APUSH Period 6-7

open door

(1899) Policy which claimed the right of equal trade access for all nations seeking to do business in China.

insular cases

(1901) ruled that people in our territories were not U.S. citizens and therefore didn't have equal rights.

Platt amendment

(1902) Blocked Cuba from making a treaty with any other country and allowed the U.S to intervene in Cuban affairs if need be.

Lochner v. NY

(1905) Declared unconstitutional a New York act limiting the working hours of bakers due to a denial of the 14th Amendment rights.

Panama Canal

(1914) Gave the U.S a commanding position in the Western Hemisphere, built so the U.S would have quicker access to the Western Hemisphere.

Hearst and Pulitzer

(In the print media) Two men; one led the way in building his sales base with sensational investigations, human interest stories, and targeted sections covering sports and high society. He faced competition from the other in the 1890s. Such publications were named yellow journalism a derogatory term for mass market newspapers, because of the arrival of Sunday color comics featuring the Yellow Kid. Their coverage was sometimes irresponsible. They exposed scandals and injustices.

NAACP

(National Association for the Advancement of Colored People) created in 1909 by a group of liberals (including Du Bois, Jane Addams and John Dewey) to eradicate racial discrimination

patronage

(politics) granting favors or giving contracts or making appointments to office in return for political support

Gilded Age

1870s - 1890s; time period looked good on the outside, despite the corrupt politics & growing gap between the rich & poor

Pendleton Act 1883

1883; created a Civil Service Commission and stated that federal employees could not be required to contribute to campaign funds nor be fired for political reasons

Homestead lockout

1892 lockout of workers at a PA steel mill after Carnegie wouldn't renew union contract. Union people attack guards hired to close them out and protect employed strikebreakers, Nat'l Guard called in and it becomes non-union mill. Shows controversy/bloodiness of industrialization.

Woodrow Wilson

28th president of the United States, known for World War I leadership, created Federal Reserve, Federal Trade Commission, Clayton Antitrust Act, progressive income tax, lower tariffs, women's suffrage (reluctantly), Treaty of Versailles, sought 14 points post-war plan, League of Nations (but failed to win U.S. ratification), won Nobel Peace Prize

John Muir

A Californian preservationist, president of the Sierra Club; opposed to businesses taking land for econ. gains; gets government to set aside 35 mil. acres for a national forest.

Frances Perkins

A Columbia University student who witnessed the horror of Triangle workers leaping from the windows to their deaths, decided she would devote her efforts to the cause of labor. She went to Chicago, where she volunteered for several years at Hull House. In 1929, she became New York State's first commissioner of labor, four years later, during the New Deal, Franklin D. Roosevelt appointed her as U.S. secretary of labor, the first woman to hold a cabinet post.

Korematsu v. United States (1944 - compare this to Schenck v. U.S. 1919)

A Supreme Court case where the Court allowed the removal of Japanese Americans from the West Coast on the basis of military necessity but avoided ruling on the constitutionality of the incarceration program. The decision underscored the fragility of civil liberties in wartime. Congress issued a public apology in 1988 and awarded 20,000$ to each of the 80,000 surviving Japanese Americans who were affected. Schenck v. U.S. involved Schenck encouraging peaceful protest against the draft system. The Supreme Court was to question whether or not this was protected under his right to free speech. They concluded that he was not protected under the first Amendment because during wartime utterances tolerated in peacetime can be punished. They can be compared in that they both involve an extension of powers due to wartime government, disallowing certain things that otherwise might have been called unconstitutional.

Comstock Act

A United States federal law which amended the Post Office Act[1] and made it illegal to send any "obscene, lewd, and/or lascivious" materials through the mail, including contraceptive devices and information. It's patron by the same name won support for the law in part by appealing to parents' fears that young people were receiving secual information through the mail.

"Remember the Main"

A chant that came about due to the U.S Battle Cruiser named Maine exploded and sank in Havana Harbor

Executive Order 8802

A deal made by FDR in order to avoid public protest and the disruption of the nation's war preparations due to racial tensions. It prohibited discrimination in the employment of workers in defense industries and government because of race, creed, color, or national origin, and established the Fair Employment Practices Commission (FEPC).

Triangle Shirtwaist Fire

A fire at a company. It quickly spread through three floors the company occupied at the top of a 10 story building. Despite fire safety laws, employers locked emergency doors to prevent theft. 146 people died, mostly women.

Booker T. Washington

A former slave. Encouraged blacks to keep to themselves and focus on the daily tasks of survival, rather than leading a grand uprising. Believed that building a strong economic base was more critical at that time than planning an uprising or fighting for equal rights. He also stated in his famous "Atlanta Compromise" speech in 1895 that blacks had to accept segregation in the short term as they focused on economic gain to achieve political equality in the future. Served as important role models for later leaders of the civil rights movement.

Boss Tweed

A leader of Tammany Hall who made Tammany Hall a byword for corruption, until he was brought down in 1871 by flagrant overpricing of contracts for a lavish city courthouse.

dating

A man taking a woman out on the town. It developed in cities because parental oversight became weaker. It opened up a new world of pleasure, sexual adventure, and danger. Young women headed to the halls to meet men, and the term gold digger was developed.

Jacob Coxey; Coxey's Army

A march led by this "General", a wealthy quarry owner from Ohio. Starting Easter Sunday 1984, he, accompanied by his wife and infant son, Legal Tender, led 500 unemployed men, women, and children from OH to Washington. Supported a public works program of road building.

Fundamentalism

A movement in American Protestantism that arose in the early part of the 20th century in reaction to modernism and that stresses the infallibility of the Bible not only in matters of faith and morals but also as a literal historical record, holding as essential to Christian faith belief in such doctrines as the creation of the world, the virgin birth, physical resurrection, atonement by the sacrificial death of Christ, and the Second Coming.

Margaret Sanger

A nurse who moved to NYC in 1911 and volunteered with a Lower East Side settlement. She was horrified by women's suffering from constant pregnancies-and remembering her devout Catholic mother, who had died young after birthing 1 children- she launched a crusade for what she called birth control.

Progressive Party

A political party created by a split in the Republican Party. Formed by Theodore Roosevelt after he lot the Republican Nomination. Also known as the Bull Moose Party.

Atlanta Compromise

A speech made by Washington in Atlanta that outlined the philosophy that blacks should focus on economic gains, go to school, learn skills, and work their way up the ladder and that Southern whites should help out to create an unresentful people. It was deemed a compromise by whites because they allowed Washington to speak in the first place. Many took his speech as favoring racial segregation when in reality he was pro African American.

Ida B. Wells

African American journalist. published statistics about lynching, urged African Americans to protest by refusing to ride streetcars or shop in white owned stores. She was thrown from a train in Tennessee for refusing to vacate her seat in a section reserved for whites. This launched her into a lifelong crusade for racial justice. Her mission was to expose the evil of lynching in the South.

Niagra principles

African Americans held a meeting that called for suffrage, an end to segregation, equality in justice system and education, jobs, health care, and military service.

Solid South

After Reconstruction, this is the term given to the south after they became extremely Democratic. Once they gained control, the Democrats cut back expenses, wiped out social programs, lowered taxes, and limited the rights of tenants and sharecroppers. These white southerners remained a major force in national politics well into the 20th century.

Haymarket Square

After police fired into a crowd of 100,000 protesting workers in Chicago, the workers met and rallied to protest police brutality. A bomb exploded, killing or injuring many of the police, promoting anarchist feelings. This was tied to the Knights of Labor and eventually caused their downfall.

GI Bill

Also known as the Servicemen's Readjustment Act (1944). It was a new government benefits system only for military veterans. It provided them with an education, job training, medical care, pensions, and mortgage loans. It was created after FDR's call for a second Bill of Rights during the war for all Americans, however was taken up by Congress solely for veterans.

16th amendment

Amendment that legalized the income tax

Rosie the Riveter

An illustration by artist Norman Rockwell that beckoned to women from the cover of the Saturday Evening Post to get a war job instead of being a housewife or working low paying women's jobs.

Executive Order 9066

Authorized the War Department to force Japanese Americans from their West Coast homes and hold them in relocation camps for the rest of the war. Although there was no disloyal or seditious activity among the evacuees, few public leaders opposed the plan. Army officials gave families only a few days to dispose of their property. Businesses that had taken a lifetime to build were liquidated overnight. The War Relocation Authority moved the prisoners to hastily built camps in desolate areas.

Tuskegee Institute

Black educational institution founded by Booker T. Washington to provide training in agriculture and crafts. They often sent female graduates into teaching and nursing and men into industrial trades or farmers by new scientific methods.

zoot suits

Broad-brimmed felt hats, thigh-length jackets with wide lapels and padded shoulders, pegged trousers, and clunky shoes. They were worn by male Hispanic teenagers who formed pachuco (youth) gangs in Los Angeles with racial tensions growing. Other working class teens took up the style to underline their rejection of middle-class values. To many adults, it symbolized juvenile delinquency.

War Industries Board

Established July 1917, directed military production; allocating resources, converting factories to war efforts, etc.

Appeasement

Capitulating to Hitler's demands. In WWII, allowing small acts of aggression in order to avoid war. An example of this was Britain and France allowing Germany to annex the Sudetenland in Czechoslovakia.

public health movement

City and state officials began to champion more health projects. With a major clean-water initiative for its industrial cities in the late nineteenth century, Massachusetts demonstrated that it could largely eliminate typhoid fever (other similar projects arose). By 1913, a nationwide survey of 198 cities found that they were spending an average of 1.28$ per resident for sanitation and other health measures. It became one of the era's most visible and influential reforms.

Vertical integration v. horizontal integration

Company controls all aspects of production from raw materials to finished goods. Pioneered by Swift, cattle dealer v. business concept invented in the late nineteenth century to pressure competitors and force rivals to merge their companies into a conglomerate. Pioneered by Rockefeller, oil baron.

Eugene V. Debs

Court Case, Head of the American Railway Union and director of the Pullman strike; he was imprisoned along with his associates for ignoring a federal court injunction to stop striking. While in prison, he read Socialist literature and emerged as a Socialist leader in America.

Management revolution

Creates internal structure used by large, complex corporations, distinguished executives from those responsible for day to day operations and departmentalized operations by function-purchasing, machinery, freight traffic, passenger traffic-and established clear lines of communication.

17th amendment

Established that senators were to be elected directly. This law was intended to create a more democratic, fair society.

Pearl Harbor

Early on Sunday morning, December 7, 1941, Japanese bombers attacked here in Hawaii, killing more than 2,400 Americans. They destroyed or heavily damaged 8 battleships, 3 cruisers, 3 destroyers, and almost 200 airplanes. It ended up uniting the American people and allowed FDR to declare war against Japan.

Negro Leagues

Formed by African Americans as a result of being excluded from participating professionally in the American and National baseball leagues, the most popular American sport. They gave African Americans a place to showcase athletic ability and race pride.

National War Labor Board

Formed in April 1918, Established an 8-hour work day for war workers with time-and-a-half-pay for overtime, it also endorsed equal pay for women.

Andrew Carnegie/public libraries

He announced that he would build these in any town or city that was prepared to maintain it. They were cultural innovators funded by the elite.

Double V campaign

Political movement waged by black leaders that called for victory over Nazism abroad and racism at home, representing a battle for total equality. The name is derived from finding Victory at home and abroad.

John D. Rockefeller

Industrialist who amassed a great fortune through the Standard Oil Trust. He was the king of petroleum. He had strong nerves, a sharp eye for able partners, and a genius for finance. He succeeded through vertical integration while also pioneering horizontal integration, using predatory pricing.

code talkers

Instrumental Native American soldiers. In the Pacific theater, native Navajo speakers communicated orders to fleet commanders. Japanese intelligence could not decipher the code because it was based on the Navajo language, which fewer than fifty non-Navajos in the world understood. In the European theater, army commander's used Comanche, Choctaw, and Cherokee speakers to thwart the Nazis and exchange crucial military commands on the battlefield.

Social gospel

It is the renewing of religious faith through dedication to justice and social welfare. Some protestants responded to the urban, immigrant challenge by evangelizing among the unchurched. They provided reading rooms, day nurseries, vocational classes, and other services.

Pure Food and Drug Act

It was a law that was upheld by the new Food and Drug Administration in order to uphold a standard for commercial food.

Manhattan Project

It was a top secret project which was on the verge of testing a new weapon in the war: the atomic bomb. It cost 2 billion dollars, employed 120,000 people, and involved the construction of thirty-seven installations in 19 states-with all of its activity hidden from Congress, the American people, and even vice President Truman. It was directed by General Graves and scientist Oppenheimer, and was successful on July 16th, 1945.

white slavery

Large numbers of women being kidnapped and forced into prostitution (in spite of considerable evidence to the contrary).

Wounded Knee

Last major encounter between Indians and the U.S. army, marking an end to decades of relentless U.S. expansion, white ignorance and greed, chaotic and conflicting policies, and bloody mistakes. The Lakota Indians were overpowered by U.S. troops and roughly 300 Lakota died.

Dawes Act

Law that intended to break up Indian reservations into individual farms and turn American Indians into homesteaders. Designed to end common ownership of the land. Surplus lands were sold to raise money for Indian education. It was a disaster because it played into the hands of whites who coveted Indian land and who persuaded government to sell them land that was not needed for individual allotments and who pressured Indians into selling their individual allotment.

Chinese Exclusion Act

Law that prohibited Chinese laborers from entering the United States. Each decade thereafter, Congress renewed the law and tightened its provisions; it was not until 1943 that it was repealed.

Revenue Act 1942

Legislation that expanded the number of people paying income taxes from 3.9 million to 42.6 million. This allowed for much of the spending caused by the war.

Neutrality Acts of 1935

Legislation that imposed an embargo on selling arms to warring countries and declared that Americans traveling on the ships of belligerent nations did so at their own risk.

Clayton Antitrust Act 1914

Lengthened another act's list of practices. Exempted labor unions from being called trusts, legalized strikes and peaceful picketing by labor union members.

political machines

Local party bureaucracies that kept an unshakable grip on both elected and appointed public offices. There was a hierarchy of jobs and patronage was used. They would use their clout to help people in order to secure their votes, but sometimes did grimmer things. This style of government achieved some successes. They helped companies operate streetcars, bring clean water and gaslight, and remove garbage.

Omaha Platform

Populist Party platform for the 1892 election (running for president-James Weaver, vice president-James Field) in which they called for free coinage of silver and paper money; national income tax; direct election of senators; regulation of railroads; and other government reforms to help farmers.

suburbs

Moderately well-to-do people took advantage of less expensive land on the edges of the city &settled there. They were linked to downtown by trains or streetcars or improved roads

Gold standard

Monetary system in which currency is based upon a fixed quantity of gold. Debtors are often hurt by the higher interest rates and the deflationary pressure associated with it. It means that paper notes from the bank could be backed by gold held in the bank's vaults.

Sedition Act of 1918

Prohibited any words or behavior that incite, provoke, or encourage resistance to the U.S, and the war effort.

American Federation of Labor

Organization created by Samuel Gompers in 1886, coordinates activities of craft unions and called for direct negotiation w/ employers to achieve benefits for skilled workers. They did not share the Knights' sweeping criticism of capitalism and were made up of relatively skilled and well paid workers.

tenements

Originally referred simply to a multiple-family rental building; in late 1800s, used to describe slum dwellings only. Had many windowless roms, little or no plumbing or central heating, & perhaps a row of privies in the basement

Social Darwinism

Philosophy that competition leads to the betterment of society through the the survival of the fittest. Supporters of this are opposed to regulating competition or assisting the poor. It was created by Herbert Spencer and championed by William Graham Sumner, a sociology professor at Yale. It was very controversial.

Election of 1912

Presidential campaign involving Taft, T. Roosevelt, and Woodrow Wilson. Taft and Roosevelt split the Republican vote, enabling Wilson to win

Battle of Little Big Horn

River in Montana where George Custer and the U.S. cavalry attacked an Indian encampment. Most of Custer's force died in the battle because it was badly planned. Although Custer's army attacked first, it was depicted by the press as Custer's last stand against Indian savages and served as proof of the necessity to kill or civilize Indians.

Andrew Carnegie

Scottish-born industrialist who made a fortune in steel. For many he exemplified American success. He began working for the railroad business but then struck out and worked on his own as an iron manufacturer and later in the steel industry. He found immense success, but did not always have the most moral practices.

Trust

Small group of associates to hold stock from a group of combined firms, managing them as a single entity. Evolved into other centralized business forms.

Jim Crow laws

State and local laws designed to enforce segregation of blacks from whites. They were named after a stereotyped black character who appeared in minstrel shows, clearly discriminated, but the Court allowed them to stand. They applied to public schools and parks, and also to emerging commercial places: hotels, restaurants, streetcars, trains, and eventually sports stadiums.

Plessy v. Ferguson

Supreme Court decision that upheld a Louisiana law requiring the racial segregation of railroad facilities on the grounds that "separate but equal facilities were constitutional under the Fourteenth Amendment.

Mass production

System of production based on assembly of standardized parts, deskilling the trade.

A. Philip Randolph

The Head of the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters, the largest black labor union in the country. He announced plans for a march on Washington in the summer of 1941 after they took no action concerning African American leaders' demands that the government require defense contractors to hire more black workers.

Jane Addams

The daughter of the middle class. She had high hopes for the artistic side of the Hull House, which faded away as they she struggled to keep it open during the depression of the 1890s. She wanted her settlement to be a bridge between the classes.

William Seward

The architect of the vision for asserting U.S. power in Latin America and Asia, not by direct conquest but through trade. Senator of NY and secretary of state from 1861 to 1869 under Lincoln and Andrew Johnson; antislavery and argued that God's moral law was higher than the constitution. appointed by Lincoln. "higher law" and natural rights, opposed slavery expansion, Whig senator. "irrepressible conflict" expansion of slavery between north and south. He believed that Asia would become the chief theater of world events and that commerce was America's key to prosperity. He urged the purchasing of naval bases and refueling stations in the Pacific and Caribbean and dispatched U.S. naval vessels to fight back forcibly reopen Japan's trade when they tried to close it. He urged the annexation of Hawaii and the purchase of Alaska from Russia. He gained the passage of the Burlingame Treaty, guaranteeing the rights of U.S. missionaries in China and set official terms for Chinese laborers.

Atlantic Charter

The joint press release of FDR and Winston Churchill after they met in August 1941. It provided the ideological foundation of the Western cause. Drawing from Wilson's 14 points and FDR's Four Freedoms, it called for economic cooperation, national self-determination, and guarantees of political stability after the war to ensure that all men in all the lands may live out their lives in freedom from fear and want.

D-Day

The long promised second front invasion of France by the Americans and British against the Germans promised to the Soviets, on June 6th, 1944. That morning, the largest armada ever assembled moved across the English Channel under the command of General Eisenhower. Consisting of Americans, Brits, and canadians, over the next few days more than 1.5 million soldiers and thousands of tons of military supplies and equipment flowed into France. They experienced many casualties but liberated much of France and Belgium.

Hull House

The most famous and one of the oldest social settlements. It was on Chicago's West Side, founded in 1889 by Jane Addams and her companion Ellen Gates Starr. It served as a spark plug for community improvement and political reform.

Knights of labor

The most important union of the late 19th century. It was founded in 1869 as a secret society of garment workers in Philadelphia. They believed that normal people needed control over the enterprises in which they worked. They wanted to transform America into what they called a cooperative commonwealth, setting up shops run by employees. It practiced open membership, irrespective of race, gender, or field of employment, other than Chinese people. They thought only electoral action could bring many of their goals. Among their demands were workplace safety laws, prohibition of child labor, a federal tax on the nation's highest incomes, public ownership of telegraphs and railroads, and government recognition of workers' right to organize. Their greatest growth appeared after strikes, even though they tried preventing strikes. They were brought down by an episode of violence in the McCormick reaper in 1886 where a clash with police led 4 strikers dead, of which there were members of the Knights. Later, protests were held in Haymarket square where a bomb was ignited killing several policemen with the bombers claiming to be anarchists and Knights. This tarnished the Knight's reputation to a point where they could never recover.

Sand Creek Massacre

The near annihilation of Black Kettle's Cheyenne band by Colorodo Troops under Colonel Chivington's orders to kill and scalp all.

recall

The people could possibly remove an incompetent politician from office by having a second election.

Tammany Hall

The place where an infamous political machine in New York would meet. The machine consisted of layers of political functionaries.

Sherman Anti-Trust Act

This act banned any formations that would restrict trade, not distinguishing between bad and good trusts. The act was a hamper on worker unions, but it showed that the government was slowly moving away from laissez faire ideals.

Federal Reserve Act

This act created a central banking system, consisting of twelve regional banks governed by the Federal Reserve Board. It was an attempt to provide the United States with a sound yet flexible currency. The Board it created still plays a vital role in the American economy today.

Teddy Roosevelt

This man was 42 in September 1901, when William McKinley was assassinated. He took over the presidency and became the youngest man ever to assume the presidency. Never openly rebelled against the leaders of his party. Became a champion of cautious, moderate change. He believed that reform was a vehicle less fro remaking American Society than for protecting it against more radical challenges. He allied himself with those progressives who urged regulation (but not destruction) of the trusts. At the heart of his policy was a desire to win for government the power to investigate the activities of corporations and publicize the results.

Zimmerman Telegram

Urged Mexico to join the Central Powers, Promised that if the U.S entered the war, Germany would help mexico recover "the lost territory of Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona.

Lend-Lease Act 1941

When Britain was no longer able to pay cash for arms, this was authorized. The legislation authorized the president to "lease, lend, or otherwise dispose of" arms and equipment to Britain or any other country whose defense was considered vital to the security of the United States. It was extended to the Soviets too. It marked the unofficial entrance of the US into the war.

referendum

When citizens vote on laws instead of the state or national governments. It originated as a populous reform in the populist party, but was later picked up by the progressive reform movement.

"Reservation wars"

When policymakers realized that the Great Plains could be used for farming in the era of steel plows and railroads, they took back the land previously granted to the Indians by force in these battle caused by inconsistent policies, failed military campaigns, army atrocities, and egregious corruption within the Indian Bureau, causing reformers to call for new policies that would destroy native people's traditional life-ways and civilize them.

muckrakers

Writers that focus too much on the negative side of American life. The term stuck, but their influence was too profound. They inspired thousands of readers to get involved in reform movements and tackle the problems caused by industrialization.

Alfred Mahan

Wrote The Influence of Sea Power upon History, which argued that control of the sea was the key to world dominance;it stimulated the naval race among the great powers.

ethnic neighborhoods

developed as affluent citizens left the places near the business district for the suburbs and immigrants moved in. Tenements and slums resulted. Different groups created distinct neighborhoods to maintain their own languages, culture, place of worship, and social club. Some had their own newspapers and schools

race riots

black populations expanded to white neighborhoods, and found jobs as strikebreakers, and they were triggered by an indecent at a beach lead to black and white gangs killing fifteen whites and 23 blacks

Populist Party

formed in 1892 by members of the Farmer's Alliance, this party was designed to appeal to workers in all parts of the country. They favored a larger role of government in American Society, a progressive income tax, and more direct methods of democracy.

WEB Debois

fought for immediate implementation of African American rights. Opponent of Booker T Washington, he helped to found Niagara Movement in 1905 to fight for and establish equal rights. This movement later led to the establishment of the NAACP.

William Jennings Bryan

leader of the Democrats in the Chicago convention of 1896 who was a supporter of free silver and won his audiences with biblical fervor; jobless workers and bankrupt farmers resulted in Bryan's assault on the gold standard striking fear in many hearts