - Naturalization Act • Raised the residency requirements from 5 to 14 years • Intended to keep the immigrants from voting for Jefferson
Conflict over the Articles of Confederation
• Farmers in Massachusetts were hurt because of taxes. • Farmers were in debt and owed money. • They were facing foreclosure, so they took up arms to block foreclosure hearings at the court houses. • This rebellion was led by Daniel Shay and known as Shays Rebellion. • This event leads the country into thinking the Articles will not work and a stronger national government was needed.
Federalists vs. Anti-federalists
• Federalists were in favor of a strong national government, and were in favor of the Constitution; more organized; wrote a series of popular essays called The Federalist Papers • Anti-federalists were not in favor of the Constitution and feared a strong national government. They demanded a Bill of Rights in order to ratify the Constitution.
Sedition Act
• Fines/imprisonment against those people that defamed or impeded the government officials (violation of the 1st Amendment rights) • 10 Jeffersonians were found guilty in the sedition act • Law expired in 1801 ❖Act actually converted many people over to the Jeffersonian party
Washington's Neutrality
• Franco-American Alliance (1778) still existed. • Democratic Republicans wanted to support the French against the British. • Washington and Hamilton wanted to avoid war at all costs because America was weak. • Declared American Neutrality • Warned the U.S. citizens to be neutral and impartial. ❖ Spread an tradition that lasted until World War II. • Jefferson was angered that Washington did not consult Congress.
Election of 1800
• Jefferson/Burr (Democratic Republicans) Vs. Adams/ Pinckney (Federalist) • Jefferson/Burr- winners • Federalist controlled Congress set to break the tie • Hamilton throws his support behind Jefferson
The Finished Constitution
• On Sept. 7, 1787 all but three delegates signed the final draft of the Constitution
Northwest Ordinance of 1787
• Outlined the process for how territories of the U.S. would be admitted as states • Sold land to raise money, $1 per acre • Outlawed slavery in the Northwest territory
Land Ordinance of 1785
• Sectioned off new land acquired from England after the Rev. War. • Sold land to help pay off debt • Federal govt. would pay for free public education
Hamilton's Priorities : 2. Paying for the Debit
• Tariff (Custom duties) • Excise Tax- from domestic items (Whiskey) ➢1790 - Virginia agreed to assumption of states' debts in exchange for Washington, D.C. (federal district) • "Father of the National Debt" : Alexander Hamilton • National blessing - a debt would bind the citizens together by putting a common interest together for the success of the young country
Alien Act
• The president was allowed to deport dangerous foreigners in the time of peace • Could imprison foreigners in times of war ❖Act goes against the Constitution
John Adams' Presidency
•Adams - stubborn devotion ❖Adams didn't enjoy the support of Hamilton • High Federalist • War faction of the Federalist party
French Revolution
•At first, Americans cheered the French Revolution. • Jeffersonians tended to favor the Revolution greatly. • Federalists were luke-warm in favor of the Revolution. •Reign of Terror turned the American public against the Revolution.
Overview of the Articles of Confederation
▪ Officially gave the nation the name "United States of America" ▪ Many feared a strong national government because of King George's abuses of power ▪ Specified rights and powers entitled to each state ▪ Gave one vote per state in Congress. Set six year term limit for legislators. ▪Limited power of national government to foreign affairs and declaring war
