APUSH Period 1-3 Questions
"We must allwayes haveing before our eyes our Commission and Community in the worke, our Community as members of the same body, ...the Lord will be our God and delight to dwell among us, as his owne people and will commaund a blessing upon us in all our wayes, ...New England...shall be as a Citty upon a Hill, the eies of all people are uppon us... Therefore lett us choose life, that wee, and our Seede, may live; by obeyeing his voyce, and cleaveing to him, for hee is our life, and our prosperity." John Winthrop, "City on a Hill" (1630) Which of the following resulted from the establishment of the New England colonies by Winthrop and other likeminded leaders? A) The development of a thriving, homogenous society B) An intense focus on cultivating cash crops for export C) The immediate rejection of all forms of forced labor D) A welcoming and tolerant approach to newcomers and dissenters
A
"[I had] instructions to seize and prosecute all goods & vessels trading contrary to law...I performed my duty with diligence and seal, but was always opposed in open court by the Magistrates, and by seizeures and prosecution (though made upon very plain evidence) were ended ineffectual, for the juries...all [the members of which] agreeing that the power of the [Royal] Commons of the Customs in matters of trade, did not extend to their colony...they support themselves in an open violation of the act of trade and will so continue to do..." Edward Randolph, imperial agent, 1690 The passage above reveals that A) Colonial merchants and officials resisted royal barriers to free trade B) Colonists sought to undermine the cultivation and sale of tobacco C) Colonies had no functioning courts D) The English government received a great amount of profit from trade
A
"It is important for us my brothers that we exterminate from our land this nation which only seeks to kill us.... When I go to the English chief to tell him that some of our comrades are dead...he makes fun of me and you. When I ask him for something for our sick, he refuses, and tells me he has no need of us. You can well see by that that he seeks our ruin....There is no more time to lose, and when the English shall be defeated...we shall cut off the passage so that they cannot come back to our country..." Pontiac, Ottawa Chief, 1763 Which of the following contributed most directly to the views expressed by Pontiac? A) Colonial beliefs in the superiority of republican forms of government B) Threats to American Indian autonomy by English settlers C) British alliances with American Indians D) Attempts towards unity among colonial settlers
B
"We found the region inhabited by a race of people who were entirely naked, both men and women ... They have no laws, and no religious belief, but live according to the dictates of nature alone. They know nothing of the immortality of the soul; they have no private property, but everything in common, they have no boundaries or province, they obey no king or lord, for it is wholly each one is his own master... They made wars against each other, although they had neither kings, nor kingdoms, nor property of any kind... When we asked them about this, they gave us no other reason that that they did so to avenge the murder of their ancestors." Amerigo Vespucci, Spanish Explorer, 1502 Based on the excerpt, Vespucci would most likely support which of the following? A) The exchange of plants and animals between the Western Hemisphere and Europe. B) The Christianizing of Native Americans by European missionaries. C) Accommodation and acceptance of some aspects of Native American culture. D) The assertion that Native American were equal to Europeans and deserved the same rights
B
"But Philip charged it to be dishonesty in us to put off the Hearing the just Complaints, therefore we consented to hear them. They said thay had bine the first in doing Good to the English, and the English the first in doing Rong... he constrained other Indians from ronging the English, and gave them Corn and shewed them how to plant... But their King's Brother, [Massasoit] when he was King, came miserably to die by being forced to Court, as they judge poysoned.... Another Grievance was, when their King sold Land, the English would say, it was more than they agreed to, and a Writing must be prove against all them, and some of their Kings had dun Rong to sell so much.... We endeavored that however they Should lay down the War, for the English were to strong for them...." John Easton, English settler, discussing the concerns of King Philip (Metacom), in A Relation of the Indian War, 1675. Which of the following contributed most directly to the concerns expressed by King Philip (Metacom)? A) Social tensions between backcountry settlers and elites along the coastline B) Frequent trade between American Indians and the French and English C) Conflicts with American Indians over land, resources, and political boundaries D) British enforcement of imperial policies in the colonies
C
"....Slaveholders severely circumscribed the lives of enslaved people, but they never fully defined them. Slaves were neither extensions of their owners' will nor products of the market's demand. The slaves' history - like all human history - was made not only by what was done to them but also by what they did for themselves." Ira Berlin, historian, Many Thousands Gone, published in 1998 Which of the following directly helped slaveholders to maintain and dictate "the lives of enslaved people?" A) The economic advantages of African slavery over indentured servitude. B) The vast numbers of African slaves imported into the colonies for the emerging plantation system C) The skills of Africans which allowed them to adapt to tobacco and rice production. D) Laws passed by the colonies that created strict racial system and defined the descendants of African American mothers as black and enslaved in perpetuity.
D
(map of Spanish Louisiana) After American independence was achieved, the continuation of the settlement trends illustrated by this map resulted in A) The development of a homogenous, national culture. B) Reduced conflicts between settlers and Native Americans. C) Isolation from conflict with European powers. D) An increase in support for a centralized government.
D
"As to the history of the revolution, my ideas may be peculiar, perhaps singular. What do we mean by the revolution? The war? That was no part of the revolution; it was only an effect and consequence of it. The revolution was in the minds of the people, and this was effected from 1760 to 1775, in the course of fifteen years, before a drop of blood was shed at Lexington." Former president John Adams to former president Thomas Jefferson, August 1815 "There is nothing more common than to confound the terms of the American Revolution with those of the late American war. The American war is over: but this is far from being the case with the American Revolution. On the contrary, nothing but the first act of the great drama is closed. It remains yet to establish and perfect our new forms of government; and to prepare the principles, morals, and manners of our citizens, for these forms of government, after they are established and brought to perfection." Benjamin Rush, signer of the Declaration of Independence and delegate to the Continental Congress, January 1787 Using the excerpts, answer (a), (b), and (c). a) Briefly describe ONE significant difference between Adams' understanding and Rush's understanding of the American Revolution. b) Briefly explain how ONE specific historical event or development from the period between 1760 and 1800 could be used to support Adams' interpretation. c) Briefly explain how ONE specific historical event or development from the period between 1760 and 1800 could be used to support Rush's interpretation.
My answer: A) One significant difference between Adams' understanding and Rush's understanding of the American revolution is what they specifically consider the revolution. Adams sees the revolution as being the development of ideas of freedom and equality in the minds of the people, before any fighting has even began. However, Rush sees the revolution as being the spread of new ideas and the establishment of new forms of government based on new principles that were put into place after the war. B) One specific historical development that could be used to support Adams' interpretation is the circulation of Enlightenment ideas and works, such as Two Treatises on Government by John Locke. In this book, Locke writes that all people are entitled to the natural rights of life, liberty, and property. He states that a government is meant to protect these rights and if they do not then the people have the right to overthrow them. This supports Adams' argument because ideas like these being circulated during this period caused the revolution in the minds of the people as they began to recognize violations of their rights. C) One specific historical development that could be used to support Rush's interpretation is the ideas of Republicanism in the Declaration of Independence. The Declaration of Independence espoused the ideas of natural rights, equality, and representation within government. This supports Rush's argument, because it led to the attainment of independence and the establishment of republican forms of government.
Recurring epidemics allowed Indian populations no opportunity to bounce back from earlier losses. They cut down economic productivity, generating hunger and famine, which rendered those who survived one disease more vulnerable to affliction by the next... It is likely that in what is today the United States, Indian population stood at somewhere between 5 million and 10 million in 1492. By 1800, the figure had fallen to around 600,000. By contrast, the European population of the English colonies in America doubled every twenty-five years in the late eighteenth century. - Colin G. Calloway Although the Indians lack of prior exposure may have left them vulnerable to European pathogens, the specific contribution of such genetic or environmental factors is probably unknowable. In contrast, the analyses clearly show that the fates of individual populations depended on contingent factors of their physical, economic, social and political environments. These new understandings of the mechanisms of depopulation require historians to be extremely careful in their writings about American Indian epidemics. -David S. Jones a) Briefly explain ONE specific historical difference between Calloway's and Jones' interpretations. b) Briefly explain how ONE specific historical event or development not explicitly mentioned in the excerpts could be used to support Calloway's interpretation. c) Briefly explain how ONE specific historical event or development not explicitly mentioned in the excerpts could be used to support Jones' interpretation.
Period 1 SAQ
"...Be it enacted,...no goods or merchandises whatsoever shall be imported into, or exported out of, any colony or plantation... or carried from any one port or place in the said colonies or plantations to any other,... in any ship or bottom but what is or shall be of the build of England,... or the said colonies or plantations, and wholly owned by the people thereof." The Navigation Act of 1696 Which of the following historical developments explains why the British focused on trade regulation of the colonies? A) Changing beliefs surrounding the Great Awakening B) The requirements of the Atlantic slave compelled British policy to focus on trade C) The influence of Enlightenment ideas D) The policy of Salutary Neglect influenced Parliamentary decisions
not B
2015 SAQ Question 1
period 2 SAQ
"...For having, upon specious pretenses of public works, raised great unjust taxes upon the commonalty for the advancement of private favorites and other sinister ends... ...For having protected, favored, and emboldened the Indians against his Majesty's loyal subjects, never contriving, requiring, or appointing any due or proper means of satisfaction for their many invasions, robberies, and murders committed upon us. ...For the prevention of civil mischief and ruin amongst ourselves while the barbarous enemy in all places did invade, murder, and spoil us, his Majesty's most faithful subjects. Of this and the aforesaid articles we accuse Sir William Berkeley as guilty of each and every one of the same, and as one who has traitorously attempted, violated, and injured his Majesty's interest here by a loss of a great part of this his colony and many of his faithful loyal subjects by him betrayed and in a barbarous and shameful manner exposed to the incursions and murder of the heathen..." Declaration of Nathaniel Bacon in the Name of the People of Virginia, 1676. Compared to New England, the early economic structure of Virginia and Maryland was characterized by A) A single cash crop economy and an economic divide between the planter class and tenants B) A diversified economy and little disparity between the lower and upper classes C) An agricultural economy with many immigrants from multiple areas of Europe with varying skill levels D) A diversified economy centered around family units and the production of ship building and forestry
A
"I conceive there lies a clear rule...that the elder women should instruct the younger and then I must have a time wherein I must do it." "If any come to may house to be instructed in the ways of God what rule have I to put them away?" "The power of the Holy Spirit dwelleth perfectly in every believer, and the inward revelations of her own spirit, and the conscious judgment of her own mind are of authority paramount to any word of God." Anne Hutchinson The excerpts from Anne Hutchinson best represent which of the following developments in the Massachusetts Bay Colony in the 1630s? A) Growing challenges by dissenters to civil authorities B) Efforts to raise the level of education for young girls and women C) Growing disagreement over the expansion of legal rights in the colonial charter D) Efforts by colonial women to establish independent communities separate from men
A
"The English expectation of the New World and its inhabitants died hard. America was supposed to be a land of abundance, people by natives who would not only share that abundance, peopled by natives who would not only share that abundance with the English but increase it under English direction. Englishmen simply did not envisage a need to work for the mere purpose of staying alive. The problem of survival as they saw it was at best political and at worst military." "Although Englishmen long remained under the illusion that the Indians would eventually become useful English subjects, it became apparent fairly early that Indian labor was not going to sustain the founders of Jamestown [Virginia]." Edmund S. Morgan, historian, "The Labor Problem At Jamestown, 1607-08," published in 1971 Compared to New England, early English settlement in Virginia and Maryland was characterized by A) Lower life expectancy, a larger population of indentured servants and a greater gender imbalance B) Lower life expectancy, many immigrants from Spanish colonies and a diversified economy C) Higher life expectancy, government organized at the village level and an established church D) Higher life expectancy, greater population diversity and rapid urbanization
A
"The Pueblo Indian population was in a steady decline that harked back to the 1540s...Wave after wave of smallpox, influenza, and other European introductions took their toll...But more than disease was doing the grim work. Famines occurred with sorry regularity, the result of periodic droughts exacerbated by increasing use of the land by the Spanish settlers for livestock, causing overgrazing and erosion. Nor was there any let-up in demand for tribute by the Spanish overlords." - Jake Page, In the Hands of the Great Spirit (2004) On what grounds did the Europeans described in the passage justify their control over the Native Americans? A) Their racial and theological supremacy B) Their supposed superior technological knowledge C) Their defeat of other European colonial powers D) Their numerical advantage
A
"We found the region inhabited by a race of people who were entirely naked, both men and women ... They have no laws, and no religious belief, but live according to the dictates of nature alone. They know nothing of the immortality of the soul; they have no private property, but everything in common, they have no boundaries or province, they obey no king or lord, for it is wholly each one is his own master... They made wars against each other, although they had neither kings, nor kingdoms, nor property of any kind... When we asked them about this, they gave us no other reason that that they did so to avenge the murder of their ancestors." Amerigo Vespucci, Spanish Explorer, 1502 The viewpoints described in the excerpt by Vespucci most directly foreshadowed which of the following developments? A) The creation of Spanish encomiendas and caste system to support plantation-based agriculture B) The development of a thriving fur trading network between Indians and European settlers C) The establishment of vast English colonial settlements along the Atlantic coast D) The spread of African slavery in the Western Hemisphere
A
"We must allwayes haveing before our eyes our Commission and Community in the worke, our Community as members of the same body, ...the Lord will be our God and delight to dwell among us, as his owne people and will commaund a blessing upon us in all our wayes, ...New England...shall be as a Citty upon a Hill, the eies of all people are uppon us... Therefore lett us choose life, that wee, and our Seede, may live; by obeyeing his voyce, and cleaveing to him, for hee is our life, and our prosperity." John Winthrop, "City on a Hill" (1630) Which of the following best explains the purpose of the colony founded by Winthrop and other leaders in New England? A) To establish a permanent community of believers sharing a common faith B) To missionize the Native Americans they encountered C) To create an experiment in democracy based in Christian values D) To open relations with settlers from other European nations
A
"When the ships have landed at Philadelphia after their long voyage, no one is permitted to leave them except those who pay for their passage or can give good security...Work and labor in this new and wild land are very hard and manifold, and many a one who came there in his old age must work very hard to his end for his bread.... Work mostly consists in cutting wood, felling oak-trees, rooting out, or as they say there, clearing large tracts of forest. Such forests, being cleared, are then laid out for fields and meadows. From the best hewn wood, fences are made around the new fields; for there all meadows, orchards and fruit-fields, are surrounded and fenced in with planks made of thickly-split wood, laid one above the other, as in zigzag lines, and within such enclosures, horses, cattle, and sheep, are permitted to graze." Gottlieb Mittleberger, Work and Labor in this New and Wild Land are Very Hard, a German Migrant in Philadelphia, 1750. Which of the following would be a major difference between the New England colonies and the middle colonies? A) The middle colonies often created laws establishing religious freedom and tolerance B) The New England colonies created more self-governing institutions locally. C) The New England colonies attracted more religious settlers. D) The middle colonies relied more on the triangular trade.
A
(Map shows artic, northwest, northeast, great plaine, etc.) The diversity among the many tribes depicted on this map can best be attributed to which of the following? A) Interactions with the unique environments in which each group developed B) Available technologies and systems of organization C) The presence (or absence) of developed trade networks D) Varying degrees of reliance upon the forced labor of conquered groups
A
(states as columns with North Carolina and Rhode Island falling over) The image most directly reflects the belief held by many in 1788 that A) a stronger central government was a positive step B) political democracy had not extended far enough C) rebellions in the Caribbean had the potential to spread northward D) outlawing slavery in all states was a desired goal
A
"As the American colonies continued to develop in the eighteenth century, Britain placed increasing restrictions on American manufactures to protect its burgeoning domestic industries. No products were expressly forbidden, but the size of markets was limited and the building of new factories and mills for producing certain goods was forbidden. Had these acts been scrupulously enforced, they would have severely impacted the developing economies of the North American colonies." John Steele Gordon, historian, The Epic History of American Economic Power, published in 2004. Which of the following is most directly related to the British policy described above? A) The Great Awakening B) Mercantilism C) The Triangular Trade D) The Enlightenment
B
"Between 1500 and 1800, Western Europe experienced a historically unprecedented period of sustained growth, perhaps the 'First Great Divergence,' making this area substantially richer than Asia and Eastern Europe by the beginning of the 19th century... This pattern, at least in part, reflects the direct effects of 'Atlantic trade' between Europe and America ... Profits from Atlantic trade and colonialism strengthened new merchant groups, and opened the way for changes in political institutions, which constrained expropriation by the monarchy and other established groups, encouraged commerce and production for the market, and enabled the emergence of new organizational forms and technologies." Daron Acemoglu, Simon Johnson, and James Robinson, "The Rise Of Europe: Atlantic Trade, Institutional Change, And Economic Growth," American Economic Review (2005, v95) Which of the following developments made possible the economic developments described in the passage? A) Fragmentation of power among European monarchs B) Improvements in maritime technology C) The development of a belief in white superiority D) Native resistance to European colonization
B
"But Philip charged it to be dishonesty in us to put off the Hearing the just Complaints, therefore we consented to hear them. They said thay had bine the first in doing Good to the English, and the English the first in doing Rong... he constrained other Indians from ronging the English, and gave them Corn and shewed them how to plant... But their King's Brother, [Massasoit] when he was King, came miserably to die by being forced to Court, as they judge poysoned.... Another Grievance was, when their King sold Land, the English would say, it was more than they agreed to, and a Writing must be prove against all them, and some of their Kings had dun Rong to sell so much.... We endeavored that however they Should lay down the War, for the English were to strong for them...." John Easton, English settler, discussing the concerns of King Philip (Metacom), in A Relation of the Indian War, 1675. The Easton's documentation of King Philip's concerns was most likely intended to do which of the following? A) Foster trade between the Wampanoag Indians and the English settlers. B) Support peace negotiations between the Wampanoag Indians and the Plymouth colony leaders. C) Forge an alliance between the Wampanoag Indians and English settlers. D) Express concerns voiced by English settlers in the Plymouth colony.
B
"For the increase of shipping and encouragement of the navigation of this nation wherein...be it enacted by the king's most excellent Majesty, and by the Lords and Commons in this present Parliament assembled...[that] no goods or commodities whatsoever shall be imported into or exported out of any lands, islands, plantations, or territories to his Majesty...in any other ships or vessels as do truly and without fraud belong only to the people of England or Ireland...and whereof the master and three-fourths of the mariners at least are English." Navigation Act (1660) Which of the following best explains the result of the enactment of laws like the one excerpted above? A) Intensifying hostility between American Indians and the British colonists as the settlers sought to expand their territorial control B) A general disregard for the laws among colonists and a sense of indifference on the part of the British government C) An increase in class and social divisions among British colonists, contributing to the significant diversity present within the North American colonies D) Rapid rise in the profitability of the British colonies from the perspective of the British monarchy
B
"In 1689, King William's War (War of the Augsburg Succession) broke out between England and France, and soon engulfed much of Europe...In North America, the warfare quickly assumed the characteristics that would continue through four successive wars. With their armies bogged down in Europe, neither France nor England could commit significant forces to North America. With each war, France and England would boost the number of troops they committed to the New World. But the colonists were mostly forced to decide North America's fate on their own. Colonial troops and their Indian allies waged war through raids and occasional major campaigns..." -William R. Nester, The Great Frontier War (2000) Which of the following developments most directly stems from the characteristics of the imperial wars described by William Nester? A) A decline in the status and presence of Dutch and Spanish settlers in North America, ultimately resulting in the consolidation of control in the hands of the French and the British B) The slow growth of dissatisfaction among (especially British) colonists over the Crown's handling of territorial affairs in the New World C) The solidification of royal power over the colonies, who relied on the Crown for defense in times of significant warfare D) A gradual relaxation of tensions in the New World between the British and French colonists who identified more closely with one another than with their imperial governors
B
"Spain had a grand imperial plan that it pursued with notable consistency: ...convert the native peoples to Catholicism, follow military conquest with military rule, and eventually defer to colonial elites for the orderly administration of its possessions. Britain had no comparably systematic plan. It showed relatively little interest in converting the Indians, tolerated all kinds of immigrants to its colonies, [and] long left them alone to cultivate institutions of self-government and representative democracy... The two empires left consequential and contrasting legacies of political stability in the United States and chronic political turmoil in Latin America." David M. Kennedy and Lizabeth Cohen, "Europeanizing America or Americanizing Europe?" The American Pageant (2013) Which of the following best supports the authors' claims in the above passage? A) The expansive network of trade alliances that developed between Spanish colonists and Native Americans B) The growth of an autonomous, American society within British colonial holdings C) The development of large-scale export economies in British North America D) The growth of the Atlantic slave trade, especially in the Spanish Caribbean colonies
B
"The English expectation of the New World and its inhabitants died hard. America was supposed to be a land of abundance, people by natives who would not only share that abundance, peopled by natives who would not only share that abundance with the English but increase it under English direction. Englishmen simply did not envisage a need to work for the mere purpose of staying alive. The problem of survival as they saw it was at best political and at worst military." "Although Englishmen long remained under the illusion that the Indians would eventually become useful English subjects, it became apparent fairly early that Indian labor was not going to sustain the founders of Jamestown [Virginia]." Edmund S. Morgan, historian, "The Labor Problem At Jamestown, 1607-08," published in 1971 In the first half of the 1600s, American Indians in Virginia and Maryland most typically responded to the English colonization described in the excerpt by A) Organizing communities to adopt English customs B) Defending their territory against the English C) Voluntarily moving farther west, away from the English D) Allying with the French to counter English encroachment
B
(map of Spanish Louisiana) Which of the following developments prompted the British to prohibit colonial expansion beyond the Proclamation Line of 1763? A) Continued conflict between American colonists and French settlers B) A series of Native American uprisings that destabilized the frontier C) British inability to effectively govern the inland areas of the continent D) Threats by the Spanish against westward-moving colonists
B
(states as columns with North Carolina and Rhode Island falling over) Which of the following most directly addressed reservations about the process depicted in the image? A) The rise of sectional unity in the new republic B) The addition of the Bill of Rights to the Constitution C) The establishment of the nation's first political parties D) The election of George Washington as the nation's first president
B
"...For having, upon specious pretenses of public works, raised great unjust taxes upon the commonalty for the advancement of private favorites and other sinister ends... ...For having protected, favored, and emboldened the Indians against his Majesty's loyal subjects, never contriving, requiring, or appointing any due or proper means of satisfaction for their many invasions, robberies, and murders committed upon us. ...For the prevention of civil mischief and ruin amongst ourselves while the barbarous enemy in all places did invade, murder, and spoil us, his Majesty's most faithful subjects. Of this and the aforesaid articles we accuse Sir William Berkeley as guilty of each and every one of the same, and as one who has traitorously attempted, violated, and injured his Majesty's interest here by a loss of a great part of this his colony and many of his faithful loyal subjects by him betrayed and in a barbarous and shameful manner exposed to the incursions and murder of the heathen..." Declaration of Nathaniel Bacon in the Name of the People of Virginia, 1676. The view expressed by Bacon would most likely have found support with which of the following groups? A) The Chesapeake planter class B) Enslaved African Americans C) Indentured servants D) Land-holding farmers
C
"...For having, upon specious pretenses of public works, raised great unjust taxes upon the commonalty for the advancement of private favorites and other sinister ends... ...For having protected, favored, and emboldened the Indians against his Majesty's loyal subjects, never contriving, requiring, or appointing any due or proper means of satisfaction for their many invasions, robberies, and murders committed upon us. ...For the prevention of civil mischief and ruin amongst ourselves while the barbarous enemy in all places did invade, murder, and spoil us, his Majesty's most faithful subjects. Of this and the aforesaid articles we accuse Sir William Berkeley as guilty of each and every one of the same, and as one who has traitorously attempted, violated, and injured his Majesty's interest here by a loss of a great part of this his colony and many of his faithful loyal subjects by him betrayed and in a barbarous and shameful manner exposed to the incursions and murder of the heathen..." -- Declaration of Nathaniel Bacon in the Name of the People of Virginia, 1676. The view expressed by Bacon would most likely have found support with which of the following groups? A) The Chesapeake planter class B) Enslaved African Americans C) Indentured servants D) Land-holding farmers
C
"African American slavery evolved slowly in the seventeenth-century American South... Opportunities in the economically diverse Northeast proved much more attractive to immigrants than the staple-crop agriculture of Virginia and the Carolinas, making for permanent labor shortages in the South...How could these English colonists, so steeped in the Enlightenment principles of liberty and constitutionalism, enslave other human beings? The answer is harsh and simple: British colonists convinced themselves that Africans were not really human beings—that they were property—and thus legitimate subjects for enslavement within the framework of English liberty...When combined with perceived economic necessity, English racism and rationalization for enslavement of African people became entrenched." Larry Schweikart and Michael Allen, A Patriot's History of the United States (2004) Which of the following details best supports the argument made in the passage above? A) The rise of the merchant economy in the New England colonies B) The development of a caste system that included members of mixed race C) The establishment of strong codes supporting chattel slavery D) The decline in the Atlantic slave trade as an inter-colonial slave trade took off
C
"Between 1500 and 1800, Western Europe experienced a historically unprecedented period of sustained growth, perhaps the 'First Great Divergence,' making this area substantially richer than Asia and Eastern Europe by the beginning of the 19th century... This pattern, at least in part, reflects the direct effects of 'Atlantic trade' between Europe and America ... Profits from Atlantic trade and colonialism strengthened new merchant groups, and opened the way for changes in political institutions, which constrained expropriation by the monarchy and other established groups, encouraged commerce and production for the market, and enabled the emergence of new organizational forms and technologies." Daron Acemoglu, Simon Johnson, and James Robinson, "The Rise Of Europe: Atlantic Trade, Institutional Change, And Economic Growth," American Economic Review (2005, v95) Which of the following developments made possible the economic developments described in the passage? A) Native resistance to European colonization B) The development of a belief in white superiority C) Improvements in maritime technology D) Fragmentation of power among European monarchs
C
"Between 1500 and 1800, Western Europe experienced a historically unprecedented period of sustained growth, perhaps the 'First Great Divergence,' making this area substantially richer than Asia and Eastern Europe by the beginning of the 19th century... This pattern, at least in part, reflects the direct effects of 'Atlantic trade' between Europe and America ... Profits from Atlantic trade and colonialism strengthened new merchant groups, and opened the way for changes in political institutions, which constrained expropriation by the monarchy and other established groups, encouraged commerce and production for the market, and enabled the emergence of new organizational forms and technologies." Daron Acemoglu, Simon Johnson, and James Robinson, "The Rise Of Europe: Atlantic Trade, Institutional Change, And Economic Growth," American Economic Review (2005, v95) Which of the following most strongly motivated Western European powers like the Spanish and Portuguese A) A desire to form settlements to relieve European population pressure B) Intense internal pressure from the rising merchant class C) Competition among rival nations for power and prestige D) Revolutionary zeal among political reformers
C
"In 1689, King William's War (War of the Augsburg Succession) broke out between England and France, and soon engulfed much of Europe...In North America, the warfare quickly assumed the characteristics that would continue through four successive wars. With their armies bogged down in Europe, neither France nor England could commit significant forces to North America. With each war, France and England would boost the number of troops they committed to the New World. But the colonists were mostly forced to decide North America's fate on their own. Colonial troops and their Indian allies waged war through raids and occasional major campaigns..." -William R. Nester, The Great Frontier War (2000) Although the conflicts described in the passage stem from imperial competition, most European colonists in North America were more concerned with A) the extermination of Native American groups that threatened permanent settlements. B) the security and preservation of colonial borders, where settlements were constantly under the threat of attack from rival colonists. C) the development of a thriving economy centered on resources and driven by exports. D) the consolidation of control over sources of labor, particularly enslaved Africans and Native Americans.
C
"In 1689, King William's War (War of the Augsburg Succession) broke out between England and France, and soon engulfed much of Europe...In North America, the warfare quickly assumed the characteristics that would continue through four successive wars. With their armies bogged down in Europe, neither France nor England could commit significant forces to North America. With each war, France and England would boost the number of troops they committed to the New World. But the colonists were mostly forced to decide North America's fate on their own. Colonial troops and their Indian allies waged war through raids and occasional major campaigns..." -William R. Nester, The Great Frontier War (2000) Which of the following most clearly characterized North American imperial conflicts as described in the passage above? A) The advancement of the fur trade in France's North American colonies B) The quickly advancing military technology committed by the French and English to the imperial wars C) The involvement of American Indian groups in a complex and conflicted system of alliances D) The rapid increase in the population of non-English colonists along the Atlantic seaboard
C
"It is important for us my brothers that we exterminate from our land this nation which only seeks to kill us.... When I go to the English chief to tell him that some of our comrades are dead...he makes fun of me and you. When I ask him for something for our sick, he refuses, and tells me he has no need of us. You can well see by that that he seeks our ruin....There is no more time to lose, and when the English shall be defeated...we shall cut off the passage so that they cannot come back to our country..." Pontiac, Ottawa Chief, 1763 The British government reacted to concerns expressed by Pontiac by? A) Opening all British territory to white settlement B) Expanding missionary settlements in California C) Creating a line of demarcation protecting western Native American lands from settlement D) Settling trade disputes with the French
C
"Now it pleased God to send Mr. Whitefield into this land; and my hearing of his preaching at Philadelphia, like one of the Old apostles, and many thousands flocking to hear him preach the Gospel, and great numbers were converted to Christ... one morning all on a Sudden, about 8 or 9 o'clock there came a messenger and said Mr. Whitefield preached at Hartford and Weathersfield yesterday and is to preach at Middletown this morning [October 23, 1740] at ten of the Clock. I was in my field at Work. I dropt my tool that I had in my hand and ran home and run through my house and bade my wife get ready quick to go and hear Mr. Whitefield preach at Middletown... it was said to be 3 or 4000 of people assembled together, we got off from our horses and shook off the dust, and the ministers were then coming to the meeting house... and I saw that my righteousness would not save me; then I was convinced of the doctrine of Election and went right to quarrelling with God about it, because all that I could do would not save me; and he had decreed from Eternity who should be saved and who not." Nathan Cole, The Spiritual Travels of Nathan Cole, 1741 Which of the following developments in the 17th and 18th century does this excerpt describe the effects of? A) The adaption of Enlightenment ideals by British colonists B) The continued strength of the Puritan religion in the colonies C) The popularity of New Light evangelicalism D) The gradual shift towards laws protecting religious freedom
C
"Spain had a grand imperial plan that it pursued with notable consistency: ...convert the native peoples to Catholicism, follow military conquest with military rule, and eventually defer to colonial elites for the orderly administration of its possessions. Britain had no comparably systematic plan. It showed relatively little interest in converting the Indians, tolerated all kinds of immigrants to its colonies, [and] long left them alone to cultivate institutions of self-government and representative democracy... The two empires left consequential and contrasting legacies of political stability in the United States and chronic political turmoil in Latin America." David M. Kennedy and Lizabeth Cohen, "Europeanizing America or Americanizing Europe?" The American Pageant (2013) Which of the following supports the authors' assertions about the legacy of British rule in North America? A) The comparatively lesser impact of British settlement on neighboring Native American tribes B) The rapid geographic expansion of British settlers across the Eastern half of North America C) The expansion of self-rule based on English legal and political traditions D) The gradual decline in the authority of the British monarchy in North American affairs
C
"The English expectation of the New World and its inhabitants died hard. America was supposed to be a land of abundance, people by natives who would not only share that abundance, peopled by natives who would not only share that abundance with the English but increase it under English direction. Englishmen simply did not envisage a need to work for the mere purpose of staying alive. The problem of survival as they saw it was at best political and at worst military." "Although Englishmen long remained under the illusion that the Indians would eventually become useful English subjects, it became apparent fairly early that Indian labor was not going to sustain the founders of Jamestown [Virginia]." Edmund S. Morgan, historian, "The Labor Problem At Jamestown, 1607-08," published in 1971 Which of the following was a long-term result of the situation in Jamestown described in the excerpt? A) The rapid growth of family-centered towns and villages B) The prioritizing of trade and shipbuilding over agricultural production C) The rise of plantation system and the use of African slaves D) The removal of Spanish and French military threats to regional control
C
"When the ships have landed at Philadelphia after their long voyage, no one is permitted to leave them except those who pay for their passage or can give good security...Work and labor in this new and wild land are very hard and manifold, and many a one who came there in his old age must work very hard to his end for his bread.... Work mostly consists in cutting wood, felling oak-trees, rooting out, or as they say there, clearing large tracts of forest. Such forests, being cleared, are then laid out for fields and meadows. From the best hewn wood, fences are made around the new fields; for there all meadows, orchards and fruit-fields, are surrounded and fenced in with planks made of thickly-split wood, laid one above the other, as in zigzag lines, and within such enclosures, horses, cattle, and sheep, are permitted to graze." Gottlieb Mittleberger, Work and Labor in this New and Wild Land are Very Hard, a German Migrant in Philadelphia, 1750. Which of the following was a primary feature of the middle colonies? A) They developed plantation economies based on exporting staple crops. B) Their short growing season discouraged an agricultural economy. C) They attracted a broad range of European migrants D) They were settled mostly by white indentured servants initially.
C
"[I had] instructions to seize and prosecute all goods & vessels trading contrary to law...I performed my duty with diligence and seal, but was always opposed in open court by the Magistrates, and by seizeures and prosecution (though made upon very plain evidence) were ended ineffectual, for the juries...all [the members of which] agreeing that the power of the [Royal] Commons of the Customs in matters of trade, did not extend to their colony...they support themselves in an open violation of the act of trade and will so continue to do..." Edward Randolph, imperial agent, 1690 The passage above most directly reflects which of the following policies attempted by England toward its colonies? A) Bringing the operations of colonial courts of law under imperial control B) Encouraging stronger trade connections with other European countries C) Controlling and regulating trade through mercantilist laws D) Restricting the cultivation of tobacco because of its role in social conflicts
C
(graph that shows a decline in the native population between 1492-1750) Which of the following contributed most to the changes shown in the graph? A) Loss of territory and access to natural resources B) The introduction of new plants and animals C) The introduction of new diseases D) Warfare with Europeans
C
(one figure on left = heavier, multiple figures on right but still lighter) British Cartoon, "The Ballance[sic] of Power" (1781) Verse: "America, dup'd by a treacherous train, now finds she's a Tool to both France and to Spain; yet all three united can't weight down the Scale, so the Dutchman jumps in with the hope to prevail. Yet BRITAIN will boldly their efforts withstand, and bravely defy them by Sea and by Land: The Frenchman shall drub and the Spaniard shall Beat, while the Dutchman shall Ruin by Seizing his Fleet. Th' Americans too will with Britons Unite, and each to the other be Mutual Delight." Figure on the Left: "No one injures me with impunity." Seated Figure on the Right: "My ingratitude is justly punished." Which of the following best explains the cartoonist's choice of a scale in this image? A) The comparability of military resources held by both sides of the conflict B) The financial origins of the American Revolution C) The overwhelming advantages held by the British D) The debate over questions of equality that fueled the Revolutionary movement
C
(one figure on left = heavier, multiple figures on right but still lighter) British Cartoon, "The Ballance[sic] of Power" (1781) Verse: "America, dup'd by a treacherous train, now finds she's a Tool to both France and to Spain; yet all three united can't weight down the Scale, so the Dutchman jumps in with the hope to prevail. Yet BRITAIN will boldly their efforts withstand, and bravely defy them by Sea and by Land: The Frenchman shall drub and the Spaniard shall Beat, while the Dutchman shall Ruin by Seizing his Fleet. Th' Americans too will with Britons Unite, and each to the other be Mutual Delight." Figure on the Left: "No one injures me with impunity." Seated Figure on the Right: "My ingratitude is justly punished." Which of the following details from this era most directly contradicts the position of the cartoonist? A)The unification of American colonists against British rule as early as 1775 B) The establishment of a successful American republican government following the Revolution C) The success of the American Revolution based in large part on the support of European allies D) the ideals of the Enlightenment and the Great Awakening
C
A Verse Occasioned by seeing the North-Spinning, in Boston BOSTON, behold the pretty Spinners here, And see how beautiful the pretty Sparks appear; See Rich and Poor all turn the Spinning Wheel, All who Compassion for their Country feel, All who do love to see Industry live, And see Frugality in Boston thrive. Britain, behold thy Trade stole from thy Hand, And carried on in Boston's distant Land: See now thy Trade and Trades men, all expire. And see them all consort of their Desire, The Desire they had that Boston's Trade should spoil, That they might reap the Fruit of all our Toil... Boston, 1769 The excerpt was most likely intended to do which of the following? A) Petition the British Parliament for a repeal of the Stamp Act. B) Extoll the virtues of a Republican form of government. C) Establish a network of colonial citizens to unite toward independence. D) Encourage colonial women to participate in political protest.
C
The Declaration of Rights of the Stamp Act Congress "The members of this congress, sincerely devoted, with the warmest sentiments of affection and duty to His Majesty's person and government 2d. That His Majesty's liege subjects in these colonies are entitled to all the inherent rights and privileges of his natural born subject within the kingdom of Great Britain. 3d. That it is inseparably essential to the freedom of a people, and the undoubted rights of Englishmen, that no taxes should be imposed on them, but with their own consent, given personally, or by their representatives. 5th. That the only representatives of the people of these colonies are persons chosen therin, by themselves; and that no taxes ever have been or can be constitutionally imposed on them but by their respective legislatures." Stamp Act Congress, 1765 The passage above reveals that, by 1765, most colonists A) Opposed the notion of representative government B) Were pursuing a desire for independence C) Maintained allegiance to the British crown D) Supported the Loyalists
C
"...Be it enacted,...no goods or merchandises whatsoever shall be imported into, or exported out of, any colony or plantation... or carried from any one port or place in the said colonies or plantations to any other,... in any ship or bottom but what is or shall be of the build of England,... or the said colonies or plantations, and wholly owned by the people thereof." The Navigation Act of 1696 Which of the following was an underlying reason for the development of the act described above? A) An erratic enforcement of imperial policies B) Repercussions from the continuing Indian Wars of New England C) The spread of Protestant evangelicalism D) The British policy makers pursued mercantilist economic goals
D
"In the afternoon one of the [Iroquois] councillors came to ask me what we were doing in his country and what we brought him for gifts. I said that we brought him nothing, but that we just came for a visit. However, he said that we were worth nothing because we brought him no gift. They he told how the French had traded with them here with six men and his given good gifts... We saw there were good timber axes. French shirts, coats and razors. And this councillor derided us as scoundrels, and said that we were worthless because we gave them so little for their furs. They said that the French gave them six hands of [wampum] for one beaver and all sorts of other things in addition." Harmen Meyndertsz van den Bogaert, Dutch settler, 1621. Which of the following most shaped the events described by Bogaert in the excerpt? A) Attempts by French Jesuit missionaries to Christianize Native Americans B) Intermarrying between French fur traders and Native Americans C) Dutch alliances with the Iroquois D) The economic structure and types of settlers attracted to the French colonies in North America
D
"Their world, quite literally changed before the Indians' eyes as European colonists transformed the forest into farmland...In the Southeast, hogs ran wild. Sheep and goats became permanent parts of the economy and culture of Pueblo and Navajo peoples in the Southwest. Horses transformed the lives and cultures of Indian peoples on the plains. Europeans also brought honeybees, black rats, cats and cockroaches to America." Colin G. Calloway, historian, First Peoples: A Documentary Survey of American Indian History, 2012 The excerpt describes the effects of the...? A) European Enlightenment B) Great Awakening C) Middle Passage D) Columbian Exchange
D
(Map shows artic, northwest, northeast, great plaine, etc.) This map reflects which of the following developments in migration by Native Americans? A) The reliance of Native Americans on hunting and gathering for food B) The gradual transition of Native Americans to permanent villages C) The dependency of Native Americans on water routes for trade and navigation D) The establishment of increasingly complex societies as Native Americans adapted to their environment
D
(Map shows artic, northwest, northeast, great plaine, etc.) Which of the following was the most significant difference between the tribes of the Great Basin/Great Plains regions and the other tribes noted on the map above? A) These tribes relied more heavily on the cultivation of maize than did others. B) These tribes exhibited forms of greater social diversification than did others. C) These tribes relied more heavily on the vast bounty provided by their environment than did others. D) These tribes developed more mobile or nomadic lifestyles than did others.
D
(graph showing increase in African, European, and total population while the native population is decreasing) The population trend for African Americans depicted on the graph resulted most directly from which of the following? A) A decline in the birth rate among enslaved people B) The increased use of White indentured servants as a labor force C) The outlawing of the international slave trade D) The development of an economy based on growing crops for export
D
(graph that shows a decline in the native population between 1492-1750) Which of the following was the most direct effect of the changes shown in the graph? A) European settlers relied mainly on indentured servants and enslaved Africans for labor B) Trade between European settlers and Native Americans expanded C) Conflicts among Native American groups became more intense D) European settlers were able to gain control over Native American lands
D
(map of Spanish Louisiana) Based on the movement of the colonial frontier in the eighteenth century and the information in the map, which of the following conclusions can best be drawn? A) The British government had no interest in expanding beyond the coastal territories they had originally colonized. B) The presence of the French as colonial rivals limited the ability of the British to claim the territory inland of the Appalachian Mountains. C) Fur trading and trapping would soon outpace the economic value of cash crops for the British colonies in North America. D) The colonists' expansionism would result in an increase in costly clashes with Native Americans.
D
(states as columns with North Carolina and Rhode Island falling over) In the decade following the publication of the image, which of the following groups expressed the most opposition to the exercise of power by the national government? A) Loyalists B) Whigs C) Federalists D) Democratic-Republicans
D
A Verse Occasioned by seeing the North-Spinning, in Boston BOSTON, behold the pretty Spinners here, And see how beautiful the pretty Sparks appear; See Rich and Poor all turn the Spinning Wheel, All who Compassion for their Country feel, All who do love to see Industry live, And see Frugality in Boston thrive. Britain, behold thy Trade stole from thy Hand, And carried on in Boston's distant Land: See now thy Trade and Trades men, all expire. And see them all consort of their Desire, The Desire they had that Boston's Trade should spoil, That they might reap the Fruit of all our Toil... Boston, 1769 Which of the following events could be described as most similar to the viewpoint described in the passage A) Smuggling by colonial merchants to avoid tariffs B) The hanging in effigy of British tax collectors C) The burning of a British customs ship when it ran aground D) The boycotting of tea and other British manufactures
D
The Declaration of Rights of the Stamp Act Congress "The members of this congress, sincerely devoted, with the warmest sentiments of affection and duty to His Majesty's person and government 2d. That His Majesty's liege subjects in these colonies are entitled to all the inherent rights and privileges of his natural born subject within the kingdom of Great Britain. 3d. That it is inseparably essential to the freedom of a people, and the undoubted rights of Englishmen, that no taxes should be imposed on them, but with their own consent, given personally, or by their representatives. 5th. That the only representatives of the people of these colonies are persons chosen therin, by themselves; and that no taxes ever have been or can be constitutionally imposed on them but by their respective legislatures." Stamp Act Congress, 1765 Which of the following best explains why the colonists created this document in 1765? A) The hardships of colonial wars led the colonists to appeal to the British for aid B) International movements for independence inspired the colonists to renounce their British citizenship C) The colonies were deeply divided over how best to react to British policies in the 1760s D) The British made renewed efforts to consolidate their rule of the colonies and reap the economic benefits of imperial control
D
(map shows transatlantic trade/triangular trade) Using the map above, answer (a), (b) and (c). A) Briefly explain ONE specific historical development that contributed to the emergence during the 18th century of the patterns depicted on the map. B) Briefly explain ONE specific historical effect that resulted from the patterns depicted in the map. C) Briefly explain ANOTHER specific historical effect that resulted from the patterns depicted in the map.
Period 1/2 SAQ
Answer (a), (b), and (c) in AP QUALITY complete sentences which RESTATE THE PROMPT. Briefly explain ONE important similarity between the British colonies in the Chesapeake region and the British colonies in New England from 1607 to 1754 Briefly explain ONE important difference between the British colonies in the Chesapeake region and the British colonies in New England in the period from 1607 to 1754. Briefly explain ONE factor that accounts for the difference that you indicated in (b).
Period 2 SAQ
"African American slavery evolved slowly in the seventeenth-century American South... Opportunities in the economically diverse Northeast proved much more attractive to immigrants than the staple-crop agriculture of Virginia and the Carolinas, making for permanent labor shortages in the South...How could these English colonists, so steeped in the Enlightenment principles of liberty and constitutionalism, enslave other human beings? The answer is harsh and simple: British colonists convinced themselves that Africans were not really human beings—that they were property—and thus legitimate subjects for enslavement within the framework of English liberty...When combined with perceived economic necessity, English racism and rationalization for enslavement of African people became entrenched." Larry Schweikart and Michael Allen, A Patriot's History of the United States (2004) Which of the following best contrasts the English approach to slavery with that of the Spanish and French? A) The English were more likely to import slaves in large numbers. B) The English developed more rigid racial stereotypes and divisions. C) The English tended to prefer the labor of indentured servants over time. D) The English perceived slavery as a more transient arrangement.
not A
"Now it pleased God to send Mr. Whitefield into this land; and my hearing of his preaching at Philadelphia, like one of the Old apostles, and many thousands flocking to hear him preach the Gospel, and great numbers were converted to Christ... one morning all on a Sudden, about 8 or 9 o'clock there came a messenger and said Mr. Whitefield preached at Hartford and Weathersfield yesterday and is to preach at Middletown this morning [October 23, 1740] at ten of the Clock. I was in my field at Work. I dropt my tool that I had in my hand and ran home and run through my house and bade my wife get ready quick to go and hear Mr. Whitefield preach at Middletown... it was said to be 3 or 4000 of people assembled together, we got off from our horses and shook off the dust, and the ministers were then coming to the meeting house... and I saw that my righteousness would not save me; then I was convinced of the doctrine of Election and went right to quarrelling with God about it, because all that I could do would not save me; and he had decreed from Eternity who should be saved and who not." Nathan Cole, The Spiritual Travels of Nathan Cole, 1741 All of the following groups would likely agree with the ideas expressed by Cole EXCEPT A) Country farmers and artisans B) New England women C) Royal authorities in colonial governments D) Southern Baptists
not D
"The Pueblo Indian population was in a steady decline that harked back to the 1540s...Wave after wave of smallpox, influenza, and other European introductions took their toll...But more than disease was doing the grim work. Famines occurred with sorry regularity, the result of periodic droughts exacerbated by increasing use of the land by the Spanish settlers for livestock, causing overgrazing and erosion. Nor was there any let up in demand for tribute by the Spanish overlords." - Jake Page, In the Hands of the Great Spirit (2004) Which of the following best explains the long-term changes in the practices of the Spanish colonizers? A) A gradual accommodation of some native practices as colonization goals shifted B) A rise in the intensity of Spanish brutality toward Native Americans until their near-extinction C) A slow withdrawal of Spanish forces from native territories D) A strengthening of Spanish conceptions of the natives as inferior and uncivilized
not D
(a man being tarred and feathered by colonists) Public Punishment for the Excise Man, 1774 The rebellious activity depicted in this image was most significantly inspired by A) Unity among American craftsmen against the aristocratic British system of government. B) British use of excessive force against colonists defying restrictions on westward settlement. C) Opposition to increasing attempts by the British to consolidate imperial control over American markets. D) Outrage at British decrees that undermined the colonies' systems of self-government.
not D