APUSH Pre-Revolution Multiple Choice

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57. Identify the statement that is false. a. Each of the thirteen colonies enjoyed a good deal of self-rule before the 1760s. b. Many colonies profited from trade within the British Empire. c. The French and Indian War strengthened ties between the thirteen colonies and Britain. d. After the French and Indian War, the colonists needed greater protection from Britain. e. As late as 1775, most people in the colonies still clung to some hope of reconciliation with Britain.

101. After the purchases of slaves in 1619 by Jamestown settlers, additional purchases of Africans were few because a. they were poor workers. b. many colonists were morally opposed to slavery. c. their labor was not needed. d. indentured servants refused to work with them. e. they were too costly.

101. Malinche has earned a place in history as a. the Indian slave woman who served as Cortés's translator with the Mexicans. b. the woman whose name is synonymous with "traitor". c. the Indian who married one of Cortes's soldiers and traveled to Spain. d. the woman who was baptized with the Spanish name Doña Marina. e. All of these

102. Men became conquistadores because they wanted to a. gain God's favor by spreading Christianity. b. escape dubious pasts. c. seek adventure, as the heroes of classical antiquity had done. d. satisfy their desire for gold. e. All of these

106 67. The 1759 Battle of Quebec a. had little impact on the Seven Years' War. b. was a key turning point in Queen Anne's War. c. was a dramatic victory for the French. d. ended the war of French succession. e. ranks as one of the most significant victories in British and American history.

107. In 1649, Maryland's Act of Toleration a. was issued by Lord Baltimore. b. abolished the death penalty previously given to those who denied the divinity of Jesus. c. gave freedom only to Catholics. d. protected Jews and atheists. e. guaranteed toleration to all Christians.

109 75. The disunity that existed in the colonies before the Seven Years' War can be attributed to all of the following except a. the enormous distances between the colonies. b. geographical barriers like rivers. c. conflicting religions. d. varied nationalities. e. contempt for the British government.

109 78. In a sense, the history of the United States began with the a. Revolutionary War. b. July 4, 1776, signing of the Declaration of Independence. c. Boston Tea Party. d. founding of the first colony in 1607. e. fall of Quebec and Montreal.

110-111 82. The Proclamation of 1763 was designed mainly to a. oppress the colonists. b. punish the Indians. c. show the power of Parliament. d. allow western settlement by the colonists. e. work out a fair settlement of the Indian problem.

111 83. In the wake of the Proclamation of 1763 a. American colonists obeyed the law they hated. b. relations with France improved. c. relations between the American colonies and the British government improved. d. the American colonies believed their destiny had been destroyed. e. American colonists moved west, defying the Proclamation.

117. The busiest seaport in the southern colonies was a. St. Augustine. b. Jamestown. c. Savannah. d. Baltimore. e. Charleston.

124. The purpose of the periodic "mourning wars" was a. to avenge the deaths of Huron warriors. b. to stop the spread of European settlements. c. the result of diplomatic failures among the Indians. d. to break up the Iroquois Confederacy. e. the large-scale adoption of captives and refugees.

129. By 1750, all the southern plantation colonies a. based their economies on the production of staple crops for export. b. practiced slavery. c. provided tax support for the Church of England. d. had few large cities. e. All of these

18. As the seventeenth century wore on, regional differences continued to crystallize, most notably a. the use of indentured servants. b. loyalty to England. c. the continuing rigidity of Puritanism. d. the breaking of the Atlanta economy. e. the importance of slave labor in the South.

43 93. The leader that helped the Pilgrims survive was a. John Smith. b. John Winthrop. c. Roger Williams. d. William Laud. e. William Bradford.

45 102. People who flouted the authority of the Puritan clergy in Massachusetts Bay were subject to which of the following punishments? a. Fines b. Floggings c. Banishment d. Death e. All of these

48 116. The Dominion of New England a. included all the New England colonies. b. was created by the English government to streamline the administration of its colonies. c. was designed to bolster colonial defense. d. eventually included New York and east and west New Jersey. e. All of these

78 41. The average age of the American colonists in 1775 was a. 30. b. 27. c. 25. d. 20. e. 16.

83. In the last half of the fifteenth century, some forty thousand Africans were forced into slavery by Portugal and Spain to a. work on plantations in Africa. b. establish plantations in North America. c. establish plantations in South America. d. help pay for the gold they took. e. work on plantations on the Atlantic sugar islands.

84 70. Which of the following was not considered to be a naval store? a. Tar b. Pitch c. Rosin d. Turpentine e. Glass

55 132. The middle colonies were notable for their a. lack of good river transportation. b. unusual degree of democratic control. c. lack of industry. d. status as the least "American" of the colonies. e. established churches.

80 50. The South held about ____ percent of the slaves in the thirteen colonies of North America. a. 100 b. 90 c. 80 d. 70 e. 50

118. North Carolina and Rhode Island were similar in that they a. were very aristocratic. b. exercised no independent prerogative. c. depended on trade with Spain. d. were the two most democratic colonies. e. were founded by Roger Williams.

102 49. All of the following are true about the War of Jenkins's Ear except a. it resulted in France allying itself with Britain. b. it began as a small scuffle between Britain and Spain in America. c. it came to be called King George's War after merging with the War of Austrian Succession in Europe. d. New England recruits invaded New France. e. it resulted in Spain allying itself with Russia against France and Britain.

102 52. The reason Britain needed to control the Ohio Valley was to a. continue its expansion west and block French land-grabbing and influence. b. ensure defeat of the French in the War of Jenkins Ear. c. halt the growth of Spanish imposition in North America. d. secure the Mississippi River and continue pushing further south to control all of Mexico. e. link their Canadian holdings with those of the lower Mississippi Valley.

103-108 61. The long-range purpose of the Albany Congress in 1754 was to a. achieve colonial unity and common defense against the French threat. b. propose independence of the colonies from Britain. c. declare war on the Iroquois tribe. d. prohibit New England and New York from trading with the French West Indies. e. gain peace with France.

106. At the outset, Lord Baltimore allowed some religious toleration in the Maryland colony because he a. hoped to secure freedom of worship for his fellow Catholics. b. was a committed atheist. c. wanted the colony's Jews to be able to practice their faith. d. hoped to maintain a Catholic majority. e. was asked to do so by the king.

106. Spain began to fortify and settle its North American border lands in order to a. protect its domains from encroachments by England and France. b. gain control of Canada. c. gain more slaves. d. find a passage to the Pacific Ocean. e. look for gold in Florida.

107 70. For the American colonies, the Seven Years' War a. ended the myth of British invincibility. b. left them in need of experienced officers. c. offered the opportunity to grow closer to the British. d. gave them the opportunity to finally gain control of Mississippi. e. helped improve relations between Britain and the colonies.

107 68. In the peace arrangements that ended the Seven Years' War a. France surrendered to Great Britain all of its territorial claims to North America. b. England turned Florida over to Spain. c. Spain ceded all of Louisiana, including New Orleans, to Britain. d. France lost all its valuable sugar islands in the West Indies. e. the British got all of Canada except Nova Scotia.

108. The treatment of the Native Americans by the Spanish conquistadores can be described as a. at times brutal and exploitative. b. firm but fair. c. unmotivated by greed. d. scornful of intermarriage. e. leaving little of Spanish culture.

108. Tobacco was considered a poor man's crop because a. it could be produced easily and quickly. b. it was smoked by the lower class. c. the poor were used to plant and harvest it. d. it could be purchased at a low price. e. it required complicated processing.

109 80. With the defeat of Chief Pontiac and his alliance, the British decided to a. stabilize Indian-white relations. b. let the colonists assume financial responsibility for defending themselves. c. remove troops stationed in the colonies. d. enlist the aid of France to halt the Indian menace. e. open land west of the Appalachian mountains to settlement.

115. Two major exports of the Carolinas were a. rice and Indian slaves. b. sugar and corn. c. tobacco and furs. d. black slaves and cotton. e. sugar and cotton.

128. Virginia, Maryland, the Carolinas, and Georgia were similar in that they were all a. economically devoted to exporting commercial agricultural products, often a staple crop. b. proprietary colonies. c. founded after the restoration of Charles II to the throne. d. founded as refuges for persecuted religious sects in England. e. able to live in peace with the Native Americans.

33-34 114. The colony of South Carolina prospered a. by developing close economic ties with the British West Indies. b. only after Georgia was established. c. as a result of the importation of Indian slaves. d. because of its thriving shipbuilding industry. e. under the leadership of Oliver Cromwell.

41 83. John Calvin profoundly affected the thought of all of the following except a. Spanish Armenians. b. New England Puritans. c. Scottish Presbyterians. d. French Huguenots. e. the Dutch Reformed Church.

41 88. King James I opposed the Separatists who wanted to break away entirely from the Church of England because he a. realized that if his subjects could defy him as their spiritual leader, they could defy him as their political leader. b. strongly believed in the concept of "visible saints." c. never understood the political implications of their actions. d. believed that they were turning their backs on the true Calvinist faith. e. was a strong Catholic and the Separatists' doctrine went counter to the strict interpretation of the Bible.

44 98. With the franchise in Massachusetts extended to all adult males who belonged to Puritan congregations, the proportion of qualified voters (approximately 2/5) in this colony as compared to England was a. larger. b. somewhat smaller. c. about the same. d. not known. e. a great deal smaller.

49 118. As a result of England's Glorious Revolution a. the Dominion of the New World collapsed. b. Sir Edmund Andros gained control over Massachusetts. c. Massachusetts regained its original charter. d. opposition to English rule in the colonies subsided. e. James II regained his legitimate right to the crown.

50-52 124. When the English gained control over New Netherland a. the autocratic spirit survived. b. democracy replaced the old autocratic system. c. the colony grew quickly. d. new leaders distributed land grants in a more democratic fashion. e. they did so with great bloodshed.

52 125. One of the traits that made Quakers unpopular in England was a. their refusal to do military service. b. the high pay given their clergy. c. their support of slavery. d. their violent treatment of their enemies. e. their refusal to hold public office.

53 127. Pennsylvania was the a. best advertised. b. most lied about. c. slowest to attract settlers. d. only settlement with royal colony status. e. All of these

57-58 136. Arrange the following events in chronological order: (A) restoration of Charles II to the English throne, (B) English Civil War, (C) Glorious Revolution, and (D) Protestant Reformation. a. D, B, A, C b. C, A, B, D c. D, C, B, A d. B, C, A, D e. A, B, C, D

58. By the 1770s, which of the following issues helped bring about a crisis of imperial authority? a. Taxation, self-rule, and trade restrictions b. Slavery c. Few colonists clung to any hope of accommodation with Great Britain d. The coronation of a new king e. The rise to power of radical patriots in the American colonies

60 20. In 1650, males in the Chesapeake area competed for the affections of the extremely scarce women, whom they outnumbered nearly a. six to one. b. ten to one. c. fifteen to one. d. twenty to one. e. There is no statistical data.

62 33. Bacon's Rebellion was supported mainly by a. young men frustrated by their inability to acquire land and find women to marry. b. the planter class of Virginia. c. those protesting the increased importation of African slaves. d. people from Jamestown only. e. the local Indians.

62 34. The immediate reason for Bacon's Rebellion was a. the Virginia governor's refusal to retaliate against Indian attacks on frontier settlements. b. the wealthy planter class losing control of the colony. c. a shortage of indentured servants. d. to halt the importation of African slaves. e. All of these

62. The Great Ice Age accounted for the origins of North America's human history because a. it exposed a land bridge connecting Eurasia with North America. b. the glacial withdrawal allowed migration from South America. c. the glacial withdrawal formed freshwater lakes that supported life. d. when it ended, European migration to the west became possible. e. it prevented the migration of dangerous animals from the Bering isthmus.

65. Some of the more advanced Native American cultures did all of the following except a. engage in significant ocean voyages of discovery. b. establish large, elaborate, and bustling cities. c. make strikingly accurate astronomical observations. d. study mathematics. e. carry on commerce.

66 41. Identify the statement that is false. a. Most of the early African immigrants gained their freedom. b. The legal difference between a slave and a servant was unclear early on in colonial history. c. Slavery in American began for economic reasons. d. Slavery was harshest in the deep South. e. Some slaves became slave owners once they were freed.

68. Which word best describes England's efforts in the 1500s to compete with the Spanish Empire? a. Indifferent b. Competitive c. Aggressive d. Domineering e. Influential

69. Native American (Indian) civilization was least highly developed in a. North America. b. Mexico. c. Central America. d. Peru. e. Latin America.

70 55. It was typical of colonial New England adults to a. marry early and have several children. b. be unable to read and write. c. arrive in New England unmarried. d. die before becoming grandparents. e. live solitary lives.

71 59. In seventeenth-century colonial America, all of the following are true regarding women except a. women could not own property under any circumstances. b. women could not vote. c. women were regarded as morally weaker than men. d. women dominated the profession of midwives. e. abusive husbands could be punished.

71-72 60. The expansion of New England society a. proceeded in an orderly fashion. b. was a rather haphazard process. c. was undertaken by lone-wolf farmers on their own initiative. d. took place without the approval of the colonial legislature. e. led to little concern about the community as a whole.

74 69. As a result of poor soil, all of the following conditions prevailed in New England except that a. reliance on a single, staple crop became a necessity. b. the area was less ethnically mixed than its southern neighbors. c. frugality became essential to economic survival. d. hard work was required to make a living. e. diversification in agriculture and industry were encouraged.

74 67. During the Salem witchcraft trials, most of those accused as witches were a. property-owning women. b. from the ranks of poor families. c. primarily un-Christian. d. women in their late teen years. e. from subsistence farming families.

74. The Iroquois Confederacy was able to menace its Native American and European neighbors because of a. its military alliances, sustained by political and organizational skills. b. the Iroquois warriors' skill with the Europeans' muskets. c. the scattered nature of the Iroquois settlements, which made it difficult for their enemies to defeat them. d. the alliance with the Aztecs and Incas. e. its use of new weapons.

75 71. In contrast to the Chesapeake colonies, those in New England a. had a more diversified economy. b. expanded westward in a less orderly fashion. c. had a more ethnically mixed population. d. were more oriented toward the individual than toward community interests. e. followed the land use pattern established by the local Indians.

75. All of the following were original territories of North American Indian populations within the current borders of the United States except a. Mesoamerica. b. Northeast. c. Southeast. d. Great Plains. e. Great Basin.

78 39. As a result of the rapid population growth in colonial America during the eighteenth century a. a momentous shift occurred in the balance of power between the colonies and the mother country. b. the British government was pleased that more workers would be available to fill an increasing need for laborers in Britain. c. the need for slave labor declined. d. the colonists became more dependent on Britain for the goods that they needed to survive. e. the British government granted greater autonomy to colonial governments.

78 44. The Scots-Irish can best be described as a. pugnacious, lawless, and individualistic. b. loyal to the British king. c. people who did not like to move. d. builders of sturdy homes and well-kept farms. e. strong supporters of the Catholic Church.

78. All of the following set into motion the chain of events that led to a drive of Europeans toward Asia, the penetration of Africa, and the discovery of the New World except a. economic hardships and overpopulation at home. b. growing power of ambitious governments behind them. c. they sought contact with a wider world. d. they sought territories to conqueror. e. they sought new places to trade with.

80 52. Identify the statement that is false. a. The population of the thirteen colonies, mainly Anglo-Saxon, was the least mixed to be found anywhere in the world. b. The South, holding about 90 percent of the slaves, displayed its historic black-and-white racial composition. c. New England, mostly staked out by the original Puritan migrants, showed the least ethnic diversity. d. The Middle Colonies received the bulk of later white immigrants and boasted the most variety of peoples. e. In 1775, outside of New England, about one-half the population was non-English.

80 48. By 1775, the ____ were the largest non-English ethnic group in colonial America. a. Africans b. Germans c. West Indians d. Scots-Irish e. Irish

80 54. In contrast to the seventeenth century, by 1775, colonial Americans a. had become more stratified into social classes. b. had all but eliminated poverty. c. found that it was easier for ordinary people to acquire land. d. had nearly lost their fear of slave rebellion. e. had few people who owned small farms.

81 57. In 1760, fearful of heavy concentrations of resentful slaves, which colonial legislature unsuccessfully sought to pass legislation that would halt the further importation of slaves.? a. South Carolina b. North Carolina c. Georgia d. Virginia e. Maryland

81. The financial means for England's first permanent colonization in America were provided by a. a joint-stock company. b. a royal proprietor. c. Queen Elizabeth II. d. the law of primogeniture. e. an expanding wool trade.

82 62. By the eighteenth century, the various colonial regions had distinct economic identities; the northern colonies relied on ____, the Chesapeake colonies relied on ____, and the southern colonies relied on ____. a. cattle and grain, tobacco, rice and indigo b. furs and skins, tobacco, iron works c. rice and indigo, lumber and timber, tobacco d. shipbuilding, iron works, cattle and grain e. cattle and grain, tobacco, fishing

82 61. The least honored profession in early colonial society was a. physician. b. teacher. c. minister. d. farmer. e. merchant.

82 64. One of the surest avenues to speedy wealth in the American colonies was a. commercial ventures. b. a plantation. c. fishing. d. manufacturing. e. selling slaves.

83 66. Identify the statement that is false. a. The triangular trade was infamously profitable and made up most of the colonial commerce. b. A trader would leave New England with a cargo of rum and sail to the Gold Coast of Africa. c. A trader would barter rum with African chiefs for captured African slaves. d. A trader would travel to the West Indies with the African slaves for molasses. e. A trader would travel to New England with the molasses, where it would be distilled into rum.

84. The early years at Jamestown were mainly characterized by a. starvation, disease, and frequent Indian raids. b. economic prosperity. c. constant fear of Spanish invasion. d. major technological advancement. e. peace with the Native Americans.

85 75. Colonial American taverns were all of the following except a. frequented mainly by the lower class. b. another cradle of democracy. c. hotbeds of agitation for the Revolutionary movement. d. important in crystallizing public opinion. e. places providing amusements.

86 78. Match each denomination on the left with the region where it predominated. A. Congregationalist 1. the frontier B. Anglican 2. New England C. Presbyterian 3. the South a. A-2, B-3, C-l b. A-2, B-1, C-3 c. A-1, B-3, C-2 d. A-3, B-2, C-1 e. A-3, B-1, C-2

87 81. The main reason that Puritan churches were struggling in the early eighteenth century was because a. parishioners found their theological doctrines too elaborate. b. parishioners thought that ministers had gone too soft in their preaching. c. church members embraced the notion of predestination. d. they banned their predominantly female membership from any leadership positions. e. the Anglican Church successfully competed for church members.

87 | p. 91 84. The New Light preachers of the Great Awakening a. delivered intensely emotional sermons. b. rarely addressed themselves to the matter of individual salvation. c. reinforced the established churches. d. were ultimately unsuccessful in arousing the religious enthusiasm of colonial Americans. e. opposed the emotionalism of the revivalists.

87-88 86. The time-honored English ideal, which Americans accepted for some time, regarded education as all of the following except a. essential training for citizenship. b. designed primarily for men. c. reserved for the aristocratic few. d. essential for creating leaders. e. hailed and embraced in New England more than any other region.

87. Chief Powhatan had Captain John Smith kidnapped in order to a. impress Smith with his power and show the Indian's desire for peace. b. demonstrate the Indians' desire for war. c. punish Smith for refusing to marry Pocahontas. d. hold him for a large ransom to be paid by King James. e. save the Virginia community from utter collapse.

87. In an effort to reach the Indies, Spain looked westward because a. Portugal controlled the African coast. b. the Pope granted Spain the right to sail this route. c. Muslims blocked the sea route. d. the Moors had convinced them to do so. e. African tribes constantly menaced the European ships traveling along the coast.

88 87. To the Puritans, education was essential for a. reading the Bible. b. enforcing Christian laws and customs. c. creating good citizens. d. writing inspiring sermons. e. training future ministers.

92. A peace settlement ended the First Anglo-Powhatan War in 1614 by the a. marriage of Pocahontas to the colonist John Rolfe. b. mass killing of the entire Powhatan tribe. c. English agreeing to give up all land in Virginia to the Powhatan tribe. d. Powhatan tribe agreeing to give up all land in Virginia to the English. e. agreement of John Rolfe and Pocahontas to divorce.

93 101. By the mid-eighteenth century, North American colonies shared all of the following similarities except a. complete democracy. b. basically English in language. c. Protestant in religion. d. opportunity for social mobility. e. some degree of ethnic and religious toleration.

93. The introduction of American plants around the world resulted in a. rapid population growth in Europe. b. many illnesses, caused by the new germs contained in these food-stuffs. c. an African population decline. d. very little change. e. an increase in obese people.

95. Identify the statement that is false. a. The Powhatans were extremely resistant to European-borne maladies, unlike their other Indian counterparts. b. The Powhatans, despite their apparent cohesiveness, lacked the unity with which to make effective opposition to the well-organized whites. c. The Powhatans served no economic function for the Virginia colonists. d. Once the English settlers began growing their own food crops, the Powhatans had no valuable commodities to offer them in commerce. e. The Indian presence frustrated the colonists, they desperately wanted their land.

98 34. The soldier and explorer whose leadership in establishing French colonies earned him the title "Father of New France" was a. Samuel de Champlain. b. Robert de La Salle. c. Antoine Cadillac. d. Des Moines. e. Edward Vincennes.

98 37. Government in New France (Canada) was a. almost completely autocratic. b. democratic. c. similar to that of the English colonies. d. noted for its trial by jury. e. free from the king's control.

98-99 38. Unlike the English colonies in America, in New France a. there were no popularly elected assemblies. b. the crown refused to promote the welfare of French colonization. c. the population grew very rapidly. d. no valuable resources for exploitation existed. e. the colonists practiced religious toleration.

99 39. The population in Catholic New France grew very slowly because a. French peasants had no economic motive to move to the colonies. b. the Protestant Huguenots refused to move there. c. the French government was more concerned with its South American colonies. d. disease took a heavy toll on New France's inhabitants. e. of constant attacks by the Huron Indians.

99 42. The Indians suffered from their association with the French in New France in all of the following ways except a. exclusion from the fur business. b. decimation of their numbers by the white man's diseases. c. violation of their religious beliefs about slaughtering animals. d. debauchery by the white man's alcohol. e. weakening of their traditional way of life.

100. The Dominican Friar Bartolomé de Las Casas is best known for a. negotiating the Treaty of Tordesillas. b. speaking out against the horrors of the encomienda system on Native Americans. c. establishing a mission to bring Christianity to the Aztec capital of Tenochtitlán. d. convincing Spanish Queen Isabella to make Christianity the main focus of Spanish exploration. e. All of these

101 47. During a generation of peace following the 1713 Treaty of Utrecht, Britain provided its American colonies with a. a large military presence for protection. b. decades of salutary neglect. c. higher taxes passed by Parliament. d. stronger parliamentary direction. e. representative seats in the British Parliament.

102 51. The clash between Britain and France for control of the North American continent sprang from their rivalry for control of a. Cape Breton Island. b. the Ohio River Valley. c. the Mississippi River. d. the Great Lakes. e. the St. Lawrence River.

102-103 54. In his first military command in the French and Indian War, George Washington a. won a decisive and hard-fought battle at Fort Duquesne. b. was defeated at Fort Necessity but was allowed to retreat. c. received strong support from the British. d. helped to force the French out of Nova Scotia. e. turned his twenty years of military experience to great success.

102. In 1650, Virginia counted only 300 blacks in its population, although by the end of the century, blacks, most of them enslaved, made up approximately ____ percent of the colony's population. a. 6 b. 14 c. 25 d. 56 e. 73

103 55. The Seven Years' War was also known in America as a. the War of Jenkins's Ear. b. the French and Indian War. c. the War of the Austrian Succession. d. King William's War. e. Queen Anne's War.

103. The Aztec chief Moctezuma allowed Cortés to enter the capital of Tenochtitlán because a. Cortés's army was so powerful. b. Montezuma believed that Cortés was the god Quetzalcoatl. c. there was little in the city of interest to the Spanish. d. he was told to do so by the gods. e. the Treaty of Tordesillas gave the capital to the Spanish government.

104 56. All of the following were allies on one side of the French and Indian War except a. France. b. Prussia. c. Spain. d. Austria. e. Russia.

104 58. The immediate purpose of the Albany Congress of 1754 was to a. request the help of the British military. b. keep the Iroquois tribes loyal to the British. c. prevent the French from attacking American outposts. d. support George Washington's desire to head the colonial militia. e. block British efforts to take control of New York City.

104 60. Arrange the following events in chronological order: (A) George Washington surrenders Fort Necessity; (B) General Edward Braddock is defeated near Fort Duquesne; (C) British troops capture Louisbourg in their first significant victory of the French and Indian War; and (D) General James Wolfe's army defeats Montcalm's on the Plains of Abraham. a. B, A, D, C b. A, B, C, D c. C, B, A, D d. A, C, B, D e. A, B, D, C

104. A major reason for the founding of the Maryland colony in 1634 was to a. establish a defensive buffer against Spanish colonies in the South. b. be financially profitable and create a refuge for the Catholics. c. help the Protestants, by giving them a safe haven. d. allow Lord Baltimore to keep all the land for himself. e. repudiate the feudal way of life.

104. In which of the following is the explorer mismatched with the area he explored? a. Coronado—New Mexico and Arizona b. Ponce de León—Mississippi River Valley c. Cortés—Mexico d. Pizarro—Peru e. Columbus—Caribbean islands

105. Which of these statements does NOT describe mestizos? a. They were the offspring of Spanish conquistadores who married Indian women. b. They were the pagan slaves of Cortes' soldiers. c. They formed a cultural and biological bridge between Latin America's European and Indian peoples. d. They were considered a "new race." e. All of these

106 62. Benjamin Franklin published in his Pennsylvania Gazette his most famous cartoon of the colonial era, a disjointed snake, which a. promoted the idea that America, if they accepted the Albany Plan, would be cut apart and die. b. promoted the idea that if the colonies did not stand united against France, they would fall apart and die. c. argued that the British would cut apart the French (like the snake) once the Albany Plan was accepted. d. implied that the French was like the snake, waiting to be cut apart by the Albany Plan. e. promoted the idea that the French, if they accepted the Albany Plan, would join forces with the British and be united, unlike the disjointed snake.

107 69. As a result of the Seven Years' War, Great Britain a. gained control of Louisiana. b. became the dominant power in North America. c. annexed the island of Cuba. d. gained exclusive control of the slave trade. e. All of these

107 71. Colonists emerged from the French and Indian War a. more loyal to Britain than ever. b. more confident in their military strength. c. with the respect of the British government. d. with increased authority to govern themselves. e. solidly allied with Native Americans.

108-109 74. With the end of the Seven Years' War, the disunity, jealousy, and suspicion that had long existed in the American colonies a. continued without change. b. began to melt somewhat. c. finally came to a complete end. d. resulted in renewed acts of violence. e. None of these

109 79. For Indians, the Treaty of Paris that ended the Seven Years' War a. safeguarded their lands from further encroachment by colonists. b. eliminated their ability to play off rival European powers against each other. c. forced the Indians to negotiate exclusively with the Spanish. d. pushed them onto reservations. e. None of these

110. Under the Barbados slave code, slaves were a. guaranteed the right to marry. b. denied the most fundamental rights. c. protected from the most vicious punishments. d. given the opportunity to purchase their freedom. e. assigned specific monetary value.

116. Some Africans became especially valuable as slaves in the Carolinas because they a. had experience working in dry, desert-like areas. b. were experienced in rice cultivation. c. were knowledgeable regarding cotton production. d. exhibited skill as soldiers. e. were skilled fishermen.

121. The colony of Georgia was founded a. by a joint-stock company. b. as a defensive buffer against Spain for the valuable Carolinas. c. by eight proprietors chosen by Charles II. d. in the seventeenth century. e. to supply New England with much-needed African slaves.

122. Georgia's founders were determined to a. conquer Florida and add it to Britain's empire. b. create a haven for people imprisoned for debt. c. keep Georgia for Catholics. d. restrict the colony to British citizens. e. establish slavery.

125. The Iroquois leader who helped his nation revive its old customs was a. Powhatan. b. Handsome Lake. c. Pocahontas. d. De La Warr. e. Pontiac.

41 87. Henry VIII aided the entrance of Protestant beliefs into England when he a. allowed Martin Luther to journey to England. b. broke England's ties with the Roman Catholic Church. c. removed himself as the head of the Church of England. d. ordered John Calvin to go to Switzerland. e. supported the Puritans.

41 | p. 48 | p. 50 137. Arrange the following events in chronological order: (A) great Puritan migration, (B) founding of Plymouth Colony, (C) Protestant Reformation, and (D) founding of Rhode Island. a. A, B, D, C b. C, B, A, D c. C, A, B, D d. B, D, A, C e. D, A, C, B

42 90. Match each colony on the left with its associated item. A. Plymouth B. Connecticut C. Massachusetts Bay 1. General Court 2. Mayflower Compact 3. Fundamental Orders 4. patroonships a. A-3, B-2, C-4 b. A-2, B-3, C-1 c. A-4, B-1, C-2 d. A-1, B-4, C-3 e. A-3, B-2, C-1

45 103. According to Anne Hutchinson, a dissenter in Massachusetts Bay a. predestination was not a valid idea. b. the truly saved need not bother to obey the laws of God or man. c. antinomianism was heresy. d. direct revelation from God was impossible. e. a person needs only to obey the law of God.

45-46 105. All of the following were true of Roger Williams except a. he was a personable and popular Salem minister. b. he was not a Separatist and advocated reconciliation with the Church of England. c. aided by Indians, he fled the Puritan community and established Rhode Island in 1636. d. he challenged the legality of the Bay Colony's charter. e. he denied the authority of the civil government to regulate religious behavior.

46 107. Roger Williams' beliefs included all of the following except a. breaking away from the Church of England. b. demanding oaths regarding religious beliefs. c. condemning the taking of Indian land without fair compensation. d. denying the authority of the civil government to regulate religious matters. e. challenging the legality of Massachusetts Bay's charter.

46 109. Settlers of the Connecticut River colony developed a document known as the Fundamental Orders, which a. marked the beginning of the colony of Connecticut. b. established a regime democratically controlled by "substantial" citizens. c. set up a military alliance in New England. d. pleased King Charles I. e. supported a government controlled by all people.

48 113. King Philip's War resulted in all of the following except a. the lasting defeat of New England's Indians. b. the immediate westward march of English settlement in New England. c. the death of hundreds of colonists and many more Indians. d. the destruction of 12 Puritan towns. e. the beheading of Wampanoag Chief Metacom and the sale of his wife and son into slavery

48 115. The New England Confederation a. included all the New England colonies. b. was designed to bolster colonial defense. c. led the American colonies to seek independence from England. d. was created by the English government to streamline its administration of the colonies. e. was an economic and trade alliance.

50 121. The Dutch colony of New Netherland (later New York) a. allowed only Dutch immigrants to settle there. b. was established for its quick profit of fur trading. c. tolerated Quakers from nearby Pennsylvania. d. supported free speech and other democratic practices. e. All of these

53. The European explorers who followed Columbus to North America a. intended to found a new nation. b. continued to view themselves as Europeans. c. did not consider America as the western rim of the European world. d. no longer saw themselves as subjects of European kings. e. saw little difference between their lives in America and their lives in Europe.

55 | p. 57 133. Recently, historians have increasingly viewed the colonial period as one a. in which the Puritans had been overlooked. b. of contact and adaptation between European and native populations. c. in which the settlement of the Caribbean has been stressed too much. d. in which economic ambition was the main reason all colonists came. e. All of these

55. All of the following were characteristics of the original thirteen colonies except a. Puritans carved tight, pious, and relatively democratic communities in New England. b. the belief they were a single people with a common destiny, who ought to break from Britain. c. the southern colonies consisted of large landholders, mostly Anglican, on plantations using slave labor. d. there were internal conflicts over economic interests, ethnic rivalries, and religious practices. e. the middle colonies were the most diverse with estates interspersed with modest homesteads.

59. The existence of a single original continent has been proved by the presence of a. similar mountain ranges on the various continents. b. nearly identical species of fish in long-separated freshwater lakes throughout the world. c. marsupials on the various continents. d. the continued shifting of the earth's crust. e. geological evidence of soil samples common among all continents.

60 19. The population of the Chesapeake colonies, throughout the first half of the seventeenth century, was notable for its a. fast growth rate. b. scarcity of women. c. low death rate. d. stable family life. e. large percentage of middle-aged men.

61 24. By 1700, the most populous colony in English America was a. Massachusetts. b. Virginia. c. New York. d. Pennsylvania. e. Maryland.

61 29. Throughout the greater part of the seventeenth century, the Chesapeake colonies acquired most of the labor they needed from a. African slaves. b. white servants. c. captured Indians. d. West Indian natives. e. prisoners of war.

62 35. As a result of Bacon's Rebellion a. African slavery was reduced. b. planters began to look for less troublesome laborers. c. Governor Berkeley was dismissed from office. d. Nathaniel Bacon was named to head the Virginia militia. e. better relations developed with local Indians.

62 36. The majority of African slaves coming to the New World a. went to English North America. b. were delivered to South America and the West Indies. c. came to New England. d. were brought by the Dutch. e. died before reaching their destination.

62 | p. 66 38. Many of the slaves who reached North America a. came from eastern Africa. b. were originally captured by African coastal tribes. c. were captured in southern Africa. d. eventually gained their freedom. e. settled in the middle colonies.

66 40. The 1662 slave codes in Virginia are significant because they a. restricted the number of slaves that could be imported into the colony. b. established a legal difference between servants and slaves based on race. c. established curfews and prohibited slaves from moving freely about the colony. d. outlined the conditions under which slaves could obtain their freedom. e. made slaves and indentured servants of equal status under the law.

67 | p. 68 49. Slave Christianity emphasized all of the following in their faith except a. Jesus was the Messiah who would deliver them from bondage. b. that they should be humble and obedient. c. heaven was a place where they would be reunited with their ancestors. d. that God freed the Hebrews from slavery. e. how to use religious songs as encoded messages about escape.

70 52. Most of the inhabitants of the colonial American South were a. large merchant planters. b. landowning small farmers. c. landless farm laborers. d. black slaves. e. native Americans.

71 56. The New England family can best be described as a. relatively small in size due to the frequency of deaths from childbirth. b. a very stable institution. c. a limiting factor in the growth of the region's population. d. not very close-knit. e. similar to the family in the Chesapeake colonies.

71 58. Puritans refused to recognize a woman's separate property rights because a. of the short life span of New England women. b. they worried that such rights would undercut the unity of married persons. c. New England families were so rare. d. there was so little land available. e. All of these

71. Match each individual with the correct phrase. A. Francis Drake B. Walter Raleigh C. Humphrey Gilbert 1. "sea dog" who plundered the treasure ships of the Spanish Main 2. adventurer who tried but failed to establish a colony in Newfoundland 3. explorer whose voyage in 1498 established England's territorial claims in the New World 4. courtier whose colony at Roanoke Island was mysteriously abandoned in the 1580s 5. colonizer who helped establish tobacco as a cash crop in Georgia a. A-2, B-1, C-3 b. A-1, B-4, C-2 c. A-3, B-2, C-1 d. A-4, B-3, C-2 e. A-5, B-4, C-1

72. Spain's dreams of empire began to fade with the a. War of Spanish Succession. b. defeat of the Spanish Armada. c. loss of Brazil. d. Treaty of Tordesillas. e. conquest of Mexico by Portugal.

73 64. All of the following were consequences of the Half-Way Covenant except a. it weakened the distinction between the elect and others. b. it maintained the original agreement of the covenant. c. it conferred partial membership rights in the once-exclusive congregations. d. it increased the numbers of church members. e. women became the majority in the Puritan congregations.

73 66. The Salem witchcraft trials were a. a result of Roger Williams's activities. b. the result of unsettled social and religious conditions in rapidly evolving Massachusetts. c. caused by ergot in the Puritans' bread. d. unique to the English colonies. e. accusations made by the daughters of business owners.

74-75 72. The English justified taking land from the native inhabitants on the grounds that the Indians a. were not Christians. b. wasted the earth. c. burned woodlands. d. refused to sell it. e. did not have a legal right to it.

76. Identify the statement that is false. a. England's victory over the Spanish Armada helped ensure England's naval dominance in the North Atlantic. b. England never experienced any religious unity or stability as it continued to have years and years of bloody warfare over religious radicalism. c. England's victory over the Spanish Armada started England on its way to becoming master of the world oceans. d. England had a strong, unified national state under a popular monarch. e. England had a strong vibrant sense of nationalism and national destiny.

77. The spirit of the English on the eve of colonization included all of the following except a. restlessness. b. limited patriotism. c. curiosity about the unknown. d. thirst for adventure. e. self-confidence.

79. The Christian crusaders were indirectly responsible for the discovery of America because they a. were victorious over the Muslims. b. brought back news of valuable Far Eastern spices, drugs, and silk. c. succeeded in establishing improved business relations between Muslims and Christians. d. returned with captured Muslim maps showing the North and South American continents. e. developed better navigational devices.

80 46. An armed march in Philadelphia in 1764, protesting the Quaker oligarchy's lenient policy toward the Indians was known as a. Bacon's Rebellion. b. March of the Paxton Boys. c. Regulator Movement. d. Shays' Rebellion. e. Oligarchy Revolution.

80 49. The population of the thirteen American colonies was a. about evenly divided among Anglo-Saxons, French, Scots-Irish, and Germans. b. perhaps the most diverse in the world, although it remained predominantly Anglo-Saxon. c. overwhelmingly African. d. the less diverse in the world. e. None of these

80 53. Colonial immigrants laid the foundations for a new multicultural American national identity by a. merging their religious traditions with those of Native Americans b. intermarrying with people from other ethnic groups. c. pushing their settlements from the East Coast into the backcountry. d. importing increasing numbers of slaves. e. None of these

80. The ____ decreed that only eldest sons were eligible to inherit landed estates. a. ancestry laws b. laws of primogeniture c. joint-stock companies d. laws of inheritance e. treaty of the elders

81-82 58. How did British authorities respond to efforts by colonial legislatures to restrict or halt the importation of slaves? a. They applauded and supported these efforts. b. British leaders vetoed such efforts. c. They allowed only South Carolina's legislation to stand. d. They viewed such colonial actions as morally callous. e. The British refused to intervene and did nothing.

81. Before the middle of the fifteenth century, sub-Saharan Africa had remained remote and mysterious to Europeans because a. there was little of value for them there. b. sea travel down the African coast had been virtually impossible. c. Islamic societies prevented Europe from making inroads there. d. they did not know that it existed. e. they feared the people who lived there.

84 69. What proportion of the British merchant marine fleet was American built? a. One-fourth b. One-third c. Two-thirds d. Three-fifths e. None

84 71. One feature of the American economy that strained the relationship between the colonies and Britain was the a. British demand to halt the importation of slaves. b. growing desire of Americans to trade with other nations in addition to Britain. c. lack of any British regulations regarding trade with foreign nations. d. British rejection of the Molasses Act. e. the Americans' unwillingness to trade with the French West Indies.

86 79. As the Revolution approached, Presbyterian and Congregational ministers in general a. remained neutral. b. supported the Revolutionary cause. c. sided with the Anglican clergymen. d. opposed the idea of revolution. e. split on the issue of independence.

86. Captain John Smith's role at Jamestown can best be described as a. very limited. b. saving the colony from collapse. c. persuading the colonists to continue their hunt for gold. d. worsening the colonists' relationship with the Indians. e. reducing the terrible death toll.

88. Pocahontas saved Captain John Smith by a. agreeing to marry him. b. interposing her head between his and his captor's clubs. c. pleading with her father on Smith's behalf. d. nursing him back to health after a battle with her tribe. e. All of these

89. Columbus called the native people in the "New World" Indians because a. that was what they called themselves. b. he believed that he had skirted the rim of the "Indies." c. it was a form of the Spanish word for heathen. d. the Vikings had first called them by that name. e. the Spanish often used this generic word, which meant "outsider" or "non-Spanish."

89. Of the four hundred settlers who managed to make it to Virginia, only sixty survived the "starving time" winter of a. 1601-1602. b. 1609-1610. c. 1621-1622. d. 1634-1635. e. 1645-1646.

90 92. Culture in colonial America a. involved heavy investment in art. b. was generally ignored and unappreciated. c. showed its native creativity in architecture. d. was always important to the colonists. e. for a long time rejected any European influence.

91 94. All of the following are achievements of Benjamin Franklin except a. the lightning rod. b. influential poetry. c. bifocal glasses. d. a highly efficient stove. e. author of Poor Richard's Almanack.

91 95. All of the following are true statements about colonial newspapers on the eve of the Revolution except a. there were about forty different newspapers throughout the colonies. b. they were typically published twice a week. c. they proved to be powerful vehicles for airing grievances and rallying support against England. d. they consisted of a single large sheet of paper folded once. e. the news they contained often lagged weeks behind the events themselves.

92 100. In colonial elections a. most eligible voters zealously exercised their right to vote. b. the right to vote was reserved for property holders. c. only a small landed elite had the right to vote. d. average citizens were usually elected to office. e. true democracy had arrived.

92 98. By 1775, most governors of American colonies were a. appointed by colonial proprietors. b. appointed by the king. c. elected by popular vote. d. elected by the vote of colonial legislatures. e. appointed by the British Parliament.

94. European contact with Native Americans led to a. the Europeans' acceptance of the horse into their culture. b. the deaths of millions of Native Americans, who had little resistance to European diseases. c. the introduction into the New World of such plants as potatoes, tomatoes, and beans. d. an increase in the Native American population. e. the use of tobacco by Native Americans.

95 76. English officials tried to establish the Church of England in as many colonies as possible because a. they were concerned about the eternal souls of the colonists. b. the church would act as a major prop for royal authority. c. such an action would restore enthusiasm for religion. d. the American colonists supported such a move. e. such an action brought in more money to England.

98 35. France was finally able to join in the scramble for colonies in the New World as a result of the a. Protestant takeover of the French government. b. end of the religious wars. c. revocation of the Edict of Nantes. d. St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre. e. Seven Years' War.

100 44. The French wanted to control Louisiana because they a. liked its climate. b. wanted to keep the area unfortified. c. would then control the mouth of the Mississippi River. d. feared Dutch expansion into the territory. e. saw it as a dumping ground for undesirables.

100 45. French motives in the New World included the desire to a. establish agricultural communities to produce profitable staple crops. b. convert Indians to Protestantism. c. compete with Spain for an empire in America. d. provide a place for French religious dissenters to settle. e. compete with Portugal for an empire in America.

101 48. The War of Jenkins's Ear was a. fought in European waters. b. a great victory for Spain. c. confined to the Caribbean Sea and Georgia. d. the event that established the policy of salutary neglect. e. a defeat for France.

102 50. New England colonists were outraged when British diplomats returned ____ to France in 1748. a. Hudson Bay b. Acadia c. Louisbourg d. Newfoundland e. Nova Scotia

103. The summoning of Virginia's House of Burgesses marked an important precedent because it a. failed. b. was abolished by King James I. c. was the first of many miniature parliaments to flourish in America. d. forced King James I to revoke the colony's royal charter and grant it self-government. e. allowed the seating of nonvoting Native Americans.

104 57. In the colonial wars before 1754, Americans a. functioned as a unified fighting force. b. received more support from France than Britain. c. demonstrated an astonishing lack of unity. d. were not involved in combat. e. rarely involved Indians in the fighting.

105 59. Unlike the first three Anglo-French wars, the Seven Years' War a. won the British territorial concessions. b. united British colonists in strong support of the mother country. c. was fought initially on the North American continent. d. did not affect American colonists' attitudes toward England. e. resulted in a stronger French presence in North America.

105. Despite its problems, Maryland prospered, and like Virginia it a. relied exclusively on African slave labor. b. remained a strong center of cotton production in the South. c. depended for labor in its early years mainly on white indentured servants. d. supplied the world's largest supply of beans and corn to Europe. e. remained a progressive state dedicated to social and economic equality of all its citizens.

106 64. As a result of General Braddock's defeat a few miles from Fort Duquesne a. the British controlled the frontier. b. George Washington was left without a military command. c. the frontier from Pennsylvania to North Carolina was open to Indian attack. d. General Braddock was forced to leave the military. e. the British called off their planned invasion of Canada.

106 63. Benjamin Franklin's plan for colonial home rule was rejected by the individual colonies because a. it did not provide for the common defense. b. the British approved it. c. it did not seem to give enough independence to the colonies. d. they did not feel that they had been well represented at the Albany Congress. e. it placed too much power in the hands of local governments.

107 72. During the Seven Years' War a. colonial militiamen were impressed with the seeming invincibility of the British regulars. b. British officers roundly praised the skillful fighting ability of colonial troops. c. British officials were disturbed by the lukewarm support of many colonials. d. the colonists lost confidence in their own military capability. e. all American trade with Spain and France ended.

107. All of the following are true about Popés Rebellion in 1680, except a. Pueblo Indians rebelled when Spanish missionaries sought to suppress native religious customs. b. Pueblo Indians destroyed every Catholic church in the province of New Mexico. c. the revolt by Pueblo Indians was successfully halted by the Spanish. d. Pueblo Indians built a ceremonial religious chamber - kiva - on the ruins of the Spanish plaza. e. Spanish priests and settlers were killed in the conflict.

109 77. With the British and American victory in the Seven Years' War a. the American colonies grew closer to Britain. b. Americans now feared the Spanish. c. a new spirit of independence arose, as the French threat disappeared. d. the Indians were stopped from ever again launching a deadly attack against whites. e. the British no longer retaliated against the Indians.

109. Sugar was called a rich man's crop for all of the following reasons except that a. it had to be planted extensively. b. it required the clearing of much land. c. its commercial version could be purchased only by the wealthy. d. it required an elaborate refining process. e. it was a capital-intensive business.

109. Which of the following is the false concept, which held that the Spanish conquerors merely tortured and butchered the Indians, stole their gold, infected them with smallpox, and left little but misery behind? a. Dark Myth b. European Legend c. Black Legend d. Spanish Myth e. Tragic Death

119. The inhabitants of North Carolina were regarded by their neighbors as a. hostile and violent. b. too submissive to authority. c. outcasts and irreligious. d. far too friendly with Spain. e. too Catholic.

120. The attitude of Carolinians toward Indians can best be described as a. friendly. b. neutral. c. hostile. d. promoting interracial marriage. e. None of these

126. Which of the following is NOT a true statement about Iroquois society? a. Two families would live together in one longhouse. b. When a man married, he moved into the home of his wife and her family. c. Women dominated Iroquois society. d. All men's connections and positions of prominence came from the maternal line. e. Five nations joined together to form the Iroquois Confederacy but maintained their independence.

127. In the face of devastating diseases, war and dislocation, what strategy did dwindling Native American tribes use to survive? a. Poisoning food supplies of colonists encroaching on tribal lands b. Adding captive colonists as tribal members to increase their numbers c. Merging with other tribes d. Embracing the reservation system e. Converting to Christianity

130. Arrange the following events in chronological order: the founding of (A) Georgia, (B) the Carolinas, (C) Virginia, and (D) Maryland. a. A, C, B, D b. B, D, C, A c. C, D, B, A d. D, C, B, A e. C, B, A, D

33 112. By about 1700, black slaves outnumbered white settlers in the English West Indies by nearly a. two to one. b. three to one. c. four to one. d. six to one. e. ten to one.

41 82. All of the following are true of Martin Luther except a. he was German. b. he protested against Catholic doctrines at Wittenberg in 1517. c. there was little notice of his reforms in Europe. d. he denounced the authority of priests and popes. e. he declared that the Bible was the only source of God's word.

41 84. Match each item on the left with the correct definition. A. predestination B. conversion C. antinomianism 1. belief that from the moment of creation some souls were "saved" and others "damned" 2. belief that faith, good works, and repentance could earn salvation 3. the sign of receipt of God's free gift of saving grace 4. belief that those whom God had marked for salvation need not obey secular laws a. A-1, B-3, C-2 b. A-3, B-2, C-1 c. A-1, B-3, C-4 d. A-4, B-l, C-3 e. A-2, B-4, C-3

41 86. In Puritan doctrine, the "elect" were also referred to as a. Separatists. b. "patroons." c. "visible saints." d. Pilgrims. e. Anglicans.

42-46 91. All of the following were true of the Pilgrims except they a. were also known as Separatists. b. arrived in the New World on the ship the Mayflower. c. arrived at their original destination with no casualties. d. chose Plymouth Bay as their landing site in 1620. e. were without legal right to the land and specific authority to establish a government.

43 94. The historical significance of the Pilgrims of Plymouth Bay lies in their a. numerical size. b. economic power. c. moral and spiritual qualities. d. dedication to family life. e. unwillingness to merge with the Puritans in Massachusetts Bay.

43 95. Unlike Separatists, the Puritans a. advocated strict separation of church and state. b. practiced passive resistance to oppression. c. remained members of the Church of England. d. were Calvinists. e. rejected belief in witchcraft.

43-44 97. Puritan doctrine included acceptance of a. antinomianism. b. the Pope's supremacy. c. the idea of a covenant with God. d. the doctrine of good works. e. the King as the final religious authority.

45 100. Puritan religious beliefs allowed all of the following except a. drinking alcohol. b. eating plentifully. c. challenging religious authority. d. making love discreetly. e. singing songs.

45 101. Among the Puritans, it was understood that a. they would establish democratic government in America. b. clergymen would hold the most powerful political office. c. the purpose of government was to enforce God's laws. d. all adult white male landowners could vote for political leaders. e. women could become religious leaders.

46 106. As the founder of Rhode Island, Roger Williams a. established religious freedom for all but Jews and Catholics. b. supported some types of special privileges. c. established complete religious freedom for all. d. demanded attendance at worship. e. became a very wealthy man.

48 112. The New England Indians' only hope for resisting English encroachment lay in a. acquiring English muskets. b. enlisting the aid of the French. c. intertribal unity against the English. d. building fortifications. e. allying themselves with the Dutch.

48 114. During the early years of colonization in the New World, England a. closely controlled its colonies. b. maintained an excellent relationship with the Indians. c. paid little attention to its colonies. d. made sure all the colonies had royal charters. e. began the importation of African slaves in large numbers.

49 117. As the head of Dominion of New England, Sir Edmund Andros was all of the following except a. an able military man. b. conscientious. c. a Puritan. d. tactless. e. a leader who restricted the press.

50 122. New York and Pennsylvania were similar in that they both a. were established by joint-stock companies. b. experienced slow population growth. c. had ethnically mixed populations. d. were founded as religious refuges. e. had poor soil.

50 120. New York was a. the best advertised of all the colonies. b. designed as a Quaker refuge. c. originally founded by the Dutch. d. a major contributor to political democracy and religious tolerance in the English colonies. e. the last of the middle colonies to be established.

55 131. All the middle colonies were a. founded by proprietors. b. established by joint-stock companies. c. notable for their fertile soil. d. intended as religious havens. e. dependent on slave labor.

56. The ideals that the colonists cherished as synonymous with American life included reverence for all of the following except a. individual liberty. b. self-government. c. opposition to slavery. d. religious tolerance. e. economic opportunity.

60 25. Seventeenth-century colonial tobacco growers usually responded to depressed prices for their crop by a. selling slaves to reduce productive labor. b. selling land to reduce their volume of production. c. growing more tobacco to increase their volume of production. d. planting corn and wheat instead of tobacco. e. releasing unneeded indentured servants early.

61 27. English yeomen who agreed to exchange their labor temporarily in return for payment of their passage to an American colony were called a. headrights. b. burgesses. c. indentured servants. d. slaves. e. birds of passage.

61 23. The headright system, which made some people very wealthy, consisted of a. using Indians as forced labor. b. giving land to indentured servants to get them to come to the New World. c. giving the right to acquire fifty acres of land to the person paying the passage of a laborer to America. d. discouraging the importation of indentured servants to America. e. giving a father's wealth to the oldest son.

61 26. ____ reaped the greatest benefit from the land policies of the headright system. a. Indentured servants b. African slaves c. Merchant planters d. New England colonists e. Slave owners

63. Most likely the first Americans were a. Norse seafarers from Scandinavia. b. Spanish explorers of the fifteenth century. c. people who crossed the land bridge from Eurasia to North America. d. Portuguese sailors of Prince Henry the Navigator. e. refugees from Africa.

66 42. The physical and social conditions of slavery were harshest in a. Maryland. b. Virginia. c. South Carolina. d. Massachusetts. e. Pennsylvania.

66. The size and sophistication of Native American civilizations in Mexico and South America can be attributed to a. Spanish influences. b. their way of life based on hunting and gathering. c. the development of agriculture. d. influences brought by early settlers from Siberia. e. their use of draft animals and the wheel.

67 44. African American contributions to American culture include all of the following except a. jazz music. b. the banjo. c. the piano. d. a variety of words. e. bongo drums.

67 | p. 69 45. While slavery might have begun in America for economic reasons, a. it soon became clear by 1700 that profits were down. b. race was rarely an issue in relations between blacks and whites. c. racial discrimination also powerfully molded the American slave system. d. profit soon played a less central role. e. Europe profited most from the institution.

67. All of the following are true of the Inca, Mayan, and Aztec civilizations except they a. had advanced agricultural practices based primarily on the cultivation of maize. b. lacked the technology of the wheel. c. had the use of large draft animals such as the horse and oxen. d. built elaborate cities and carried on far-flung commerce. e. had talented mathematicians, which allowed them to make accurate astronomical observations.

67. The settlement founded in the early 1600s that was the most consequential for the future United States was the a. Spanish at Santa Fe in 1610. b. French at Quebec in 1608. c. English at Jamestown in 1607. d. English at Massachusetts Bay in 1621. e. French at Saint Augustine in 1611.

70 51. As slavery spread in the South a. social differences within society narrowed. b. the great plantation owners worked less. c. gaps in the social structure widened. d. planters tried to imitate the ways of English country gentlemen. e. it also increased dramatically in New England.

70. One of the main factors that enabled Europeans to conquer native North Americans with relative ease was the a. pacifistic nature of the native North Americans. b. settled agricultural societies of North America. c. absence of dense concentrations of population or complex nation-states in North America. d. use of native guides for spying and surveillance activities. e. lack of technological weaponry available to other native American cultures.

71 57. Southern colonies generally allowed married women to retain separate title to their property because a. of religious beliefs. b. of English tradition. c. southern men frequently died young. d. southern families were stable. e. of a smaller number of men than women.

72 62. The Puritan system of congregational church government logically led to a. an authoritarian political government. b. the early establishment of religious toleration. c. democracy in political government. d. the end of town meetings. e. complete equality between men and women.

72. Before the arrival of Europeans, most native peoples in North America a. lived in large communities. b. were more advanced than those in South America. c. lived in small, scattered, and impermanent settlements. d. populated the greater part of the continent. e. relied on horses for transportation.

73 63. Thomas Jefferson once observed that "the best school of political liberty the world ever saw" was the a. College of William and Mary. b. Virginia House of Burgesses. c. New England town meeting. d. Chesapeake plantation system. e. English parliament.

74 68. The Salem witch hunt in 1692 a. was the largest witch hunt in recorded history. b. was the first in the English American colonies. c. was opposed by the more responsible members of the clergy. d. was ultimately of little consequence for those who were accused of witchcraft. e. did not see anyone put to death.

74 70. The New England economy depended heavily on a. slave labor. b. the production of many staple crops. c. fishing, shipbuilding, and commerce. d. tobacco. e. rice production.

75 75. Compared with most seventeenth-century Europeans, Americans lived in a. relative poverty. b. larger cities. c. affluent abundance. d. a more rigid class system. e. more primitive circumstances.

76. Men in the more settled agricultural groups in North America performed all of the following tasks except a. hunting. b. gathering fuel. c. tending crops. d. clearing fields for planting. e. fishing.

77. The early voyages of the Scandinavian seafarers did not result in permanent settlement in North America because a. the Native Americans drove them out. b. the area in which they landed could not support a large population. c. no nation-state supported these ventures. d. British adventurers defeated the Scandinavians in 1066. e. the settlers died of disease.

80 45. With regard to governmental authority, the Scots-Irish colonists a. showed remarkable willingness to follow authority. b. supported only Britain. c. cherished no love for the British or any other government. d. stated a preference for Catholic authority. e. established good relations with local Indians.

80 47. In North Carolina, spearheaded by the Scotch-Irish, a small insurrection against eastern domination of the colony's affair was known as a. Bacon's Rebellion. b. March of the Paxton Boys. c. Regulator Movement. d. Shays' Rebellion. e. Whiskey Rebellion.

81-82 60. The most honored profession in early colonial society was a. medicine. b. law. c. the ministry. d. farming. e. the merchants.

83-84 68. The most important manufacturing enterprise in colonial America in the eighteenth century was a. iron making. b. arms and munitions production. c. lumbering. d. rum distilling. e. making clothes.

84 72. The Molasses Act of 1733 was intended to a. stimulate the colonies' triangle trade with Africa and the West Indies. b. satisfy colonial demands for earning foreign exchange money. c. inhibit colonial trade with the French West Indies. d. increase the colonists' standard of living and protect the livelihood of colonial merchants. e. require Americans to sell their molasses to British merchants.

84 74. Transportation in colonial America was a. surprisingly fast for the time. b. safer by road than by any other means. c. slow by any of the means available. d. so poor that no mail service was established until the 1800s. e. fast only on the waterways.

84. The origins of the modern plantation system can be found in the a. American South. b. Arab slave trade. c. Portuguese slave trade. d. European feudal system. e. African slave system.

85. Despite an abundance of fish and game, early Jamestown settlers continued to starve because a. they had neither weapons nor fishing gear. b. their fear of Indians prevented them from venturing too far from the town. c. they were unaccustomed to fending for themselves and wasted time looking for gold. d. they lacked leaders to organize efficient hunting and fishing parties. e. there were not enough gentlemen to organize the work force.

86 77. In 1775, the ____ churches were the only two established (tax-supported) churches in colonial America. a. Methodist and Anglican b. Presbyterian and Congregational c. Congregational and Anglican d. Quaker and Catholic e. Presbyterian and Anglican

87 83. Match each individual on the left with his or her talent. A. Jonathan Edwards 1. poet B. Benjamin Franklin 2. scientist C. Phillis Wheatley 3. theologian 4. portrait artist a. A-2, B-1, C-3 b. A-1, B-3, C-2 c. A-3, B-2, C-1 d. A-1, B-2, C-3 e. A-2, B-3, C-1

88. After his first voyage, Christopher Columbus believed that he had a. discovered a New World. b. failed at what he had set out to do. c. sailed to the outskirts of the East Indies. d. sailed around the world. e. reached the shores of Japan.

90 90. Match the following description with the artist. A. John Trumbull 1. regarded as a Loyalist during the Revolutionary War B. Charles Wilson Peale 2. best known for his portraits of George Washington, ran a museum, stuffed birds, and practiced dentistry C. Benjamin West D. John Singleton Copley 3. from Connecticut and was discouraged by his father as a youth, "Connecticut is not Athens" 4. close friend of George III and official court painter, was buried in London's St. Paul's Cathedral a. A-3, B-1, C-2, D-4 b. A-2, B-4, C-3, D-1 c. A-3, B-2, C-4, D-1 d. A-2, B-3, C-1, D-4 e. A-1, B-2, C-3, D-4

90 91. All of the following contributed to the lack of development of art and artists in early colonial America except a. simplicity of pioneering life. b. lack of subjects to paint. c. lack of talent among the Americans. d. lack of patrons who could afford the expensive art. e. lack of art schools in America.

91-92 96. The jury's decision in the case of John Peter Zenger, a newspaper printer, was significant because a. he was found guilty. b. it supported English law. c. it pointed the way to freedom of the press. d. the ruling prohibited criticism of political officials. e. it allowed the press to print irresponsible criticisms of powerful people.

91. All of the following contributed to the emergence of a new interdependent global economic system except a. Europe providing the markets and capital. b. Africa providing the labor. c. European explorers' desire to create new cultures. d. the New World providing its raw materials. e. the advancement and improvement of technology.

91. Relations between the English colonists and the Powhatan were at first conciliatory, but remained tense, especially a. when the English attempted to capture all the Indians from his tribe. b. as the Indians attempted to assimilate into the English culture. c. as the starving colonists took to raiding Indian food supplies. d. when the Indians joined tribes in the Powhatan Confederacy to unite against the English. e. when Powhatan allied with the Spanish.

94 102. Colonists throughout the eighteenth century universally enjoyed all of the following amusements except a. militia musters. b. weddings and funerals. c. celebrating Christmas. d. winter sports in the North; and cockfighting, hunting and horse racing in the South. e. enjoying Thanksgiving.

95. The adoption of horses by Native American tribes such as the Sioux, Apaches and Blackfeet a. enabled them to wage more successful wars against their enemies. b. allowed them to travel across the vast expanse of North America, from Atlantic to Pacific. c. transformed their cultures into wide-ranging, hunter-gather societies that roamed the Great Plains. d. led them to shift from agriculture to ranch-based economies. e. All of these

98. The biggest disrupter of Native American life was a. introduction of horses. b. loss of culture. c. disease. d. fire arms. e. the formation of new tribes.

99. The Indians who had the greatest opportunity to adapt to the European incursion were a. those living on the Atlantic seaboard. b. those in Florida. c. inland tribes such as the Algonquians. d. those in Latin America. e. the Pueblos.

99. The institution of encomienda allowed the a. native people to enslave members of other tribes. b. Europeans to marry Native Americans. c. European governments to give Indians to colonists if they promised to Christianize them. d. governments of Europe to abolish the practice of Indian slavery and to establish African slavery. e. Europeans to establish an economy based on capitalism.

100 46. The early wars between France and Britain in North America were notable for the a. large number of troops committed by both sides. b. lack of Indian participation. c. carryover of European tactics to America. d. use of primitive guerrilla warfare. e. advanced technology used during the warfare.

100. The cultivation of tobacco in Jamestown resulted in all of the following except a. the destruction of the soil. b. a great demand for controlled labor. c. soaring prosperity in the colony. d. diversification of the colony's economy. e. the broad-acred plantation system.

102-103 53. The reason France needed to control the Ohio Valley was to a. stop Spain from extending its empire. b. help win the War of Jenkins's Ear. c. stop the Indian attacks on its outposts. d. link its Canadian holdings with those of the lower Mississippi Valley. e. be able to put more of its settlers there in order to increase farm production.

106 65. The British invasion of Canada in 1756 during the Seven Years' War a. resulted in victory for Britain. b. concentrated on Quebec and Montreal. c. followed sound strategic planning. d. ended in defeat. e. resulted in British control of the St. Lawrence River.

106 66. When William Pitt became prime minister during the Seven Years' War, he a. ended Parliament's practice of reimbursing the colonies for their war-related expenditures. b. ordered a full-scale assault on the French West Indies. c. relied heavily on the older, more cautious generals in the British Army. d. focused his military strategy on the Quebec-Montreal area. e. remained popular with the wealthy but not the poor.

108 73. Which of these statements does NOT describe relations between British and colonial troops during the Seven Years' War? a. The British looked down on the colonists as amateurish and contemptible. b. The colonists considered themselves to be on the cutting edge of British civilization. c. The British were dismayed by American shippers trafficking goods to enemy ports of the Spanish and French. d. All colonists freely donated money and men to the cause. e. the British refused to recognize any American militia commission above the rank of captain.

109 76. France had to give up its vision of a North American New France when a. its fishing industry faltered. b. farming proved to be unprofitable. c. King Louis XIV died. d. it was defeated by the British in 1713 and 1763. e. it could not entice enough settlers to America.

110. All of the following were true of the Spanish except a. they had a century head start of exploration over the English. b. they were genuine empire builders. c. they were cultural innovators in the New World. d. they practiced the same treatment as the English would toward the Indians by isolating and shunning them. e. their colonial establishments were larger and richer than those of their Anglo-Saxon rivals.

111 81. Chief Pontiac decided to try to drive the British out of the Ohio Valley because a. the British were weak as a result of the Seven Years' War. b. the British had deliberately infected Indians with smallpox. c. of the Proclamation of 1763. d. the Indians were in a precarious position. e. the French government had promised to help.

111 84. The Proclamation of 1763 a. was warmly received by American land speculators. b. removed the Spanish and Indian menace from the colonial frontier. c. declared war on Chief Pontiac and his fierce warriors. d. prohibited colonial settlement west of the Appalachian Mountains. e. opened Canada to American settlement.

123. Georgia grew very slowly for all of the following reasons except a. its unhealthy climate. b. early restrictions on black slavery. c. Spanish attacks. d. John Oglethorpe's leadership. e. lack of a plantation economy.

33 113. The statutes governing slavery in the North American colonies originated in a. England. b. Virginia. c. Brazil. d. Barbados. e. Spain.

33. From 1688 to 1763, America a. stayed out of European wars if possible. b. relied totally on the British for defense. c. started wars in Europe. d. was involved in every world war. e. fought wars on both land and sea.

36. All of the following are reasons the thirteen Atlantic seaboard colonies sought independence except a. distinctive social structures. b. distinctive economic structures. c. distinctive political structures. d. distinctive ethnic or racial structures. e. the appearance of a recognizably American way of life.

41 81. Identify the statement that is false. a. The promise of riches, especially tobacco, drew the first settlers to the southern colonies. b. Religious devotion primarily shaped the earliest settlements in the New England colonies. c. Colonists in both the north and south shared a common language and English heritage. d. Colonists in both the north and south had strong common characteristics that would persist for generations. e. The colonies in the north and south had different patterns of settlement, different economies, different political systems, and even different sets of values.

41-43 | p. 46 138. Arrange the following in chronological order: the founding of (A) New York, (B) Massachusetts Bay, (C) Pennsylvania, and (D) Plymouth. a. C, B, A, D b. B, D, C, A c. A, C, D, B d. D, B, A, C e. A, C, B, D

42 89. The Separatists migrated from Holland to the New World in order to a. avoid the coming war with France. b. gain wealth through all the economic incentives the New World offered. c. establish a new nation. d. avoid the Dutchification of their children. e. escape the jurisdiction of the Virginia Company.

43 96. Initially, the Massachusetts Bay Colony enjoyed all of the following advantages except that of a. being a well-equipped expedition. b. starting off on a larger scale than any other English colony. c. receiving many fairly prosperous and educated immigrants. d. receiving a majority of the Puritans coming to the New World. e. a shared purpose among the first settlers.

44 99. In the Massachusetts "Bible Commonwealth," clergymen a. could be elected to political office. b. could not be fired by their congregations. c. were not allowed to marry. d. were barred from holding formal political office. e. could not have children.

46 111. After the Pequot War, Puritan efforts to convert Indians to Christianity can best be described as a. vigorous but unsuccessful. b. more zealous than those made by Catholics, but still unsuccessful. c. filling "praying towns" with hundreds of Indians. d. feeble, not equaling that of the Spanish or the French. e. very successful.

53 126. The physical growth of English New York was slowed because a. of the Indian threat. b. of an unhealthy climate. c. the Dutch engaged in guerrilla warfare. d. of the monopolistic land policies of the aristocrats. e. of the French threat.

53-55 130. Economically, the colony of Pennsylvania a. got off to a very slow start. b. never prospered. c. received much help from New York. d. became profitable very quickly. e. had extensive plantations.

54 128. Indian policy in early Pennsylvania can be best described as a. extremely harsh. b. bad at first but improving later. c. influenced mainly by the state-supported church. d. fair. e. None of these

54 129. All of the following are true statements about Quakers except a. they were shrewd businessmen. b. they built simple meetinghouses and believed they were all children in the sight of God. c. they advocated passive resistance and turning the other cheek against their enemies. d. they swore solemn oaths of faith and devotion. e. they trusted Indians in Pennsylvania as babysitters.

54. The colonists who ultimately embraced the vision of America as an independent nation had in common all of the following characteristics except a. the desire to create an agricultural society. b. a shared goal of living unfettered by the tyrannies of royal authority, official religion, and social hierarchies. c. a growing reverence for ideals such as liberty. d. an unwillingness to subjugate others. e. a majority were English speaking with English customs.

57 134. The section of the American colonies where there was the greatest internal conflict was a. New England. b. the Deep South. c. the western frontier. d. the middle colonies. e. the southwest.

60 22. During the seventeenth century, indentured servitude solved the labor problem in many English colonies for all of the following reasons except that a. the Indian population proved to be an unreliable work force because they died quickly after contact with whites. b. African slaves cost too much money. c. in some areas families formed too slowly. d. Spain had stopped sending slaves to its New World colonies. e. families procreated too slowly.

60 21. Which of these is NOT a true statement about life expectancy for the earliest Chesapeake settlers? a. It was ten years shorter for these Chesapeake colonists than it had been in England. b. Many of the early male settlers died soon after arriving in the Chesapeake. c. Half of those born in early Virginia and Maryland did not live past age twenty. d. The population grew rapidly due to new male immigrants. e. Half of the male settlers made it to age 50; half the female settlers to age 40.

61 28. For their labor in the colonies, indentured servants received all of the following except a. passage to America. b. a suit of clothes. c. a few barrels of corn. d. a headright. e. at times, a small parcel of land.

61 30. Indentured servants in the seventeenth century Chesapeake represented a. one tenth of the population. b. one-fourth of the population. c. half of the population. d. three-quarters of the population. e. 85% of the population.

61 31. Over the course of the seventeenth century, most indentured servants a. became landowners. b. devolved into slavery. c. managed to escape the terms of their contracts. d. faced increasingly harsh circumstances. e. saw their wages increase.

61 32. By the end of the seventeenth century, indentured servants who gained their freedom a. often gained great wealth as more land opened for settlement. b. rarely returned to work for their masters. c. almost always found high-paying jobs in the cities. d. had little choice but to hire themselves out for low wages to their former masters. e. often returned to England penniless and broke.

64. In 1492, when Europeans arrived in the Americas, the total of the two continents' populations was perhaps a. 5 million. b. 15 million. c. 35 million. d. 54 million. e. 82 million.

66 39. For those Africans who were sold into slavery, the middle passage can be best described as a. the trip from the interior of Africa to the coast. b. the easiest part of their journey to America. c. the journey from American parts to their new homes. d. the gruesome ocean voyage to America. e. None of these

68 47. Which of these is NOT a true statement about the experience of slavery for women? a. Female slaves worked a much longer day than male slaves. b. After toiling in the fields, female slaves spent their evenings spinning or making clothes for their families. c. Slave women lived in fear of sexual violence from white masters. d. Female slaves made up the majority of early imports to the colonies. e. Women constantly sought ways to preserve their dignity under the slave system.

68. The crop that became the staple of life in Mexico and South America was a. wheat. b. potatoes. c. tobacco. d. corn. e. beans.

69 50. Compared with indentured servants, African American slaves were a. less reliable workers. b. more likely to rebel. c. cheaper to buy and own. d. a more easily controlled labor force. e. less expensive to buy but more expensive to keep.

69. Identify the statement that is false. a. England took little interest in establishing its own overseas colonies in the first half of the 16th century. b. English society was disrupted by religious conflict when King Henry VIII broke with the Roman Catholic Church in the 1530s. c. The Protestant Reformation resulted in years of a seesaw of the balance of power between Catholics and Protestants throughout England. d. Spain and England were long-time and bitter enemies in the first half of the 16th century. e. When Elizabeth ascended to the English throne in 1558, the rivalry with Spain intensified.

70 53. Urban development in the colonial South a. rivaled that of New England. b. kept pace with the growth of large plantations. c. led to the construction of an excellent highway system. d. was slow to emerge. e. occurred without the development of a professional class.

70 54. At the bottom of the social class in the South were the a. landless farmers. b. indentured servants. c. small farmers. d. slaves. e. tenant farmers.

70. The English treatment of the Irish, under the reign of Elizabeth I, can best be described as a. firm but fair. b. better than their treatment of any English subjects. c. the prime example of salutary neglect. d. violent and unjust. e. supportive of their Catholic faith.

73. Identify the statement that is false. a. Most native peoples of North America lived in small, scattered, and impermanent settlements prior to the arrival of Europeans. b. In more settled agricultural groups, women tended the crops while men hunted. c. Many North American groups developed matrilineal cultures, where power and possessions passed down the female side of the family line. d. Native Americans rejected the belief that the physical world was endowed with spiritual properties. e. Native Americans had neither the desire nor the means to manipulate nature aggressively.

73. The first English attempt at colonization in 1585 was in a. Newfoundland. b. St. Augustine. c. Jamestown. d. Roanoke Island. e. Massachusetts Bay.

74. England's defeat of the Spanish Armada a. led to a Franco-Spanish alliance that prevented England from establishing its own American colonies. b. allowed England to take control of Spain's American colonies. c. demonstrated that Spanish Catholicism was inferior to English Protestantism. d. helped to ensure England's naval dominance in the North Atlantic. e. occurred despite weather conditions, which favored Spain.

75 74. The impact of New England on the rest of the nation can best be described as a. greatly exaggerated. b. generally negative. c. confined primarily to New England. d. extremely important. e. moderately important.

75 76. The late-seventeenth-century rebellion in New York was headed by ____, whereas that in Maryland was led by ____. a. Nathaniel Bacon, Catholics b. William Berkeley, slaves c. Puritans, Indians d. Jacob Leisler, Protestants e. the Dutch, Catholics

75. Arrange the following events in chronological order: (A) Reformation, (B) founding of Jamestown colony, (C) Restoration, (D) defeat of the Spanish Armada, and (E) colony of Georgia founded. a. A, B, C, D, E b. C, A, D, B, E c. D, A, B, C, E d. A, D, B, C, E e. E, D, A, C, B

78 37. Identify the statement that is false. a. In 1700, the Atlantic seaboard colonies contained fewer than 300,000 inhabitants. b. In 1700, only about 20,000 inhabitants were blacks. c. By 1775, the Atlantic seaboard colonies contained almost 2.5 million inhabitants. d. By 1775, the black population rose to over 1 million. e. White immigrants in 1775 made up about 400,000 of the inhabitants.

78 38. One feature common to all of the eventually rebellious colonies was their a. relatively equal wealth. b. economic organization. c. similar social structures. d. rapidly growing populations. e. support of religious freedom.

80 51. The most ethnically diverse region of colonial America was ____, whereas ____ was the least ethnically diverse. a. New England, the South b. the middle colonies, the South c. the South, New England d. the middle colonies, New England e. the frontier regions, New England

81 55. On the eve of the American Revolution, social and economic mobility in the colonies decreased for all of the following reasons except a. earlier wars made Northern merchants rich and created a class of widows and orphans. b. the supply of unclaimed land in New England began to diminish c. farmers' sons and daughters were forced to hire out as wage laborers. d. the average size of New England farms increased dramatically. e. the gap between owners of large Southern plantations and small farms widened.

81 56. By the mid-1700s, the number of poor people in the American colonies a. became greater than in all of Europe. b. had increased to the point of overpopulation. c. had begun to decline from seventeenth-century levels. d. remained tiny compared with the number in England. e. was about one-third of the population.

82 59. The riches created by the growing slave population in the American South a. were distributed evenly among whites. b. helped to narrow the gap between rich and poor. c. created a serious problem with inflation. d. were not distributed evenly among whites. e. enabled poor whites to escape tenant farming.

82. Which group was responsible for slave trading in Africa long before the Europeans had arrived? a. The Portuguese and Spanish b. The English and Scandinavians c. The Incas and Aztecs d. The Arabs and Africans e. The English and Americans

83 63. The leading industry in the American colonies was a. fishing. b. manufacturing. c. commerce. d. agriculture. e. slave trading.

83. The Virginia Charter guaranteed that English settlers in the New World would a. receive land parcels of 40 acres each. b. enjoy freedom of religion. c. be entitled to establish a separate government from that of England. d. retain the rights of Englishmen. e. conduct trade only with England and those countries approved by the British government.

85. Spain was united into a single nation-state when a. it was invaded by Portugal in the late fifteenth century. b. Christopher Columbus returned with news of his discovery of the New World. c. Prince Henry the Navigator came to the throne. d. Ferdinand and Isabella married and the African Moors were expelled. e. Ferdinand and Isabella were overthrown.

86 80. By the early eighteenth century, religion in colonial America was a. stronger than at any previous time. b. holding steadfastly to the belief that spiritual conversion was essential for church membership. c. moving away from clerical intellectualism. d. less fervid than when the colonies were established. e. becoming less tolerant.

90. The term "Columbian Exchange" describes: a. the exporting of precious metals from the New World and the importing of African slaves to the New World. b. the gifts Columbus brought to and received from Native Americans. c. the trade in Native American furs for European horses and other goods. d. the transfer of plants, animals and diseases between the Old and New Worlds. e. None of these choices.

92 99. Colonial legislatures were often able to bend the power of the governors to their will because a. the governors often had a greater sense of loyalty to their colony than to the king. b. the governors were usually chosen by colonial legislatures and could be removed from office by the legislatures. c. the king generally held the views of colonial legislators in higher regard than those of the governors. d. colonial legislatures controlled taxes and expenditures that paid the governors' salaries. e. of the threat of violence.

92 97. One political principle that colonial Americans came to cherish above most others was a. the property qualification for voting. b. one man, one vote. c. the separation of powers. d. self-taxation through representation. e. restricting the right to vote to men only.

93. The result of the Second Anglo-Powhatan War in 1644 can best be described as a. halting white settlement on the frontier. b. returning the Chesapeake Indians to their ancestral lands. c. making peaceful coexistence possible between the European and native peoples. d. ending any chance of assimilating the native peoples into Virginia society. e. bringing together areas of white and Indian settlement.

96. Within a century after Columbus's landfall in the New World, the Native American population was reduced by nearly a. 20 percent. b. 50 percent. c. 70 percent. d. 90 percent. e. 100 percent.

97. European explorers introduced ____ into the New World. a. syphilis b. maize c. tobacco d. smallpox e. pumpkin

98 36. During the early settlement of Quebec, French-Indian relations a. proved to be friendly and peaceful. b. led to France's lasting alliance with the Iroquois. c. were marked by tension and violence with the Hurons. d. meant an alliance with the Hurons that inspired the lasting hatred of the Iroquois. e. angered the British.

98. According to scholars, the flood of precious New World metals into Spain is responsible for all of the following except a. the ballooning of the European money supply. b. the foundations of the modern commercial banking system. c. the growth of capitalism as an economic system. d. a price revolution that dramatically decreased consumer costs. e. the spread of commerce and manufacturing.

99 41. The primary economic pursuit of early settlers in New France was a. farming. b. fishing. c. mining. d. fur trapping. e. rum manufacturing.

33 111. What would happen to slaves who attempted to fight back against physical assaults by white men, according to the 1661 Barbados slave code? a. They would be severely whipped. b. They would have their noses cut. c. They would be burned with a hot iron. d. They could be killed or dismembered, with no charges brought to the master responsible. e. All of these

41 | p. 45 85. In Calvinist thought, the "conversion" was a. something experienced as a group. b. earned by a person's good works. c. a Catholic heresy. d. an event that freed a person from having to live a holy life. e. a personal experience when God revealed an individual's heavenly destiny.

42 92. The Mayflower Compact can be best described as a(n) a. agreement to follow the dictates of Parliament. b. document that allowed women limited participation in government. c. constitution that established a working government. d. complex agreement to form an oligarchy. e. promising step toward genuine self-government.

45 104. Which of these is NOT a true statement about the fate of Anne Hutchinson? a. She was banished from the Massachusetts Bay Colony for her beliefs. b. She was pregnant when she headed with her family for Rhode Island. c. She and most of her family members were killed by Indians in New York. d. John Winthrop saw "God's hand" in her fate. e. She preached to fellow residents of Salem.

46 108. As a colony, Rhode Island became known for a. its poor treatment of Indians. b. unified religious beliefs. c. support of special privilege. d. never having secured a charter from Parliament. e. individualistic and independent attitudes.

46 110. The Puritans who founded the city of New Haven had a goal of a. establishing it in tribute to Charles II. b. creating a haven for Quakers and other religious refugees. c. maintaining a democratic government controlled by its citizens. d. becoming self-supporting and prosperous in the fishing and fur trades. e. setting up an even closer church-state alliance than in Massachusetts.

50 119. As a result of Sir Edmund Andros's rule a. the power of town meetings was curbed. b. officials tried to enforce the Navigation Laws. c. taxes were levied without the consent of elected representatives. d. smuggling was suppressed. e. All of these

51 123. All of the following were characteristics of New Netherland except a. New England immigrants made up half its population of 10,000 in 1664. b. its development was not a priority of the Dutch. c. it took on an aristocratic tint, including feudal estates known as patroonships. d. its main seaport city was the cosmopolitan New Amsterdam, e. it was established by the Dutch East India Company.

58 135. The picture of colonial America that is emerging from new scholarship is a society formed by a. encounters with native people. b. European heritage. c. many intertwining roots. d. American heritage. e. All of these

60. Which of the following mountain ranges was probably created before the continental separation, approximately 350 million years ago? a. The Rockies b. The Sierra Nevada c. The Cascades d. The Coast Range e. The Appalachians

61. Which of the following was not a feature created in North America ten thousand years ago when the glaciers retreated? a. The Great Lakes b. The Great Salt Lake c. A mineral-rich desert d. Thousands of shallow depressions which formed lakes e. The Grand Canyon

62 37. All of the following are reasons for increased reliance on slave labor, after 1680, in colonial America except a. higher wages in England reduced the number of emigrating servants. b. planters feared the growing number of landless freemen in the colonies. c. the British Royal African company lost its monopoly on the slave trade in colonial America. d. Americans rushed to cash in on the slave trade. e. the development of wheat as a staple crop in the British colonies.

66-67 46. The slave culture that developed in America a. was derived exclusively from African roots. b. rejected Christianity. c. was Muslim in its religious teachings. d. contained many Western elements that remained thoroughly European. e. was a uniquely New World creation.

67 43. All of the following are true conditions of the Chesapeake, as compared to the Deep South, except a. tobacco was less physically demanding than rice. b. tobacco plantations were larger and closer to one another, allowing for more contact with friends and relatives. c. the proportion of female slaves in the Chesapeake had begun to rise by 1720. d. it was one of the few slave societies in history to perpetuate itself by its own natural reproduction. e. even though the slave population began to rise, family life was still impossible.

68 48. All of the following can be said about slave culture in the colonies except a. native-born African Americans had much to do with its development and growth. b. it included a unique language that blended African and English words. c. it transformed African religious rituals into what would become new musical forms. d. it merged a blend of traditional African folkways with those found in the colonies. e. it emerged from efforts by slave traders to suppress African speech, religion and traditions.

71. The development of "three sister" farming on the southeast Atlantic seaboard a. led to the dominance of the potato. b. enabled the Anasazis to prosper. c. ultimately failed to produce adequate amounts of food. d. was attributed to three young women of the Cherokee peoples. e. produced a rich diet that led to high population densities.

72 61. When new towns were established in New England, all of the following were true except a. a land grant was given by the legislature. b. a meeting house was built. c. a village green was laid out. d. schools were required in towns of more than fifty families. e. families did not automatically receive land.

73 65. The Half-Way Covenant a. allowed full communion for all nonconverted members. b. strengthened the distinction between the elect and all others. c. brought an end to the jeremiads of Puritan ministers. d. resulted in a decrease in church members. e. allowed the children of unconverted existing members to be baptized but not full members of the church.

75 73. The combination of Calvinism, soil, and climate in New England resulted in the people there possessing which of the following qualities? a. Energy b. Stubbornness c. Self-reliance d. Resourcefulness e. All of these

78 40. The population growth of the American colonies by 1775 is attributed mostly to a. white immigration from Europe. b. the natural fertility of Native Americans. c. the importation of slaves from Africa. d. the influx of immigrants from Latin America. e. the natural fertility of all Americans.

78 42. By 1775, which of the following communities could not be considered a city in colonial America? a. New York b. Charlestown c. Philadelphia d. Boston e. Baltimore

78 43. By the end of the 1700s, what was the percentage of people living in rural areas of colonial America? a. 25 percent b. 40 percent c. 60 percent d. 75 percent e. 90 percent

78. On the eve of its colonizing adventure, England possessed a a. unified national state. b. measure of religious unity. c. sense of nationalism. d. popular monarch. e. All of these

79. All of the following were true of England as the 17th century opened up except a. a large population boom. b. enclosing crop lands, thus forcing small farmers off the land. c. increasing unemployment. d. economic depression hit, displacing thousands of farmers. e. desolate cities with a decreasing population.

80. Colonists in both the North and the South established differences in all of the following areas except a. patterns of settlement. b. economies. c. political systems. d. values. e. allegiance to England.

80. Europeans wanted to discover a new, shorter route to eastern Asia in order to a. break the hold that Muslim merchants had on trade with Asia. b. reduce the price of goods from Asia. c. gain more profits for themselves. d. reduce the time it took to transport goods. e. All of these

82 65. The triangular trade of the colonial American shipping industry a. was not that profitable. b. involved America, France, and England. c. relied on the Spanish fleet for protection. d. saw the Spanish gaining the largest profits. e. involved the trading of rum for African slaves.

82. All of the following provided motives for English colonization except a. unemployment. b. thirst for adventure. c. desire for markets. d. desire for religious freedom. e. need for a place to exploit slave labor.

83 67. Although manufacturing in the colonies was of only secondary importance, they did produce which of the following? a. Rum b. Beaver hats c. Lumber d. Iron e. All of these

85 73. American colonists sought trade with countries other than Great Britain a. in order to gain their independence. b. mainly to anger the king. c. to anger Parliament. d. to help strengthen the French. e. to make money to buy what they wanted in Britain.

86. The stage was set for a cataclysmic shift in the course of history when a. Europeans increasingly demanded less expensive goods from Asia. b. Africa was established as a source of slave labor. c. the Portuguese demonstrated the feasibility of long-range ocean navigation. d. the Renaissance nurtured a spirit of optimism and adventure. e. All of these

87 82. The religious doctrine of the Arminians held that a. predestination determined a person's eternal fate. b. good works could get you into heaven. c. Calvin's ideas should be followed without question. d. emotion had no place in religion. e. individual free will determined a person's eternal fate.

88 88. Colonial schools and colleges placed their main emphasis on a. math. b. science. c. modern languages. d. literature. e. religion.

88 85. The Great Awakening a. undermined the prestige of the learned clergy in the colonies. b. split colonial churches into several competing denominations. c. led to the founding of Princeton, Dartmouth, and Rutgers colleges. d. was the first spontaneous mass movement of the American people. e. All of these

89 89. The first American college free from denominational control was a. Harvard. b. Yale. c. New York University. d. Brown University. e. the University of Pennsylvania.

90-91 93. The person most often called the "first civilized American" was a. Thomas Jefferson. b. John Trumbull. c. John Winthrop. d. Phillis Wheatley. e. Benjamin Franklin.

90. When Lord De La Warr took control of Jamestown in 1610, he a. halted the rapid population decline. b. re-established better relations with the Indians. c. brought many Irish immigrants with him. d. died within a few months of his arrival. e. imposed a harsh military regime on the colony.

92. Which of the following New World plants revolutionized the international economy? a. Maize b. Potatoes c. Beans d. Tomatoes e. All of these

94. After the Second Anglo-Powhatan War, the Powhatan tribe a. were banned from their ancestral lands by the 1646 peace treaty. b. were forced to live in separate designated areas away from white settlers. c. were isolated in an early form of what would become the reservation system. d. were considered extinct by the English in 1685. e. All of these

96. The native peoples of Virginia (Powhatans) succumbed to the Europeans because they a. died in large numbers from European diseases. b. lacked the unity necessary to resist the well-organized whites. c. were no longer a resource for food once the Virginians began growing their own crops. d. were not a reliable labor source and could be disposed of without harming the colonial economy. e. All of these

97. The introduction of horses brought about significant change in the lives of the Lakotas; from this they a. were forced to move to the west. b. became sedentary forest dwellers. c. died out. d. lost their oral traditions. e. became nomadic hunters.

99 40. The coureurs de bois were a. French soldiers. b. French boatmen. c. Catholic priests. d. French farmers. e. French fur trappers.

99 43. The Jesuit priests, despite their initial failure in gaining converts, played a vital role because a. of the many converts to Catholicism. b. of the health care they provided. c. they made peace with the Indians. d. they encouraged the Indians to participate in the fur trade. e. of their exploration and work as geographers.

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