APUSH Exam Term 1 Vocab

As Lincoln moved to emancipate the slaves, he also took steps to enlist blacks in armed forces. Although some African Americans had served in the Revolution and War of 1812, the regular army contained no blacks at the war's outset, and the War Department refused to accept those free Northern blacks who tried to volunteer. (The Union navy enrolled many blacks, mainly as cooks, stewards, and firemen.) But as manpower ran low and emancipation was proclaimed, black enlistees were accepted. Service in the war gave the blacks a chance to prove their manhood and to strengthen their claim to full citizenship at war's end. Many, when captured, were put to death as slaves in revolt, for not until 1864 did the South recognize them as prisoners of war. For reasons of pride, prejudice, and principle, the Confederacy could not bring itself to enlist slaves until a month before the war ended, and then it was too late. Meanwhile, tens of thousands were forced into labor battalions, the building of fortifications, the supplying of armies, and other war-connected activities. Involuntarily labor did not imply slave support in the Confederacy. In many ways the actions of Southern slaves crippled the Confederate war effort and subverted the institution of slavery. ADD

the role of African-Americans in the North and South

Bloody Antietam was the long-awaited "victory" that Lincoln needed for launching his Emancipation Proclamation. The abolitionists had long been clamoring foe action. By midsummer of 1862, with the Border States safely in fold, Lincoln was ready to move. But he believed that to issue such an edict on the heels of a series of military disaster would be folly. It would seem like a confession that the North, unable to conquer the South, was forced to call upon the slaves to murder their masters. Lincoln therefore decided to wait for the outcome of Lee's invasion. Antietam served as the needed emancipation springboard. He issued the preliminary Emancipation Proclamation on Sept. 23, 1862, and on January 1, 1863 he issued the final proclamation. ADD?

timing of Emancipation Proclamation; limited effect

The ___________ was lost, but few Americans today would argue that the result was not for the best. The shameful cancer of slavery was sliced away by the sword, and African Americans were at least in a position to claim their rights to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. The nation was again united politically, though for many generations still divided spiritually by the passions of the war. ADD

"Lost Cause" of the South

The Confederate government harbored fatal weaknesses. Its constitution, borrowed liberally from the Union, contained one deadly defect. Created by secession, it could not logically deny future secession to its constituent states. Jefferson Davis, while making his bow to states' rights, had in view a well-knit central government. But determined states' rights supporters fought him bitterly to the end. The Richmond regime encountered difficulty even in persuading certain state troops to serve outside their own borders. States' rights were no less damaging to the Confederacy than Yankee firepower.

"states rights" in the Confederacy

To the shock and disgust of the Republicans, many former Confederate leaders were on hand to claim their seats (in Congress). Voters of the South, seeking able representatives, had turned instinctively to their experienced statesmen. But most of the Southern leaders were tainted by active association with the "lost cause." The presence of these "_____" infuriated the Republicans in Congress. The war had been fought to restore the Union, but not on these kinds of terms. The Republicans were in no hurry to embrace their former enemies - virtually all of them Democrats - in the chambers of the Capitol.

"whitewashed rebels"

Black men even showed up at constitutional conventions held throughout the South in 1867, monitoring the proceedings and participating in informal votes outside the convention halls. But black men as delegates to the state constitutions held the greater political authority. They formed the backbone of the black political community. At the conventions, they sat down with whites to hammer out new state constitutions, which most importantly provided for universal male suffrage. Though the subsequent elections produced no black governors or majorities in state senates, black political participation expanded exponentially during Reconstruction. Between 1868 and 1876, fourteen black congressmen and two black senators served in Washington, DC.

African American men in Congress

An ugly dose of antiforeignism was injected into the campaign, even though slavery extension loomed largest. The recent influx of immigrants from Ireland and Germany had alarmed "nativists," as many old-stock Protestants were called. They organized the American party, also known as the ___ part because of its secretiveness, and in 1856 nominated the lackluster ex-president Millard Fillmore. Antiforeign and anti-Catholic, the superpatriots adopted the slogan "Americans Must Rule America." Remnants of the dying Whig party likewise endorsed Fillmore, and they and the ___ threatened to cut into Republican strength.

American Party, Know-Nothings, nativists

As Lincoln's VP, he became president after the assassination. A few historians argue that he was crucified in Lincoln's stead. The implication is that if the "rail-splitter" had lived, he would have suffered Johnson's fate of being impeached by the embittered members of his own party, who demanded harshness, not forbearance, toward the South. ADD?

Andrew Johnson

Born to impoverished parents in North Carolina and orphaned early, he never attended school but was apprenticed to a tailor at age ten. Ambitious to get ahead, he taught himself to read, and later his wife taught him to write and do simple arithmetic. He early became active in politics in Tennessee, where he had moved when seventeen years old. He shone as an impassioned champion of poor whites against the planter aristocrats, although he himself ultimately owned a few slaves. He excelled as a two-fisted stump speaker before angry and heckling crowds, who on occasion greeted his political oratory with cocked pistols, not just cocked ears. Elected to Congress, he attracted much favorable attention in the North (but not the South) when he refused to secede with his own state. After Tennessee was partially "redeemed" by Union armies, he was appointed was governor and served courageously in an atmosphere of danger. He became Lincoln's VP, and later became President after Lincoln's assassination.

Andrew Johnson

The church became the focus of black community life in the years following emancipation. As slaves, blacks had worshipped alongside whites, but now they formed their own churches pastored by their own ministers. Black churches grew robustly. The 150,000-member black ____ Church of 1850 reached 500,000 by 1870, while the ______ Church quadrupled in size from 100,000 to 400,000 in the first decade after emancipation. These churches formed the bedrock of black community life, and they soon gave rise to other benevolent, fraternal, and mutual aid societies. All these organizations helped blacks protect their newly won freedom.

Baptist Church, African Methodist Episcopal Church

Emboldened by his victory in the 2nd Battle of Bull Run, Lee daringly thrust into Maryland. He hoped to strike a blow that would not only encourage foreign intervention but also seduce the still-wavering Border State and its sisters from the Union. But the Marylanders did not respond to the siren song. Events finally converged toward a critical battle at ___ Creek, Maryland. Lincoln, yielding to popular pressure, hastily restored "Little Mac" to active command of the main Northern army. Fortune shone upon McClellan when two Union soldiers found a copy of Lee's battle plans wrapped around a packet of three cigars dropped by a careless Confederate officer. With this crucial piece of intelligence in hand, McClellan succeeded in halting Lee at __ on Sept. 17, 1862, in one of the bitterest and bloodiest days of the war. __ was more or less a draw militarily. But Lee, finding his thrust parried, retired across the Potomac. McClellan, from whom much more had been hoped, was removed from his field command for the second and final time. His numerous critics, condemning him for not having boldly pursued the ever-dangerous Lee, finally got his scalp. ADD?

Battle of Antietam, MD ,1862 (bloodiest single day)

Among the first acts of the new South regimes sanctioned by Johnson was the passage of the iron-toothed _____. These laws were designed to regulate the affairs of the emancipated blacks, much as the slave statutes had done in pre-Civil War days. The ____ varied in severity from state to state (Mississippi's was the harshest and Georgia's the most lenient), but they had much in common. They aimed, first of all, to ensure a stable and subservient labor force. Dire penalties were imposed by the codes on blacks who "jumped" their labor contracts, which usually committed them to work for the same employer for one year, and generally at pittance wages. Violators could be made to forfeit back wages or could be forcibly dragged back to work by a paid "Negro-catcher." They also sought to restore as nearby as possible the pre-emancipation system of race relations. Freedom was legally recognized, as were some other privileges, such as the right to marry. But all the codes forbade a black to serve on a jury; some even barred blacks from renting or leasing land. A black could be punished for "idleness" by being sentenced to work on a chain gang. Nowhere were blacks allowed to vote.

Black Codes

Like the North, the South at first relied mainly on volunteers. But since the Confederacy was much less populous, it scraped the bottom of its manpower barrel much more quickly. The Richmond regime, robbing both "cradle and grave" (ages 17-50), was forced to resort to conscription as early as April 1862, nearly a year earlier than the Union.

Confederate conscription (ages 17-50)

Newcomers who ventured into Kansas were a motley lot. Most northerners were just ordinary westward-moving pioneers in search of richer lands beyond the sunset. But a small portion was financed by groups of northern abolitionists or free-soilers. The most famous of these antislavery organizations was the New England Emigrant Aid Company, which sent thousands of people to the troubled area to forestall the South - and also to make a profit (paid them to move their to win pop. sov. for free-soilers). Southern spokesmen raised furious cries of betrayal. They had supported the Kansas-Nebraska scheme of Douglass with the unspoken understanding that Kansas would become slave and Nebraska free. Southern hotheads came to assist small groups of well-armed slaveowners to Kansas (but wouldn't bring their slaves bc it was dangerous - bullets flying).

Bleeding Kansas (also map p 412)

The only slave states left (after Va, NC, Ar, Tn seceded) were the crucial ____. This group consisted of Missouri, Kentucky, Maryland, Delaware, and later West Virginia. If the North had fired the first shot, some or all of these states probably would have seceded, and the South might well have succeeded. The group actually contained a white population more than half that of the entire Confederacy.

Border States (define and list)

The most alarming Confederate threat to the blockade came in 1862. Resourceful Southerners raised and reconditioned a former wooden US warship, the ___, and plated its sides with old iron railroad rails. Renamed the "Virginia," this clumsy but powerful monster easily destroyed two wooden ships of the Union navy in the Virginia waters of Chesapeake Bay; it also threatened catastrophe to the entire Yankee blockading fleet. A tiny Union ironclad, the ____, built in about 100 days, arrived on the scene in the nick of time. For 4 hrs., on March 9, 1862, the little "Yankee cheesebox on a a raft" fought the wheezy ____ to a standstill. A few months into the historic battle, the Confederates destroyed the ___ to keep it from the grasp of advancing Union troops. ADD

CSS Merrimack vs. USS Monitor, ironclads, steam power

The radicals in the Senate were led by the courtly and principled idealist ____, long since recovered from his prewar caning on the Senate floor, who tirelessly labored not only for black freedom but for racial equality. In the House the most powerful radical was ____, crusty and vindictive congressmen from Pennsylvania. An unswerving friend of blacks, he had defended runaway slaves in court without fee and, before dying, insisted on burial in a black cemetery. His affectionate devotion to blacks was matched by his vitriolic hatred of rebellious white Southerners. A masterly parliamentarian with a razor-sharp mind and withering wit, __ was a leading figure on the Joint (House-Senate) Committee on Reconstruction.

Charles Sumner and Thaddeus Stevens

"Bleeding Kansas" also splattered blood on the floor of the Senate in 1856. Senator ____ of Massachusetts, a tall and imposing figure, was a leading abolitionist - one of the few prominent in political life. He had made himself one of the most disliked men in the Senate. Brooding over the turbulent miscarriage of popular sovereignty, he delivered a blistering speech titled "_____." He condemned the proslavery men as "hirelings picked from the drunken spew and vomit of an uneasy civilization." He also referred insultingly to South Carolina and to its white-haired senator Andrew Butler; one of the best-liked members of the Senate.

Charles Sumner's speech "The Crime Against Kansas"

General Grant, the victor of Vicksburg, was now transferred to the east Tennessee theater, where Confederates had driven Union forces from the battlefield at Chickamauga into the city of ___, to which they then laid siege. Grant won a series of desperate engagements in Nov. 1863 in the vicinity of besieged ____, including Missionary Ridge and Lookout Mountain. ___ was liberated, the state was cleared of Confederates, and they way was thus opened for an invasion of Georgia. Grant was rewarded by being made general in chief.

Chattanooga

Notorious among the Copperheads was a sometime congressman from Ohio, ____. This tempestuous character possessed brilliant oratorical gifts and unusual talents for stirring up trouble. He publicly demanded an end to the "wicked and cruel" war. The civil courts in Ohio were open, and he should have been tried in them for sedition. But he was convicted by a military tribunal in 1863 for treasonable utterances and was then sentenced to prison. Working his way to Canada, he ran for the governorship of Ohio on foreign soil and polled a substantial but insufficient vote. He returned to his own state before the war ended, and although he defied "King Lincoln" and spat upon a military decree, he was not further prosecuted.

Clement L. Vallandigham

CHANGE/ADD Renewed deadlock was avoided by the complex ____, already partially concluded behind closed doors. The Democrats reluctantly agreed that Hayes might take office in return for his withdrawing intimidating federal troops from the two states in which they remained, Louisiana and South Carolina. Among various concessions, the Republicans assured the Democrats a place at the presidential patronage trough and support for a bill subsidizing the Texas and Pacific Railroad's construction of a southern transcontinental line. Not all of these promises were kept in later years, including the Texas and Pacific subsidy. But the deal held together long enough to break the dangerous electoral standoff. The Democrats permitted Hayes to receive the remainder of the disputed terms - all by the partisan vote of 8 to 7. ADD

Compromise of 1877; the end of Reconstruction

An impoverished South was beset by different financial woes. Large issues of Confederate ___ were sold at home and abroad, amounting to nearly $400 million. As revenue began to shrivel up, the Confederate government was forced to print blue-backed paper money with complete abandon. "___" occurred as Southern presses continued to grind out the poorly backed treasury notes, totaling in all more than $1 billion. The Confederate paper dollar finally sank to the point where it was worth only 1.6 cents when Lee surrendered. Overall, the war inflicted a 9,000 percent inflation rate on the Confederacy, contrasted with 80 percent for the Union.

Confederate bonds, currency, runaway inflation

Lincoln's 10 percent plan provoked a sharp reaction in Congress, where Republicans feared the restoration of the planter aristocracy to power and the possible re-enslavement of blacks. Republicans therefore rammed through Congress in 1864 the ____. The bill required that 50 percent of a states' voters take the oath of allegiance and demanded stronger safeguards of emancipation than Lincoln's as the price of readmission to the Union. Lincoln "pocket-vetoed" this bill by refusing to sign it after Congress had adjourned. The controversy surrounding the bill had revealed deep differences between the president and Congress. Unlike Lincoln, many in Congress insisted that the seceders had indeed left the Union - had "committed suicide" as republican states - and had therefore fortified all their rights. The could be readmitted only as "conquered provinces" on such conditions as Congress should decree.

Congress' Wade-Davis bill; "state suicide"

Most dangerous of the Union cause were the Northern Democrats. Lacking a lead (Douglas had died), the Democrats divided. A large group of "War Democrats" patriotically supported the Lincoln admin., but tens of thousands of "Peace Democrats" did not. At the extreme were so-called ____, named for the poisonous snake, which strikes without a warning rattle. They openly obstructed the war through attacks against the draft, against Lincoln, and esp., after 1863, against emancipation.

Copperhead Democrats

President Buchanan, by antagonizing the numerous Douglas Democrats in the North (he had threw his weight behind the Lecompton Constitution, while Douglass had been all about popular sovereignty), hopelessly divided the once-powerful Democratic party. Until then, it had been the only remaining national party, for the Whigs were dead and the Republicans were sectional. With the disruption of the Democrats came the snapping of one of the last important strands in the rope that was barely binding the Union together.

Democrat party split

_____, America's first female physician, helped organize the US Sanitary Commission to assist the Union armies in the field. The commission trained nurses, collected medical supplies, and equipped hospitals. Commission work helped many women to acquire the organizational skills and the self-confidence that would propel the women's movement forward after the war. Heroically energetic ___ and dedicated Dorothea Dix, superintendent nurses for the Union Army, helped transform nursing from a lowly service into a respected profession - and in the process open another major sphere of employment for women in the postwar era.

Dr. Elizabeth Blackwell; Clara Barton

Military Reconstruction of the South not only usurped certain functions of the president as commander in chief but set up a martial regime of dubious legality. The Supreme Court had already ruled, in the case ____ (1866), that military tribunals could not try civilians, even during wartime, in areas where the civil courts were open. Peacetime military rule seemed starkly contrary to the spirit of the Constitution. But the circumstances were extraordinary in the Republic's history, and for the time being the Supreme Court avoided offending the Republican Congress.

Ex parte Milligan

Whole communities sometimes moved together in search of opportunity. From 1878 to 1880, some twenty-five thousand blacks from Louisiana, Texas, and Mississippi surged in a mass exodus to Kansas. The westward flood of the "____" was stemmed only when steamboat captains refused to transport more black migrants across the Mississippi River.

Exodusters

In the spring of 1862, a flotilla commanded by David G. ___ joined with a Northern army to strike the South a blow by seizing New Orleans. With Union gunboats both ascending and descending the Mississippi, the eastern part of the Confederacy was left with a jeopardized back door.

Farragut's navy takes New Orleans 1862

In 1863, after volunteering had slackened in the North (for the army), Congress passed a federal conscription law for the first time on a nationwide scale in the US. The provisions were grossly unfair to the poor. Rich boys, including young John D. Rockefeller, could hire substitutes to go in their places or purchase exemption outright by paying $300. "Three-hundred-dollar men" was the scornful epithet applied to these slackers. The draft was esp. damned in the Democratic strongholds of the North, notably NYC. A frightful riot broke out in 1863, touched off largely by underprivileged and antiblack Irish Americans. For several days the city was at the mercy of a rampaging, pillaging mob. Elsewhere in the North, conscription met with resentment and an occasional minor riot.

Federal conscription, "$300 men", draft riots

Radical Republicans were still worried that once the unrepentant states were readmitted, they would amend their constitutions so as to withdraw the ballots from the blacks. The only ironclad safeguard was to incorporate black suffrage in the federal Constitution. This goal was finally achieved by the Fifteenth Amendment, passed by Congress in 1869 and ratified by the required number of states in 1870.

Fifteenth Amendment

A Union army of some 30,000 men drilled near Washington in the summer of 1861. It was ill-prepared for battle, but the press and the public clamored for action. Lincoln eventually concluded that an attack on a smaller Confederate force at ___ (Manassas Junction), some 30 miles southwest of Washington, might be worth a try. If successful, it might demonstrate the superiority of Union arms. It might even lead to the capture of the Confederate capital at Richmond, 100 miles to the south. If Richmond fell, secession would be thoroughly discredited, and the Union could be restored without damage to the economic and social system of the South. Raw Yankee recruits swaggered out of Washington toward __ on July 21, 1861, as if they were headed for a sporting event. Congressmen and spectators trailed along with their lunch baskets to witness the fun. At first the battle went well for the Yankees, but "Stonewall" Jackson's warriors stood like a stone wall. Then Confederate reinforcements arrived unexpectedly. Union troops fled in shameful confusion, and Confederate troops, too exhausted or disorganized to pursue, feasted on captured lunches.

First Battle of Bull Run, Stonewall Jackson

Congress, outraged by this night-riding lawlessness, passed the harsh ___ of 1870 and 1871. Federal troops were able to stamp out much of the "lash law," but by this time the Invisible Empire (KKK) had already done its work of intimidation. Many of the outlawed groups continued their tactics in the guise of "dancing clubs," "missionary societies," and "rifle clubs."

Force Acts

Grant's first signal success came in the northern Tennessee theater. After heavy fighting, he captured Fort __ and Fort ___ on the Tennessee and Cumberland Rivers in Feb. 1862. When the Confederate commander at Fort D asked for terms, Grant bluntly demanded "an unconditional and immediate surrender." His triumph in Tennessee was crucial: it riveted Kentucky more securely to the Union and opened the gateway to the strategically important region of Tennessee, as well as to Georgia and the heart of Dixie. He next tried to exploit his victory by capturing the junction of the main Confederate north-south and east-west railroads in the Mississippi Valley at Corinth, Mississippi. But a Confederate force foiled his plans in a glory battle at ___, just over the Tennessee border from Corinth, on April 6-7, 1862. Though Grant successfully counterattacked, the impressive Confederate showing at Shiloh confirmed that there would be no quick end to the war in the West.

Forts Henry, Donelson; Shiloh; 1862

The emancipators were faced with the brutal reality that the freedmen were overwhelmingly unskilled, unlettered, without property or money, and with scant knowledge of how to survive as free people. To cope with this problem throughout the conquered South, Congress created the ____ on March 3, 1865. On paper at least, the bureau was intended to be a kind of primitive welfare agency. It was to provide food, clothing, medical care, and education both to freedmen and to white refugees. Heading the bureau was a warmly sympathetic friend of blacks, Union general Oliver O. Howard, who later founded and served as president of Howard University in DC. The bureau achieved its greatest success in education, teaching an estimated 200,000 blacks how to read. Although the bureau was authorized to settle former slaves on forty-acre tracts confiscated from the Confederate, little land actually made it into blacks' hands. Instead local administrators often collaborated with planters in expelling blacks from towns and cajoling them into signing labor contracts to work for their former masters,

Freedmen's Bureau

Emperor Napoleon III of France, taking advantage of America's preoccupation with its own internal problems, dispatched a French army to occupy Mexico City in 1863. The following year he installed on the ruins of a crushed republic his puppet, Austrian archduke Maximilian, as emperor of Mexico. Both sending an army and enthroning Maximilian were flagrant violations of the Monroe Doctrine. Napoleon was gambling that the Union would collapse and thus America would be to weak to enforce its "hands-off" policy in the Western Hemisphere. The North, as long as it was convulsed by war, pursued a walk-on-eggs policy toward France. But when the shooting stopped in 1865, Secretary of State Seward, speaking with the authority of nearly a million war-tempered bayonets, prepared to march South. Napoleon realized that his costly gamble was doomed. He reluctantly took "French leave" of his ill-starred puppet in 1867, and Maximilian soon crumpled ingloriously before a Mexican firing squad.

French invasion of Mexico and Seward's reaction

Northern hopes brightened in 1861, when General ____ was given command of the Army of Potomac, as the major Union force near Washington was now called. As a serious student of warfare who was dubbed "Young Napoleon," he had seen plenty of fighting, first in the Mexican War and then as an observer of the Crimean War in Russia. He was a perfectionist who seems no to have realized that an army is never ready to the last button and that wars cannot be won without running a little risk. He consistently but erroneously believed that the enemy outnumber him, partly because his intelligence reports from the head of Pinkerton's Detective Agency were unreliable. He was over cautious - Lincoln once accused him of having "the slows" - and he addressed the president in an arrogant tone that a less forgiving person would never have tolerated.

General George McClellan (hesitant, cautious)

Later in the dreary autumn of 1863 (after Battle of Gettysburg), Lincoln journeyed to Gettysburg to dedicate the cemetery. He read a two-minute address, following a two-hour speech by the orator of the day, a former president of Harvard. Lincoln's noble remarks were branded by the London 'Times' as "ludicrous" and by Democratic editors as "dishwatery" and "silly." The address attracted relatively little attention at the time, but the president was speaking for the ages.

Gettysburg Address

After Gettysburg, Grant was brought from West over Meade, who was blamed for failing to pursue the defeated but always dangerous Lee. Lincoln needed a general who, employing the superior resources of the North, would have the stamina to drive ever forward, regardless of casualties. His overall basic strategy was to assail the enemy's armies simultaneously, so that they could not assist one another and hence could be destroyed piece by piece. He engaged Lee in a serious of furious battles in the Wilderness of Virginia, during May and June of 1864. In this _______, Grant suffered about 50,000 casualties, or nearly as many men as Lee commanded at the start. But Lee lost about as heavily in proportion. ADD?

Grant and the Wilderness campaign 1864

General Grant was now given command of the Union forces attacking Vicksburg and in the teeth of grave difficulties displayed rare skill and daring. The siege of ___ was his best-fought campaign of the war. The beleaguered city at length surrendered, on July 4, 1863, with the garrison reduced to eating mules and rats. This Union victory came a day after the Confederate defeat at Gettysburg. ADD?

Grant's siege Vicksburg 1863 (turning point in the West)

Another trouble-brewing book appeared in 1857. Titled ____, it was written by ____, a non-aristocratic white from North Carolina. Hating both slavery and blacks, he attempted to prove by an array of statistics that indirectly the nonslaveholding whites were the ones who suffered most from the millstone of slavery. Unable to secure a publisher in the South, he finally managed to find one in the North. His influence was unimportant among the poorer whites whom he addressed in his message. Yet the South's planter elite certainly took note of his audacity, which fueled their fears that the nonslaveholding majority might abandon them. The book was banned from the South and fed to the flames at book-burning parties. In the North untold thousands of copies, many in condensed form, were distributed as campaign literature by the Republicans. The South became distrusting of the Yankees because they believed the "lies" of "___" and "Uncle Tom's Cabin."

Hinton Helper's The Impending Crisis of the South

Hatred of England burned esp. fiercely among Irish Americans, and they unleashed their fury on Canada. They raised several tiny "armies" of a few hundred green-shirted men and launched invasions of Canada, notably in 1866 and 1870. The Canadians condemned the Washington government for permitting such violations of neutrality, but the administration was hampered by the presence of so many Irish American voters.

Irish-Americans invade Canada

____ led a band of followers to ___ Creek in May 1856. They literally hacked to pieces five surprised men, presumed to be antislaveryites. This fiendish butchery besmirched the free-soil cause and brought vicious retaliation from the proslavery forces. Civil War in Kansas thus erupted in 1856 and continued intermittently until it merged with the large-scale Civil War of 1861-1865. The Kansas conflict destroyed millions of dollars' worth of property, paralyzed agriculture in certain areas, and cost scores of lives.

John Brown and the Pottawatomie Creek Massacre

Johnson agreed with Lincoln that the seceded states had never legally been outside the Union. Thus he quickly recognized several of Lincoln's 10 percent governments, and on May 29, 1865, he issued his own Reconstruction proclamation. It disfranchised certain leading Confederates, including those with taxable property worth more than $20,000, though they might petition him for personal pardons. It called for special state conventions, which were required to repeal ordinances of secession, repudiate all Confederate debts, and ratify the slave-freeing Thirteenth Amendment. States that complied to these conditions, Johnson declared, would be swiftly readmitted to the Union.

Johnson's plan for reconstruction

A clash between the president and Congress exploded into the open in February 1866, when the president vetoed a bill (later repassed) extending the life of the controversial Freedmen's Bureau. In March 1866 the Republicans passed the Civil Rights Bill, which conferred on blacks the privilege of American citizenship and struck at the Black Codes. President Johnson resolutely vetoed this forward-looking measure on constitutional grounds, but in April congressmen steamrolled it over his veto - something they repeatedly did henceforth. The hapless president, dubbed "Sir Veto" and "Andy Veto," had his presidential wings clipped, as Congress increasingly assumed the dominant role in running the government. One critic called Johnson "the dead dog of the White House."

Johnson's vetoes

By 1857 Kansas had enough people, chiefly free-soilers, to apply for statehood on a popular-sovereignty basis. The proslavery forces, then in the saddle, devised a tricky document known as the _____. The people were not allowed to vote for or against the constitution as a whole, but for the constitution either "with slavery" or "without slavery." If they voted against slavery, one of the remaining provisions of the constitution would protect the owners of slaves already in Kansas. So whatever the outcome, there would still be slavery in Kansas. Many free-soilers, infuriated by this ploy, boycotted the polls. Left to themselves, the proslaveryites approved the constitution with slavery late in 1857.

Kansas statehood and the Lecompton Constitution

Deeply embittered, some Southern whites resorted to savage measures against "radical" rule. Many whites resented the success and ability of black legislators as much as they resented alleged "corruption." A number of secret organizations mushroomed forth, the most notorious of which was the "Invisible Empire of the South," or the ____, founded in Tennessee in 1866. They would approach the cabin of an "upstart" black and hammer on the door. In ghoulish tones one thirsty horseman would demand a bucket of water. Then, under pretense of drinking, he would pour it into a rubber attachment concealed beneath his mask and gown, smack his lips, and declare that this was the first water he had tasted since he was killed at the Battle of Shiloh. If fright did not produce the desired effect, force was employed.

Ku Klux Klan

Even before the shooting war had ended, the political war over Reconstruction had begun. Abraham Lincoln had believed that the Southern states had never legally withdrawn from the Union. Their formal restoration to the Union would therefore be relatively simple. Accordingly, Lincoln in 1863 proclaimed his "___" Reconstruction plan. It decreed that a state could be reintegrated into the Union when __ percent of its voters in the presidential election of 1860 had taken an oath of allegiance to the US and pledged to abide by emancipation. The next step would be formal erection of a state government. Lincoln would then recognize the purified regime.

Lincoln's "Ten Percent" Plan for Reconstruction

"With malice toward none, with charity for all, with firmness in the right as God gives us to see the right, let us strive on to finish the work, to bind up the nation's wounds, to care for him who shall have borne the battle and for his widow and orphan, to do all which may achieve and cherish a just and lasting peace among ourselves and with all nations." March 4, 1865.

Lincoln's Second Inaugural Address

Lincoln's inaugural address was firm yet appeasing: there would be no conflict unless the South provoked it. Secession was wholly impractical, because "physically we can not separate." ADD

Lincoln's goal (to preserve the Union)

Lee now prepared (after fighting Burnside and Hooker) to follow up his stunning victory by invading the North again, this time through Pennsylvania. A decisive blow would add strength to the noisy peace prodders in the North and would also encourage foreign intervention - still a Southern hope. Three days before battle was joined, Union general George G. ____ was aroused from his sleep at 2AM with the unwelcome new that he would replace Hooker. Quite by accident, he took his stand atop a low ridge flanking a shallow valley near quiet little ___, Pennsylvania. There his 92,000 men locked in furious combat Lee's 76,000. The battle seesawed across the rolling green slopes for three agonizing days, July 1-3, 1863, and the outcome was in doubt until the very end. The failure of General George Pickett's magnificent but futile charge finally broke the back of the Confederates attack - and broke the heart of the Confederate cause.

Meade and Lee at Gettysburg (1863 turning point)

Customs receipts likewise proved to be important revenue-raisers (along with excise taxes and income taxes). Early in 1861, after enough antiprotection Southern members had seceded, Congress passed the ___, replacing the low Tariff of 1857. It increased the existing duties some 5 to 10 percent, boosting them to about the moderate level of the Walker Tariff of 1846. But these modest rates were soon pushed sharply upward by the necessities of war. The increases were designed partly to raise additional revenue and partly to provide more protection for the prosperous manufacturers who were being plucked by the new internal taxes. A protective tariff thus became identified with the Republican party, as American industrialists, mostly Republicans, waxed fat on these welcome benefits.

Morrill Tariff Act (protective tariff)

Whether immigrant or native, ordinary Northern boys were much less prepared than their Southern counterparts for military life (yet the Northern "clodhoppers" and "shopkeepers" eventually adjusted themselves to soldiering and became known for their discipline and determination). The North was much less fortunate in its higher commanders. ADD?

North's weaknesses

New factories, sheltered by the friendly umbrella of the new protective tariffs, mushroomed forth (in the North). (ADD millionaire stuff?) Newly invented laborsaving machinery enabled the North to expand economically, even though the cream of the manpower was being drained off to the fighting front. The sewing machine wrought wonders in fabricating uniforms and military footwear. The marriage of military need and innovative machinery largely ended the production of custom-tailored clothing. Graduated standard measurements were introduce, creating "sizes" that were widely used in the civilian garment industry forever after. Clattering mechanical reapers, which numbered about 250,000 by 1865, proved hardly less potent than thundering guns. They not only released tens of thousands of farm boys for the army but fed them their field rations too. They produced vast surpluses of grain that, when sent abroad, helped dethrone King Cotton. They provided profits with which the North was able to buy munitions and supplies from abroad. ADD?

Northern industrialization

Union strategy now turned toward total war (after Seven Days' Battles). As finally developed, the Northern military plan had six parts: 1. slowly suffocate the South by blockading its coasts 2. liberate the slaves and hence undermine the very economic foundations of the Old South 3. cut the Confederacy in half by seizing control of the Mississippi River backbone 4. chop the Confederacy to pieces by sending troops through Georgia and the Carolinas 5. decapitate it by capturing its capital at Richmond and 6. (this was Ulysses Grant's idea esp.) try everywhere to engage the enemy's main strength and to grind it into submission.

Northern military plan (list all 6 parts)

The economy, which was the South's greatest weakness, was the North's greatest strength. The North was not only a huge farm but a sprawling factory as well. Yankees boasted about 3/4 of the nation's wealth, including 3/4 of the thirty thousand miles of railroads. The North also controlled the sea. With its vastly superior navy, it established a blockade that, though a sieve at first, soon choked off Southern supplies and eventually shattered Southern morale. Its sea power also enabled the North to exchange huge quantities of grain for munitions and supplies from Europe, thus adding the output from the factories of Europe to its own. The Union also enjoyed a much larger reserve of manpower (bigger pop. and more immigrants).

Northern strengths

A reluctant McClellan at last decided upon a waterborne approach to Richmond, which lies at the western base of a narrow peninsula formed by the James and New York Rivers - hence the name given to this historic encounter: ____. McClellan warily inched toward the Confederate capital in the Spring of 1862 with about 100,000 men. After taking a month to capture historic Yorktown, which bristled with imitation wooden cannon, he finally came within sight of the spires of Richmond. At this crucial juncture, Lincoln diverted McClellan's anticipated reinforcements to chase "Stonewall" Jackson, whose lightning feints in the Shenandoah Valley seemed to put DC in jeopardy. Stalled in front of Richmond, McClellan was further frustrated when "Jeb" Stuart's Confederate cavalry rode completely around his army on reconnaissance. Then General Robert E. Lee launched a devastating counterattack - the Seven Days' Battles - June 26-July 2, 1862. The Confederates slowly drove McClellan back to the sea. The Union forces abandoned the Campaign as a costly failure, and Lincoln temporarily abandoned McClellan as commander of the Army of the Potomac - though Lee's army had suffered some 20,000 causalities to McClellan's 10,000.

Peninsula Campaign (Seven Days' Battles) 1862

The battle of Gettysburg seesawed across the rolling green slopes for three agonizing days, July 1-3, 1863, and the outcome was in doubt until the very end. The failure of General George ___'s magnificent but futile charge finally broke the back of the Confederates attack - and broke the heart of the Confederate cause. _____ has been called the "high tide of the Confederacy." It defined both the northernmost point reached by any significant Southern force and the last real chance for the Confederates to win the war. ADD?

Pickett's Charge

Hot-tempered Congressmen ___ of South Carolina took vengeance (after Sumner's speech) into his own hands. On May 22, 1856, he approached Sumner, then sitting at his Senate desk, and pounded the orator with an eleven-ounce cane until it broke. The victim fell bleeding and unconscious to the floor, while several nearby senators refrained from interfering. Sumner's injuries to his head and nervous system were serious, and he was forced to leave his seat for three and a half years to receive a painful and costly treatment in Europe. Meanwhile, Massachusetts defiantly reelected him, leaving his seat eloquently empty. Bleeding Sumner was thus joined with bleeding Kansas as a political issue.

Preston Brooks and "Bleeding Sumner"

The election of 1864 fell most inopportunely in the midst of war. Factions within the Republican party created, distrusting Lincoln's ability or doubting his commitment to abolition. The factions sought to tie his hands or even remove him from office. Conspicuous among his critics was a group led by the overambitious secretary of Treasury, ____. Esp. burdensome to Lincoln was the creation of the Congressional Committee on the Conduct of War, formed late in 1861. It was dominated by "radical" Republicans who resented the expansion of presidential power in wartime and who pressed Lincoln zealously for emancipation.

Radical Republicans and Salmon Chase

Against a backdrop of vicious and bloody race riots that had erupted in several Southern cities, Congress passed the _____ on March 2, 1867. Supplemented by later measures, this drastic legislation divided the South into five military districts, each commanded by a Union general and policed by blue-clad soldiers, about twenty thousand all told. The act also temporarily disfranchised tens of thousands of former Confederates. Congress additionally laid down stringent conditions for the readmission of the seceded states. They wayward states were required to ratify the Fourteenth Amendment, giving the former slaves their rights as citizens. The bitterest pill of all to white Southerners was the stipulation that they guarantee in their state constitutions full suffrage for their former adult male slaves. Yet the act, reflecting moderate sentiment, stopped short of giving freedmen land or education at federal expense.

Reconstruction Act of 1867 (Congressional Military Reconstruction)

The Republicans met in Philadelphia with bubbling enthusiasm and nominated Captain John C. Fremont. The Republican platform came out vigorously against the extension of slavery into the territories, while the Democrats declared no less forcefully for popular sovereignty. They fell in behind Fremont with the zeal of crusaders. Shouting "We Follow the Pathfinder" and "We Are Buck Hunting," they organized glee clubs.

Republican John C. Fremont

When Virginia, Arkansas, North Carolina and Tennessee joined the seceded states after Lincoln called upon militiamen (bc of Fort Sumter attack), the eleven states became the "submissionists" and "Union shriekers" were overcome. ___, Virginia, replaced Montgomery, Alabama, as the Confederate capital - too near Washington for strategic comfort on either side.

Richmond, Virginia

Stalled in front of Richmond, McClellan was further frustrated when ____'s Confederate cavalry rode completely around his army on reconnaissance. Then General ____ launched a devastating counterattack - the Seven Days' Battles - June 26-July 2, 1862. The Confederates slowly drove McClellan back to the sea. __ had achieved a brilliant, if bloody, triumph. ADD?

Robert E. Lee, Jeb Stuart

The Russians by 1867 were in a mood to sell the vast and chilly expanse of land now known as ___. They had already overextended themselves in North America, and they saw that in the likely event of another war with Britain, they probably would lose their defenseless northern province to the sea-dominant Britain. They preferred the US to any other purchaser, primarily because they wanted to strengthen further the Republic as a barrier against their ancient enemy, Britain. In 1867 Secretary of State William ____, an ardent expansionist, signed a treaty with Russia that transferred ___ to the US for the bargain price of $7.2 million. But his enthusiasm for these frigid wastes was not shared by his ignorant or uniformed countrymen, who jeered at "______," ___'s Icebox," "Frigidia," and "Walrussia." The American people, still preoccupied with Reconstruction and other internal vexations, were economy-minded and anti-expansionist.

Russia, Alaska, "Seward's Folly"

Robert E. Lee, having broken the back of McClellan's assault on Richmond, next moved northward. At the ___ (August 29-30, 1862), he encountered a Federal force under General John Pope. Lee furiously attacked Pope's troops, inflicting a crushing defeat. ADD

Second Battle of Bull Run, 1862

Georgia's conquest was entrusted to General William Tecumseh ___. He captured Atlanta in Sept. 1864 and burned the city in Nov. He then daringly left his supply base, lived off the country for some 250 miles, and weeks later emerged at Savannah on the sea. But Sherman's hated "Blue Bellies" cut a sixty-mile swath of destruction through Georgia. They burned buildings, tore up railroads (heated them red-hot and twisted them into "iron donuts"), bayoneted family portraits, and ran off with valuable "souvenirs." One of his major purposes was to destroy supplies destined for the Confederate army and to weaken the morale of the men at the front by waging war on their homes. ADD

Sherman's "March to the Sea" (describe)

Handsome cities of yesteryear, such as Charleston and Richmond, were rubble-strewn and weed-choked. Banks and businesses had locked their doors, ruined by runaway inflation. Factories were smokeless, silent, dismantled. The transportation had broken down completely. Agriculture - the economic lifeblood of the South - was almost hopelessly crippled. Once-white cotton fields now yielded a lush harvest of nothing but green weeds. The slave-labor system had collapsed, seed was scarce, and livestock had been driven off by plundering Yankees.

Southern destruction (describe)

The South could fight defensively behind interior lines. The North had to invade the vast territory of the Confederacy, conquer it, and drag it bodily back into the Union. The South did not have to win the war for its independence. If it merely fought the invaders to a draw and stood firm, Confederate independence would be won. Fighting on their own soil for self-determination and preservation of their way of life, Southerners at first enjoyed an advantage in morale as well. Militarily, the South from the opening volleys of the war had the most talented officers. Besides their brilliant leaders, ordinary Southerners were also bred to fight. Accustomed to managing horses and bearing arms from boyhood, they made excellent cavalrymen and foot soldiers. The South, as one immense farm, seemed to be handicapped by the scarcity of factories. Yet by seizing federal weapons, running Union blockades, and developing their own ironworks, Southerners managed to obtain sufficient weaponry.

Southern strengths

As the war dragged on, grave shortages of shoes, uniforms, and blankets disabled the South. Even the immense stores of food on Southern farms, civilians and soldiers often went hungry because of supply problems. Much of the hunger was caused by a breakdown of the South's rickety transportation system, esp. where the railroad tracks were cut or destroyed by the Yankee invaders. The economy was the greatest Southern weakness; it was the North's greatest strength. The North controlled the sea, and with its vast superior navy, it established a blockade that soon choked off Southern supplies and eventually shattered Southern morale.

Southern weaknesses

Congress in 1867 passed the _____ - as usual, over Johnson's veto. Contrary to precedent, the new law required the president to secure the consent of the Senate before he could remove his appointees once they had been approved by the body. One purpose was the freeze into the cabinet the secretary of war, Edwin M. Stanton, a holdover from the Lincoln admin. Although outwardly loyal to Johnson, he was secretly serving as a spy and informer for the radicals.

Tenure of Office Act

Lincoln's proclamation clearly foreshadowed the ultimate doom of slavery. This was legally achieved by action of the individual states and by their ratification of the ____ in 1865, eight months after the Civil War had ended. "Neither slavery nor involuntarily servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction. Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation."

Thirteenth Amendment

Events in the western theater of war at last provided Lincoln with an able general who did not have to be shelved after every reverse. ____ had been a mediocre student at West Point, distinguished himself only in horsemanship, although he did fairly well at mathematics. After fighting creditably in the Mexican War, he was stationed at isolated frontier posts, where boredom and loneliness drove him to drink. Resigning from the army to avoid a court-martial for drunkenness, he failed at various business ventures, and when war came, he was working in his father's leather store in Illinois for $50 a month. He managed with some difficulty to secure a colonelcy in the volunteer. From then on, his military experience - combined with his boldness, resourcefulness, and tenacity - catapulted him on a meteoric rise. ADD?

Ulysses S. Grant

Political exigency next thrust ___ into the vice presidency. Lincoln's Union party in 1864 needed to attract support from the War Democrats and other pro-Southern elements, and ____, a Democrat, seemed to be the ideal man. Steadfastly devoted to duty and to the people, he was a dogmatic champion of states' rights and the Constitution. He would often present a copy of the document to visitors, and he was buried with one as a pillow. Yet the man who raised himself from the tailor's bench to the president's chair was a misfit. A Southerner who did not trust the North, a Tennessean who had earned the distrust of the South, a Democrat who had never been accepted by Republicans, a president who had never been elected into office, he was not at home in a Republican White House.

Union Party of 1864 and Andrew Johnson

On the night of April 14, 1865 (Good Friday), only 5 days after Lee's surrender, Ford's Theater in Washington witnesses its most sensational drama. A half-crazed, fanatically pro-Southern actor, John Wilkes Booth, slipped behind Lincoln as he sat in his box and shot him in the head. After lying unconscious all night, Lincoln died the following morning. ADD?

assassination of Lincoln (John Wilkes Booth)

The issue of the divided Union came to a head over the matter of federal forts in the South. When Lincoln took office, only two significant forts in the South were still part of the Union (the rest had been seized by the seceding states). One of these was ___, in Charleston harbor, with fewer than a hundred men. The fort only had enough provisions to last a few weeks, and if no supplies were sent then the fort would have to surrender without firing a shot. But if Lincoln sent reinforcements, the South Carolinians would undoubtedly fight back; they could not tolerate a federal fort blocking the mouth of their most important Atlantic seaport. Lincoln notified SC that an expedition would be sent to provision the garrison, though not to reinforce it. He promised "no effort to throw in men, arms, and ammunition." But to Southern eyes "provision" still spelled "reinforcement." On April 12, 1861, the cannon of the Carolinians opened fire on the fort. After a thirty-four-hour bombardment, which took no lives, the garrison surrendered. The shelling of the fort electrified the North, which at once responded with cries of "Remember Fort ___." The assault on the fort provoked the North to a fighting pitch: the fort was lost, but the Union was saved. B/c the South fired upon the Union, Lincoln issued a call to the states for 75 thousand militiamen (some were turned away however). On April 19 and 27, the president proclaimed a leaky blockade of Southern seaports. The South saw this move as Lincoln waging war against the Confederacy. Virginia, Arkansas, North Carolina and Tennessee, who had all previously voted down secession, reluctantly joined the seceded states.

attack of Fort Sumter (Civil War)

Congress was not in session when war erupted, so Lincoln gathered the reins into his own hands. Brushing aside legal objections, he boldly proclaimed a blockade (his actions were later upheld by the Supreme Court). He arbitrarily increased the size of the Federal army - something only Congress can do under the Constitution (which they later approved/did). He directed the secretary of the Treasury to advance $2 million without appropriation or security to three private citizens for military purposes - a grave irregularity contrary to the Constitution. He suspended the precious privilege of the writ of habeas corpus, so that anti-Unionists might be summarily arrested. In taking this step, he defied a dubious ruling by the chief justice that the safeguards of habeas corpus could be set aside only by the authorization of Congress.

blockade, military spending, limited habeus corpus rights

The end (of the war) came with dramatic suddenness. Rapidly advancing Northern troops captured Richmond and cornered Lee at Appomattox Courthouse in Virginia, in April 1865. ADD

capture of Richmond

Lacking capital, and with little to offer but their labor, thousands of impoverished former slaves slipped into the status of ____ farmers, as did many landless whites. Luckless ____ gradually sank into a morass of virtual peonage and remained there for generations. Formerly slaves to masters, countless blacks as well as poor whites in effect became slaves to the soil and their creditors. Yet the dethroned planter aristocracy resented even this pitiful concession to freedom. _____ was the "wrong policy," said one planter. "It makes the laborer too independent; he becomes a partner, and has the right to be consulted."

sharecropping

The Republicans undertook to rivet the principle of the _____ Bill into the Constitution as the Fourteenth Amendment. They feared that the Southerners might one day win control of Congress and repeal the hated law. The proposed amendment, as approved by Congress and sent to the states in June 1866, was sweeping. It (1) conferred civil rights, including citizen-ship but excluding the franchise, on the freedmen; (2) reduced proportionality the representation of a state in Congress and in the Electoral College if it denied blacks the ballot; (3) disqualified from federal and state office former Confederates who as federal officeholders had once sworn "to support the Constitution of the United States"; and (4) guaranteed the federal debt, while repudiating all Confederate debts.

civil rights and the 14th amendment

The South fought to the point of exhaustion. The suffocation caused by the blockade, together with the destruction wrought by invaders, took a terrible toll. Possessing 30% of the national wealth in 1860, the South claimed only 12% in 1870. The Civil War squeezed the average southern income to two-fifths of the Northern average income (as opposed to the two-thirds it had been). Transportation collapsed. The South was even driven to the economic cannibalism of pulling up rails of the less-used lines to repair the main ones. Window weights were melted down into bullets; gourds replaced dishes; pins became so scarce that they were loaned with reluctance. ADD?

economic problems in the South

Emancipation also meant ___ for many blacks. Learning to read and write had been a privilege generally denied to them under slavery. Freedmen wasted no time establishing societies for self-improvement, which undertook to raise funds to purchase land, build schoolhouses, and hire teachers. Southern blacks soon found, however, that the demand outstripped the supply of qualified black teachers. They accepted the aid of Northern white women sent by the American Missionary Association, who volunteered their services as teachers. They also turned to the federal government for help. The freed blacks were going to need all the friends - and power - they could muster in Washington.

education

With bullets whining in Kansas, the Democrats met in Cincinnati to nominate their presidential standard-bearer of 1856. The delegates finally chose ___, shying away from both President Pierce and Douglas (they were both indelibly tainted by the Kansas-Nebraska Act). The Republicans nominated Fremont, and the Know-Nothings nominated Fillmore. A well-to-do Pennsylvania lawyer, he had been serving as minister to London during the recent Kansas-Nebraska uproar. He won the election, polling less than a majority of the popular vote. His tally in the Electoral College was 174 to 114 for Fremont, with Fillmore gathering 8.

election 1856, James Buchanan

As the election of 1864 approached, Lincoln's precarious authority depended on his retaining Republican support while spiking the threat from the Peace Democrats and Copperheads. The Republican party joined the War Democrats, and proclaimed itself the Union party. Lincoln's renomination was at first met with surprisingly strong opposition. Hostile factions whipped up considerable agitation to shelve homely "Old Abe" in favor of his handsome nemesis, Secretary of the Treasury Chase. But the "ditch Lincoln" move collapsed, and he was nominated by the Union Party without serious dissent. His running mate was a loyal War Democrat from Tennessee, Andrew Johnson, who had been a small slaveowner when the conflict began. Embattled Democrats - regular and Copperhead - nominated the deposed and overcautious war hero General McClellan. Lincoln won. ADD pg 472-73

election 1864, Lincoln vs. McClellan

Looking to the future, the Republicans were alarmed to realize that a restored South would be stronger than ever in national politics. Before the war a black slave counted as three-fifths of a person in apportioning congressional representation. Now the slave was five-fifths of a person. Now, owing to full counting of free blacks, the rebel states were entitled to twelve more votes in Congress, and twelve more presidential electoral votes, than they previously enjoyed. Republicans feared that Southerners might join hands with Democrats in the North and win control of Congress or maybe even the White House. If this happened, they could perpetuate the Black Codes, virtually re-enslaving the blacks. They could dismantle the economic program of the Republican party by lowering tariffs, rerouting the transcontinental railroad, repealing the free-farm Homestead Act, possibly even repudiating the national debt.

end of the "three-fifth's compromise"

Though some blacks initially responded to news of their emancipation with suspicion and uncertainty, they soon celebrated their newfound freedom. Many took new names in place of the ones given by their masters and demanded that whites formally address them as "Mr." or "Mrs." Others abandoned the coarse cottons that had been their only clothing as slaves and sought silks, satins, and other finery. Tens of thousands of free blacks took to the roads, some to test their freedom, others to search for long-lost spouses, parents, and children. Other blacks left their former masters to work in towns and cities, where existing black communities provided protection and mutual assistance.

former slaves react to freedom

The Washington Treasury also issued greenbacked paper money, totaling nearly $450 million, at face value. This printing-press currency was inadequately supported by gold, and hence its value was determined by the nation's credit. ___ thus fluctuated with the fortunes of the Union arms and at one low point they were worth only 39 cents on the gold dollar (ADD). A financial landmark of the war was the _____, authorized by Congress in 1863. Launched partly as a stimulant to the sale of the government bonds, it was also designed to establish a standard bank-note currency (the country was then flooded with depreciated "rag money" issued by unreliable bankers). Banks that joined the ___ could buy government bonds and issue sound paper money backed by them. The war-born ___ thus turned out to be the first significant step taken toward a unified banking network since 1863, when the "monster" BUS was killed by Jackson.

greenbacks, bonds, National Banking system

As the war came to an end, Northern troops captured Richmond and cornered Lee at ___ Courthouse in Virginia, in April 1865. Grant met with Lee on the ninth, Palm Sunday, and granted generous terms of surrender. Among other concessions, the hungry Confederates were allowed to keep their horses for spring plowing. ADD

surrender at Appomattox 1865

Johnson provided the radicals with a pretext to begin _____ proceeding when he abruptly dismissed Stanton early in 1868. The House immediately voted 126 to 47 to __ Johnson for "high crimes and misdemeanors," as required by the Constitution, charging him with various violations of the Tenure of Office Act. With evident zeal the radical-led Senate now sat as a court to try Johnson on the dubious ___ charges. The House conducted the prosecution. The trial aroused intense public interest and, with one thousand tickets printed, proved to be the biggest show of 1868. Johnson kept his dignity and sobriety and maintained a discreet silence. His battery of attorneys argued that the president, convinced that the Tenure of Office Act was unconstitutional, had fired Stanton merely to put a test case before the Supreme Court. House prosecutors (Benjamin F. Butler and Thaddeus Stevens) had a harder time building a compelling case for ___. On May 16, 1868, the day for the first voting in the Senate, the tension was electric, and heavy breathing could be heard in the galleries. By a margin of only one vote, the radicals failed to muster the two-thirds majority for Johnson's removal. ADD

impeachment in the House; trial in the Senate; vote

In dealing with the Border States, President Lincoln did not rely solely on moral suasion but successfully used methods of dubious legality. In Maryland he declared ____ where needed and sent in troops, because this state threatened to cut off Washington from the North. Lincoln also deployed Union soldiers in western Virginia and notably in Missouri, where they fought beside Unionists in a local civil war within the large Civil War. (n. military government involving the suspension of ordinary law).

martial law

The Wades-Davis Bill and Lincoln's pocket veto further revealed differences among Republicans. Two factions were emerging. The majority moderate group tended to agree with Lincoln that the seceded states should be restored to the Union as simply and swiftly as reasonable - though on Congress's terms, not the president's. The minority radical group believed that the South should atone more painfully for its sins. Before the South should be restored, the radicals wanted its social structure uprooted, the haughty planters punished, and he newly emancipated blacks protected by federal power.

moderate vs. radical Republicans

The discovery of ___ gushers in 1859 had led to a rush of "Fifty-Niners" to Pennsylvania. The result was the birth of a new industry, with its "___ plutocracy" and "coal oil Johnnies." ADD?

petroleum

Lincoln "____" the Wades-Davis Bill by refusing to sign it after Congress had adjourned. Republicans were outraged. They refused to seat delegates from Louisiana after that state had reorganized its government in accordance with Lincoln's 10 percent plan of 1854.

pocket veto

ADD British. America's diplomatic front has seldom been so critical as during the Civil War. The South never wholly abandoned its dream of foreign intervention, and Europe's rulers schemed to take advantage of America's distress. The first major crisis with Britain came over the ___, late in 1861. A Union warship cruising on the high seas north of Cuba stopped a British mail steamer, the __, and forcibly removed two Confederate diplomats bound for Europe. Britons were outraged: upstart Yankees could not so boldly offend the Mistress of the Seas. War preparations buzzed, and red-coated troops embarked for Canada. The London Foreign Office prepared an ultimatum demanding surrender of the prisoners and an apology. But luckily, slow communications gave passions on both sides a chance to cool. Lincoln came to see the __ prisoners as "white elephants" and reluctantly released them. Another major crisis in Anglo-American relations arose over unneutral building in Britain of Confederate commerce-raiders, notably the ______. These vessels were not warships within the meaning of loopholed British law because they left their shipyards unarmed and picked up their guns elsewhere. The ___ escaped in 1862 to the Portuguese Azores, and there took on weapons and a crew from two British ships that followed it. Although flying Confederate flags, it was manned by Britons and never entered a Confederate port. Britain was thus the chief naval base of the Confederacy. ADD

problems with Britain; Trent affair, Alabama issue

The hated "bluebellies" (federal troops) remained in the Southern states until the new Republican regimes - usually called "radical" regimes - appeared to be firmly entrenched. Yet when the federal troops finally left a state, its government swiftly passed back into the hands of white "____" or "Home Rule" regimes, which were inevitably Democratic. Finally 1877, the last federal muskets were removed from state politics, and the "__" ___ South congealed.

redeemer (home rule) Democrats; "Solid South"

The sight of former slaves holding office deeply offended their onetime masters, who lashed out with particular fury at the freedmen's white allies, labeling the "____" and "____." The so-called __ were Southerners, often former Unionists and Whigs. The former Confederates accused them, often with wild exaggeration, of plundering the treasuries of the Southern states through their political influence in the radical governments. The ___, on the other hand, were supposedly sleazy Northerners who had packed all their worldly goods into a ___ suitcase at war's end and had come South to seek personal power and profit. In fact, most were former Union soldiers and Northern businessmen and professionals who wanted to play a role in modernizing the "New South."

scalawag and carpetbagger whites

Sectional tensions were further strained in 1852, and later, by an inky phenomenon. Harriet Beecher Stowe, a wisp of a woman and the mother of six children, published her heart-rendering novel ______. Dismayed by the passage of the Fugitive Slave Law, she was determined to awaken the North to the wickedness of slavery by laying bare its terrible inhumanity, esp. the cruel splitting of families. Several hundred thousand copies were published in the first year, and the totals soon ran into the millions as the tale was translated into more than a score of languages. To millions of people, it made slavery appear almost as evil as it really was. The novel did help the Civil War - and win it. The South condemned that "vile wretch in petticoats" when it learned that hundreds of thousands of fellow Americans were reading and believing her "unfair" indictment. It also left a profound impression on the North. Readers swore henceforth they would have nothing to do with the Fugitive Slave Law. The tale was devoured by millions of impressionable youths in the 1850s - some of whom later became the Boys in Blue who volunteered to fight the Civil War through to its grim finale. The memory of a beaten and dying Uncle Tom helped sustain them in their determination to wipe out the plague of slavery.

the effect of Stowe's Uncle Tom's Cabin

After Antietam, Lincoln replaced McClellan as commander of the Army of the Potomac with General A. E. ___, whose ornate side-whiskers came to be known as "burnsides" or "sideburns." Protesting his unfitness for the responsibility, he proved it when he launched a rash frontal attack on Lee's strong position at Fredericksburg, Virginia, on December 13, 1862. More than 10,000 Northern soldiers were killed or wounded in "___'s Slaughter Pen." A new slaughter pen was prepared when General B yielded his command to "Fighting Joe" ___, an aggressive officer but a headstrong subordinate. At Chancellorsville, Virginia, on May 2-4, 1863, Lee daringly divided his numerically inferior force and sent "Stonewall" Jackson to attack the Union flank. The strategy worked. __, temporarily dazed by a near hit from a cannonball, was badly beaten but not crushed. This victory was probably Lee's most brilliant, but it was dearly bought.

the failure of Burnside and Hooker

ADD pg 466

war in the West

The Civil War was a women's war, too. The protracted conflict opened new opportunities for women. When men departed in uniform, women often took their jobs. In Washington, DC, five hundred women clerks became government workers, with over one hundred in the Treasury Department alone. The booming military demand for shoes and clothing, combined with technological marvels like the sewing machine, likewise drew countless women into industrial employment. Before the war one industrial worker in four had been female; during the war the ration rose to one in three. Other women, on both sides, stepped up to the fighting front - or close behind it. Some posed as male soldiers, some took on dangerous spy missions, and some worked as nurses.

women workers