APUSH Midterm
Treaty of Greenville
(1795) Treaty between Western Confederacy & US after the Battle of Fallen Timbers. Western Confederacy agreed to cede most of Ohio territory to US in exchange for various payments (money, hunting rights on ceded lands, & formal recognition of their sovereign status)
Pinckney's Treaty
(1795) agreement between US & Spain that reopened Mississippi River to American trade and allowed settlers to export crops via Spain's port of New Orleans (treaty supported by Thomas Jefferson)
Adams-Onis Treaty
(1819) Treaty in which John Adams persuaded Spain to cede Florida territory to US; in return, US accepted Spain's claim to Texas and compromised on the Western boundary for the state of Louisiana
The Monroe Doctrine
(1823) Statement of foreign policy which proclaimed that Europe should not interfere in affairs within the US or in the development of other countries in the Western Hemisphere.
Webster-Ashburton Treaty
(1842) Treaty between US & Britain that established the NE boundary of US, ended slave trade on the ocean, and agreed to share use of the Great Lakes - (US represented by Daniel Webster, secretary of state) - (Britain represented by diplomat Baron Ashburton) - (Many previous conflicts over NE border, like the Aroostook War)
Dawes Severalty Act (+ causes & effects)
(1887) Authorized gradual elimination of Native American ownership of land, which would be divided into allotments for individual owners -- Causes: - ghost dance - US's manifest destiny Effects: - tribes lose their land and forced on reservations - Americans attempted to assimilate Native Americans into white society - decline of traditional Native American culture/language
African American abolitionist movements
(American anti-slavery society, liberal party, etc.) Abolition movement began with William Garrison. Movements used moral & religious arguments to combat slavery. (Examples of abolitionist movement leaders: Frederick Douglass, Nat Turner, David Walker, etc.)
Disagreements over the French Revolutions
(French Rev: Political and social upheaval supported by most Americans during its moderate beginnings in 1789, but the cause of bitter divisions after it took a radical turn in 1792) increased tensions between the parties; the democratic-republicans supported the French in their bloodshed (to an extent) but the federalists thought that the French were too cruel in their Reign of Terror.
Trusts
(created by Rockefeller's lawyers) small group of associates (board of trustees) to hold stock from a group of combined firms and manage them as a single entity → many other companies followed Rockefeller and created trusts, expanding their sales & production (Reformers feared the development of monopolies and denounced trusts)
Dartmouth v Woodward
(in 1816) after Republicans gained control of New Hampshire government, they tried to revise the Dartmouth College charter as a public school instead of private. Daniel Webster defended the college and argued that the charter was a contract that was protected by the same doctrine that the court had already upheld in Fletcher v. Peck. (1819) Court ruled for Dartmouth, declaring that corporation charters were contracts and not government ownership. - decision placed important restrictions on the ability of state governments to control corporations. - further expanded the meaning of the contract clause of the Constitution.
Emancipation Proclamation
(issued by Lincoln) declared slaves in rebel Confederate states as free, but not slaves in slave-states still loyal to the Union
Jay's Treaty
(ratified by Senate in 1795) As British were seizing US merchant ships after neutrality proclamation, John Jay forged controversial treaty with Britain that offered little concessions to the US. - Accepted Britain's right to stop neutral ships - US must compensate for pre-revolutionary war debts - Allowed Americans to submit claims for illegal seizures - British must remove troops from Northwest territory Republicans opposed it, while Federalists supported it.
John Winthrop
- 1st Governor of Massachusetts Bay Colony, devout Puritan - Helped ensure the prosperity of the newly-established colony and enforce Puritan orthodoxy - 1630 - 1900 Puritans leave England, led by Winthrop - Joint-stock corporation - commercial agreement that allows investors to pool their resources
Reasons For Colonial Success in the Revolutionary War
- Aid from France & other allies - "Nothing to lose" attitude - More motivated than Britain: (colonist thought their freedom was being infringed upon, Britain just motivated by economic benefits) - "Home-court advantage" - size of the colonies was too large to quell all rebellion - Guerilla tactics
Lord Baltimore
- Established Maryland as a haven for Catholics in 1632 - Unsuccessfully tried to reconstitute English manorial system in the colonies and gave vast tracts of land to Catholic relatives → created tensions between the seaboard Catholic establishment and back-country Protestant planters
Justifications for Taking Native Lands
- European immigrants came in large waves, which led to a shortage in space for them to live → desire for land - Attacks on Europeans fueled their desire to fight and win against the Natives - Native Americans also had many natural resources that were desirable to poor settlers - Manifest Destiny coupled with ideas of white superiority to Natives
Iroquois traditions
- Followed gospel of peace & power (avoided violence amongst themselves) - Councils of sachems made decisions (chiefs not recognized) - Matriarchal societies (women influential in local councils) (men served as sachems, made war, & conducted diplomacy)
Native Americans and Government
- Jan 1870 - 173 Blackfeet (Piegans) shot and burned to death by army —> Grant's peace policy led by Christian advisors - Argued native people have the capacity to become equal to whites if they assimilate (embrace Christianity, destroy native languages, cultures, religions) = acculturation - adoption of white ways - Lone Wolf v. Hitchcock - Supreme court ruling that decided Natives were "ignorant and dependent race" and "wards of the state" = they have no legal rights, which allows government to revoke all peace treaties - Dawes Severalty Act - bill that promised Indians tracts of land to farm in order to assimilate them - resisted by Indians, caused disaster for Indian tribes
Impacts of widespread cultivation of cash crops in the South
- Led to growth of slavery, which accelerated the movement of slaves throughout the South --> domestic slave trade - improve South's economy --> elite planter class arises
Roger Williams
- Salem minister (Puritan) who advocated a complete break from the Church of England and criticized the Massachusetts Bay Colony for unlawfully taking land from the Indians - He was banished --> established Rhode Island colony
Laissez-faire capitalists
- William Graham Sumner - Grover Cleavlend
Pre-Columbian Southwest Indians Environments transformations
- irrigation! - towns made of rock & adobe - longhouse
Populist goals
- national income tax for wealthy - 8 hr workday - restrictions on immigration - free coinage of silver - government regulation of railroads (+ other monopolies) - secret ballot & direct election of senators
Populist beliefs
- there is "irresponsible conflict between capital and labor" - call for stronger government to protect Americans (particularly, farmers) - "Powers of government should be expanded until oppression, injustice, and poverty cease"
American Interest in Asia (mid 1800s)
-As US moved west, they wanted to expand across the Pacific - Interested in trade and commerce with China & Japan
Post-War Southern Resistance
-Despise carpetbaggers flooding into their land -Viewed the presence of free blacks as an insult to white southern identity - White supremacy groups such as the KKK - Black codes - Attempt to limit Black's voting with literacy tests, voting fees, etc.
Effects of Immigarnts on the Industrial Workforce
-Many migrants moved to US to try and prosper -Jobs were taken very quickly -Large amount of the population was unemployed due to lack of jobs -Migrants were willing to work for very low prices so they were hired over Americans
Post Revolution disagreements over foreign policy
-Neutrality Proclamation by Washington designed to allow American commerce to continue with both sides (American economy recovering from Revolution and being locked out of British trading system due to high price of farming produce) -French were officially our allies, and tried to enact the alliance, but Hamilton and Washington insisted that was with the king - Federalists oppose aiding French in their Revolution (want commerce with Britain)(and feared poor would rise up against them in US) - Jefferson and Republicans want to aid French, for they are US's allies
Juan de Onate
-Started the encomienda system in St. Augustine in 1598 - granted to favored Spaniards Claimed present New Mexico for Spain (inhabited by Pueblo Indians) -Established a mining colony in NM
J.P. Morgan
-businessman who refinanced railroads during the depression of 1893 -built intersystem alliance by buying stock in competing railroads -marketed US government securities on a large scale
Andrew Carnegie
-developed the U.S. steel industry -later became a philanthropist -invested in oil and iron companies -was very successful by his 30s
John D. Rockefeller
-tactical kerosene businessman -Succeeded through vertical integration -Invented horizontal integration (joining small failing businesses into a larger business) -Lawyers invented the trust (small group would hold stock from a group of combined firms)
Union Strategies
1) Anaconda Plan (Fully blockade all Southern coasts) 2) Control the Mississippi River 3) Capture Richmond (Confederacy's capital) 4) Shatter their morale by destroying Atlanta, Savannah, and South Carolina 5) Use the numerical advantage of their army
Confederate Advantages
1) Better leaders (ex. Robert E. Lee; Stonewall Jackson) 2) Home Advantage / On Defense 3) Southern Coastline took longer to travel and secure
Results of antebellum technological innovations (textile machinery, steam engine telegraph, etc)
1. Expanded size & scope of domestic markets 2. Increased industrial output & worker productivity 3. A revolution in farming & agriculture
Racial Categories (Spanish New World)
1.) Peninsulares - Spaniards born in Spain 2.) Creoles - second generation Spaniards 3.) Mestizos - Spanish and Native American mix 4.) Mulattos - Spanish and African mix 5.)Slaves - purchased from Africa & Caribbean
13th, 14th, 15th Amendments + effects
13- Abolished slavery 14- Declared all people born in the US as citizens & banned ex-confederates from holding state/federal offices 15- Voting rights for all men who are citizens effects: - southern resistance - black codes - voting literacy tests/voting fees - KKK
David Walker
African-American activist who demanded the immediate end of slavery. Leader within the Black enclave in Boston, Massachusetts. Recognized for his critical contribution to ending chattel slavery in the US. Published Walker's Appeal- call to "awaken my brethren" to the power within Black unity and struggle Credited for exerting a radicalizing influence on the abolitionist movements of his day.
Sojourner Truth
American abolitionist and feminist who was freed from slavery and became a leading advocate for the abolition of slavery and women's rights
Outcome of the Battle of Fallen Timbers
An attack made by American General "Mad Anthony Wayne" against invading Indians from the northwest. The defeat of the Indians ended the alliance made with the British and Indians. The defeat of the Indians led to the signing of the Treaty of Greenville in 1795, which ceded much of present-day Ohio to the United States.
Debate over slavery in western territories
Because of Kansas-Nebraska Act, the new Western Territory was enforced to be based around popular sovereignty. Southerners took advantage of this by sending residents from other states to vote for slavery in the new territories. However, Northerners thought this shouldn't be allowed since the Southerners weren't members of the new western territory, which ultimately led to several debates.
Cheyenne Native Americans
Cheyenne - located in CO May 1864 - Black Kettle (chief) instructed to settle along Sand Creek until treaty could be agreed on Nov 1864 - Sand Creek Massacre - Colorado militia (led by John Chivington) attacks camp when men are away, killing 100+ women and children Hung Cheyenne scalps and hung woman's genitals from rafters of Apollo Theater Brought war pipes to Arapaho & Sioux tribes —> attacked white settlements along South Platte River Dec 1866 - Fetterman Massacre - 1500 Sioux warriors led Capt. William Fetterman + 80 soldiers from WY fort to kill them 1866 - Sioux, under Red Cloud (chief), refused to sign any treaties from peace commission unless the US pledged to abandon forts along Bozeman trail —> commission agreed
Apaches
Chiricahua Apache - located in SW plains (CO) - Geronimo - leader- took up arms and went into the mountains - Sept 1886 - surrendered to US - Ghost Dance Movement - late 1880s - natives hoped to resurrect bison and call a great storm to drive whites back across the atlantic through sacred dances
The Granger Movement
Coalition of U.S. farmers in the Middle West that fought large grain transporting corporations.
Supporters of National Parks
Conversationalists, followed by government (Roosevelt, Woodrow Wilson) Woodrow Wilson signed act creating National Park System, Roosevelt signed acts to further protect/improve National Parks.
Effects of Missouri Compromise (1820)
Created tensions between North and South - Brought up issue of slavery and the admittance of slave-states vs. free-states into the Union (either North or South with have more power in legislature) - Lead to constitutional debates about whether government had the right to decide if states were slave-states or free-states - Aroused South's fear for slavery's future
Dakota Sioux Native Americans
Dakota Sioux - tribe that occupied ND, SD, MN - 1858 - agree to settle on a reservation in exchange for regular payments and supplies - Indian agents, contractors, and governor pocket most money —> starving kids - 1862 - MN countryside - tribe launches a surprise attack and killed 400+ white men (in revenge for 1858 deal) - 307 Dakotas sentenced to death - 38 hung = largest mass execution in US
Human perfectibility
Doctrine that people are capable of achieving perfection on Earth through natural means. Promoted the divinity of the individual and sought to perfect human society. Many "utopias" were formed to further this effort.
Cotton Gin and its effects
Eli Whitney was the inventor. It is a machine that separates the seeds from raw cotton fibers. It increased the development of the south and expanded slavery because there was more time for cotton to be planted. Transformed southern agriculture and gave new life to slavery.
Spanish Labor sources in the Americas
Encomienda system - 1500s - Spanish kings grant Indian labor to Spaniards in the Spanish New World Encomenderos - extracted tribute from Indians in exchange for protection and Christian instruction Brazil's sugar plantations - used African slave labor
John Locke
English Enlightenment philosopher whose ideas inspired the American Revolution (wrote Two Treatises of Government) Beliefs: - Government is based on "social contract" in which the government's power is derived from the consent of the governed and, in return, it in return serves to uphold the people's "natural rights" - "Natural rights": life, liberty, and property - If a government is not holding up to this "social contract", its people have the right to rebel and form new government
Federalists beliefs/platform v Anti-Federalists
Federalists: -Support constitution -Want strong centralized government. -2 representatives from each state -Wanted Congress to have power over tax and to be able to regulate trade. -The separation of powers into three independent branches protected the rights of the people. So that no specific group could assume control over another group. -leaders included John Jay, Hamilton, and Madison - these 3 wrote the Federalist Papers (collection of essays that explained importance of a strong central government and published to convince New York to ratify the Constitution). Anti Federalists: - support Articles of Confederation. - WantStates Rights. - Believes strong central government would lead to violation of citizen's rights - Believed that having a president in a central government would result with the people seeing the president as a king. - Did not want to ratify the Constitution (only do if Bill of Rights is included) - Wanted 1 vote for each state (state act as a whole) - Were mostly commoners who were afraid of being taken advantage of by government - Leaders included Patrick Henry and Samuel Adams.
Arguments for/against corporations
For - Allowed the opportunity for white collar workers (middle class managers) - Other new jobs such as the travelling salesman - Stimulated the economy and brought a lot of revenue to the United States (and higher-ups) - Came up with new developments and technology --> mass consumer culture Against - Some industrial jobs required long workdays in very dangerous conditions - Public should own corporations like railroads to protect from monopolies - Made life very difficult for farmers to succeed on their own - Environmental concerns - Sherman Anti-Trust Act - (1890) outlaws monopolies
Republicans of the late 1800s
Former Northern Whigs united with Free Soil Party and American Party to create the Republican Party. Republican Party won Civil War and emerged as dominant political force in US for the next 50 years. (1860 -1912) Republicans won every presidential election except for 2. Most Northerners supported the Republican Party, majority of African-Americans supported the Republican Party, while only small % of Southern whites did.
John Wesley
Founded Methodism - Protestant sect that stemmed from Anglican churches (emphasized salvation, works of piety, primacy of scripture, works of mercy) George Whitefield was inspired by his ideas and brought them to America --> 1st Great Awakening
Baron de Montesquieu
French Enlightenment philosopher who believed government should have separation of powers and that laws should reflect the will of the people (his ideas are rejected by John Adams)
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
French Enlightenment philosopher who believed that human beings are naturally good & should rely on their instincts. Also believed that government should be democratic & exist only to protect the common good
Neutrality Proclamation of 1793
George Washington's formal announcement declaring the US neutral in the conflict between France & Britain (despite US being allies with France), and allowing the US to trade with all belligerents of the French Revolution
The American System
Henry Clay's integrated mercantilist program of national economic development. Praised in North, but criticized in South (Clay based his presidential candidacy in 1824 on this system) Plans: - Strengthen Second Bank - Raise protective tariffs - Use tariff revenue for internal improvements
Laissez-faire capitalism
Idea that government should refrain from interfering in economic affairs (based on principles of Adam Smith's book Wealth of Nations)
Worcester v. Georgia
In 1830, Georgia law had required whites to get licenses, authorizing their residence, and to take an oath of allegiance to the state. 2 New England missionaries, among the Indians, refused and were sentenced to 4 years hard labor. On appeal, their case reached Supreme Court as Worcester v. Georgia (1832). Supreme Court declared the Cherokee Nation was "a distinct political community", within which Georgia law had no force. So, the Georgia law was unconstitutional.
Frederick Douglass
Influential writer and one of the most prominent African-American figures in abolitionist movement. Escaped from slavery in Maryland. Published his own antislavery newspaper called the North Star and wrote an autobiography (Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave; published in 1845). 1st African-American citizen to hold a high US government rank.
Democratic-Republican Beliefs/Platform
Led by Thomas Jefferson, believed people should have political power, favored strong state governments, emphasized agriculture, strict interpretation of the Constitution, pro-French, opposed National Bank, opposed protective tariff.
Native Americans' beliefs vs. European (not necessarily religious beliefs)
Native American beliefs: - Animism: belief that every object in the natural world has a spirit - Government was based on chiefdom - Women held important roles: growing crops, maintaining home, hearth, and village, childbearing European beliefs: - Hierarchy based on feudalism (kings, nobles, knights, serfs, peasants) - Primogeniture: land handed down to eldest son - Civic humanism: belief that individuals owe a service to their community and its government - stemmed from Renaissance - Christianity: monotheistic belief
Treaty of Ghent
Peace treaty that ended the War of 1812 between US & Britain and retained the pre-war borders of the US (signed in Ghent, Belgium on Dec 24, 1814)
Effects of the Transcontinental Railroads
Positive: -Faster/Farther travel and expansion -Transportation of goods --> consumer culture -Spread of Ideas - tourism Negative: -Intrusion on Natives' land -Racial tensions with Chinese (worked for rail companies -> close down -> either steal jobs from Americans or be unemployed) -Chinese Exclusion Act
Causes of the Paxton and Regulator Uprisings
Scots-Irish frontiersmen attacked largely peaceful Indians in Pennsylvania then marched on the capitol in protest. they were outraged the eastern. Anger in North Carolina led to violent uprising against the colonial government by backcountry settlers over unfair taxation and the control of colonial affairs by the seaboard elite Upland farms taxed at same rate as fertile valley farms, Tax collectors taking excessive fees, Regulators ask for negotiations, Governor refuses.
Who is Adam Smith
Scottish economist ("Father of Modern Economics") who protested mercantilism (1776). He insisted that an open competition among merchants would stimulate trade and raise everyone's standard of living. He influenced the founding fathers of the United States, and convinced the advocate of free trade.
Second Great Awakening
Series of religious revivals starting in 1801, based on Methodism and Baptism. Stressed a religious philosophy of salvation through good deeds and tolerance for all Protestant sects. (Revivals attracted women, Blacks, and Native Americans.) Also had an effect on moral movements such as prison reform, the temperance movement, and moral reasoning against slavery
Phillis Wheatley
She was the first African American female writer to be published in the US (born in 1753) She was a slave girl who later became a poet. Although she had no formal education, at 20years old was brought to Boston & published a book of poetry. Her book Poems on Various Subjects was published in 1773, pioneered African-American literature. One of the most well- known poets in America during her day. She died in 1784.
Lakota Sioux Native Americans
Sitting Bull - leader of Lakota Sioux - openly refused to go to reservation - 1874 - Lakota Sioux face Lt. Col. George Armstrong Custer - led an expedition into SD Black Hills and proclaimed discovery of gold - US pressured Lakota into selling Black Hills - refused - 1876 - government demands all Sioux gather at federal agencies - Sitting Bull and others refuse, join settlement along Little Big Horn River (MN) - June 1876 - Custer leads 7th cavalry to attack Sitting Bull's camp (Battle of Little Bighorn) - whites killed to last men - Whites killed to the last man - Last major military victory for Plains Indians against US army - Dec 29 1890 - Battle of Wounded Knee - 7th cavalry caught up with fleeting Lakotas and killed 150-300 - marked the end of US wars on Indians
McCulloch v. Maryland
Strengthened federal authority and upheld the constitutionality of the bank of the United States by establishing that the state of Maryland did not have the power to tax the bank. Establishes the supremacy of Federal law over state law.
Marbury v. Madison
The 1803 case in which Chief Justice John Marshall and his associates first asserted the right of the Supreme Court to determine the meaning of the U.S. Constitution. The decision established the Court's power of judicial review over acts of Congress, (the Judiciary Act of 1789). The states did not have a final say in the interpretation of the Constitution, the Supreme court did.
Effects of the Seven Years' War
There was a shift in balance and territorial changes. France was basically gone from North America and British colonies were expanding quickly. Because of this, the Native Americans were the real losers of the war. The alliance they had with the French was over and the Native Americans were left defenseless to the British colonists. In an attempt to maintain the situation until a peaceful resolution could be reached, London's government issued the Proclamation of 1763, which called for a halt to westward expansion beyond the Appalachians. 1763 Treaty of Paris, which also ended the European Seven Years War, set the terms by which France would capitulate. Under the treaty, France was forced to surrender all of her American possessions to the British and the Spanish. England gained massive amounts of land and vastly strengthened its hold on the continent. War played a major role in the worsening relationship between England and its colonies that eventually led into the Revolutionary War.
Spanish Goals in the New World
Three G's 1.) God - wanted to spread Roman Catholicism (Christianity) to "savages" such as the Native Americans - missionary work - attempted to assimilate Natives to European ways 2.) Glory - conquistadors competed for glory and legacy as they searched for new lands & conquered native tribes in honor of Spain 3.) Gold - conquistadors looked to find riches and took over once they discovered gold (ex. Cortes and Aztecs)
Causes & Effects of the Proclamation of 1763
causes: - French and Indian War (1754-1763) - conflict between Britain and France that required a lot of Britain's resources to fight - king was focused on military affairs, which led the colonists to expand further west - King wanted to prevent conflict with Native Americans (too much $) while they were already at war Effects: -Many colonists ignored the Proclamation line - Growing colonial resentment toward Britain (following a period of salutary neglect, they were being regulated heavily) - Decreased trade with Native Americans (led to LESS conflicts)
Jay Gould
leading US railroad developer & speculator - damaged his reputation in a gold speculation --> caused the panic of Black Friday (1869) - by 1882, had controlling interest in 15% of the country's railroad tracks
Abigail Adams
the wife of second president John Adams. She was one of the first women advocates to state that women wanted to partake in the revolution - attempted to get rights for the "Ladies" from her husband who at the time was on the committee for designing the Declaration of Independence. She wrote to her husband and famously said "Don't forget about the women", which was the start of women's rights.