APUSH Chapters 1-6 American Pagent Review

Should the European encounter with the Indian peoples of the Americas be understood primarily as a story of conquest and exploitation, or as one of mutual cultural encounters that brought beneficial as well as tragic results for both?

It should be understood as a story of conquest and exploitation because the Native lost their homes, families, religions, cultures, and ways of life. The only remaining remnants of it will forever be intertwined with Spanish culture. Europeans only benefited with the word of their God being spread, their economy thriving because of the gold, and them having all the glory for taking down South America and Mexico.

Describe the demographic, ethnic, and social character of Britain's colonies in the eighteenth century, and indicate how colonial society had changed since the seventeenth century.

Population increased as the reliance on slaves did. Most Americans were young and in their teens. There were more Americans than there were English colonists now. The different ethnic groups and races began to mingle more.

Identify the major religious denominations of the eighteenth-century colonies, and indicate their role in early American society.

Presbysterians, Baptists, and Methodists made up the major religious denominations of America during this time. Deism with its emphasis on morality and rejection of Christianity was popular among the upper class.

Describe the geological and geographical conditions that set the stage for North American history

The Appalachians were formed during Pangea and came with the Americas once they separated. After separation, other mountain ranges appeared. The Canadian Shield held North America in place, but was weakened by the Great Ice Age. That period of time opened a land bridge from Siberia to Alaska and people traveled across that bridge into the Americas until the Great Ice Age's recession. That recession also brought the Great Lakes and new river systems.

Describe the character of slavery in the early English colonies and explain how a distinctive African American identity and culture emerged from the mingling of numerous African ethnic groups.

Slavery in the early English colonies was seen as a solution to the indentured servant problem and it also helped New England trade/economy. Africans from across Africa were captured, sold, brought across the deadly Middle Passage, and forced into slavery. These were Africans of different cultures all forced together into a horrible situation. They were forced to mingle and live with one another and over time their cultures and languages converged into the African American identity.

What did the French and Indian War reveal about Britain's fundamental attitudes toward its North American colonies. How did the British view of the colonists differ from the way the colonists understood themselves and their identity?

Britain saw the colonists as weak, disunified, controllable, ungrateful, undeserving, and lesser than. They believed themselves to be superior and more powerful than the colonists could ever hope to be. The colonists believed they deserved the same level of respect and prestige as a British person. They realized that Britain wasn't invicible and that they did not need Britain. They felt betrayed by the Proclamation of 1763. Most still considered themself an Englishmen, but they believed that they were heading in different directions.

Which was the most important factor shaping the development of England's southern colonies in the seventeenth century: Indian relations, the one-crop plantation economy, or slavery? Explain and support your answer.

Slavery was the most important factor shaping the development of England's southern colonies. Slavery allowed for the free labor force and population to grow at a small cost. It is because of slavery and free labor that southern colonies' economies were able to flourish and thrive. Had slavery never occured the Southerners would have still been using indentured servitude which cost more land and more than slavery and therefore would not have allowed for southern colonies' populations, farms, economies, and communities to grow.

Describe the major features of Spain's New World Empire, including relations with the native Indian populations.

Gold was the biggest thing to come out of the conquering and Spain got more gold than they knew what to do with. Christianity was rampant and was forced upon all of them. The Natives fought against the Spanish, but also did so when they denied their peace. They also used the encomienda system to Christianize and enslave Natives. They would murder them all to often and the Natives gravely feared them for it.

How did the Salem witch episode reflect the tensions and changes in seventeenth-century New England life and thought?

It reflected the growing tensions between the rich and the poor in Salem. The existing paranoia and hysteria towards societal outcasts allowed for the Salem Witch Trials to occur. People blamed "witches" for their economical, personal, and spiritual issues. After this episode, Puritanism started falling out of favor because people began questioning what was true and what was not, and new division began to form.

Explain the changes and conflicts that occurred when the diverse worlds and peoples of Europe, Africa, and the Americas collided after 1492.

The Americas and its Native peoples were demolished and European control and influence shaped the land and culture that would begin to grow. Natives fought against European control until they were either destroyed or allied themselves with Europeans. American diets crept into European diets. Africa was left without young, able bodied workers due to slavery and race discrimination stemming from control and slavery took shape.

Compare and contrast the social structure and culture of the eighteenth century with that of the seventeenth century (see Chapter 4). In what ways was eighteenth-century society more complex and in what ways did it clearly continue earlier ideas and practices?

18th century society was more complex because a class heirarchy had begun to form and was becoming solidified in America. Through the Enlightenment, rationality was becoming important in religion. Monarchs and royal authority was beginning to be challenged across Europe. Americans were finally starting to come together and form their own culture and identity. It also continued earlier ideas and pracitces by continuing to preach for religious freedom and tolerance in America. Royal authority was also present in most American colonies and European states despite rebellions and retaliations.

How did African Americans develop a culture that combined African and American elements? What were some of the features of that culture?

African Americans took aspects of American life from working for colonists and added their African culture into it. Some features included a different interpretation of the Bible from whites and the use of different hymns to signal something to the rest of the group

What were the common characteristics of all Indian cultures in the New World, and what were the important differences among them?

All Native Americans worked with and for the nature and respected it. They had martilineal societies. They relied heavily on agricultures with crops such as maize allowing for their tribes to be able to settle down, develop, and expand. They differed in technology, population density, diets (hunter/gatherer), and settlement (nomadic/settled).

What features were common to all of England's southern colonies, and what features were peculiar to each one?

All of the southern colonies had cash crops, slavery, some level of religious tolerance, and only certain people having most of the land. North Carolina was against only some people holding most of the land and was formed by ex-Virginians who hated the pretentiousness of the state. Georgia was formed as a buffer colony that was formed without slaves and for debtors.

Identify the major similarities and differences among the southern colonies of Virginia, Maryland, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia.

All states had some religious tolerance and freedom, they relied on slaves/servants and cash crops, and many died from disease. Virginia and Maryland relied on tobacco, the Carolinas relied on rice, Gerogia was a buffer colony, and North Carolina had the lowest-class evironment and the most tolerance.

How did French relations with the Indians compare with the Indian policies of Britain and Spain?

All three countries tried to convert the Natives, make them work for them (possibily through enslavement), and strongly influence or destroy their culture. The French though typically roped Natives into the fur trading industry and ruined their morals and lives. The French were also the kindest and respectful of Natives

What attitudes toward government and authority did eighteenth-century Americans most commonly display. Cite specific developments or events that reflect these outlooks.

America had been mostly independent, so when England finally tried to control their governments and trades in the 18th century colonists were accoustomed to ruling themselves and were furious and fought back. The Seven Years War left England heavily in debt, so they heavily taxed colonists who had realized that they did not need Britian anymore and they fought back through protesting, boycotting, and threatening. Another instance is the Dominion of New England that came to be heavily protested and rebelled against in order for the Navigation Laws to be less hevaily enforced.

In what ways were the American colonists involved in the home country's struggle with France?

American colonists fought alongside British troops in the French and Indian War, they fought against colonial French peoples during King William's and Queen Anne's War, and they provided money to Britain during the French and Indian War.

Explain the causes of the Great Awakening, and describe its effects on American religion, education, and politics.

Church was becoming a chore, people would attend just to get it over with, it was not a time to praise and show their love for God, religion had begun losing its importance to society. The Great Awakening brought emotion into religion and revitalized people's love and passion for God. Public speaking and religious literature's importance increased greatly. Creavity was now welcomed in religion where it hadn't been before. Literature and the arts were pushed with a religious emphasis more than ever. With people's revitalized love for God came them society more, which impacted politics.

Indicate the key qualities of daily existence in eighteenth-century colonial America, including forms of socialization and recreation.

Colonial life did not include the modern day luxuries of running water, ventaliation, bathrooms, proper lighting, and waste maganement. Key qualities include religion, food and drink, work, and clothing. Socialization usually occured in the form of a work and play combination to get something done. Northerners had winter sports and sermons, while Southerners had dancing, plays, horse racing, and card playing. Both groups had lotteries. Hunting and fishing was also something that people did.

Describe the basic features of colonial politics, including the role of various official and informal political institutions.

Colonial politics was inspired by the Englightenment. Some of the basic principles are reasoning & logic and order & reason. Basic features include an upper and lower branch/council in each state. The upper branch was typically chosen by the King, propreitor, or people depending on the colony. The lower branch was usually voted on by the people who had enough land to be allowed to vote. Those populating the backcountry were typically underrepresented and they hated the colonists. Self-taxation was common. The town-meeting government was the best form of direct democracy.

What was the underlying cause of the expansion of African slavery in English North America?

Colonists did not want to give land to indentured servants, less Englishmen were willing to become servants, and colonists were afriad of a rebellion from them. These factors turned colonists onto African slavery.

Describe the colonists' role in the Seven Years' War (French and Indian War), and indicate the consequences of the French defeat for Americans.

Colonists fought one another in the name of their nation with the help of troops sent from their nation. Some American colonists specifically had to be forced or bribed in order to get them to participate in the war and donate time and resources. The French's defeat meant that Americans could now expand into and beyond the Ohio Valley and that they were now able to extract more resources and land from the Americas for themselves.

Describe France's colonial settlements and their expansion, and compare New France with Britain's colonies in North America.

Foreign wars did not allow France to begin a colonial settlement in North America until 1608. Samuel de Champlain helped the French find a place in Canada, but because of previous alliances the Iroquois prevented the French was expanding in the Ohio Valley. Unlike Britain, France's colonies grew slowly and based their income and expansion on fur trading and the fur indusrty.

When the Seven Years' War (French and Indian War) began, most American colonists were extremely proud and happy to be British citizens, part of the world's greatest empire. When it ended many of them no longer felt that way, even though the British Empire was more powerful than ever. Why?

Colonists had finally realized that Britain could not really control or govern them properly because they were too far away. Also, the end of war led to excessive taxation and enforcement of British laws coming from Britain powers and it led to a colonial betrayal from Britain in the form of the Proclamation. Colonists were beginning to be more independent and an American identity and unfication was beginning to emerge from within the colonies.

Explain what caused the great contest for North America between Britain and France, and why Britain won.

Each country wanted dominance in colonial power and natural reasources in North America, therby increasing their nation's wealth and power. Britain's navy setup prohibiting the French from sending reinforcements or supplies to America, the French focusing more one taking down Prussia, leaders like William Pitt, American recruitment, and more numbers and resources all led to Britain's victory.

What economic, social, and ethnic conditions typical of the early southern colonies (see Chapter 2) were generally absent in the New England and middle colonies? What characteristics did the middle colonies have that were not generally present in the South?

Economically, the North was more independent and variant because of their diverse industries and farms. The South was heavily reliant on plantations and agriculture only making them less indepent economically. Socially, the North was more democratic and everyone was more "equal" and more equal oppourtunities. The South was less democractic and you could only be someone successful if you had a lot of land and a lot of slaves. Ethnically, because of the North's radical liberalism they were more diverse, more tolerant, and more ethic, whereas the South was not. The North struggled with religious battles, whereas the South struggled with racism and class battles.

Describe the basic economy, demographics, and social structure and life of the seventeenth-century colonies.

Economy manly relied on agriculture, free labor, cash crops like tobacco and trade. Demographics included different European nationalities like Dutch, English, and Irish and different religious groups such as Catholics, Puritans, and Quakers. The social structure was African slaves, indentured servants, small farmers, traders/plantation owners.

Describe the origins and development of education, culture, and journalism in the colonies.

Education and its importance started in New England where it was believed to be important to be educated in order to read the Bible. Most education had an emphasis of religion and free-thinking was not welcomed. Artists and writers were told to leave for England if they wanted to pursue a career. Colonial architecture was also taken from or inspired by English architecture. Benjamin Franklin's "Poor Richard's Almanac" helped pushed literature and morals in America and it heavily influenced colonial culture. Newspapers brought news from overseas and other colonies. Benjamin Franklin also helped create 50 public libraries in the duration of the 18th century. John Peter Zenger's 1735 case was the first time that freedom of press was pushed in America and Zenger won and the freedom of the press was solidified as one of the founding principles of America.

Compare and contrast the early colonial empires of Spain and England in terms of motives, economic foundations, and relations with Africans and Indians (see Chapter 1). What factors explain the similarities and differences in the two ventures?

England's motives included a desire for a more territory, an exploding population, poverty, unemployment, and religious freedom. Spain's motives included God, glory, and gold. English colonial economies are rooted in cash crops, whereas Spanish colonial economies are rooted in trades that benefited the New and Old Worlds. Both peoples used slavery for its free labor and treated the slaves poorly (English with Africans and Spanish with Natives).

What factors contributed to the growing numbers and wealth of the American colonists in the eighteenth century?

Equal economic oppourtunities and religious tolerance/freedom led to English immigration, agriculture and trade's increasing importance and industry led to more slave importations, and Americans naturally had large families meaning that America's population increased greatly. Wealth increased because of cultural and ability diversity led to a wide variety of crops and industries. The North had many different industries such as lumbering, shipbuilding, fishing, artistry, and manufacturing, which led to an increase of wealth. And the South's variety of crops, slavery, and plantations increased their wealth.

Explain why Britain's success in defeating the French empire led to failures in dealing with its colonial subjects.

Even when the British and colonists fought and worked together, British soldiers and authorities continued to look down at the colonists. Colonists' pay and prospect of promotion was less than the Britishs' and colonist soldiers were mostly unrecognized after the War. The British taxed the colonists excessively after the war. Most importantly, the colonists had realized what strength they had and they had begun unifying.

Indicate how and why the British victory in the Seven Years' War (French and Indian War) became one of the causes of the American Revolution.

French removal from North America meant to Americans that they would be able to expand their territory and wealth. When the British prohibited that with the Proclamation of 1763, all Americans were furious and outraged and this enhanced tension between the two peoples. France also helped America win their independence as a way to get revenge on Britain.

What fundamental factors drew the Europeans to the exploration, conquest, and settlement of the New World?

God, gold, and glory. Men wanted to spread Christianity, obtain more wealth, and they wanted make a name for themselves

Explain how the practice of indentured servitude failed to solve the colonial labor problem and why colonists then turned to African slavery.

Indentured servitude failed because they had to be given land after their servitude by their masters and virgin land became scarce as time progressed. This led to hesitation to buy indentured servants. Indentured servants also were screwed by the system and were often forced to rehire themselves to their old masters to make money. This led to rebellions and hatred from this lower class. Additionally, wages were rising in Europe and fewer people were willing to become an indentured servant. These reasons made colonists turn to African slavery because they worked for life, did not get anything in return, and they were easier to subdue and control.

How did the search for a viable labor force affect the development of the southern colonies? Why did African slavery almost immediately become the dominant labor system in South Carolina, while only slowly taking firm hold in England's other southern colonies?

It affected the development by increasing the population of southern colonies quickly, but also requiring the development of slave codes to subdue and control African slaves. African slavery became dominant in South Carolina because most South Carolinans came from Barbados and they brought their slave system with them.

Describe the development of the Jamestown colony from its disastrous beginnings to its later prosperity.

Jamestown's first priority was to set up instead of gathering resources, so many starved especially during winter and the men did not know how to farm. Many also died due to disease. John Smith made the men work on something other than finding gold if they wanted food which forced them to work. During "Starving Time" tensions with the Natives were high. It only ended when resources came just as all were set to abandon the colony and Lord De La Warr took charge. John Rolfe grew tobacco for the first time and Virginia's economy began thriving. More women and families came later on to populate and grow the colony. When the Natives attacked, the colonists retaliated by killing their leader and bringing the now weakened Powhatan Natives into a treaty,

Explain why England was slow to enter the colonization race and what factors finally led it to launch colonies in the early seventeenth century.

King Henry VIII separation from the Roman Catholic Church, the Protestant Reformation, Irish Catholic resistance, and the Spanish navy prevented England from colonizing. England took down Spain's "Invincible Armada" and now controlled the seas, they had a growing population, many were homeless and poor, and joint-stock companies were emerging allowing for the beginning of English colonization.

Explain how Britain's colonists became embroiled in the home country's wars with France.

King William's and Queen Anne's War involved French and British colonists, but neither nation sent troops into North America. Because of this, the colonists turned to Native alliances and guerilla warfare tactics.

Discuss the development of religious and political freedom in Massachusetts, Rhode Island, New York, and Pennsylvania. How did the greater degree of such freedoms enjoyed by Rhode Island and Pennsylvania affect life in those colonies?

MA was Puritan and therefore all citizens abided by Church and religious laws and those caught not believing in Puritanism or a variant of Christianity was punished and those opposing the church and state were thrown out. This made MA a homogenous state with similar religious and political beliefs due to the lack of freedoms. New York's roots in Dutch culture and the fact that many people left to escape the England Church made the state very free and diverse. Roger Williams founded Rhode Island after being forced to leave MA because of his challenging beliefs and Rhode Island was founded off of religious freedom, tolerance, democracy, and liberalism. Similarly, Pennsylvania was founded by William Penn to be a safe have for Quakers, but they supported the same things that Rhode Island did and are probably the most liberal and radical colony out of all of them. The freedoms that those in Rhode Island and Pennsylvania experienced made these colonies very free, very diverse, and very tolerant colonies who were popular for their radicalism.

Compare and contrast the New England and middle colonies in terms of motives for founding, religious and social composition, economic foundations, and political development.

New England colonies were founded for religious purposes as Puritans were attempting to find safety to practice their religion. They did not allow others to differ too much from their religion though. There was little democracy, they had royal governors, there was no social caste, and most of them were poorer. Their economical foundation is loose with most being fishers or farmers. Middle colonies were founded for mainly economic gain. Except for Quaker Pennsylvania is the farthest to stray from thise with it being founded for safety for Quakers and peoples of any and every faith. Religion was not a big part of these colonies, but trade was. Most were middle class. These colonies were democratic, but still had assigned governors

In what ways were married colonial New England women second-class citizens, subjected to discrimination and control, and in what ways were their status and well-being protected by law and society. Is it fair to critically judge colonial gender relations by later standards of equality and rights?

New England women gave up their property rights when they got married, they were subjected to many, frequent pregnancies even though many feared dying in childbirth, women were regarded by society as weaker people, they were not allowed to vote, they were expected to stay at home to take care of the children, divorce was illegal, and if they committed adultery they were publicly shamed. Widows had property rights, domestic abuse from husbands was shamed and punished, and women had other protection rights during their marriage. It is fair to critically judge gender relations by later standards of equality and rights because women should have been considered to be as smart as, as powerful as, and as strong as men, regardless of any religious and societal standards and prejudices.

What were Americans' essential attitudes toward education, professional learning, and higher forms of culture and science. Why were colonial newspapers and publications like Benjamin Franklin's Poor Richard's Almanack so popular?

New Englanders' only cared about education because they believed that all should be reading religious scriptures. Those populating the middle colonies had a religious aspect to education, but still thought praciticality was important. This is why boys were taught a trade and possibly classic language, history, literature, math, and natural language. Girls were taught household and social skills at home. Southerners utilized at home tutors because of the distance between farms and plantations that hindered the possibilty of a community. Boys were taught math, history, science, classic language, etiquette, geography, and plantation management. Profressional learning was typically either religious or done in Europe for an education with an emphasis of religion. Most people just worked farms, a trade, or trading. Higher forms of culture and science were accepted and appreciated by the scientific community and the general population, but those who believed heavily in religion did not approve of it. Colonial publications informed the public of happenings in America and Europe and contributed to society. "Poor Richard's Almanack" created by Benjamin Franklin was popular because it helped answer common place questions that many had and it contributed to in depth thought and societal chatter.

Describe the founding of New York and Pennsylvania, and explain why these two settlements as well as the other middle colonies became so ethnically, religiously, and politically diverse.

New York because English territory after Charles II gave the Duke of York the land that was currently being owned by the Dutch. Dutch influence still remains in the state and the country despite their removal. Pennsylvania was founded by Quakers who came to America for a better life where they would be allowed to practice their religion in peace. Pennsylvania became known for its religious tolerance and freedom. New York's Dutch and diverse background and Pennsylvania being founded by very liberal and tolerant people led to these territories being very diverse in all manners. Other middle colonies were the same because of the plethora of diverse squatters living there and the people who were in charge/founded the colony.

How did the geographic setting of North America—including its relation to Asia, Europe, and Africa—affect its subsequent history?

North America's separation from other continents because of oceans and waterways allowed for Native Americans and later English Americans to create separate, diverse cultures from those in Asia, Europe, and Africa.

Describe the Puritans and their beliefs, and explain why they left England for the New World.

Puritans believed that each person was connected to God, that they were responsible for building that relationship, that everyone should be able to read the Bible, they were passivists, and they did not agree with Catholicism. They were not allowed to practice their beliefs freely in England and the Protestant Church was too similar to the Catholic Church.

How did the Puritans' distinctive religious outlook and church organization shape the politics, society, and culture of Massachusetts Bay and most of the other New England colonies?

Puritans came to America to practice their religion, but only their religion or similar ones would be tolerated under their rule. Puritanism was the state religion and all colonists had to follow its religious rules to a tee. Society was also Puritan, pure, and did not tolerate outwards displays of sex or affection and they were conservative.

Contrast Puritan New England's policies toward the Indians with the initial policies of the Quaker settlers in Pennsylvania. Why was Pennsylvania's Indian policy ultimately unsuccessful?

Puritans were harsh to Natives because they had strange religions and customs and they wanted more land and would force them off of the land they were staying on to get it. Quakers were friendly and formed alliances and trades with the Natives. This policy was ultimately unsuccessful because as time progressed the citizens of Pennsylvanisa felt as though the Natives were favored and their mindsets changed.

What features of colonial politics contributed to the development of popular democracy, and what kept political life from being more truly democratic?

Purtian disdain for the King being the head of the Chruch of England led to the idea of separation of church and state. Freemen in townhall meetings would talk about colonial issues and vote in a system where majority rules. Other features include general court and the New England Confederation. The South had a different approach with country government, where the wealthy plantation owners had the most power. What kept political life from being more democratic is: laws being passed based off the Bible or God's laws, royal governors that were appointed by the monarch, and women, Natives, and Africans were not seen as equal to a white man, they did not have a say in the government and society, and Africans were treated like property.

Compare and contrast the different forms of society and ways of life of the southern colonies and New England.

Southern society decided how successful you were based on how much land and how many slaves you owned. Southerners took part in a hardworking, business-driven system. Very few practiced the arts and English, whereas the majority were focused on farming. Society was focused on producing children and staying alive. New Englanders lived fuller, longer lives. Women, men, and children all had duties that furthered the culture and the economy of New England. New England was conservative with many having traditional, family values and that being presented in their laws. They had the most organized expansion, had education, had democracy, and had many churches. They believed that they were chosen by God to create a holy society. Even though they were very different the South and New England had similar duties for all, based on gender and age. Land was cheaper in America and most were middle-class or poor. A social structure eventually emerged, but a social hierarchy cemented by laws was harder to achieve because of American equality.

Compare and contrast the typical family conditions and ways of life of southern whites, African American slaves, and New Englanders in the seventeenth century.

Southern whites typically did not have very good family ties as most children were not raised by both of their parents due to disease. Pregnancies before marriage were also more common. Southern life was centered around plantations, agriculture, and owning slaves. African American slaves were the property of their white masters according to law. They did not get paid, rights, or an education. African American families inherited generational stress from their parents because of their living conditions.

Describe family life and the roles of women in both the southern and New England colonies, and indicate how these changed over the course of the seventeenth century.

Southern women were expected to be married and pregnant because of the high death rates that plagued the South. New England women had many children that lived for a very long time that they had to care for. Women were expected to be domestic, proper, and take care of the children. This need to be pregnant decreased as longevity increased as the population did, too.

Compare France's colonization efforts in the New World with Spain's and England's colonies. What factors explain France's relatively weak impact on the New World compared with that of England and Spain's?

Spain and England chose colonize areas in the Americas that were close to coasts so that transportation, importation, and exportation back to their mother nation would be easier. France instead chose colonize the deeper parts of North America like the Ohio Valley and Canada. Spain and England also colonized relatively warm locations for the most part, whereas France chose to colonize the coldest part of North America Canada. France was more concerned with taking over the most territory, while England and Spain were concerned with taking over empires or starting smaller, successful, long-term colonies. Additionally, there were economical or religious incentives for the Spanish and English to immigrate to the Americas, but the French were never offered or needed that.

Why did most Indian peoples fight with the French against Britain and its American colonists in the French and Indian War?

The French did not take their land as often as the Spanish or English did, the French and most Natives had a relationship because of fur trading, and the Hurons already had an alliance with them from past wars.

Explain how Massachusetts Bay's conflict with religious dissenters, as well as new economic opportunities, led to the expansion of New England into Rhode Island, Connecticut, and elsewhere.

The MA Bay did not like anyone challenging their religion or authority, so religious dissenters were forced out. Roger Williams was forced to escape MA Bay and he started Rhode Island. Connecticut was controlled by the Dutch and English, but Hartford was founded by Boston Puritan dissenters.

Describe the cultural and social interaction and exchange between English settlers and Indians in Virginia and the effects of the Virginians' policy of warfare and forced removal on Indians and whites.

The Natives had very different cultures, foods, farming techniques, and etc. from the English. They began to intermarry and they gave each other diseases, weapons, and furs. These policies allowed the English to believe that they could take what they wanted and the Natives were forced to just allow it, so the Powhatan Wars broke out and they fought constantly.

What was the impact on the Indians, Europeans, and Africans when each of their previously separate worlds collided with one another?

The Natives' populations and empires were destroyed and they were enslaved and mistreated. Europeans were able to reap all of the New World resources and strengthen their economies and begin plantations. These plantation would involve slaves from Africa who were sold into a life of labor to a white man creating racial bias and ownership. Native American foods allowed for African and European populations to boom.

Summarize early New England attempts at intercolonial unity and the consequences of England's Glorious Revolution in America.

The New England Confederation (1643) was a loose union between Puritan Massachusetts and Connecticut that was formed for defense and organization. This was formed due to English negligence because of the English Civil War. This was seen as the chance for colonists to strike against royal powers.

Explain the developments in Europe and Africa that led to Columbus's voyage to America.

The Portuguese invention of the caravel allowed Africa to finally be explored. Explorers' tellings and returns with foreign goods only meant that more people wanted a cheaper Asian and African trade route. Spain was becoming a powerful European force after its unification with Portugal. Africa was becoming the place to be to get slaves.

Explain how the Puritans' theology shaped the government and society of the Massachusetts Bay Colony.

The Puritans took it upon themselves to create a holy society. The church controlled the government and laws were based off of Puritanism. Only visible saints were allowed to go to church and the goverment was not a democracy.

Describe the conflict between colonists and Indians in New England and the effects of King Philip's War.

The aftermath of Pequot War left tensions high, settlers took more Native land, and the Native tribes united. King Philip's War devastated New England by attacking over 50 towns and destroying over 10 of them. This left their population low and caused expanison to halt for the time being. It also devasted Native populations and communities making them no longer a threat.

Describe the structure of colonial society in the eighteenth century. What developments tended to make society less equal and more hierarchical?

The colonial social structure was relatively open at the time. There were classess of small, modest farmers, skilled artisans, and unskilled day laborers. The people who made the structure less open were Northern merchant princes who profited off American wars and battles and lived luxuriously and Southern plantation owners who had most of the region's wealth because of their large slave populations and large plantations. The wars and battles that took place left some people orphans and widowed and they relied on charity, with children who could not get money not being able to move up the structure.

Describe and analyze the English government's relationship with New England and the middle colonies during the course of the seventeenth century. Is the term benign neglect an accurate description of English colonial policy?

Their relationship was poor because of the New England Confederacy, the English Civil War, Navigation Laws, and the Dominion of New England. Benign neglect is an accurate description of English colonial policy because America was left almost fully autonomous whether it be because of more pressing English matters or for fear of rebellion/protest.

Describe the origin and development of the major Indian cultures of the Americas.

The end of the Great Ice Age allowed Natives to finally explore the land that they had traveled to. They broke off into different groups and developed different religions and customs. Corn and the three-sister method allowed for Native tribes to be able to stop migrating, settle down, and develop their culture and religion. Native tribes also worked with the land which is what made them so successful agriculturally.

Explain how the economic development of the colonies altered the patterns of social prestige and wealth, and brought growing class distinctions and class conflict to British North America.

The ever increasing importance and success of plantation owners through cash crops and commerical agriculture and merchants through trades, meant that class distinctions were beginning to show. Problems of rural overcrowding, rural poverty, and urban growth were introduced and social services were introduced as a response.

What were the greatest achievements of Spain's New World Empire, and what were its greatest evils and disasters?

The flourishment of their empire, people, and economy was big win. They developed the Mexican peoples who were a mix of Native and Spanish cultures and people. Christianity spread. Printing presses also spread ideas and connected people over longer distances. It greatest evils consisted of the destruction of Native ways of life and the "Black Legend."

Some historians claim that eighteenth-century American society was actually becoming more European than it had been in the previous century, while others contend that developments like the Great Awakening and the rise of colonial assemblies made the colonies truly American for the first time. Which of these interpretations is more persuasive, and why?

The interpretation that developments in 18th century American society made the colonies truly American for the first time is more persuasive. Americans were doing things that England would never have allowed. This includes religious freedom, freedom of the press, and going back to a deeper and more emotional sense of faith and God. They were taking advantage of their self-government and were forming their own identity and nation

Could the colonies' labor problem have been solved without slavery?

The labor problem could not have been solved without slavery because colonists needed a cheap way to get labor for their planatations and homes. Southern families were too small to do it and without the labor Southern and Northern economies would not have been able to expand and grow through agriculture and trade and America would be a stunted country.

Describe the central features of the middle colonies, and explain how they differed from New England and the southern colonies.

The middle colonies had much fertile land, much wood for lumbering and shipbuilding, rivers that helped along fur trading, they were very liberal, religiously tolerant, democratic, and diverse. The Middle colonies' farms were smaller than Southerners', but larger than New Englanders'. Its industries were also less dieverse than New England, but more diverse than the South.

What was the primary purpose of the English settlement of Jamestown, and how successful were the colonists in achieving that goal in the first twenty years?

The primary purpose of Jamestown was to start the first successful English colony and begin independance in the New World. They were unsuccessful in the first twenty years because the men looked for gold instead of gathering resources, the Englishmen did not have the immune system to fight off American diseases, and there was much fighting with the local Powhatan Natives.

In what ways did the relationship between whites and Indians (Powhatans) in Virginia establish the pattern for later white-Indian relations across North America.

The relationship established the pattern through a repeating of Natives trying to be friendly, peaceful, helpful only to be met with more demands or violence because white people began to believe that they could have and take anything they wanted.

Describe the Spanish conquest of Mexico and South America, and of the later Spanish colonial expansion into North America.

Their conquest was typically mericless and they would do anything to conquer and obtain gold. They thrust upon the Natives forced marriages, slavery, and Christianity. They were often met with fighting, battles, and rebellions, but always won in the end with most of the Natives dying from disease.

"The dissent from Puritanism was as important in the formation of New England as Puritanism itself." How valid is this statement? Defend your answer.

This statement is valid because the dissenters helped form New England and America. The dissenters created Rhode Island and the rebellion that would give America independence. It solidified New England has a mostly Puritanist place, with the exception of liberal Rhode Island.

Why was the tobacco culture of early Maryland and Virginia so harsh and unstable? How did the environmental and demographic conditions of the Chesapeake region—especially rampant disease and the scarcity of women—affect the social and political life of the colonies?

Tobacco culture was so harsh and unstable because tobacco ruined the soil, so those growing it were always venturing for more land. This led to more Native attacks and as more tobacco was produced, its price went down. Young pregnancies, few marriages, and weak family ties were a common theme in the South. The low population of women and the high death rates meant that women were allowed to retain their property rights even after marriage, in case their husband died.

Compare the tobacco-based economic development of Virginia and Maryland with South Carolina's reliance on large-plantation rice-growing and African slavery based on West Indian models.

Virginia and Maryland had to find and use more land constantly because tobacco ruined the land that it grew on, they used more indentured servants, and their diseases were less deadly. South Carolina used a lot of land at once but could reuse it, they had more slaves, and their diseases killed more.

What were the causes and consequences of the Great Awakening? How was religious revival linked to the development of a sense of American uniqueness and identity?

When the Church of England became the church of the country, Judaism, Puritanism, and Catholicism were suppressed and oppressed. Religion was only free in the New World, but even there people only went through the motions in Church and they did not really care about religion or God. The Great Awakening made colonists realize that they had the power to connect with God themselves, the religious power in their hands, and that no group had religious authority over them. This idea of the colonists having the power later transferred to politics when colonists realized that their will to self govern was more important and more powerful that the English monarch.

How did the harsh climate and soil, stern religion, and tightly knit New England town shape the Yankee character?

Whole New England families and communities came from England to America and their brought their values, religion, and trades. The climate was harsh and the soil was bad, which led to a lack of ethnical diversity. The New Englanders felt that they were chosen by God to create a holy society there out of the natural resources that surrounded them. Their economy was based on trading, shipbuilding, and lumbering. The Yankee character stemmed from pride because they had created an entire society and economy out of only what they had around them, unlike Southerners. It also came from the homogeniality because of their common communities, Calvinism, and ethnic backgroud.

Summarize the unique New England way of life centered on family, town, and church, and describe the problems that afflicted this comfortable social order in the late seventeenth century.

Whole families and communities came from England to America and settled in New England. They brought their religion, traditions, and trades. Families were also expected to be healthy and large. People were also expected to act holy and properly. New England also consisted of mainly Puritans, so church and religion were very important in politics and society. Rocks, soil, and climate also impacted the economy and way of life in New England. The Half-Way Covenant threatened the purity, holiness, and importance of the Church. The Salem Witch Trials pit the different New England classes against each other.

In what ways was seventeenth-century colonial society already recognizably American in relation to issues of family life, social class, ethnicity, and religion, and in what ways did it still reflect Old World features—whether European or African?

Women had more rights and more protections and were more respected in America. Most Americans were middle class, so all the colonies were about the same rank and there was little class distinction. Additionally, when class distinctions were tried to be more prevalant and apparent through laws, equality and democracy prevailed nevertheless. America had many different ethnicities because of prior European countries attempting to start a colony there or because the American oppourtunities and freedoms attracted people from different countries. Religiously, most parts of America had at least some form of religious tolerance and freedom, with you being able to practice any faith in Pennsylvania and Rhode Island. Unfortunately, sometimes class distinctions did arise and rebellions such as Bacon's Rebellion and Leisler's Rebellion were sparked.