APUSH Period 4 Part II

"Free should the scholar be,—free and brave. . . . We have listened too long to the courtly muses of Europe. . . . We will walk on our own feet; we will work with our own hands; we will speak our own minds. Then shall man be no longer a name for pity, for doubt, and for sensual indulgence. . . . A nation of men will for the first time exist." Ralph Waldo Emerson, transcendentalist writer, 1837 Emerson's remarks in the excerpt most directly reflected which of the following developments during the early nineteenth century? A The emergence of a national culture B The Second Great Awakening C The expansion of a market economy D The growth of national political parties

A The emergence of a national culture

William Lloyd Garrison and the American Anti-Slavery Society were known for A advocating immediate and uncompensated emancipation B advocating colonization by former slaves in West Africa C advocating the use of tariff revenues to purchase slaves from slaveholders D opposing women's participation in public abolitionist meetings E supporting the Kansas-Nebraska Act's provisions regarding slavery

A advocating immediate and uncompensated emancipation

A distinguishing feature of American society in the early nineteenth century was the A increasing readership of newspapers B lack of enthusiasm for religious reform C embrace of an aristocratic hierarchy D creation of original forms of art and architecture E dislike of voluntary associations

A increasing readership of newspapers

During the first half of the nineteenth century, the central and western areas of New York were known as the "burned-over district" because A of intense religious zeal created during the Second Great Awakening B terrible fires had followed the clear-cut logging by pioneers in that part of the state C the area had not recovered from the devastation of the War of 1812 D American Indian settlements had been completely destroyed as settlers moved in and took over the land E the region's economy had never revived after the hardships that followed the Whiskey Rebellion

A of intense religious zeal created during the Second Great Awakening

The development of the Second Great Awakening can best be linked to which of the following historical situations? A The market revolution led to a larger number of Americans working for wages. B Increased geographical mobility aided travel to new regions and the sharing of ideas. C Ideals of Romanticism caused more people to question the principles of the nation's founders. D The growing abolitionist movement was predominately influenced by northern Protestant Christians.

B Increased geographical mobility aided travel to new regions and the sharing of ideas.

The graph above refutes which of the following statements? A There were more Black people than White people in antebellum South. B Most southern families held slaves. C Most southern families lived in rural areas. D The southern population was much smaller than that of the North. E Slaveholders were an extremely powerful group.

B Most southern families held slaves

"What do we mean by the Revolution? The war? That was no part of the Revolution; it was only an effect and consequence of it. The Revolution was in the minds of the people, and this was effected from 1760 to 1775, in the course of fifteen years, before a drop of blood was shed at Lexington." John Adams, former president of the United States, letter to Thomas Jefferson, former president of the United States, 1815 Which of the following aspects of life in the United States in the early nineteenth century most likely influenced Adams' recollection of Revolutionary events? A The rapid development of the market revolution B The development of a national culture and national identity C The growing popularity of the idea of Manifest Destiny D The rapid growth of a mass democracy

B The development of a national culture and national identity

"Build, therefore, your own world. As fast as you conform your life to the pure idea in your mind, that will unfold its great proportions. A correspondent revolution in things will attend the influx of the spirit." The 1836 passage above exemplifies which of the following intellectual trends? A Evangelicalism B Transcendentalism C Abolitionism D Mormon theology E Pragmatist philosophy

B Transcendentalism

The majority of White families in the antebellum South owned A more than 100 slaves B 50 to 100 slaves C 10 to 50 slaves D 5 to 10 slaves E no slaves

E no slaves

The dramatic increase in the South's slave labor force between 1810 and 1860 was due to A an increase in the African slave trade B the importation of slaves from the West Indies C an increase in the severity of fugitive slave laws D the acquisition of Louisiana E the natural population increase of American-born slaves

E the natural population increase of American-born slaves

"It is not only important, but, in a degree necessary, that the people of this country, should have an American Dictionary of the English language; for, although the body of the language is the same as in England, . . . yet some differences must exist. Language is the expression of ideas; and if the people of one country cannot preserve an identity of ideas, they cannot retain an identity of language. . . . But the principal differences between the people of this country and of all others, arise from different forms of government, different laws, institutions and customs. Thus the . . . feudal system of England originated terms which formed . . . a necessary part of the language of that country; but, in the United States, many of these terms are no part of our present language,—and they cannot be, for the things which they express do not exist in this country. . . . The institutions in this country which are new and peculiar, give rise to new terms or to new applications of old terms, unknown to the people of England; which cannot be explained by them and which will not be inserted in their dictionaries, unless copied from ours. . . . No person in this country will be satisfied with the English definitions of the words congress, senate, and assembly, court, [etc.] for although these are words used in England, yet they are applied in this country to express ideas which they do not express in that country." Noah Webster, "Preface," An American Dictionary of the English Language, 1828 The national identity described in the excerpt most strongly reflects the influence of which of the following? A European precedents along with an American national culture B The English feudal system in which lords and landowners dominated vassals and farmers C Independence movements and revolutions in Europe and Latin America D Antislavery activism in the United States and Europe

A European precedents along with an American national culture

"I do not belong, said Mr. [Calhoun], to the school which holds that aggression is to be met by concession. . . . If we concede an inch, concession would follow concession—compromise would follow compromise, until our ranks would be so broken that effectual resistance would be impossible. . . . ". . . A large portion of the Northern States believed slavery to be a sin, and would believe it to be an obligation of conscience to abolish it if they should feel themselves in any degree responsible for its continuance. . . . ". . . Abolition and the Union cannot coexist. As the friend of the Union, I openly proclaim it—and the sooner it is known the better. The former may now be controlled, but in a short time it will be beyond the power of man to arrest the course of events. We of the South will not, cannot, surrender our institutions. To maintain the existing relations between the two races, inhabiting that section of the Union, is indispensable to the peace and happiness of both. . . . But let me not be understood as admitting, even by implication, that the existing relations between the two races in the slaveholding States is an evil—far otherwise; I hold it to be a good, as it has thus far proved itself to be to both, and will continue to prove so if not disturbed by the fell spirit of abolition." Source: South Carolina senator John C. Calhoun, speech in the United States Senate, 1837. Which of the following most contributed to slaveholders such as Calhoun arguing in the 1830s and 1840s that slavery should be viewed as part of the Southern way of life? A Slave rebellions in Haiti, South Carolina, and Virginia had made many leaders in the South fear that enslaved African Americans could harm them. B Abolitionists made up a majority of members of Congress in the 1840's, and Southerners feared that they would pass emancipation legislation. C Most Southern states had begun to allow slaves to learn to read and write, and Southerners wanted people in other states to know that the slave system was changing. D The sudden growth of Southern manufacturing had created a new demand for cotton, so men like Calhoun saw the preservation of slave labor as critical.

A Slave rebellions in Haiti, South Carolina, and Virginia had made many leaders in the South fear that enslaved African Americans could harm them

"I do not belong, said Mr. [Calhoun], to the school which holds that aggression is to be met by concession. . . . If we concede an inch, concession would follow concession—compromise would follow compromise, until our ranks would be so broken that effectual resistance would be impossible. . . . ". . . A large portion of the Northern States believed slavery to be a sin, and would believe it to be an obligation of conscience to abolish it if they should feel themselves in any degree responsible for its continuance. . . . ". . . Abolition and the Union cannot coexist. As the friend of the Union, I openly proclaim it—and the sooner it is known the better. The former may now be controlled, but in a short time it will be beyond the power of man to arrest the course of events. We of the South will not, cannot, surrender our institutions. To maintain the existing relations between the two races, inhabiting that section of the Union, is indispensable to the peace and happiness of both. . . . But let me not be understood as admitting, even by implication, that the existing relations between the two races in the slaveholding States is an evil—far otherwise; I hold it to be a good, as it has thus far proved itself to be to both, and will continue to prove so if not disturbed by the fell spirit of abolition." Source: South Carolina senator John C. Calhoun, speech in the United States Senate, 1837. Which of the following resulted from arguments made by Southern politicians, such as the one in the excerpt, in the years prior to the Civil War? A Slaveholders became more insistent that maintaining the slave system was essential to protecting the South and its way of life. B Many people in the South who depended on the labor of enslaved people nevertheless became more willing to admit that slavery was a sin. C Abolitionists scheduled numerous speaking tours throughout the South to counter pro-slavery attitudes like that expressed by Calhoun. D Congress passed legislation guaranteeing slavery in the South to show that the slave system was not threatened.

A Slaveholders became more insistent that maintaining the slave system was essential to protecting the South and its way of life.

"The great increase of drunkenness, within the last half century, among the people of the United States, led a number of philanthropic individuals . . . to consult together, upon the duty of making more united, systematic, and extended efforts for the prevention of this evil. Its cause was at once seen to be, the use of intoxicating liquor; and its appropriate remedy, abstinence. It was also known, that the use of such liquor, as a beverage, is not only needless, but injurious to the health, the virtue, and the happiness of men. It was believed, that the facts which had been . . . collected would prove this . . . ; and that if the knowledge of them were universally disseminated it would, with the divine blessing, do much toward changing the habits of the nation. . . . [The American Temperance Society's] object is . . . the exertion of kind moral influence . . . to effect such a change of sentiment and practice, that drunkenness and all its evils will cease." Introduction to a book of reports from the American Temperance Society, 1835 The sentiments described in the excerpt best reflect which of the following developments? A The use of public protest to effect social change in the antebellum period B The emergence of reform movements during the Second Great Awakening C The establishment of trade relationships with East Asia D The expansion of United States control over territory held by American Indians

B The emergence of reform movements during the Second Great Awakening

Perfectionism in the mid-nineteenth century is best defined as A improvement in the manners of the lower classes B faith in human capacity to achieve a better life on earth through conscious acts of will C the rewards of church membership and regular attendance at Sunday services D allegiance to the political tenets of Jacksonian Democracy E belief in the inevitability of economic progress

B faith in human capacity to achieve a better life on earth through conscious acts of will

"Not far from this time Nat Turner's insurrection [a slave rebellion] broke out; and the news threw our town into great commotion. . . . "It was always the custom to have a muster every year. On that occasion every White man shouldered his musket. The citizens and the so-called country gentlemen wore military uniforms. . . . "I knew the houses were to be searched; and I expected it would be done by country bullies and the poor Whites. . . . "It was a grand opportunity for the low Whites, who had no Negroes of their own to scourge. They exulted in such a chance to exercise a little brief authority, and show their subserviency to the slaveholders; not reflecting that the power which trampled on the colored people also kept themselves in poverty, ignorance, and moral degradation. . . . Colored people and slaves who lived in remote parts of the town suffered in an especial manner. In some cases the searchers scattered [gun]powder and shot among their clothes, and then sent other parties to find them, and bring them forward as proof that they were plotting insurrection." Harriet Ann Jacobs, Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl, published in 1861, describing events earlier in the nineteenth century Which of the following pieces of evidence best supports the excerpt's depiction of reactions to slave rebellions? A Southern states banned the importation of slaves from Africa. B Northerners agreed that slavery was a positive institution for society. C Additional restrictions were placed on enslaved and free African Americans. D The majority of slaveholders moved toward using alternative forms of labor.

C Additional restrictions were placed on enslaved and free African Americans

"I do not belong, said Mr. [Calhoun], to the school which holds that aggression is to be met by concession. . . . If we concede an inch, concession would follow concession—compromise would follow compromise, until our ranks would be so broken that effectual resistance would be impossible. . . . ". . . A large portion of the Northern States believed slavery to be a sin, and would believe it to be an obligation of conscience to abolish it if they should feel themselves in any degree responsible for its continuance. . . . ". . . Abolition and the Union cannot coexist. As the friend of the Union, I openly proclaim it—and the sooner it is known the better. The former may now be controlled, but in a short time it will be beyond the power of man to arrest the course of events. We of the South will not, cannot, surrender our institutions. To maintain the existing relations between the two races, inhabiting that section of the Union, is indispensable to the peace and happiness of both. . . . But let me not be understood as admitting, even by implication, that the existing relations between the two races in the slaveholding States is an evil—far otherwise; I hold it to be a good, as it has thus far proved itself to be to both, and will continue to prove so if not disturbed by the fell spirit of abolition." Source: South Carolina senator John C. Calhoun, speech in the United States Senate, 1837. The ideas expressed by John C. Calhoun and others who shared his views on slavery had which of the following effects on emerging abolitionist movements in the years leading up to the Civil War? A Many abolitionist groups in the North began to question the accounts of harsh treatment described by escaped slaves who made it to freedom. B Arguments describing slavery as a "positive good" weakened the impact of abolitionist efforts to encourage White northerners to support emancipation. C As many people came to see slavery as part of the Southern way of life, attitudes on both sides of the slavery argument hardened so that political compromise became difficult. D Very few members of Congress accepted Calhoun's "positive good" argument, and they became more open to passing laws limiting slave holding and the internal slave trade.

C As many people came to see slavery as part of the Southern way of life, attitudes on both sides of the slavery argument hardened so that political compromise became difficult.

"Still, though a slaveholder, I freely acknowledge my obligations as a man; and I am bound to treat humanely the fellow creatures whom God has entrusted to my charge. ... It is certainly in the interest of all, and I am convinced it is the desire of every one of us, to treat our slaves with proper kindness." — Letter from former South Carolina governor James Henry Hammond, 1845 "Standing with God and the crushed and bleeding slave on this occasion, I will, in the name of humanity which is outraged, in the name of Liberty which is fettered, in the name of the constitution and Bible, which are disregarded and trampled upon, dare to call in question and denounce ... slavery 'the great sin and shame of America'!" — Frederick Douglass, speech titled "The Meaning of July Fourth for the Negro," 1852 Which of the following groups would be most likely to support the perspective of Frederick Douglass in the excerpt? A Southern Democrats B Southern planters C Northern abolitionists D Northern merchants

C Northern abolitionists

"Still, though a slaveholder, I freely acknowledge my obligations as a man; and I am bound to treat humanely the fellow creatures whom God has entrusted to my charge. ... It is certainly in the interest of all, and I am convinced it is the desire of every one of us, to treat our slaves with proper kindness." — Letter from former South Carolina governor James Henry Hammond, 1845 "Standing with God and the crushed and bleeding slave on this occasion, I will, in the name of humanity which is outraged, in the name of Liberty which is fettered, in the name of the constitution and Bible, which are disregarded and trampled upon, dare to call in question and denounce ... slavery 'the great sin and shame of America'!" — Frederick Douglass, speech titled "The Meaning of July Fourth for the Negro," 1852 The excerpt from James Henry Hammond is most clearly an example of which of the following developments in the mid-19th century? A The decline of slavery in Southern states as a result of gradual emancipation laws B The increasingly restrictive nature of slavery in the South enforced by stronger slave codes C The expanding use of moral arguments by Northern antislavery activists D The growing tendency among Southern slaveholders to justify slavery as a positive good

D The growing tendency among Southern slaveholders to justify slavery as a positive good

In the 1850's, the South differed from the North in that the South had A a better-developed transportation system B a better-educated White population C less interest in evangelical religion D fewer European immigrants E more cities

D fewer European immigrants

"It is not only important, but, in a degree necessary, that the people of this country, should have an American Dictionary of the English language; for, although the body of the language is the same as in England, . . . yet some differences must exist. Language is the expression of ideas; and if the people of one country cannot preserve an identity of ideas, they cannot retain an identity of language. . . . But the principal differences between the people of this country and of all others, arise from different forms of government, different laws, institutions and customs. Thus the . . . feudal system of England originated terms which formed . . . a necessary part of the language of that country; but, in the United States, many of these terms are no part of our present language,—and they cannot be, for the things which they express do not exist in this country. . . . The institutions in this country which are new and peculiar, give rise to new terms or to new applications of old terms, unknown to the people of England; which cannot be explained by them and which will not be inserted in their dictionaries, unless copied from ours. . . . No person in this country will be satisfied with the English definitions of the words congress, senate, and assembly, court, [etc.] for although these are words used in England, yet they are applied in this country to express ideas which they do not express in that country." Noah Webster, "Preface," An American Dictionary of the English Language, 1828 The historical concept of the American identity, as characterized in the excerpt, was most clearly distinguished from the identities of other nations by the A enthusiasm for copying English practices and institutions B movement toward establishing a capitalist economy C role women played in civic and public life D importance of liberal ideas about natural rights and liberties

D importance of liberal ideas about natural rights and liberties

The Declaration of Sentiments (1848), issued at Seneca Falls, New York, called for A an end to slavery B compulsory public education C temperance legislation D increased rights for women E improved factory working conditions

D increased rights for women

Members of the Hudson River School were best known for their paintings of A portraits B battle scenes C sporting scenes D landscapes E still lifes

D landscapes

During the 1800s the most common form of resistance to slavery by slaves themselves was A rebelling openly, using weapons, and planning confrontations B organizing petitions and demonstrations against slavery C escaping to Canada via the Underground Railroad D working slowly and breaking tools E cooperating with the abolitionist movement to advocate laws to end slavery

D working slowly and breaking tools

The Second Great Awakening did which of the following? A It resulted in a sharp decline in church membership. B It increased Protestant toleration for Catholics and Jews. C It produced increased respect for civil authority. D It emphasized reason and logic over emotionalism in religious matters E It encouraged conversion to evangelical Christianity.

E It encouraged conversion to evangelical Christianity.

"Let Southern oppressors tremble .... I shall strenuously contend for immediate enfranchisement .... I will be as harsh as truth and as uncompromising as justice." The author of the statement above was A John C. Calhoun B Stephen A. Douglas C Henry Clay D Abraham Lincoln E William L. Garrison

E William L. Garrison

The women's movement in the antebellum period was characterized by all of the following EXCEPT A close links with the antislavery and temperance movements B conventions in the Northeast and the Midwest, but not the South C involvement of middle-class women D a broad-based platform of legal and educational rights E demands for equal compensation for equal work

E demands for equal compensation for equal work

All of the following contributed to the growth of the free African American population in the United States in the early nineteenth century EXCEPT A the gradual emancipation laws of individual states B manumission granted for Revolutionary War service C manumission granted by slaveholders' wills D natural increase among free African Americans E federal constitutional provisions for emancipation

E federal constitutional provisions for emancipation

The American Colonization Society was established in the early nineteenth century with the goal of A encouraging immigration from Ireland and Germany B encouraging Chinese contract laborers to emigrate to the United States C settling White Americans on western lands D settling American Indians on reservations E transporting African Americans to Africa

E transporting African Americans to Africa