APUSH MASTER FLASHCARD SET
Alfred T. Mahan, The Influence of Sea Power Upon History (1890)
US navy captain who was pro-imperialism and colonizing The Influence of Sea Power Upon History (1890): Mahan's book arguing for naval bases/strong navy necessary to country's ambitions of securing foreign markets and becoming a world power
Ellis Island
US's main facility for processing immigrants - located in New York Harbor - became in 1892
AAA
*think agricultural recovery* Agricultural Adjustment Administration: a farm production control program that encouraged farmers to reduce production (and thereby boost prices) by offering to pay gov subsidies for every acre they plowed under declared unconstitutional in 1935
Repeal of Prohibition
- first, Beer-Wine Revenue Act: legalized the sale of beer and wine, as a means of raising needed tax money - then, in 1933, ratified 21st Amendment which repealed the 18th Amendment, bringing Prohibition to an end was one of FDR's campaign promises
Conservation movement
1890s efforts to withdraw "forest reserves" from economic development/exploitation - considered a restriction on economic freedom in the name of a great social good - became a concerted federal policy under Theodore Roosevelt
Hawaiian Islands/Annexation of Hawaii
1893 American settlers aided in overthrow of Hawaiian monarch, Queen Liliuokalani, and then petitioned for annexation by the US, but President Grover Cleveland opposed imperialism & blocked July 1898: ANNEXATION of Hawaii completed b/c outbreak of war in the Philippines gave the pretext story of Hawaii: - since mid 1800s: American missionaries/entrepreneurs settled - 1870: Ulysses S. Grant sought control of Pearl Harbor - 1875: US exclusive rights to Hawaiian sugar
Confederate Monuments
1900-1920s because of Southern White pride and racial tensions, ppl built public monuments to honor Jefferson Davis and top Confederate generals throughout the South - built to glorify traditions of the "Lost Cause," defending white supremacy and slavery
Platt Amendment
1901 US made withdrawal of troops in Cuba conditional upon Cuba's acceptance of terms in an amendment to an army appropriations bill (aka the Platt Amendment) required Cuba to agree to - never sign treaty w/ foreign power that impaired its independence - permit US to intervene in Cuba's affairs to preserve independence and maintain law and order - allow US to maintain naval bases in Cuba previously: Teller Amendment guaranteed US respect for Cuba's sovereignty as an independent nation - however, US troops had remained in Cuba from 1898-1901
Treaty of Portsmouth
1905 Roosevelt arranged diplomatic conference between Russia and Japan at Portsmouth, New Hampshire, and both countries agreed to the Treaty of Portsmouth cause: imperialistic rivalry between Russia and Japan led to war in 1904 effect: Japan had clearly been winning war, and Japanese nationalists blamed US for not giving all that they believed they deserved from Russia
Industrial Workers of the World (IWW)
1905 a group of unionists who rejected the AFL's exclusionary policies (AFL only privileged, skilled, white, male, native-born workers) - filled jails w/ members who defied local law by speaking in public abt issues
Pure Food and Drug Act
1906 halted the manufacture or sale of mislabeled or adulterated food or drugs - gave the gov broad powers to ensure the safety and efficacy of drugs in order to abolish the "patent" drug trade - still in existence as the FDA
Great White Fleet
1907-1909 Roosevelt sent a fleet of battleships on an around-the-world cruise goal: demonstrate US naval power to Japan and other nations
"Gentlemen's Agreement"
1908 President Roosevelt arranged compromise by means of an informal understanding, or "gentlemen's agreement" where they agreed to restrict emigration of Japanese workers to the US in return for Roosevelt persuading California to repeal its discriminatory laws friction between Japan and US caused by Californian laws that discriminated against Japanese Americans - ex: San Francisco segregating Japanese American children in schools
Muller v. Oregon
1908 resulted in Supreme Court unanimously upholding constitutionality of an Oregon law setting maximum working hours for women - Louis D. Brandeis filed a brief citing scientific and sociological studied to demonstrate that because women had less strength and endurance than men, long hours of labor were dangerous for women, while women's unique ability to bear children gave gov a legitimate interest in their working conditions effect: solidified view of women workers as weak, dependent, and incapable of enjoying same economic right as men
The Great Migration
1910-1930s largest movement of people during WW1 who consisted of African Americans migrating north causes for leaving south: - deteriorating race relations marked by segregation and racial violence - destruction of their cotton crops by the boll weevil - limited economic opportunities slowed down during Great Depression, but resumed during World War II
Seventeenth Amendment
1913 provided that US senators be chosen by popular vote rather than by state legislatures
The Red Scare
1919 anti-Communist hysteria fueled by the Communist takeover in Russia cause: anti-German hysteria of the war effect: fueled xenophobia that resulted in immigration restrictions in the 1920s
Treaty of Versailles
1919 in Versailles, France treaty after World War I w/ peace terms including punishing Germany, self-determination for territories once owned by Central powers, and signers of treaty joining the League of Nations (an international peacekeeping organization w/ Article X covenant to protect independence and territorial integrity of other nations) - Big Four: heads of state from US, Great Britain, France, and Italy Treaty was never ratified by the US nor did the US join the League of Nations - Wilson pushed but Republican-dominated Congress fought back
Scopes trial
1925 in Tennessee a much-publicized trial on the debate between religious fundamentalists in the rural South and modernists in the northern cities causes: - Tennessee outlawed teaching Darwin's theory of evolution in schools - John Scopes challenged this and taught to his high school class -> was arrested and tried effect: Scopes was convicted but the conviction was later overturned on a technicality
Hawley-Smoot Tariff
1930 *one of Hoover's worst mistakes during his presidency* set tax increases ranging from 31% to 49% on foreign imports context: Pres Herbert Hoover signed into law a schedule of tariff rates that were highest in history, this being one of them effects: - European countries retaliated & enacted higher tariffs on their own against US goods - made international trade sharply decline - international economic depression
Mexican American "repatriation" (forced/coerced deportations) [also see Foner 661]
1930s President Hoover's administration increased repatriation efforts (increased border controls & mass deportations of Mexican Americans, many naturalized and native-born US citizens) purpose: desire of many Americans for jobs to go to White workers, especially during Depression
Bonus March
1932 a thousand unemployed WW1 veterans marched to Washington DC to demand immediate payment of the bonuses promised them at a later due (1945) - larger crowd gathered, w wives and children - then, they all camped in improvised shacks near the capitol - after Congress failed to pass bonus bill, violence ensued and army used tanks and tear gas to destroy the shantytown effect: Hoover regarded as heartless and uncaring
NRA
1933 *think business recovery* National Recovery Administration: an attempt to guarantee reasonable profits for businesses and fair wages and hours for labor - helped each industry set codes for wages, hrs of work, levels of production, and prices of finished goods - essential PART of National Industrial Recovery Act (1933) declared unconstitutional in 1935
Indian Reorganization Act
1934 aka Wheeler-Howard Act dramatically changed federal policies toward Native Americans: - repealed Dawes Act of 1887 (encouraged Native Americans to be independent farmers), and replaced with new act that returned former reservation lands to control of tribes - effects: encouraged tribal organization and supported preservation of Native American culture
Wagner Act (1935)
1935 aka National Labor Relations Act guaranteed a worker's right to join a union and a union's right to bargain collectively - replaced labor provisions of NRA after it was declared unconstitutional
Social Security Act
1935 created a federal insurance program based upon the automatic collection of payments from employees and employers throughout people's working careers - trust fund would then be used to make monthly payments to retired persons over the age of 65 - could also receive benefits (unemployment, disabled, dependent children/mothers)
Court Reorganization Plan ("Court-packing" bill)
1937 FDR proposed a judicial-reorganization bill that the president be authorized to appoint to the Supreme Court an additional justice for each current justice who was older than a certain age (70 1/2 years) - in effect, meant Roosevelt could add up to 6 more justices, presumably all of liberal persuasion purpose: remove the Court as an obstacle to the New Deal reaction: very disliked, decisive defeat by a defiant Congress, both Republicans and Democrats outraged
Fair Labor Standards Act (1938)
1938 established several regulations on business in interstate commerce (transportation/exchange of products, money, etc): - minimum wage - maximum standard workweek of 40 hours, w/ extra pay for overtime - child labor restrictions for under 16 yrs old was the last major reform of the New Deal - also only major reform of Roosevelt's second term
Herbert Hoover
31st President of the United States, winning election of 1928 (was Republican) before presidency: - self-made millionaire - served 3 other presidents in administrative roles - goal was to end poverty
Marcus Garvey
African American leader during Harlem Renaissance who: - founded the United Negro Improvement Association (UNIA) - advocated mass migration of African Americans back to Africa (back-to-Africa movement) - developed political ideas of Black nationalism and Black pride was deported back to Jamaica after being charged of fraud in a stock - --> his movement failed
Josiah Strong
American Reverend who wrote book "Our Country: Its Possible Future and Present Crisis" (1885) about how white ppl were the "fittest to survive" and Protestant Americans had duty to colonize & spread Christianity and benefits of "superior" civilization - "superior" - medicine, science, technology
Art Deco
Art style of the 1920s and 1930s based on modern materials and repetitive geometric patterns (captured modernist simplification of forms while using machine age materials) - fusion of art and technology
Wall Street Crash/Buying on Margin
Black Thursday: October 24, 1929 - unprecedented volume of selling on Wall Street -> stock prices plunged then, group of bankers bought millions of dollars of stocks next day to stave off disaster by stabilizing prices, but only worked for a day Black Tuesday: October 29, 1929 - the bottom fell out, as millions of panicky investors ordered their brokers to sell, but almost no buyers could be found buying on margin: allowed ppl to borrow most of the cost of the stock, making down payments as low as 10% - -> investors had to depend on the price of the stock increasing so that they could repay the loan - when stock prices dropped, many lost everything they had borrowed and invested
CCC
Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC): employed young men on projects on federal lands and paid their families small monthly sums - example of relief
Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine
December 1904 Roosevelt declared that the US would intervene when necessary so that Europeans didn't intervene in Latin America after Latin America didn't pay debts - US would send gunboats to nation and occupy major ports until collected custom taxes for debts to Europe cause: European powers angered when Latin American nations not able to pay debts
New Freedom
Democrat Woodrow Wilson's political slogan in the presidential campaign of 1912; envisioned the federal gov strengthening antitrust laws, protecting the right of workers to unionize, and actively encouraging small business - creating conditions for renewal of economic competition w/o increasing gov regulation of the economy
Sinking of the Maine
February 15, 1898 US battleship USS Maine was at anchor in the harbor of Havana, Cuba, when it suddenly exploded, killing 260 Americans on board - a cause of US supporting Cuban rebels against Spain
FDIC
Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation: guaranteed individual bank deposits - reform
FHA & Redlining
Federal Housing Administration: gave both the building industry and homeowners a boost by insuring bank loans for building, repairing, and purchasing houses redlining: defined neighborhoods where African Americans lives, and did not make loans in those areas - went to White applicants - used by the FHA
Emilio Aguinaldo
Filipino nationalist leader - had fought alongside US troops during the Spanish-American War - after Treaty off Paris, led bands of guerrilla fighters in a war against US control - US took 3 years to defeat insurrection, many died
Scientific management
Frederick Taylor believed the "one best way" of producing goods was that the role of workers was to obey the detailed instruction of supervisors
Margaret Sanger
Irish-American who placed the birth-control movement at the heart of the new feminism - forthrightly challenged laws banning contraceptive information and devices - sentenced to a month in prison after opening a clinic to distribute contraceptive devices to poor Brooklyn Jewish and Italian women
Zimmerman Telegram
March 1917 intercepted by British intelligence, a telegram to Mexico from the German foreign minister, Arthur Zimmermann, proposed that Mexico ally itself with Germany in return for Germany's pledge to help Mexico recover lost territories: Texas, New Mexico, and Arizone - was supposed to be a secret offer made by Germany to Mexico - was a cause for American nationalistic anger and convinced Pres Wilson that Germany expected war w/ US
New Deal/three Rs
New Deal: - one of the things FDR pledged as presidential candidate, along w/ repeal of Prohibition, aid for unemployed, and cuts in gov spending - "Hundred Days of the New Deal" during FDR's first 100 days in office goals: - address mass unemployment - reduce poverty among the elderly - help others experiencing economic hardships cause: the Great Depression challenged the laissez-faire economic policies of the 1920s The Three R's: - relief for ppl out of work - recovery for business and the economy as a whole - reform of American economic institutions *FDR's first 2 years in office were largely focused on recovery relief: FERA, PWA, CCC, TVA, CWA reform: Emergency Banking Relief Act, Glass-Steagall Act, FDIC, gold standard restricted, HOLC, Farm Credit Administration recovery: NRA, Farm Production Control Program
The Palmer Raids
Part of the Red Scare, these were measures to hunt out political radicals and immigrants who were potential threats to American security (anarchists, socialists, labor agitators) - arrested and deported based on limited criminal evidence
Jane Addams
Progressive Era's most prominent female reformer - founded Hull House in Chicago, a settlement house devoted to improving the lives of the immigrant poor - moved into poor neighborhoods instead of aiding from afar, and built things (schools, health clinics) - typical of era's "new woman" (college educated, activists
New Nationalism
Theodore Roosevelt's new program in 1912 insisting that only the "controlling and direct power of the government" could restore "the liberty of the oppressed" - called for heavy taxes (personal & corporate) and federal regulation of industries
"Dollar diplomacy"
William Howard Taft (Roosevelt's successor)'s policy of promoting US trade by supporting American enterprises abroad - Taft only mildly expansionist
WPA
Work Progress Administration: spent billions of dollars between 1935-1940 to provide ppl w/ jobs - very large-scale - portion of it was the NYA (National Youth Administration) providing part-time jobs to help young ppl stay in school
Panama Canal
a canal through Central America to connect the Atlantic and Pacific oceans goal: maintain control of far-flung islands like Puerto Rico or the Philippines obstacles: - had to get British to agree to not have it be under joint British-US control like a previous agreement had said - had to start a revolution in Panama to get Colombia to stop asking for money/control -> Panama became independent and had to sign the Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty of 1903 granting US rights of Canal Zone building: - started in 1904, completed in 1914 - hundreds of laborers lost their lives in 1999, US returned Canal Zone to Republic of Panama to end the bitterness over original treaty
Charles Lindbergh
a celebrated US aviator who thrilled the entire world by flying nonstop across the Atlantic from Long Island to Paris in 1927
Fourteen Points
a detailed list of war aims designed to address the causes of World War I and prevent another world war - Wilson presented to Congress in 1918 included: - big one: international peace association (soon named League of Nations) - territorial issues - broader principles (freedom of the seas, no secret treaties, reduction off national armaments, "impartial adjustment of all colonial claims," self-determination for various nationalities, removal of trade barriers
Teapot Dome [see also Foner 615]
a government scandal during the Harding administration involving the granting of oil-drilling rights on government land in return for bribe money - oil leases were near Teapot Dome, Wyoming - bribes accepted by Albert B. Fall, a member of Harding's cabinet
Demagogues (of the Depression era)
a political leader who seeks support by appealing to popular desires and prejudices rather than by using rational argument - used radio to reach a mass audience to create simplistic immediate solutions to American's problems like Americans wanted Father Charles E. Coughlin: Catholic priest who used the radio to hate on the New Deal - anti-Semitic, fascist Dr. Francis E. Townsend: simple plan to guarantee senior citizens a secure income through a 2% federal sales tax Huey Long: proposed "Share Our Wealth" program that promised a minimum annual income of $5k for every American family, to be paid by taxing the wealthy
Committee of Public Information
a propaganda agency which enlisted the voluntary services of artists, writers, vaudeville performers, and movie stars to depict the heroism of the "boys" (U.S. soldiers) and the villainy of the kaiser (German emperor and king of Prussia) - led by journalist George Creel - urged Americans to watch out for german spies and to "do your bit" for the war
Aimee Semple McPherson
a revivalist/radio evangelist who condemned the twin evils of communism and jazz music from her pulpit in Los Angeles - used the radio, a new tool of mass communication, to spread fundamentalist message
Prohibition
amendment ratified in 1919, influenced the 1920s the 18th Amendment, strictly prohibiting the manufacture and sale alcoholic beverages, including liquors, wines, and beers - Volstead Act of 1919 enforced it - was popular to defy law and go to speakeasies where bootleg (smuggled) liquor was sold causes: - wartime concerns to maintain a sober workforce - previous temperance forces - religion was repealed by the 21st Amendment
jingoism
an intense form of nationalism calling for an aggressive foreign policy - expansionists demanded US take its place w/ imperialist nations of Europe as a world power - a cause of Spanish-American war (tied w/ economic interests, moral concerns)
Sixteenth Amendment
authorized Congress to enact a graduated income tax (one whose rate of taxation is higher for wealthier citizens)
Pancho Villa and the U.S. Expeditionary Force
band of rebels loyal to Pancho Villa (dictatorship) hoped to destabilize new, more democratic gov -> led raids across US-Mexican border March 1916: so, President Wilson ordered "expeditionary force" to pursue Villa into northern Mexico - failed to capture Villa
Movie industry/Hollywood
became big in 1920s - going to movies became a national habit in cities, suburbs, and small towns - glamorous movie stars were idolized by millions
Fundamentalism
believed every word in the Bible was true literally - key doctrine: creationism (the belief that God had created the universe in 7 days, as said in Bible) explained the origin of all life - blamed Modernists for decline in morals
A. Phillip Randolph
black leader of the Railroad Porters Union, threatened a march on Washington to demand equal job opportunities for African Amerians effect: executive order in 1941 set up a Fair Employment Practices Committee to assist minorities in gaining jobs in defense industries
Fordism
economic system based on mass production and mass consumption - Henry Ford: developed techniques of production and marketing that brought automobile in reach of ordinary Americans - used assembly line - paid workers well
Pragmatism
emerged late 19th century insisted that institutions and social policies must be judged by their concrete effects, not their longevity or how well they comport with religious doctrine or traditional political beliefs - John Dewey was major proponent - experience > doctrine - strongly influenced Progressive thinkers
Federal Trade Commission (FTC)
established in 1914 investigated and prohibited unfair business activities such as price-fixing and monopolistic practices
Socialist Party
founded in 1901 called for immediate reforms such as free college education, legislation to improve the condition of laborers, and, as an ultimate goal, democratic control over the economy through public ownership of railroads and factories Eugene V. Debs: railroad union leader who helped spread the socialist gospel, linked it to ideals of equality, self-government, and freedom
Society of American Indians
founded in 1911 a reform organization that brought together Native American intellectuals to promote discussion of the plight of Native Americans in the hope that public exposure would be the first step toward remedying injustice
Birth-control movement
gave political expression to changing sexual behavior causes: - creation of feminism -> more free sexual expression - feminism: woman's emancipation both as a human being and a sex-being - growing presence of women in the labor market reinforced demands
Theodore Roosevelt's "Big Stick" Policy
how the press labeled Roosevelt's aggressive foreign policy - Roosevelt acted boldly and decisively to build the reputation of the US as a world power context: Roosevelt became president when McKinley was fatally shot by anarchist, and Roosevelt was vice president
Glass-Steagall Act (see also Foner 641)
increased regulation of the banks and limited how banks could invest customers' money - example of reform
Fireside Chats
informal radio broadcasts made by FDR to the American people to explain his initiatives - first one: March 12, 1933
Initiative, Referendum & Recall
initiative: (aka direct legislation) enabled citizens to propose and vote directly on laws, bypassing state legislatures referendum: provided for popular votes on public policies recall: allowed for the removal of public officials by popular vote - William U'ren founded the Oregon System, which included the initiative, referendum, and recall - Oregon stood at forefront of Progressive reform purpose: weaken power of political bosses and transfer it to ordinary citizens
"Open shop"
keeping jobs open to nonunion workers - most companies insisted on an "open shop" effect: membership in unions declined in 1920s
Second New Deal
launched summer of 1935 a new set of programs which concentrated on the two R's: relief and reform
"Lost generation"
leading writers of the postwar decade who expressed disillusionment with the ideals of an earlier time and with the materialism of a business-oriented culture themes in their writing: - scorned religion as hypocritical - condemned the sacrifices of wartime as fraud perpetrated by money interests
Food Administration
led by Herbert Hoover, a system that encouraged American households to eat less meat and bread so that more food could be shipped abroad for the French and British troops - effects: US shipment of food overseas tripled in 2 years
Progressivism
loosely defined political movement of individuals and groups who hoped to bring about significant change in American social and political life - first two decades of the 20th century, turned to gov action to address economic instability through the creation of the Federal Reserve to regulate banking and the business cycle - also responded to political corruption by reforming election practices, such as instituting the direct elections of U.S. senators by voters - believed gov had power to bring into effect social reform ex of rights: laborers, women, democracy (against power of city bosses, wanted to restore political power to citizenry)
Lusitania
main event on May 7, 1915 British passenger ship holding Americans that was hit and sank by German torpedoes - effect: Wilson sent Germany strong diplomatic message warning Germany it would be held to "strict accountability" if they continued sinking unarmed ships
Modernism
modernists took a historical and critical view of certain passages in the Bible and believed they could accept Darwin's theory of evolution without abandoning their religious faith causes: - changing role of women - Social Gospel movement - scientific knowledge
Collective bargaining
negotiation of wages and other conditions of employment by an organized body of employees - represented that ethnic cohesiveness could be a basis of unity, as long as strikes were organized democratically - each nationality got representation
Ku Klux Klan/Birth of a Nation
new KKK founded in 1915 that was as strong in the Midwest as in the South - KKK resurgence = the most extreme expression of nativism in the 1920s - directed hostility against African Americans, Catholics, Jews, foreigners, and suspected Communists causes of KKK resurgence: - Birth of a Nation - White backlash to the race riots of 1919 Birth of a Nation: a popular silent film that portrayed the KKK during Reconstruction as the heroes
Mass media
new mediums: - radio - motion pictures
"Harlem Renaissance"
period in Harlem where African American's artistic achievement (talented actors, artists, musicians, writers) were spotlighted causes: - migration of African Americans from the South to the North - largest African American community developed in the Harlem section of NYC leading figures: - poets: Countee Cullen, Langston Hughes, James Weldon Johnson, Claude McKay - musicians (mainly jazz & blues): Duke Ellington, Louis Armstrong, Bessie Smith, Paul Robeson - 1920s often called the Jazz Age
Open Door Policy
policy where all nations controlling spheres of influence would have equal trading privileges in China - John Hay sent diplomatic note to all imperialistic nations goal: to prevent US from losing access to lucrative China trade when Russia, Japan, Great Britain, France, and Germany had all established spheres of influence (could dominate trade and investment within their sphere/particular port or region of China) effect: replies were all evasive, but didn't completely reject concept, so Hay declared that they had accepted his policy
Progressive Party
political party that emerged from the Taft-Roosevelt battle that split the Republican Party in 1912 - Roosevelt lost Republican vote (Taft became Republican final candidate) and launched independent campaign as head of the party promoted social justice by believing in democracy, woman suffrage, national labor and health legislation, good working conditions, living wage, national system of insurance, etc
Barred Zone Act (Immigration Act of 1917)
prohibited anyone residing in a region from the Middle East to southeast Asia from entering the US - also included a literacy test designed to prevent immigration from southern and eastern Europe - set stage for sharp immigration restrictions in 1920s
Maternalist reform
pushed for laws providing for mothers' pensions (state aid to mothers of young children who lacked male support) - rested on assumption that the gov should encourage women's capacity for bearing and raising children and enable them to be economically independent at the same time
Race riots; Tulsa Massacre of 1921 [also see Foner p. 596]
race riots: violent fights between people of different races - erupted during WW1 Tulsa Massacre: 1921 in Tulsa, Oklahoma is considered the single worst incident of racial violence in American history - cause: African Americans prevented the lynching of a Black man - white mobs destroyed homes, businesses, and killed 50-300 ppl
Anti-Imperialist League (also see Foner)
rallied opposition to further acts of expansion in the Pacific - led by William Jennings Bryan - cause: Treaty of Paris
Phonographs
record player that made new types of music like jazz available to a huge (and youthful) public - youth danced to jazz music to rebel against elders' culture
Helen Keller
remarkable woman in radicalism movement - lost her sight and hearing b/c of disease at 19 months - author - activist for persons w/ disabilities - also activist for socialism, woman suffrage, laborers' rights, world peacce
Yellow Press
sensationalistic reporting that featured bold and lurid headlines of crime, disaster, and scandal - actively promoted war fever in US (like Cuban Revolt) ex: - Pulitzer's New York Wold - Hearst's New York Journal
Dust Bowl Farmers/"Okies"
severe drought in Great Plains in early 1930s (region known as "dust bowl")-> thousands of "Okies" from Oklahoma and surrounding states migrated westward to California in search of farm or factory work that often could not be found
Quota Laws
severely limited immigration by setting quotas on nationality first quota act of 1921: limited immigration to 3% of the number of foreign born persons from a given nation counted in the 1910 census second quota act of 1924: set quotas of 2% based on the Census of 1890 (before the arrival of most "new" immigrants) - purpose: reduce number of immigrants from southern and eastern Europe with these acts, traditional US policy of unlimited immigration ended
Treaty of Paris of 1898
signed on December 10, 1898, approved on February 6, 1899 provided for: - recognition of Cuban independence - US acquisition of two Spanish islands - Puerto Rico and Guam - US control of Philippines in return for a $20 million payment to Spain effects/controversy: - The Philippine Question: many opposed the third part of taking over Philippines as a colony when war effort was to liberate Cuba
1918 Pandemic
started 1918 (same year WW1 ended) the most severe influenza outbreak of the 20th century - infected around 500 worldwide, killed 50 million rapid spread was underreported by limited media coverage and gov efforts to keep up wartime morale
Muckraking
the use of journalistic skills to expose the underside of American life - named by Theodore Roosevelt w/ a negative connotation - ex: child labor, poverty
Sacco and Vanzetti
two Italian immigrants, Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti, who in 1921 had been convicted in a Massachusetts court of committing robbery and murder --> liberals protested they hadn't received fair trial simply b/c they were poor Italians and anarchists were executed in 1927
Welfare capitalism
voluntarily offering employees improved benefits and higher wages in order to reduce their interest in organizing unions