APUSH MIDTERM

d) inferior to Christian Europeans

"After the ceremonies, the admiral went off in his boat, and the Indians followed him even to the ship, some by swimming and others in their canoes, carrying parrots, clews of spun cotton yarn, javelins, and other such trifling articles, to barter for glass beads, bells, and other things of small value. Like people in the original simplicity of nature, they were all naked, and even a woman who was among them was entirely destitute of clothing... Some were painted with black, others with white, and others again with red; in some the whole body was painted, in others only the face, and some only the nose and eyes. They had no weapons like those of Europe, neither had they any knowledge of such; for when our people showed them a naked sword, they ignorantly grasped it by the edge." Ferdinand Columbus, The Life of the Admiral Columbus, c.1500 1) In the passage above, Columbus views the Native Americans he encounters primarily as a) a threat which needed to be exterminated b) valuable trading partners c) a potential military ally d) inferior to Christian Europeans

c) the French and Indian War.

"Englishman, although you have conquered the French, you have not yet conquered us! We are not your slaves. . . ." "Englishman... the King of France employed our young men to make war upon your nation. In this warfare many of them have been killed, and it is our custom to retaliate until such time as the spirits of the slain are satisfied. But the spirits of the slain are to be satisfied in either of two ways; the first is by the spilling of the blood of the nation by which they fell; the other by covering the bodies of the dead, and thus allaying the resentment of their relations. This is done by making presents." "Englishman, your king has never sent us any presents, . . . wherefore he and we are still at war; and until he does these things we must consider that we have no other father, nor friend among the white men than the King of France. . . ." -Mivana, Chippewa chief, 1761 Question 3A The excerpt was written within the context of: A. King Philip's War. B. the Glorious Revolution. C. the French and Indian War. D. Pontiac's Rebellion.

c) Made it too difficult for the government to raise money through taxes and duties

"Permit us, then, earnestly to recommend these articles to the immediate and dispassionate attention of the legislatures of the respective states. Let them be candidly reviewed under a sense of the difficulty of combining in one system the various sentiments and interests of a continent divided into so many sovereign and independent communities, under a conviction of the absolute necessity of uniting all our councils and all our strength, to maintain and defend our common liberties..." Journals of the Continental Congress, 1777 22) A major weakness of the Articles of Confederation was that they: a) Created a too-powerful chief-executive b) Did not include a mechanism for their own amendment c) Made it too difficult for the government to raise money through taxes and duties d) Denied the federal government the power to mediate disputes between states

d) the impact of deadly epidemics on Native Americans

15) The image most directly reflects elements of Native American religious rituals to heal the sick social institutions devoted to the treatment of the ill the expansive experience of poverty among Native Americans d) the impact of deadly epidemics on Native Americans

a) The lack of immunity to diseases carried over from Europe

16) The patterns illustrated in the image resulted most directly from which of the following factors? a) The lack of immunity to diseases carried over from Europe The limited access to vaccines for deadly diseases The extensive European use of biological warfare The lack of institutionalized methods to deal with the spread of disease

b) The strategic advantage of the Spanish and Portuguese in conquering Native American populations

17) Conditions like those shown in the image contributed most significantly to what broader impact? The mass death of Native American and Spanish populations in the New World b) The strategic advantage of the Spanish and Portuguese in conquering Native American populations The strengthening of Native American alliances through the Caribbean The rapid development of immunity to future epidemics

b) adapting European material goods while attempting to preserve cultural autonomy

2) American Indian societies most commonly reacted to the changes described in the excerpt by a) embracing European religious and agricultural practices b) adapting European material goods while attempting to preserve cultural autonomy c) borrowing European political structures to organize their own societies d) encouraging European colonists to accept American Indian cultural practices

c) Fears of centralized power and popular influence

2) Initial failures to unify the colonies despite efforts related to the "Join, or Die." illustration are most likely due to a) The creation of competing political parties in colonial america b) New pressures to unify resulting from British efforts to control economic activities c) Fears of centralized power and popular influence d) Colonial belief in the superiority of republican self-government

a) new technology made transatlantic exploration much more realistic

2) Voyages such as those undertaken by Columbus became possible at the end of the 15th-century primarily because a) new technology made transatlantic exploration much more realistic b) the discovery of vast new quantities of gold and silver throughout Europe made funding these voyages possible c) the lack of easy land routes to Asia required the discovery of new trade routes d) the Catholic and Protestant churches united in the common purpose of exploration

c) The Supreme Court's belief in loose construction of the Constitution

2)Marshall's opinion in McCulloch v. Maryland serves as evidence of a) The lack of clarity in the Constitution regarding state versus federal law b) The Supreme Court's belief in strict construction of the Constitution c) The Supreme Court's belief in loose construction of the Constitution d) Andrew Jackson's disregard for the Supreme Court

d) The provision for land sales in the Northwest that would benefit the entire nation

23) The most notable achievement of the United States under the Articles of Confederation was: a) The creation of a strong executive office to lead the national government b) The empowerment of Congress to regulate commerce c) The empowerment of Congress to collect taxes d) The provision for land sales in the Northwest that would benefit the entire nation

b) Loose construction of the Constitution

4) Jackson's reasons for vetoing the charter of the Bank of the United States most directly challenged which of the following ideas from McCulloch v. Maryland? a) Strict construction of the Constitution b) Loose construction of the Constitution c) The supremacy of federal law d) The power of judicial review

d) George Washington's Farewell Address

5) Which document would have most directly contradicted the goals of the secret committee of correspondence? a) The Marbury v Madison decision b) The US Constitution c) The Declaration of Independence d) George Washington's Farewell Address

a) the United States was facing problems with Mexico

President Polk accepted a compromise with Britain on the Oregon dispute because a) the United States was facing problems with Mexico the British offered a large payment the Russians were becoming involved the people who settled in California were successful

d) King Philip's War

Which of the following was most similar to the Pueblo Revolt? A. Glorious Revolution B. Leisler's Rebellion C. Bacon's Rebellion D. King Philip's War

b) Bartolomeo de las Casas

Who would DISAGREE the most with the Spanish treatment of the Native Americans before the Pueblo Revolt? A. Hernan Cortes B. Bartolomeo de las Casas C. Juan de Oñate D. Juan de Sepulveda

a) European settlers in the colonies believed in the superiority of their own culture and attempted to propagate it.

"...The Brafferton Indian School in at the College of William and Mary in Williamsburg, Virginia... was established so 'that the Christian faith may be propagated amongst the western Indians, to the glory of almighty God...' The hope on the part of the founders was that the students would return to their nations and act as agents of 'civilization' and Christianization amongst their people. The English had trouble filling the school. As one Iroquois chief politely noted, 'We must let you know, we love our children too well, to send them so great a way, . . . We allow it to be good, and we thank you for the invitation; but our customs differing from yours, you will be so good as to excuse us.' Nevertheless, Mattaponis, Pamunkeys, Chickahominys, Nansemonds, and others did attend. Evidence indicates that some tribes sent children for a specific purpose. While the English hoped to create agents for conversion and change amongst the American Indians, the Indians hoped to develop go-betweens or mediators between their people and their white neighbors." William White, published 2011, —The Colonial Virginia Frontier and International Native American Diplomacy 1. Evidence in the excerpt supports the argument that A. European settlers in the colonies believed in the superiority of their own culture and attempted to propagate it. B. European attempts to change American Indian beliefs and worldviews were met with little resistance. C. Africans' cultural and linguistic adaptations to the Western Hemisphere resulted in varying degrees of cultural preservation. D. indentured servants of European descent were the main source of coerced labor in the colonies in the 17th century.

d) efforts to assimilate minority groups

"...The Brafferton Indian School in at the College of William and Mary in Williamsburg, Virginia... was established so 'that the Christian faith may be propagated amongst the western Indians, to the glory of almighty God...' The hope on the part of the founders was that the students would return to their nations and act as agents of 'civilization' and Christianization amongst their people. The English had trouble filling the school. As one Iroquois chief politely noted, 'We must let you know, we love our children too well, to send them so great a way, . . . We allow it to be good, and we thank you for the invitation; but our customs differing from yours, you will be so good as to excuse us.' Nevertheless, Mattaponis, Pamunkeys, Chickahominys, Nansemonds, and others did attend. Evidence indicates that some tribes sent children for a specific purpose. While the English hoped to create agents for conversion and change amongst the American Indians, the Indians hoped to develop go-betweens or mediators between their people and their white neighbors." William White, published 2011, —The Colonial Virginia Frontier and International Native American Diplomacy 2. The excerpt demonstrates which of the following continuities in American History between the 15th and early 20th centuries? A. European territorial displacement of Native Americans B. violations of treaties with Native Americans C. efforts to promote the autonomy of minority groups D. efforts to assimilate minority groups

d) a republican form of government was superior to a monarchy.

"...Were the impulses of conscience clear, uniform and irresistibly obeyed, man would need no other lawgiver; but that not being the case, he finds it necessary to surrender up a part of his property to furnish means for the protection of the rest...Wherefore, security being the true design and end of government, it unanswerably follows that whatever form thereof appears most likely to ensure it to us, with the least expense and greatest benefit, is preferable to all others...." "...as [a] colony increases, the public concerns will increase likewise, and the distance at which the members may be separated, will render it too inconvenient for all of them to meet on every occasion as at first, when their number was small, their habitations near, and the public concerns few and trifling. This will point out the convenience of their consenting to leave the legislative part to be managed by a select number chosen from the whole body.... And as this frequent interchange will establish a common interest with every part of the community, they will mutually and naturally support each other, and on this, (not on the unmeaning name of king,) depends the strength of government, and the happiness of the governed." -Common Sense pamphlet, Thomas Paine, 1776 Question 1A The excerpt could serve as evidence to support the argument that: A. European tensions with Britain and France fueled partisan debates in the 1790s. B. American colonists were united by the economic constraints placed on them by Great Britain. C. many new state constitutions maintained property qualifications for voting and citizenship. D. a republican form of government was superior to a monarchy.

c) characterizes government as being based on a social contract.

"...Were the impulses of conscience clear, uniform and irresistibly obeyed, man would need no other lawgiver; but that not being the case, he finds it necessary to surrender up a part of his property to furnish means for the protection of the rest...Wherefore, security being the true design and end of government, it unanswerably follows that whatever form thereof appears most likely to ensure it to us, with the least expense and greatest benefit, is preferable to all others...." "...as [a] colony increases, the public concerns will increase likewise, and the distance at which the members may be separated, will render it too inconvenient for all of them to meet on every occasion as at first, when their number was small, their habitations near, and the public concerns few and trifling. This will point out the convenience of their consenting to leave the legislative part to be managed by a select number chosen from the whole body.... And as this frequent interchange will establish a common interest with every part of the community, they will mutually and naturally support each other, and on this, (not on the unmeaning name of king,) depends the strength of government, and the happiness of the governed." -Common Sense pamphlet, Thomas Paine, 1776 The excerpt shows the intellectual influence of the Enlightenment in that it: A. seeks to justify political systems with religious theories. B. emphasizes the natural rights and equality of all men. C. characterizes government as being based on a social contract. D. emphasizes the importance of the executive branch of government.

a) the Declaration of Independence

"...Were the impulses of conscience clear, uniform and irresistibly obeyed, man would need no other lawgiver; but that not being the case, he finds it necessary to surrender up a part of his property to furnish means for the protection of the rest...Wherefore, security being the true design and end of government, it unanswerably follows that whatever form thereof appears most likely to ensure it to us, with the least expense and greatest benefit, is preferable to all others...." "...as [a] colony increases, the public concerns will increase likewise, and the distance at which the members may be separated, will render it too inconvenient for all of them to meet on every occasion as at first, when their number was small, their habitations near, and the public concerns few and trifling. This will point out the convenience of their consenting to leave the legislative part to be managed by a select number chosen from the whole body.... And as this frequent interchange will establish a common interest with every part of the community, they will mutually and naturally support each other, and on this, (not on the unmeaning name of king,) depends the strength of government, and the happiness of the governed." -Common Sense pamphlet, Thomas Paine, 1776 Which of the following documents could also serve as evidence to support the main argument of the excerpt? A. the Declaration of Independence B. Report on the Subject of Manufactures C. Kentucky Resolution D. Northwest Ordinance

a) colonial dissatisfaction with it and other restrictions fueled revolutionary fervor.

"And whereas it is just and reasonable, and essential to our interest, and the security of our colonies, that the several nations or tribes of Indians with whom we are connected, and who live under our protection, should not be molested or disturbed in the possession of such parts of our dominions and territories as, not having been ceded to or purchased by us, are reserved to them, or any of them, as their hunting grounds. We do therefore... declare... that no governor or commander in chief in any of our colonies...[may] grant warrants of survey, or pass any patents for lands beyond the bounds of their respective governments." "...We do further strictly enjoin and require all persons whatever who have either willfully or inadvertently seated themselves upon any lands within the countries above described, or upon any other lands which, not having been ceded to or purchased by us, are still reserved to the said Indians as aforesaid, forthwith to remove themselves from such settlements." -King George III, Royal Proclamation, 1763 Question 2A A major effect of the document excerpted above was that: A. colonial dissatisfaction with it and other restrictions fueled revolutionary fervor. B. conflicts between colonists and Native Americans became virtually nonexistent. C. its provisions were strictly enforced even after American independence. D. the British Crown financially compensated colonists who had been displaced by it.

c) English population growth and expansion in the colonies.

"And whereas it is just and reasonable, and essential to our interest, and the security of our colonies, that the several nations or tribes of Indians with whom we are connected, and who live under our protection, should not be molested or disturbed in the possession of such parts of our dominions and territories as, not having been ceded to or purchased by us, are reserved to them, or any of them, as their hunting grounds. We do therefore... declare... that no governor or commander in chief in any of our colonies...[may] grant warrants of survey, or pass any patents for lands beyond the bounds of their respective governments." "...We do further strictly enjoin and require all persons whatever who have either willfully or inadvertently seated themselves upon any lands within the countries above described, or upon any other lands which, not having been ceded to or purchased by us, are still reserved to the said Indians as aforesaid, forthwith to remove themselves from such settlements." -King George III, Royal Proclamation, 1763 The excerpt above serves as a response to: A. the need to raise revenue to defray the costs of the French and Indian War. B. French dominance of North American fur-trading networks. C. English population growth and expansion in the colonies. D. colonial protests of taxation without representation.

a) Conflicts between whites and Indians continued throughout the 18th century, even after the British victory in the struggle for North America.

"Englishman, although you have conquered the French, you have not yet conquered us! We are not your slaves. . . ." "Englishman... the King of France employed our young men to make war upon your nation. In this warfare many of them have been killed, and it is our custom to retaliate until such time as the spirits of the slain are satisfied. But the spirits of the slain are to be satisfied in either of two ways; the first is by the spilling of the blood of the nation by which they fell; the other by covering the bodies of the dead, and thus allaying the resentment of their relations. This is done by making presents." "Englishman, your king has never sent us any presents, . . . wherefore he and we are still at war; and until he does these things we must consider that we have no other father, nor friend among the white men than the King of France. . . ." -Mivana, Chippewa chief, 1761 For which of the following arguments would the excerpt above best serve as evidence? A. Conflicts between whites and Indians continued throughout the 18th century, even after the British victory in the struggle for North America. B. Europeans' willingness to supply Indians with deadly weapons led to French victories in late 18th-century wars. C. Native American tribes forged alliances with each other to create powerful confederacies in the late 18th century. D. European expansion in the late 18th century disrupted existing Indian fur-trade networks with disastrous economic effects.

b) the British government attempted to reduce European encroachment on tribal lands with the Proclamation of 1763.

"Englishman, although you have conquered the French, you have not yet conquered us! We are not your slaves. . . ." "Englishman... the King of France employed our young men to make war upon your nation. In this warfare many of them have been killed, and it is our custom to retaliate until such time as the spirits of the slain are satisfied. But the spirits of the slain are to be satisfied in either of two ways; the first is by the spilling of the blood of the nation by which they fell; the other by covering the bodies of the dead, and thus allaying the resentment of their relations. This is done by making presents." "Englishman, your king has never sent us any presents, . . . wherefore he and we are still at war; and until he does these things we must consider that we have no other father, nor friend among the white men than the King of France. . . ." -Mivana, Chippewa chief, 1761 In effort to address some of the issues mentioned in the above excerpt: A. the new American government attempted to raise the social status of Indians living within towns along the Atlantic seaboard. B. the British government attempted to reduce European encroachment on tribal lands with the Proclamation of 1763. C. the new American government attempted to better govern white settlers along the frontier with the Northwest Ordinance. D. the British government attempted to placate the Indians with cash settlements to compensate them for their loss of land.

a) France's more amicable relations with Native Americans

"Englishman, although you have conquered the French, you have not yet conquered us! We are not your slaves. . . ." "Englishman... the King of France employed our young men to make war upon your nation. In this warfare many of them have been killed, and it is our custom to retaliate until such time as the spirits of the slain are satisfied. But the spirits of the slain are to be satisfied in either of two ways; the first is by the spilling of the blood of the nation by which they fell; the other by covering the bodies of the dead, and thus allaying the resentment of their relations. This is done by making presents." "Englishman, your king has never sent us any presents, . . . wherefore he and we are still at war; and until he does these things we must consider that we have no other father, nor friend among the white men than the King of France. . . ." -Mivana, Chippewa chief, 1761 Which of the following continuities over time does the excerpt illustrate? A. France's more amicable relations with Native Americans B. efforts to assimilate Native Americans into white society C. Native Americans' rejection of European trade goods D. efforts to honor British treaties signed with Native Americans

a) Increased power of the judicial branch because of judicial review

"It is emphatically the province and duty of the judicial department to say what the law is. Those who apply the rule to particular cases, must of necessity expound and interpret that rule. If two laws conflict with each other, the courts must decide on the operation of each. So if a law be in opposition to the constitution: if both the law and the constitution apply to a particular case, so that the court must either decide that case conformably to the law, disregarding the constitution, or conformably to the constitution, disregarding the law: the court must determine which of these conflicting rules governs the case...If then the courts are to regard the constitution; and the constitution is superior to any ordinary act of the legislature; the constitution, and not such ordinary act, must govern the case to which they both apply." Chief Justice John Marshall, Marbury v. Madison, 1803 "The government of the United State, then, though limited in its powers, is supreme; and its laws, when made in pursuance of the constitution form the supreme law of the land, 'any thing in the constitution or laws of the any State to the contrary notwithstanding.'...Among the enumerated powers [in the Constitution], we do not find that of establishing a bank or creating a corporation. But there is no phrase in the instrument which, like the articles of confederation, excludes incidental or implied powers; and which requires that every thing granted shall be expressly and minutely described...[A constitution's] nature, therefore, requires that only its great outlines should be marked, its important objects designated, and the minor ingredients which compose those objects be deduced from the nature of the objects themselves." Chief Justice John Marshall, McCulloch v. Maryland, 1819 1)Marshall's opinion in Marbury v. Madison would most directly lead to a) Increased power of the judicial branch because of judicial review b) Loose construction of the Constitution c) The Supremacy Clause in the Constitution d) The doctrines of nullification and interposition

b) colonial resistance to the British Crown and Parliament.

"The state of nature has a law of nature to govern it, which obliges everyone. That law is reason, and it teaches all mankind, that since we are all equal and independent, no one ought to harm another's life, health, liberty or possessions. Since men are, as has been said, by nature all free, equal, and independent, no one can be put out of this estate and subjected to the political power of another without his own consent. Giving this consent is done by agreeing with other men, to join and unite into a community to promote their comfortable, safe, and peaceable living, and a secure enjoyment of their property. When any number of men have so consented to make one government, the majority has a right to act and conclude the rest. Wherever law ends, tyranny begins. A situation may arise in which the law is transgressed and someone is harmed, and then the monarch exceeds the power given him by the law by making use of force to compass that upon the subject which the law allows not. If this occurs, the monarch may be opposed, just as would any other man who by force invades the right of another." --Second Treatise of Government, John Locke, 1690 Question 2A Reasoning similar to that used in the excerpt was eventually used to justify A. toleration for groups of Christians in Maryland. B. colonial resistance to the British Crown and Parliament. C. the imprisonment of accused witches in Massachusetts. D. stricter British regulation of colonial trade.

c) government is responsible for protecting the people's interests.

"The state of nature has a law of nature to govern it, which obliges everyone. That law is reason, and it teaches all mankind, that since we are all equal and independent, no one ought to harm another's life, health, liberty or possessions. Since men are, as has been said, by nature all free, equal, and independent, no one can be put out of this estate and subjected to the political power of another without his own consent. Giving this consent is done by agreeing with other men, to join and unite into a community to promote their comfortable, safe, and peaceable living, and a secure enjoyment of their property. When any number of men have so consented to make one government, the majority has a right to act and conclude the rest. Wherever law ends, tyranny begins. A situation may arise in which the law is transgressed and someone is harmed, and then the monarch exceeds the power given him by the law by making use of force to compass that upon the subject which the law allows not. If this occurs, the monarch may be opposed, just as would any other man who by force invades the right of another." --Second Treatise of Government, John Locke, 1690 The excerpt provides evidence to support the argument that A. colonies existed to promote the financial interests of their mother countries. B. colonists are virtually represented by the members of Parliament. C. government is responsible for protecting the people's interests. D. the needs of individuals are more important than are the needs of the majority.

d) Enlightenment.

"The state of nature has a law of nature to govern it, which obliges everyone. That law is reason, and it teaches all mankind, that since we are all equal and independent, no one ought to harm another's life, health, liberty or possessions. Since men are, as has been said, by nature all free, equal, and independent, no one can be put out of this estate and subjected to the political power of another without his own consent. Giving this consent is done by agreeing with other men, to join and unite into a community to promote their comfortable, safe, and peaceable living, and a secure enjoyment of their property. When any number of men have so consented to make one government, the majority has a right to act and conclude the rest. Wherever law ends, tyranny begins. A situation may arise in which the law is transgressed and someone is harmed, and then the monarch exceeds the power given him by the law by making use of force to compass that upon the subject which the law allows not. If this occurs, the monarch may be opposed, just as would any other man who by force invades the right of another." --Second Treatise of Government, John Locke, 1690 The excerpt reflects the intellectual influence of A. Protestant Reformation. B. Puritan theology. C. Great Awakening. D. Enlightenment.

a) Columbian Exchange

"Their world, quite literally, changed before the Indians' eyes as European colonists transformed the forest into farmland. . . . In the Southeast, hogs ran wild. Sheep and goats became permanent parts of the economy and culture of Pueblo and Navajo peoples in the Southwest. Horses transformed the lives and cultures of Indian peoples on the plains. Europeans also brought honeybees, black rats, cats, and cockroaches to America." *Colin G. Calloway, historian, First Peoples: A Documentary Survey of American Indian History, 2012 1) The excerpt describes effects of the a) Columbian Exchange b) Great Awakening c) Middle Passage d) European Enlightenment

b) native peoples in the Americas strove to maintain their political and cultural autonomy in the face of European challenges to their independence and core beliefs.

"Unquestionably, one of [the Pueblo] revolt's dimensions was religious... Backed by armed force and not reluctant to use the whip, Catholic missionaries had set out to destroy the ancestral Pueblo world in every respect, including what people could believe and how they could marry, work, live their lives, and pray. When the rebels could capture Franciscan priests, they killed them, sometimes after torturing them. They destroyed Catholic images, tore down mission churches, and defiled the vessels of the Catholic Mass. They put an end to marriages on Christian terms. They restored the kivas where Pueblo men had honored their ancestral Kachinas. With Catholic symbols and Spanish practices gone, the Pueblos set out to restore the lives their ancestors had lived. The Spanish return in 1692 was a military conquest... but it did not lead to a full restoration of their authority, due in part to the Spanish themselves. Secular Spanish officials began trying to rule "their" Indians in enlightened terms. They saw New Mexico not as mission country, where the friars had to be protected as they went about their task of saving Native souls, but rather as a buffer zone, protecting the precious silver mines from the not-so-distant French and even the British. They saw the New Mexican people as possible allies in the game of transcontinental empire, to be courted rather than conquered." -"The Pueblo Revolt", Edward Countryman, published 2011 Question 1A The excerpt provides evidence to support the argument that (WOR-1.0) A. because their religion was largely polytheistic, Native Americans were easily able to incorporate the Christian saints into their existing pantheon of gods. B. native peoples in the Americas strove to maintain their political and cultural autonomy in the face of European challenges to their independence and core beliefs. C. the spread of maize cultivation from present-day Mexico into the American Southwest supported economic and social diversification among societies in these areas. D. Native Americans often revolted against their European oppressors, but these attempted insurrections rarely resulted in any change in the Europeans' treatment of natives.

c) the military and technological strength of the natives.

"Unquestionably, one of [the Pueblo] revolt's dimensions was religious... Backed by armed force and not reluctant to use the whip, Catholic missionaries had set out to destroy the ancestral Pueblo world in every respect, including what people could believe and how they could marry, work, live their lives, and pray. When the rebels could capture Franciscan priests, they killed them, sometimes after torturing them. They destroyed Catholic images, tore down mission churches, and defiled the vessels of the Catholic Mass. They put an end to marriages on Christian terms. They restored the kivas where Pueblo men had honored their ancestral Kachinas. With Catholic symbols and Spanish practices gone, the Pueblos set out to restore the lives their ancestors had lived. The Spanish return in 1692 was a military conquest... but it did not lead to a full restoration of their authority, due in part to the Spanish themselves. Secular Spanish officials began trying to rule "their" Indians in enlightened terms. They saw New Mexico not as mission country, where the friars had to be protected as they went about their task of saving Native souls, but rather as a buffer zone, protecting the precious silver mines from the not-so-distant French and even the British. They saw the New Mexican people as possible allies in the game of transcontinental empire, to be courted rather than conquered." -"The Pueblo Revolt", Edward Countryman, published 2011 The Spanish treatment of the natives after the Pueblo Revolt reflects the (WOR-1.0) A. role of infectious diseases in the colonization of the Americas. B. success of efforts at reform of the Catholic Church in Europe. C. the military and technological strength of the natives. D. declining power of Spain in the 17th century.

c) Polk hoped to get political benefit

"Where, where was the heroic determination of the executive to vindicate our title to the whole of Oregon-yes sir, "THE WHOLE OR NONE"[?]... It has been overly avowed... that Oregon and Texas were born and cradled together in the Baltimore Convention; that they were the twin offspring of that political conclave; and in that avowal may be found the whole explanation of the difficulties and dangers with which the question must be attended... I maintain "1 That this question.. is... one for negotiations, compromise, and amicable adjustment."2. That satisfactory evidence has not yet been afforded that no compromise which the United States ought to accept can be affected."3. That, if no other mode of amicable settlement remains, arbitration ought to be resorted to..." *Robert C. Winthrop, speech to the House of Representatives, "Arbitration of the Oregon Question," January 3, 1846 55) Winthrop suggests that Folk's slogan of "Fifty-four Forty or Fight!" was based mainly on which of the following attitudes? Polk held strong anti-British sentiments Polk believed the country needed more free land c) Polk hoped to get political benefit Polk felt pressure from Southerners

c) The supremacy of federal law

3) South Carolina's Ordinance of Nullification most directly challenged which of the following ideas from McCulloch v. Maryland? a) Strict construction of the Constitution b) Loose construction of the Constitution c) The supremacy of federal law d) The power of judicial review

d) Regional interests continuing to influence political leaders more than national concerns

3) The "Join, or Die." illustration would be most useful in illustrating what later issues that developed in the US? a) The growth of the US economy leading to debates over the amount of government control of the economy b) The emergence of a new national culture in the early 20th century c) The US struggle to create a global presence d) Regional interests continuing to influence political leaders more than national concerns

c) significant population growth and economic development in many parts of Europe

3) The process described in the excerpt most affected Europeans through a) an increase in cooperation among European nations b) a decline in religious activity and the secularization of Europe c) significant population growth and economic development in many parts of Europe d) widespread epidemics of American diseases that decreased European population

c) Viewing it as proof of the higher level of civilization among Europeans

4) Europeans most typically explained the process described in the excerpt in which of the following ways? a) Denying that such changes had taken place b) Interpreting it as evidence of a need to protect the rights of artisans and farmers c) Viewing it as proof of the higher level of civilization among Europeans d) Asserting that all people were equal and deserving of the same rights

a) Great Britain's military and financial advantages

On November 29, 1775, Congress appointed a secret committee of correspondence "for the sole purpose of corresponding with our friends in Great Britain, Ireland, and other parts of the world." Franklin was named to this group along with Benjamin Harrison of Virginia, Thomas Jefferson, John Dickinson, John Jay, and, a few months later, Morris. The committee wasted no time in instructing Arthur Lee to find out how European powers regarded the American rebellion. What the committee had upmost in mind, of course, was the attitude of France. Middlekauff, Robert. The Glorious Cause: The American Revolution, 1763-1789. New York: Oxford University Press. 1982. 4) The secret committees of correspondence would have had particular concern for the attitude of France most directly due to a) Great Britain's military and financial advantages b) The Colonists greater familiarity with the land c) Great Britain's massive debt from the Seven Years' War d) The colonists belief in the superiority of republican government

a) Imperial struggles between Great Britain and France in the Americas

Questions 1-3 refer to the excerpt above: 1) Which of the following most directly prompted the publication of the "Join, or Die." illustration? a) Imperial struggles between Great Britain and France in the Americas b) Indian resistance to encroachment by the Colonies c) Opposition among colonial elites to continued British control d) The spread of ideals from the French Revolution

d) a growing emphasis on a more personal, emotional religious experience.

There is therefore in the spiritual light: a true sense of the divine and superlative excellency of the things of religion; a real sense of the excellency of God and Jesus Christ, and of the work of redemption, and the ways and works of God revealed in the gospel. There is a divine and superlative glory in these things; an excellency that is of a vastly higher kind, and more sublime nature, than in other things; a glory greatly distinguishing them from all that is earthly and temporal. He that is spiritually enlightened truly apprehends and sees it, or has a sense of it. He does not merely rationally believe that God is glorious, but he has a sense of the gloriousness of God in his heart..." -'A Divine and Supernatural Light', Jonathan Edwards, 1733. Question 3A The excerpt above serves as evidence of A. the growth of secular organizations in the colonies. B. colonial support for the establishment of Catholicism as a state religion. C. the prevalence of the Puritan idea that salvation was determined by God before birth. D. a growing emphasis on a more personal, emotional religious experience.

c) the Great Awakening.

There is therefore in the spiritual light: a true sense of the divine and superlative excellency of the things of religion; a real sense of the excellency of God and Jesus Christ, and of the work of redemption, and the ways and works of God revealed in the gospel. There is a divine and superlative glory in these things; an excellency that is of a vastly higher kind, and more sublime nature, than in other things; a glory greatly distinguishing them from all that is earthly and temporal. He that is spiritually enlightened truly apprehends and sees it, or has a sense of it. He does not merely rationally believe that God is glorious, but he has a sense of the gloriousness of God in his heart..." -'A Divine and Supernatural Light', Jonathan Edwards, 1733. The excerpt above should be considered within the historical context of (CUL-1.0) A. the Pueblo Revolt. B. the Enlightenment. C. the Great Awakening. D. Mercantilist economic policies.

d) trans-Atlantic contacts and Protestant evangelism contributed to greater religious independence and diversity in the American colonies.

There is therefore in the spiritual light: a true sense of the divine and superlative excellency of the things of religion; a real sense of the excellency of God and Jesus Christ, and of the work of redemption, and the ways and works of God revealed in the gospel. There is a divine and superlative glory in these things; an excellency that is of a vastly higher kind, and more sublime nature, than in other things; a glory greatly distinguishing them from all that is earthly and temporal. He that is spiritually enlightened truly apprehends and sees it, or has a sense of it. He does not merely rationally believe that God is glorious, but he has a sense of the gloriousness of God in his heart..." -'A Divine and Supernatural Light', Jonathan Edwards, 1733. The excerpt above supports the argument that A. the goals and interests of European leaders at times diverged from those of colonial citizens, leading to growing mistrust on both sides of the Atlantic. B. late 17th-century efforts to pursue mercantilist economic aims met with scant success due to various forms of colonial resistance. C. the ethnically and religiously diverse middle colonies supported a flourishing export economy based on cereal crops. D. trans-Atlantic contacts and Protestant evangelism contributed to greater religious independence and diversity in the American colonies.

a) George Whitefield

There is therefore in the spiritual light: a true sense of the divine and superlative excellency of the things of religion; a real sense of the excellency of God and Jesus Christ, and of the work of redemption, and the ways and works of God revealed in the gospel. There is a divine and superlative glory in these things; an excellency that is of a vastly higher kind, and more sublime nature, than in other things; a glory greatly distinguishing them from all that is earthly and temporal. He that is spiritually enlightened truly apprehends and sees it, or has a sense of it. He does not merely rationally believe that God is glorious, but he has a sense of the gloriousness of God in his heart..." -'A Divine and Supernatural Light', Jonathan Edwards, 1733. Which thinker's ideas were most similar to those presented in the excerpt? A. George Whitefield B. John Calvin C. Bartolomeo de las Casas D. Martin Luther

b) European exploration and conquest were fueled by a desire for new sources of wealth, increased power and status, and converts to Christianity.

This western discovery will be greatly for the enlargement of the gospel of Christ whereunto the princes of the reformed religion are chiefly bound... Then it is necessary for the salvation of those poor people who have sat so long in darkness and in the shadow of death that preachers should be sent unto them. . . . Now the means to send such as shall labor effectually in this business is by planting one or two colonies of our nation upon that firm [land], where they may remain in safety, and first learn the language of the people near adjoining... and by little and little acquaint themselves with their manner and so with discretion and mildness distill into their purged minds the sweet and lively lines of the gospel: Otherwise for preachers to run unto them rashly without some such preparation for their safety, it [might lead to] their apparent and certain destruction..." --Discourse of Western Planting, Richard Hakluyt, 1584 3. The excerpt above provides support for the argument that: A. the introduction of new crops and livestock by the Spanish had far-reaching effects on economic, social, and political development in the Western Hemisphere. B. European exploration and conquest were fueled by a desire for new sources of wealth, increased power and status, and converts to Christianity. C. new sources of mineral wealth from the Americas facilitated the European shift from feudalism to capitalism. D. in spite of slavery, Africans' cultural adaptations to the Western Hemisphere resulted in varying degrees of cultural preservation and autonomy.

b) the decimation of Native American populations by smallpox

This western discovery will be greatly for the enlargement of the gospel of Christ whereunto the princes of the reformed religion are chiefly bound... Then it is necessary for the salvation of those poor people who have sat so long in darkness and in the shadow of death that preachers should be sent unto them. . . . Now the means to send such as shall labor effectually in this business is by planting one or two colonies of our nation upon that firm [land], where they may remain in safety, and first learn the language of the people near adjoining... and by little and little acquaint themselves with their manner and so with discretion and mildness distill into their purged minds the sweet and lively lines of the gospel: Otherwise for preachers to run unto them rashly without some such preparation for their safety, it [might lead to] their apparent and certain destruction..." --Discourse of Western Planting, Richard Hakluyt, 1584 Which of the following effects of European colonization was foreshadowed by the excerpt? A. Maryland's 1649 act promoting tolerance for Christians who believed in the holy trinity B. the decimation of Native American populations by smallpox C. Pueblo Indians' 1680 rebellion against Spanish rule D. inflation of European economies due to the influx of colonial silver

d) French and Indian War.

This western discovery will be greatly for the enlargement of the gospel of Christ whereunto the princes of the reformed religion are chiefly bound... Then it is necessary for the salvation of those poor people who have sat so long in darkness and in the shadow of death that preachers should be sent unto them. . . . Now the means to send such as shall labor effectually in this business is by planting one or two colonies of our nation upon that firm [land], where they may remain in safety, and first learn the language of the people near adjoining... and by little and little acquaint themselves with their manner and so with discretion and mildness distill into their purged minds the sweet and lively lines of the gospel: Otherwise for preachers to run unto them rashly without some such preparation for their safety, it [might lead to] their apparent and certain destruction..." --Discourse of Western Planting, Richard Hakluyt, 1584 Which of the following effects of European colonization was foreshadowed by the excerpt? 5. The excerpt was written within the context of the: A. Progressive Era. B. Protestant Reformation. C. Great Awakening. D. French and Indian War.

c) prevalence of the belief in the superiority of white culture

This western discovery will be greatly for the enlargement of the gospel of Christ whereunto the princes of the reformed religion are chiefly bound... Then it is necessary for the salvation of those poor people who have sat so long in darkness and in the shadow of death that preachers should be sent unto them. . . . Now the means to send such as shall labor effectually in this business is by planting one or two colonies of our nation upon that firm [land], where they may remain in safety, and first learn the language of the people near adjoining... and by little and little acquaint themselves with their manner and so with discretion and mildness distill into their purged minds the sweet and lively lines of the gospel: Otherwise for preachers to run unto them rashly without some such preparation for their safety, it [might lead to] their apparent and certain destruction..." --Discourse of Western Planting, Richard Hakluyt, 15846. Which of the following continuities present throughout the 15th-early 20th centuries of US History is directly reflected in the excerpt? A. bipartisan structure of American politics B. tendency toward westward territorial expansion C. prevalence of the belief in the superiority of white culture D. separation of church and state

a) The two countries should submit their claims to arbitration

Which of the following did Winthrop offer as a final way to settle the Oregon question? a) The two countries should submit their claims to arbitration The two countries should negotiate until they reached a compromise The United States should annex the land and settle it The United States should purchase the land from Great Britain