APUSH Review

Neutrality Act (1937)

U.S. ships were prohibited from transporting any passengers or articles to belligerents, and U.S. citizens were forbidden from traveling on ships of belligerent nations.

Kellogg-Briand Pact (1928)

"Pact of Paris" or "Treaty for the Renunciation of War," it made war illegal as a tool of national policy, allowing only defensive war. The Treaty was generally believed to be useless.

Federalism Definition

A constitutional arrangement whereby power is divided between national and sub national governments, each of which enforces its own laws directly on its citizens and neither of which can alter the arrangement without the consent of the other.

Spanish-American War (1898)

A conflict between the United States and Spain, in which the U.S. supported the Cubans' fight for independence.

House Un-American Activities Committee (1938)

A congressional committee that investigated Communist influence inside and outside the U.S. government in the years following World War II.

American Liberty League (1934)

A conservative anti-New Deal organization; members included Alfred Smith, John W. Davis, and the Du Pont family. It criticized the "dictatorial" policies of Roosevelt and what it perceived to be his attacks on the free enterprise system.

Fourteenth Amendment (1868)

A constitutional amendment giving full rights of citizenship to all people born or naturalized in the United States, except for American Indians.

Power Loom

Allowed textile manufactures to produce both thread and finished fabric in their own factories quickly and efficiently. Women who previously woven their own fabrics at home started to buy cloth.

Taft-Hartley Act (1947)

Also called the Labor Management Relations Act. This act was Congress' response to the abuse of power. Outlawed closed shops; prohibited unions' unfair labor practices, and forced unions to bargain in good faith. Repealed Wagner Act.

Wilmot Proviso (1846)

Amendment that sought to prohibit slavery from territories acquired from Mexico. Introduced by Pennsylvania congressman David Wilmot, the failed amendment caused tensions between North and South over the issue of slavery.

Benedict Arnold (1741-1801)

American General who was labeled a traitor when he assisted the British in a failed attempt to take the American fort at West Point.

Samuel Adams (1722-1803)

American Revolutionary leader and patriot, Founder of the Sons of Liberty and one of the most vocal patriots for independence; signed the Declaration of Independence.

Frederick Douglass (1817-1895)

American abolitionist and writer, he escaped slavery and became a leading African American spokesman and writer. Founded the abolitionist newspaper, the North Star.

Hudson River School (1825) (Second Great Awakening)

American artistic movement that produced romantic renditions of local landscapes.

Boston Tea Party (1773)

American colonists calling themselves the Sons of Liberty, disguised as Mohawk Native Americans, boarded three British ships and dumped British tea into the Boston harbor.

Loyalists/Tories (American Revolution)

American colonists who remained loyal to Britain and opposed the war for independence.

Patriots (American Revolution)

American colonists who were determined to fight the British until American independence was won.

Cross of Gold Speech (1896)

An impassioned address by William Jennings Bryan at the 1896 Democratic Convention, in which he attacked the "gold bugs" who insisted that U.S. currency be backed only with gold.

Boston Massacre (1770)

An incident in which British soldiers fired into a crowd of colonists who were teasing and taunting them; five colonists were killed. Allowed Boston's radicals to use the incident to wage an Anti-British propaganda war.

Gentlemen's Agreement (1907)

An informal agreement between the United States and the Empire of Japan whereby the U.S. would not impose restriction on Japanese immigration or students, and Japan would not allow further immigration to the U.S.

Power Plant (1882)

An installation where electrical power is generated for distribution. Pioneered by Edison.

United Nations (UN) (1945)

An international organization formed after WWII to promote international peace, security, and cooperation.

National Security Council (1947)

An office created in 1947 to coordinate the president's foreign and military policy advisers. Its formal members are the president, vice president, secretary of state, and secretary of defense, and it is managed by the president's national security assistant.

Habeas Corpus Violation by Jefferson Davis (1862)

An order to produce an arrested person before a judge. Leader of the Confederates Jefferson Davis violated this.

White League (1874)

An organization established in 1874 by the Redeemer Democrats to restore political power to the prewar white Democrats.

Women's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) (1873)

An organization that blamed alcohol for crime, poverty, and violence against women and children, and fought against it.

Trail of Tears (1838)

Andrew Jackson favored pushing all American Indians west of the MS River. The Indian Removal Act of 1830 provided for federal enforcement of this policy, Jackson defied the Supreme Court in the case of Worcester v. Georgia in 1832, which would allow Indians to stay. Indians relocated to Oklahoma, 25% would die.

Jane Addams (1860-1935)

Founder of Settlement House Movement. First American Woman to earn Nobel Peace Prize in 1931 as president of Women's International League for Peace and Freedom.

Patrick Henry (1736-1799)

Founding father, served as the first and sixth post-colonial Governor of Virginia. (famous "Give me liberty, or give me death!" speech)

New Immigrants (After 1880)

Immigrants who had come to the US after the 1880s from southern and eastern Europe.

Old Immigrants (Before 1880)

Immigrants who had come to the US before the 1880s from Britain, Germany, Ireland, and Scandinavia, or Northern Europe.

Protectionism/Tariffs (1933-1945)

Implemented during Republican Administration. (FDR). Economic policy of shielding an economy from imports.

Robert Smalls (1839-1915)

Important politician and established a Republican party in South Carolina. Also served in U.S. House of Representatives in 1880.

Meat Inspection Act (1906)

Made it so that meat would be inspected by the government from coral to can. It began a quality rating system as well as increased the sanitation requirements for meat producers.

Macon's Bill No. 2 (1810)

Madison's solution to trade problems. Replaced the Non-Intercourse Act of 1809; reopened trade with both Britain and France but held that if either agreed to respect America's neutrality in their conflict, the United States would end trade with the other.Led to Napoleon promising which led to the US cutting of trade with Britain.

Captain Alfred Thayer Mahan (1840-1914)

Mahan was a proponent of building a large navy. He said that a new, modern navy was necessary to protect the international trade America depended on.

Factories and Industries

Main way that the people in the North made money (Def.: Manufacturing). Hired immigrants and women for cheap wages.

Madison's Policies (1809-1817)

Maintained Democratic-Republican ideals such as protective tariffs on imports, improvements on interstate roads (National Road), and rechartering of the National Bank. Led to the name American System.

World War I (1914-1918)

Major war primarily between European powers; US entered the war in 1917

Joseph Pulitzer and William Randolph Hearst

Two newspaper publishers who achieved mass circulation through sensational news coverage. (Yellow Journalism).

Horizontal Integration

Type of monopoly where a company buys out all of its competition. Ex. Rockefeller. (Illegal Now).

Battle of Tippecanoe (1811)

U.S. forces led by William Henry Harrison defeated Tecumseh's confederacy then burned its headquarters. Led to Tecumseh's confederacy allied with the British during the War of 1812; Harrison emerged as a war hero.

Little Big Horn (1876)

"Custer's Last Stand." General Custer and his men were wiped out by a coalition of Sioux and Cheyenne Indians led by Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse.

Samuel Slater (1768-1835)

"Father of the American Revolution". Designed first American textile mills.

James Madison (1809-1817)

"Father of the Constitution," fourth President of the United States, and was a democratic-republican endorsed by Jefferson to smite the ever-weakening federalists.

Horace Mann (1796-1859) (Second Great Awakening)

"Father of the public school system"; a prominent proponent of public school reform, and set the standard for public schools throughout the nation; lengthened academic year.

Martin Van Buren (1837-1841)

"founder of the Democratic Party". Friend of Andrew Jackson. Became president in 1836. In the Panic of 1837, he put $37 million to the states but it didn't help. He spent his 4 years with bank failures, bankruptcies and massive unemployment.

Compromise of 1850 (1850)

(1) California admitted as free state, (2) territorial status and popular sovereignty of Utah and New Mexico, (3) slave trade abolished in DC, and (4) new fugitive slave law; advocated by Henry Clay and Stephen A. Douglas.

Niagara Movement (1905)

(1905) W.E.B. Du Bois and other young activists, who did not believe in accommodation, came together at Niagara Falls in 1905 to demand full black equality. Demanded that African Americans get right to vote in states where it had been taken away, segregation be abolished, and many discriminatory barriers be removed. Declared commitment for freedom of speech, brotherhood of all peoples, and respect for workingman.

John Marshall (1755-1835)

(Federalist). American jurist and politician who served as the chief justice of the U.S. Supreme Court (1801-1835) and helped establish the practice of judicial review.

Pendelton Civil Service Act (1883)

(Signed by President Arthur in the wake of Garfield's assassination by a deranged patronage-seeker) that stipulated that government jobs should be awarded on the basis of merit. The act provided selection of government employees competitive exams, rather than ties to politicians or political affiliation. It also made it illegal to fire or demote government employees for political reasons. To enforce the merit system, the law also created the US Civil Service Commission. (No More Spoils System)

Factors of the Great Depression (1929)

1. Speculation in the stock market 2. Too much buying on credit 3. Dust bowl 4. High tariffs 5. High unemployment 6. Over production 7. Inequity in income distribution 8. Lack of protection for banks.

Abraham Lincoln (1861-1865)

16th President of the United States saved the Union during the Civil War and emancipated the slaves; was assassinated by John Wilkes Booth (1809-1865).

Andrew Johnson (1865-1869)

17th President of the United States, A Southerner form Tennessee, as V.P. when Lincoln was killed, he became president. He opposed radical Republicans who passed Reconstruction Acts over his veto. The first U.S. president to be impeached, he survived the Senate removal by only one vote. He was a very weak president.

Wade-Davis Bill (1864)

1864 Proposed far more demanding and stringent terms for reconstruction; required 50% of the voters of a state to take the loyalty oath and permitted only non-confederates to vote for a new state constitution; Lincoln refused to sign the bill, pocket vetoing it after Congress adjourned.

Clayton Antitrust Act (Labor's Magna Carta) (1914)

1914 act designed to strengthen the Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890; certain activities previously committed by big businesses, such as not allowing unions in factories and not allowing strikes, were declared illegal. .

Scopes Trial (1925)

1925 court case in which Clarence Darrow and William Jennings Bryan debated the issue of teaching evolution in public schools.

Knights of Labor (1869-1886)

1st effort to create National union. Open to everyone but lawyers and bankers. Vague program, no clear goals, weak leadership and organization. Failed. (Eight-hour workday, equal pay, child labor laws, safety codes, federal income tax, and government intervention of railroads).

William McKinley (1897-1901)

25th president responsible for Spanish-American War, Philippine-American War, and the Annexation of Hawaii, imperialism. Was assassinated by an anarchist.

Theodore Roosevelt (1901-1909)

26th president, known for: conservationism, trust-busting, Hepburn Act, safe food regulations, "Square Deal," Panama Canal, Great White Fleet, Nobel Peace Prize for negotiation of peace in Russo-Japanese War.

William Howard Taft (1909-1913)

27th president, trust buster, child labor laws, dollar diplomacy.term-445

Woodrow Wilson (1913-1921)

28th president of the United States, known for World War I leadership, created Federal Reserve, Federal Trade Commission, Clayton Antitrust Act, progressive income tax, lower tariffs, women's suffrage (reluctantly), Treaty of Versailles, sought 14 points post-war plan, League of Nations (but failed to win U.S. ratification), won Nobel Peace Prize.

John Adams (1797-1801)

2nd president, selected by Washington, Federalist, greatest achievement was avoiding war with France.

Herbert Hoover (1929-1933)

31st President of the United States. Republican candidate who assumed the presidency in 1929 promising the American people prosperity and attempted to first deal with the Depression by trying to restore public faith in the community.

Franklin D. Roosevelt (1933-1945)

32nd US President - He began New Deal programs to help the nation out of the Great Depression, and he was the nation's leader during most of WWII.

Harry S. Truman (1945-1953)

34th President. Presidency included the Atomic bombs dropped, The beginning of the Baby Boom, Truman Doctrine, Marshall Plan, NATO formed and the Cold War.

Thomas Jefferson (1801-1809)

3rd President of the United States. He favored limited central government. He was chief drafter of the Declaration of Independence; approved of the Louisiana Purchase in 1803 and sent out the Lewis and Clark Expedition to explore this territory.

Palmer Raids (1920)

A 1920 operation coordinated by Attorney General Mitchel Palmer in which federal marshals raided the homes of suspected radicals and the headquarters of radical organization in 32 cities.

National Labor Relations Act (Wagner Act) (1935)

A 1935 law, also known as the Wagner Act, that guarantees workers the right of collective bargaining sets down rules to protect unions and organizers, and created the National Labor Relations Board to regulate labor-management relations.

Anti-Masonic Party (1829-1837)

A 19th century single issue third party that opposed freemasonry as well as Andrew Jackson. They drew support from Evangelists and aspired to remove the politically influential secret Masonic Order.

Gettysburg Address (1863)

A 2-minute address by Abraham Lincoln during the American Civil War (November 19, 1863) at the dedication of a national cemetery on the site of the Battle of Gettysburg. He said were fighting for social equality and to preserve Union.

Lusitania (1915)

A British passenger ship that was sunk by a German U-Boat. 128 Americans died.term-507 The sinking greatly turned American opinion against the Germans, helping the move towards entering the war.

Farmers' Alliance (1870s)

A Farmers' organization founded in late 1870s; worked for lower railroad freight rates, lower interest rates, and a change in the governments tight money policy. Later formed Populist Party.

Andrew Carnegie (1835-1919)

A Scottish-born American industrialist and philanthropist who founded the Carnegie Steel Company in 1892. By 1901, his company dominated the American steel industry.

Tecumseh (1768-1813)

A Shawnee chief who, along with his brother, Tenskwatawa, a religious leader known as The Prophet, worked to unite the Northwestern Indian tribes. The league of tribes was defeated by an American army led by William Henry Harrison at the Battle of Tippecanoe in 1811. Tecumseh was killed fighting for the British during the War of 1812 at the Battle of the Thames in 1813.

American Colonization Society (1817)

A Society that thought slavery was bad. They would buy land in Africa and get free blacks to move there. One of these such colonies was made into what now is Liberia. Most sponsors just wanted to get blacks out of their country.

Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) (1947)

A U.S. agency created to gather secret information about foreign governments.

Progressive

A belief that personal freedom and solving social problems are more important than religion.

Tenement

A building in which several families rent rooms or apartments, often with little sanitation or safety.

Closed Shop

A company with a labor agreement under which union membership can be a condition of employment.

Hoover Dam (1930s)

A dam built in the 1930s, with funding from the federal government, to control the Colorado River.

Department of Defense (1947)

A department of the federal executive branch entrusted with formulating military policies and maintaining American military forces. Its top official is the civilian secretary of defense. It is headquartered in the Pentagon.

"Swing Around the Circle" (1866)

A disastrous speaking campaign undertaken by U.S. President Andrew Johnson, in which he tried to gain support for his mild Reconstruction policies and for his preferred candidates (mostly Democrats) in the forthcoming midterm Congressional election. The tour received its nickname due to the route that the campaign took.

Thomas Nast (1840-1902)

A famous caricaturist and editorial cartoonist in the 19th century and is considered to be the father of American political cartooning. His artwork was primarily based on political corruption. He helped people realize the corruption of some politicians.

Granger Movement (1867-1875)

A farmers' organization and movement that started as a social/educational association; the Grange later organized politically to pass a series of laws to regulate railroads in various states. Died out due to lack of money.

Federal Trade Commission (FTC) (1914)

A federal agency empowered to prevent persons or corporations from using unfair methods of competition in commerce (Wilson).

U.S. Fisheries Commission (1871)

A federal bureau established in 1871 that made recommendations to stem the decline in wild fish. Its creation was an important step toward wildlife conservation and management.

Proclamation of Neutrality (1793)

A formal announcement issued by President George Washington on April 22, 1793, declaring the United States a neutral nation in the conflict between Great Britain and France.

Greenback Labor Party (1878)

A former political party in the United States, A Farmers' organization founded in late 1870s; worked for lower railroad freight rates, lower interest rates, and a change in the governments tight money policy, Political party devoted to improving the lives of laborers and raising inflation, reaching its high point in 1878 when it polled over a million votes and elected fourteen members of Congress.

War Production Board (WPB) (1941)

A government agency set up to oversee production of war materials during World War II.

Prositution (Prohibition)

A group called the The Female Reform Society led the battle against prostitution in the cities, tried to eliminate the profession but also rehabilitate the women involved.

United Negro Improvement Association (UNIA) (1916)

A group founded by Marcus Garvey to promote the settlement of American blacks in their own "African homeland".

Lost Generation (1920s)

A group of authors that believed they were lost in a greedy, materialistic world, which lacked moral boundaries. These thinkers often fled to Europe.

Essex Junto (1804)

A group of extreme Federalists who wanted to secede from the U.S. and form a Northern Confederacy because they thought northern states would have less power after the Louisiana Purchase. Never fully succeeded.

Ohio Gang (1920)

A group of poker-playing, men that were friends of President Warren Harding. Harding appointed them to offices and they used their power to gain money for themselves. They were involved in scandals that ruined Harding's reputation even though he wasn't involved.

Oneida Community (2nd Great Awakening Group) (1848)

A group of socio-religious perfectionists who lived in New York. Practiced polygamy, communal property, and communal raising of children.

National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA) (1933)

A law enacted in 1933 to establish codes of fair practice for industries and to promote industrial growth.

Massachusetts Circular Letter (1768)

A letter written in Boston and circulated through the colonies in February, 1768, which urged the colonies not to import goods taxed by the Townshend Acts. Boston, New York, and Philadelphia agreed to non-importation. It was followed by the Virginia Circular Letter in May, 1768. Parliament ordered all colonial legislatures which did not rescind the circular letters dissolved.

Caucus System (1790-1828)

A meeting of party members to select candidates and propose policies.

Conscription Act (1863)

A military draft enacted by Confederates causing farmers to serve in the Confederate Army.

Island Hopping Strategy (1941-1945)

A military strategy used during World War II that involved selectively attacking specific enemy-held islands and bypassing others.

Paxton Boys (1764)

A mob of Pennsylvania frontiersmen led by the Paxtons who massacred a group of non-hostile Indians.Formed after Pontiac Rebellion.

Social Gospel (1870-1920s)

A movement in the late 1800s / early 1900s which emphasized charity and social responsibility as a means of salvation.term-380

Era of Good Feelings (1815-1824)

A name for President Monroe's two terms, a period of strong nationalism, economic growth, and territorial expansion. Since the Federalist party dissolved after the War of 1812, there was only one political party and no partisan conflicts.

Gilded Age (1870-1900)

A name for the late 1800s, coined by Mark Twain to describe the tremendous increase in wealth caused by the industrial term-405age and the ostentatious lifestyles it allowed the very rich. The great industrial success of the U.S. and the fabulous lifestyles of the wealthy hid the many social problems of the time, including a high poverty rate, a high crime rate, and corruption in the government.

Ethnic Neighborhood

A neighborhood, typically situated in a larger metropolitan city and constructed by or comprised of a local culture, in which a local culture can practice its customs.

Second New Deal (1935)

A new set of programs in the spring of 1935 including additional banking reforms, new tax laws, new relief programs.

Henry Clay (1777-1852)

A northern American politician. He developed the American System as well as negotiated numerous compromises.

Slave Power Conspiracy (1850s)

A northern term for the South's pro slavery political leadership.

Carpetbaggers (Reconstruction)

A northerner who went to the South immediately after the Civil War; especially one who tried to gain political advantage or other advantages from the disorganized situation in southern states.

Manifest Destiny (1845)

A notion held by a nineteenth-century Americans that the United States was destined to rule the continent, from the Atlantic the Pacific.

F.Scott Fitzgerald (1896-1940)

A novelist and chronicler of the jazz age. his novel The Great Gatsby is considered a masterpiece about a gangster's pursuit of an unattainable rich girl.

Political Machines

A party organization that recruits voter loyalty with tangible incentives and is characterized by a high degree of control over member activity.

French Revolution (1789-1799)

A period of radical social and political upheaval in French and European history. The absolute monarchy that had ruled France for centuries collapsed in three years. Old ideas about hierarchy and tradition succumbed to new Enlightenment principles of citizenship and inalienable rights.

Dust Bowl (1935)

A period of severe dust storms that greatly damaged the ecology and agriculture of the US prairies during the 1930s; severe drought and a failure to apply dry land farming methods to prevent wind erosion caused the phenomenon.

American Revolution (1775-1783)

A period when 13 colonies gained independence from England. Based on disapproval by colonists of several taxes and other unpopular laws. Protests lead to fighting in 1775, and after two main British armies were captured in 1777 and 1781 and an alliance of the colonists with the French, the Treaty of Paris was signed.

Transcendentalism (1830s-1840s) (Second Great Awakening)

A philosophy pioneered by Ralph Waldo Emerson in the 1830's and 1840's, in which each person has direct communication with God and Nature, and there is no need for organized churches. It incorporated the ideas that mind goes beyond matter, intuition is valuable, that each soul is part of the Great Spirit, and each person is part of a reality where only the invisible is truly real. Promoted individualism, self-reliance, and freedom from social constraints, and emphasized emotions.

Johnson's Reconstruction Plan (1865)

A plan that gave pardon to all those who took loyalty oaths. It punished plantation owners and forced states to abolish slavery before re-admittance.

Marshall Plan (1947)

A plan that the US came up with to revive war-torn economies of Europe. This plan offered $13 billion in aid to western and Southern Europe on condition they wouldn't go communist. Helped contain communism in Europe and helped our economy as Europe bought from US businesses to rebuild.

Imperialism (1865-1900)

A policy of extending a country's power and influence through diplomacy or military force.

Nativism

A policy of favoring native-born individuals over foreign-born ones. Highly increased after Civil War towards Irish immigrants who took jobs in cities.

Open Door Policy (1899)

A policy proposed by the US, under which ALL nations would have equal opportunities to trade in China.

Iron Curtain (1946)

A political barrier that isolated the peoples of Eastern Europe after WWII, restricting their ability to travel outside the region.

Tammany Hall (1789)

A political organization within the Democratic Party in New York city (late 1800's and early 1900's) seeking political control by corruption and bossism.

National Municipal League (1894)

A political reform organization that advised cities to elect small councils and hire professional city managers who would direct operations like a corporate executive.

Jazz Age/Roaring 20's (1920s)

A popular style of music characterized by the use of improvisation.

Congressional Reconstruction (1867-1874)

A process led by the Radical Republicans that led to the usage of military force to protect blacks' rights.

Rosie the Riveter (1943)

A propaganda character designed to increase production of female workers in the factories. It became a rallying symbol for women to do their part.

Cornelius Vanderbilt (1794-1877)

A railroad owner who built a railway connecting Chicago and New York. He popularized the use of steel rails in his railroad, which made railroads safer and more economical.

Dorothea Dix (1802-1887) (Second Great Awakening)

A reformer and pioneer in the movement to treat the insane as mentally ill, beginning in the 1820's, she was responsible for improving conditions in jails, poorhouses and insane asylums throughout the U.S.

Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) (1933)

A relief, recovery, and reform effort that gave 2.5 million poor citizens jobs and land. It brought cheap electric power, low-cost housing, cheap nitrates, and the restoration of eroded soil.

Boxer Rebellion (1900)

A revolt in China, aimed at ending foreign influence in the country.

Ku Klux Klan (1865)

A secret society created by white southerners in 1865 that used terror and violence to keep African Americans from obtaining their civil rights.

Pacific Railway Act (1862)

A series of laws that promoted the construction of the Transcontinental Railroad authorizing the issuance of government bonds and the grants of land to railroad companies.

New Deal (1933-1945)

A series of reforms enacted by the Franklin Roosevelt administration between 1933 and 1942 with the goal of ending the Great Depression..

Second Great Awakening (1801-1840)

A series of religious revivals starting in 1801, based on Methodism and Baptism. Stressed a religious philosophy of salvation through good deeds and tolerance for all Protestant sects. The revivals attracted women, Blacks, and Native Americans.

Kitchen Cabinet (1829-1837)

A small group of Jackson's friends and advisers who were especially influential in the first years of his presidency. Jackson conferred with them instead of his regular cabinet. Many people didn't like Jackson ignoring official procedures, and called it the "Kitchen Cabinet" or "Lower Cabinet".

Temperance Movement (Second Great Awakening)

A social reform effort begun in the mid-1800s to encourage people to drink less alcohol. Angered many Catholics and working men who enjoyed drinking after a hard day of work.

Recall Election (1913)

A special election called by voters to remove an elected official before his/her term expires.

Atlanta Compromise (1895)

A speech by Booker T. Washington that called for the black community to strive for economic prosperity before attempting political and social equality.

Nullification Definition

A state's refusal to recognize an act of Congress that it considers unconstitutional.

Referendum (1913)

A state-level method of direct legislation that gives voters a chance to approve or disapprove proposed legislation or a proposed constitutional amendment.

Elizabeth Cady Stanton (1815-1902)

A suffragette who, with Lucretia Mott, organized the first convention on women's rights, held in Seneca Falls, New York in 1848. Issued the Declaration of Sentiments which declared men and women to be equal and demanded the right to vote for women. Co-founded the National Women's Suffrage Association with Susan B. Anthony in 1869.

Socialism

A system in which society, usually in the form of the government, owns and controls the means of production.

Checks and Balances (1801)

A system that allows each branch of government to limit the powers of the other branches in order to prevent abuse of power.

Sharecropping (After Civil War)

A system used on southern farms after the Civil War in which farmers worked land owned by someone else in return for a small portion of the crops.

Pet Banks (1836)

A term used by Jackson's opponents to describe the state banks that the federal government used for new revenue deposits in an attempt to destroy the Second Bank of the United States; the practice continued after the charter for the Second Bank expired in 1836.

Appomattox Court House (1865)

A village in Virginia where General Robert E. Lee surrendered to General Ulysses S. Grant in April 1865, effectively ending the American Civil War. The Confederates were treated with respect after their surrender.

War of 1812 (1812-1815)

A war between the U.S. and Great Britain caused by American outrage over the impressment of American sailors by the British, the British seizure of American ships, and British aid to the Indians attacking the Americans on the western frontier. Led to enhanced nationalism of Americans.

The "Coffin Handbill" (1828)

Accused Jackson of murdering his enlisted men during the Indian Wars.

Northwest Ordinance (1787)

Achievement of the articles of confederation. Contained a bill of rights guaranteeing freedom of religion and freedom of excessive punishment and abolished slavery in northwest.

Tea Act (1773)

Act of Parliament that permitted the East India Company to sell through agents in America without paying the duty customarily collected in Britain, thus reducing the retail price.

Labor Disputes Act (1943)

Allowed government takeover of businesses deemed necessary to national security, which gave government the authority to settle labor disputes.

Alien and Sedition Acts (1798)

Allowed government to expel foreigners and jail malicious writers for anti government writing.

Homestead Act (1862)

Act that allowed a settler to acquire as much as 160 acres of land by living on it for 5 years, improving it, and paying a nominal fee of about $30 - instead of public land being sold primarily for revenue, it was now being given away to encourage a rapid filling of empty spaces and to provide a stimulus to the family farm, turned out to be a cruel hoax because the land given to the settlers usually had terrible soil and the weather included no precipitation, many farms failed.

Midnight Appointments (1801)

Adams signed the commissions for these Federal judges during his last night in office. Demonstrated the Federalists' last minute attempt to keep some power in the newly Republican Government.

Pro-Business Government (1920-1933)

Advocates of this believe the government should directly assist specific businesses or industries through subsides, tax breaks, or other advantages. (Warren Harding, Calvin Coolidge, and Herbert Hoover).

Munn vs. Illinois (1877)

Affirmed railroad regulation.

Langston Hughes (1902-1967)

African American poet who described the rich culture of African American life using rhythms influenced by jazz music.

Booker T. Washington (1856-1915)

African American progressive who supported segregation and demanded that African American better themselves individually to achieve equality.

Zora Neale Hurston (1891-1960)

African American writer and folklore scholar who played a key role in the Harlem Renaissance.

Westward Expansion (1807-1912)

After War of 1812, Americans wanted to explore and settle land in the west. Expanded because of Louisiana Purchase, violently removed native Americans by order of president Andrew Jackson ( moved to reservations ).

Burr vs. Hamilton Duel (1804)

After a losing the position of governor of New York to Hamilton, Burr eventually challenged Hamilton to a duel. Burr killed him the next day.

Wounded Knee Massacre (1890)

After killing Sitting Bull, the 7th Cavalry rounded up Sioux at this place in South Dakota and 300 Natives were murdered and only a baby survived. Basically a confrontation between U.S. cavalry and Sioux that marked the end of Indian resistance.

Period 3: (1754-1800)

After the British and the colonists won the French and Indian War, England faced enormous debt. The resulting taxation of the colonists led to resentment and tension with England. The Boston Massacre and Boston Tea Party were two notable examples of this increasingly troubled relationship. Colonial leaders called for resistance to imperial rule and demanded that their rights be respected. New experiments with democracy and republican forms of government came about with the Continental Congress, the ideas of Benjamin Franklin and Thomas Paine, and, ultimately, the Declaration of Independence. After the American Revolution, the Articles of Confederation united the newly formed states. However, the federal government remained very weak, which was made evident by Shay's Rebellion. Debates on how to govern the new country culminated in the calling of the Constitutional Convention. Throughout the presidencies of George Washington and John Adams, the Federalists and Anti-Federalists debated on how the young nation should manage its economy, foreign affairs, and internal relations with the new states. The Federalists, led by Alexander Hamilton, favored a stronger central government. The Anti-Federalists, led by Thomas Jefferson, favored giving more power to the individual states. The development of a distinct American foreign policy emerged. George Washington warned against becoming entangled in foreign affairs, such as the French Revolution, and preferred diplomatic initiatives, like Jay's Treaty and Pinckney's Treaty, to deal with continued European presence in America. Migration trends and competition over boundaries, resources, and trade fueled ethnic tensions and sparked nativist sentiments. The United States' relationship with American Indian groups continued to evolve, often centering on conflict regarding native lands.

Radical Republicans (Reconstruction)

After the Civil War, a group that believed the South should be harshly punished and thought that Lincoln was sometimes too compassionate towards the South.

Freedmen's Bureau (1865)

Agency set up to aid former slaves in adjusting themselves to freedom. It furnished food and clothing to needy blacks and helped them get jobs.

Jay's Treaty (1794)

Agreement that provided England would evacuate a series of forts in U.S. territory along the Great Lakes; in return, the United States agreed to pay pre-Revolutionary War debts owed to Britain. Criticized for giving too many concessions to England and not respecting our rights as a sovereign nation.

North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) (1949)

Alliance of nations that agreed to band together in the event of war and to support and protect each nation involved.

Potsdam Conference (1945)

Allied leaders Truman, Stalin and Churchill met in Germany to split it up into zones of control and to inform the Japanese that if they refused to surrender at once, they would face total destruction.

Quartering Act (1765)

Allowed British soldiers to station large amounts of troops in America.

Sierra Club (1892)

American environmental organization. Helped promote the protection of the environment and nature.

Douglas MacArthur (1939-1945)

American general, who commanded allied troops in the Pacific during World War II.

Thomas Edison (1847-1931)

American inventor best known for inventing the electric light bulb, acoustic recording on wax cylinders, and motion pictures.

Margaret Sanger (1900s)

American leader of the movement to legalize birth control during the early 1900's. As a nurse in the poor sections of New York City, she had seen the suffering caused by unwanted pregnancy. Founded the first birth control clinic in the U.S. and the American Birth Control League, which later became Planned Parenthood.

Containment Policy (1947)

American policy of resisting further expansion of communism around the world.

Wilson and Neutrality (1913-1916)

American ships are neutral, they can trade with anybody. "Freedom of the seas".

Paul Revere (1735-1818)

American silversmith remembered for his midnight ride to warn the colonists in Lexington and Concord that British troops were coming.

Period 5 (1844-1877)

Americans enthusiastically supported Western expansion in hopes of finding new economic opportunities. The philosophy of "Manifest Destiny" emerged as motivation for this westward migration. America's expansionist philosophy extended into foreign policy as well, as evidenced by conflict over the Oregon territory with Britain and involvement in the Mexican-American War. The Compromise of 1850, the Kansas-Nebraska Act, and the Dred Scott decision were all important attempts made by national leaders and the courts to resolve the issues surrounding slavery. Debates about slavery—as well as economic, political, and cultural differences—led to a widening gap between the North and South. Despite various efforts at compromise, the South (11 states in all) seceded from the United States to form The Confederate States of America. America would soon afterwards become embroiled in the Civil War. Due to superior military strategy, more resources, a larger population, and stronger infrastructure, the Union defeated the Confederacy. During the war, President Lincoln declared an end to slavery with the Emancipation Proclamation, and after the war, worked to rebuild the country. After his assassination, many questions remained, however, about the role of the federal government and citizens' rights, including women, African Americans, and other minorities. After the Civil War, the Thirteenth Amendment officially ended slavery, and the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments further expanded the rights of African Americans. Despite these efforts, African Americans faced great hardships in gaining equal rights and employment.

Okies and Arkies (1920s)

Americans who were forced out of their homes in Oklahoma and Arkansas (respectively) due to the dust storms and drought known as the Dust Bowl.

Salutary Neglect Definition

An English policy of relaxing the enforcement of regulations in its colonies in return for the colonies' continued economic loyalty.

Intercourse Act (1809)

An act that allowed America to trade with all foreign nations except for England and France.

Office of Price Administration (OPA) (WWII) (1942)

An agency established by Congress to control inflation during World War II.

Iroquois Confederacy (1500s-1867)

An alliance of five northeastern Amerindian peoples (after 1722 six) that made decisions on military and diplomatic issues through a council of representatives. Allied first with the Dutch and later with the English, it dominated W. New England.

Welfare Capitalism (1920s)

An approach to labor relations in which companies meet some of their workers' needs without prompting by unions, thus preventing strikes andterm-552 keeping productivity high.

League of Nations (1919)

An association by nations established in 1920 to promote international cooperation and peace. (US is NOT in).

Boom-and-Bust Cycles (Occurred in a Market Economy)

An economic cycle in which high demand leads to high output, which results in falling prices and hard times

Fair Deal (1949)

An economic extension of the New Deal proposed by Harry Truman that called for higher minimum wage, housing and full employment. It led only to the Housing Act of 1949 and the Social Security Act of 1950 due to opposition in congress.

Lewis and Clark expedition (1804-1806)

An expedition sent by Thomas Jefferson to explore the northwestern territories (Louisiana territory) of the United States ; led by Lewis and Clark; traveled from St. Louis to the mouth of the Columbia River from 1803 to 1806

Office of War Mobilization (OWM) (WWII) (1943)

Federal agency formed to coordinate issues related to war production during World War II.

Election of 1824 (Corrupt Bargain)

Andrew Jackson, Henry Clay, John Quincy Adams, and William Crawford all ran. The House of Representatives chose Adams because Henry Clay had supported him. After Adams became President, he appointed Henry Clay as his Secretary of State. This was seen as a corrupt bargain by Andrew Jackson.

Fur Trading

Another common commercial enterprise in the frontier besides farming.

Committee of Safety (1775)

Any of the extralegal committees that directed the revolutionary movement and carried on the functions of government at the local level in the period between the breakdown of royal authority and the establishment of regular governments.

Valley Forge (1777-1778)

Area of Pennsylvania approximately 20 miles northwest of Philadelphia where General George Washington's Continental troops were quartered from December 1777 to June 1778 while British forces occupied Philadelphia during the Revolutionary War.

Spheres of Influence in China (1890s)

Areas in which countries have some political and economic control but do not govern directly (ex. Europe and U.S. in China)

Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions, (1798-1799)

Argued that the states had the right to judge the constitutionality of federal laws.

Assembly Line Production (1870s)

Arrangement of workers, machines, and equipment in which the product being assembled passes consecutively from operation to operation until completed.

Labor Unions (1820s-1830s)

As working conditions deteriorated, workers began to organize labor unions to protect their interests.

Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO) (1935)

Association of laborers from industries including steel and auto. Organized in reaction to the AFL, which represented primarily craft unions. Headed by John L. Lewis. Originally a committee within the AFL (1935) before becoming independent in 1938. United with the AFL in 1955

Dawes Severalty Act (1887)

Authorized the President of the United States to survey American Indian tribal land and divide it into allotments for individual Indians. Those who accepted allotments and lived separately from the tribe would be granted US citizenship. The act was an attempt to destroy Indian culture and the unity of the tribe and make each Native American head of household more like the White citizen/farmers.

Second Bank of the United States (1833-1836)

Bank whose renewal was vetoed by Andrew Jackson because he saw it as a tool of eastern financial elites against the interests of democracy and the common man.

Bombing of Pearl Harbor (1941)

Base in Hawaii that was bombed by japan on December 7, 1941, which wagered America to enter the war.

North (Period 4)

Became industrialized (technological advances in communication, transportation, industry, and banking were helping nation's commercial center). Farming played less interest, and slavery was opposed by the majority in the North.

John Tyler (1841-1845)

Became the 10th President of the United States when Harrison died, responsible for annexation of Mexico after receiving mandate from Polk, opposed many parts of the Whig program for economic recovery.

Gangster Era (1920s)

Because of prohibition, illegal sale of liquor and warfare between gangs and criminals and law enforcement in the 1920s.

Market Economy (Capitalism) (1840s)

Began to develop during 1840s. An economic system based upon the fundamentals of private property, freedom, self-interest, and prices

Selective Service Act (1917)

Law passed by Congress in 1917 that required all men from ages 21 to 30 to register for the military draft.

Popular Sovereignty (1850)

Belief that territories themselves would decide, by vote, whether to allow slavery or not.

Webster-Ashburton Treaty (1842)

Between U.S. and Great Britain. Settled the boundary dispute between Maine and Canada. Ended the slave trade on the high seas.

Quincy Adams' Presidency (1825-1829)

Built the Erie Canal, however had struggles to get anything passed because he was a Federalist, while people in office were Democratic-Republicans who supported states rights.

Lotteries/Gambling (Prohibition)

By 1860, every state in the Union outlawed lotteries, and many prohibited forms of gambling.

Marbury v. Madison (1803)

Case in which the supreme court first asserted the power of Judicial review in finding that the congressional statue expanding the Court's original jurisdiction was unconstitutional.

Class Tensions in South (Civil War)

Caused by people who owned 20 slaves or more to be excused from military service.

Henry Cabot Lodge (1850-1924)

Chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, he was a leader in the fight against participation in the League of Nations.

Mormons (1805-1844) (Second Great Awakening)

Church of Latter-Day Saints founded by Joseph Smith Dominated Utah area and had a strong sense of community.

Big Three Leaders (1939-1945)

Churchill, FDR, Stalin.

Battle of Antietam (1862)

Civil War battle in which the North succeeded in halting Robert E Lee's Confederate forces in Maryland. Was the bloodiest battle of the war resulting in 25,000 casualties. Gave Lincoln platform to announce Emancipation Proclamation. Also showed Britain and France to not help the Confederates.

Anaconda Plan

Civil war strategy planned by northern General Winfield Scott to crush the southern rebellion. Called for a naval blockade to shut out European supplies and exports, a campaign to take the Mississippi river and, thereby, split the south, and a targeting of southern cities in hopes that pro-unionists would rise up in the south and overthrow the secession. Both the blockade and the taking of the Mississippi were successful.

New Deal Coalition (1932-1964)

Coalition forged by the Democrats who dominated American politics from the 1930's to the 1960's. its basic elements were the urban working class, ethnic groups, Catholics and Jews, the poor, Southerners, African Americans, and intellectuals.

Satellite Nations (1945)

Communist nations in Eastern Europe on friendly terms with the USSR and thought of as under the USSR's control.

Transcontinental Railroad (1863-1869)

Completed in 1869 at Promontory, Utah, it linked the eastern railroad system with California's railroad system, revolutionizing transportation in the west. Railroad connecting the west and east coasts of the continental US.term-383

Virginia Plan (large state plan) (1787)

Completely scrap the articles of confederation and create checks and balances and have representatives for each state based on population.

Compromise of 1877 (1877)

Compromise that enabled Hayes to take office in return for the end of Reconstruction. Republicans promised 1) Remove military from South, 2) Appoint Democrat to cabinet (David Key), 3) Give federal money for railroad construction and levees on Mississippi River.

Robert E. Lee (1807-1870)

Confederate general who had opposed secession but did not believe the Union should be held together by force.

Washington Conference (1921-1922)

Conference of the major powers to reduce naval armaments among Great Britain, Japan, France, Italy, and the United States.

Military Reconstruction Act (1867)

Congressional law that imposed military rule on the South and demanded harsh conditions for readmission of the seceded states.

Birth of a Nation (1915)

Controversial but highly influential and innovative silent film directed by D.W. Griffith. It demonstrated the power of film propaganda and revived the KKK.

Philippines Annexation Crisis (After 1898)

Controversy arose after Treaty of Paris 1898 gave the nation to the U.S.; imperialists favored annexation because it was our duty to uplift them/convert to Christianity, etc. However, anti-imperialists opposed annexation because they were of a foreign culture and different race and it violated the principles of the Declaration of Independence.

Alexander Hamilton (1755-1804)

Convened the first Constitutional convention in 1787 which had the sole purpose of revising the Articles of Confederation.

Stamp Act of (1765)

Created a tax on documents, paper, stamps, and took away the tradition of self-taxation.

U.S. Steel Corporation (1901)

Created in 1901; largest merger; Carnegie and J.P. Morgan formed this corporation from 200 steel/iron companies; controlled 60% of the country's steel making capacity.

Battle of Saratoga (1777)

Decisive colonial victory in upstate New York; considered to be the turning point of the American Revolution. Caused France to openly support the colonies with military forces in addition to the supplies and money already being sent.

New Freedom Program (1912)

Democrat Woodrow Wilson's political slogan in the presidential campaign of 1912; Wilson wanted to improve the banking system, lower tariffs, and, by breaking up monopolies, give small businesses freedom to compete.

War Hawks (1811-1812)

Democratic-Republican Congressmen who pressed James Madison to declare war on Britain. The war hawks resented British constraints on American trade and accused the British of supporting Indian attacks against American settlements on the frontier. Leaders were Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun.

McNary-Haugen Bill (1927 & 1928)

Designed to keep agricultural prices up by giving government the right to buy a crop surplus and sell it abroad. Provided government subsidies to farms in bad times

First Continental Congress (1774)

Developed a strategy for addressing grievances towards Britain, attempted to establish a proper relationship between Britain and colonials and was the first major step towards independence

Bleeding Kansas (1856)

Disagreements over whether slavery should be allowed in Kansas led to violence among settlers. More than 200 people died.

Reconstruction Act (1867)

Divided the Confederate states except Tennessee into five military districts. Military commanders in the districts were appointed to oversee constitutional conventions in the districts and the creation of state constitutions. This military occupation would last until the states created new constitutions that included black suffrage, the permanent disfranchisement of Confederate leaders, and ratification of the 14th Amendment.

Freeport Doctrine (1858)

Doctrine developed by Stephen Douglas that said the exclusion of slavery in a territory could be determined by the refusal of the voters to enact any laws that would protect slave property. It was unpopular with Southerners, and thus cost him the election.

Lowell System (1820s-1830s)

Dormitories for young women where they were cared for, fed, and sheltered in return for cheap labor, mill towns, homes for workers to live in around the mills.

Whiskey Ring (1875)

During the Grant administration, a group of officials were importing whiskey and using their offices to avoid paying the taxes on it, cheating the treasury out of millions of dollars. (Ulysses S. Grant Administration)

Sherman's March to the Sea (1864)

During the civil war, a devastating total war military campaign, led by union general William Tecumseh Sherman, that involved marching 60,000 union troops through Georgia from Atlanta to Savannah and destroying everything along there way.

West (Period 4)

Economic interests varied but were largely involved in commercial farming, fur trapping, and real-estate speculation. Westerners generally distrusted northerners, because they supported powerful banks that could take away their land. Westerners supported egalitarianism (all people are equal). Westerners tried to avoid the issue of slavery, which they viewed as an irrelevant issue to their lives.

Panic of 1819 (1819)

Economic panic caused by extensive speculation and a decline of European demand for American goods along with mismanagement within the Second Bank of the United States. Caused the end of the Era of Good Feelings.

Light Bulb (1879)

Edison's greatest invention.

Twelfth Amendment (1804)

Election of the president and vice president will be on separate ballots

Eli Whitney and the Cotton Gin

Eli Whitney was the inventor of the cotton gin and the first to use the system of interchangeable parts. Cotton gin cleaned cotton of its seed. It fastened slavery to the south.

Treaty of Portsmouth (1905)

Ended the Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905). It was signed in Portsmouth, New Hampshire, after negotiations brokered by Theodore Roosevelt (for which he won the Nobel Peace Prize). Japan had dominated the war and received an indemnity, the Liaodong Peninsula in Manchuria, and half of Sakhalin Island, but the treaty was widely condemned in Japan because the public had expected more.

Treaty of Ghent (1814)

Ended the War of 1812. Did not address grievances that led to the war (stalemate for both sides).

William Pitt (1754-1763)

English statesman who brought the Seven Years' War to an end.

South (Period 4)

Entirely agrarian economy based. Chief crops were tobacco and cotton which required vast acreage. Constantly needed more land for crops. Wanted to protect slavery, which landholders depended on. Also looked for more states to become slave territories to protect slavery.

Pickeny's Treaty (1795)

Established intentions of friendship between the United States and Spain. It also defined the boundaries of the United States with the Spanish colonies and guaranteed the United States navigation rights on the Mississippi River.

Fair Labor Standards Act (1938)

Established minimum living standards for workers engaged in interstate commerce, including provision of a federal minimum wage.

Interstate Commerce Act (ICC) (1887)

Established the ICC (Interstate Commerce Commission) monitors the business operation of carriers transporting goods and people between states, created to regulate railroad prices.

John D. Rockefeller (1839-1937)

Established the Standard Oil Company, the greatest, wisest, and meanest monopoly known in history.

Mass Transportation

Expansion of railroads and streetcars, subways, middle-class could live somewhere nice and commute to work.

Quebec Act (1774)

Extended Quebec's boundary to the Ohio River, recognized Catholicism as its official religion, and established a non-representative government for its citizens.

Jingoism (1914-1945)

Extreme patriotism, especially in the form of aggressive or warlike foreign policy.

("Roosevelt Recession") (1937-1938)

FDR thought that the depression had largely been cured and so he cut back federal spending. However the Feds tightened credit and together these action put the economy in trouble.

First New Deal (1933)

FDR's policies to help ease the Great Depression during the 1st two years of his presidency. Much of it passed in the 1st 100 Days, in an unprecedented flurry of laws. It aimed for the three R's: relief, recovery, reform. Included Bank Holiday, Glass-Steagal (SEC), CCC, AAA, TVA, NIRA, FDIC, FERA.

Yalta Conference (1945)

FDR, Churchill and Stalin met at Yalta. Russia agreed to declare war on Japan after the surrender of Germany and in return FDR and Churchill promised the USSR concession in Manchuria and the territories that it had lost in the Russo-Japanese War. Established world organization; Soviet Union pledged to allow democratic procedures in Eastern Europe; pledge broken, led to Cold War (Because Stalin wanted satellite states).

Economics of Scale

Factors that cause a producer's average cost per unit to fall as output rises.

Tallmadge Amendment (1819)

Failed proposal to prohibit the importation of slaves into Missouri territory and pave the way for gradual emancipation. Southerners vehemently opposed the amendment, which they perceived as a threat to the sectional balance between North and South.

Fort Sumter (1861)

Federal fort in the harbor of Charleston, South Carolina; Lincoln sent supplies as a way to provoke the south (secretly) to begin the war. The confederate attack on the fort marked the start of the Civil War

Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire (1911)

Fire started. Workers could not escape. 148 women died.

Articles of Confederation (1781)

First American constitution that established the United States as a loose confederation of states under a weak national Congress, which was not granted the power to regulate commerce or collect taxes.

Sherman Antitrust Act (1890)

First federal action against monopolies, it was signed into law by Harrison and was extensively used by Theodore Roosevelt for trust-busting. However, it was initially misused against labor unions.

Gag Rule (1836-1844)

Forbade discussion of the slavery question in the House of Representatives. Stemmed from Southern members' fear of slave emancipation. Led to increased discussion by Southern conventions of ways to escape Northern economic and political domination.

Neutrality Act (1936)

Forbade the extension of loans and credits to belligerents.

Pure Food and Drug Act (1906)

Forbade the manufacture or sale of mislabeled or adulterated food or drugs, it gave the government broad powers to ensure the safety and efficacy of drugs in order to abolish the "patent" drug trade. Still in existence as the FDA..

Internment of Japanese Americans (1942-1945)

Forced relocation and incarceration in camps in the interior of the U.S. of between 110,000 and 120,000 people of Japanese ancestry who had lived on the Pacific coast.

Dollar Diplomacy (Taft) (1909)

Foreign policy created under President Taft that had the U.S. exchanging financial support for the right to "help" countries make decisions about trade and other commercial ventures. Basically it was exchanging money for political influence in Latin America and the Caribbean.

Moral Diplomacy (1912)

Foreign policy proposed by President Wilson to condemn imperialism, spread democracy, and promote peace.

Movies (1920s)

Form of entertainment that grew tremendously popular during the Roaring Twenties.

Progressive Movement (1901-1917)

Formed by Midwestern Farmers, Socialists, and Labor Organizers -attacked monopolies, and wanted other reforms, such as bimetallism, transportation regulation, the 8-hour work day, and income tax.

Farmers' Holiday Association (1932)

Formed by a group of unhappy farm owners, it endorsed the withholding of farm products from the market- in effect a farmers' strike, which although blockading several markets ended in failure.

Labor Unions (Civil War)

Formed during Civil War again, businesses blacklisted them, made contracts promising workers to not join the union, and used violence to break up unions.

Populists Party (1891-WWI)

Formed in 1891 by remnants of the Farmers' Alliances; big government party with a healthy list of demands that included: free coinage of silver; government ownership of the railroads, telegraphs, and telephone lines; graduated income tax; direct election of U.S. senators; and the use of initiative, referendum, and recall; the party eventually fades because farmers' situation improved in the late 1890s and because their political agenda was assumed by the major parties

Committees of Correspondence (1772)

Formed throughout colonies to trade ideas and inform one anointed of the political mood.

John Muir (1838-1914)

Founded Sierra Club.

Standard Oil Company (1870)

Founded by John D. Rockefeller. Largest unit in the American oil industry in 1881. Known as A.D. Trust, it was outlawed by the Supreme Court of Ohio in 1899. Replaced by the Standard Oil Company of New Jersey.

American Federation of Labor (1886)

Founded by Samuel Gompers; sought better wages, hours, working conditions; skilled laborers, arose out of dissatisfaction with the Knights of Labor, rejected socialist and communist ideas, non-violent.

American Anti-Slavery Society (1833)

Founded in 1833 by William Lloyd Garrison and other abolitionists. Garrison burned the Constitution as a pro-slavery document. Argued for "no Union with slaveholders" until they repented for their sins by freeing their slaves.

Whigs (Political Party) (1834)

Founded in 1834 to unite faction opposed to President ("King") Jackson. Party of modernization, promoted economic growth via transportation and banks, temperance, prison and school reform, favored industry, urban growth, powerful federal government. People- (William H. Harrison, Henry Clay, Daniel Webster). Split after the issue of slavery left the party split during Missouri Compromise.

XYZ Affair (1797)

France got mad that the US for making Jay's Treaty with Britain and decided to attack American ships at seas. When John Adams sent diplomats to Britain, the French demanded huge bribes before making a treaty.

Jean-Jacques Rousseau (Social Contract)

French writer and Enlightenment philosopher who wrote a book called, The Social Contract, where he stated that people were basically good, and that society, and its unequal distribution of wealth, were the cause of most problems. Rousseau believed that government should be run according to the will of the majority, which he called the General Will.

Squatters

Frontier farmers who illegally occupied land owned by others or not yet officially opened for settlement.

Emergency Relief Act (1933)

Gave the President power over the banking system and set up a system by which banks would be reorganized or reopened.

Alphabet Agencies (1933-1945)

Government agencies that came to be known by the first initials of their names.

Committee on Public Information (CPI) (1917)

Government agency created during World War I to encourage Americans to support the war.

Office of War Information (OWI) (WWII) (1942)

Government agency that encouraged support of the war effort during World War II.

Indian Reorganization Act (1934)

Government legislation that allowed the Indians a form of self-government and thus willingly shrank the authority of the U.S. government. It provided the Indians direct ownership of their land, credit, a constitution, and a charter in which Indians could manage their own affairs.

Deficit Spending / Keynesian Economics (1930s)

Government practice of spending more than it takes in from taxes.

Battle of Vicksburg (1863)

Grant defeated two Confederate armies and destroyed the city, this was across the river near Vicksburg, Mississippi. Five days later they had complete control of the Mississippi.

Nineteenth Amendment (1920)

Granted women the right to vote; its ratification catered a movement for women's rights that dated to the Seneca Falls Convention of 1848.

Populist Party (1892-1908) (Political Party)

Grew from farmer grievances against railroads & banks after the Civil War; People (James B.term-369 Weaver, Tom Watson, William Jennings Bryan);Free coinage of silver; Public ownership of railroads/communications systems; Income tax; Eight-hour work days; Immigration restrictions, Direct election of US senators; Omaha Platform of 1891 became blueprint for progressive reforms of 20th century; Silver issue had little appeal to non-farmers; Failed to gain support of urban laborers.

Progressive Party/Bull Moose (Political Party)

Grew from split between Taft Roosevelt in 1912; TR & Robert M. LaFollette; Antitrust action; Regulation of business; Conservation of natural resources; Women's suffrage; lower tariffs; Direct democracy--recall, initiative, referendum; Split Republican vote = Wilson elected in 1912; TR rejoined Republican Party; faded after 1924 election.

National Woman Suffrage Association (NWSA) (1869) (Second Great Awakening)

Group formed by Susan B Anthony and Elizabeth Stanton that fought for an amendment that would grant women the right to vote.

Harlem Renaissance (1920s)

Group of African American artists, intellectuals, and social leaders who lived in Harlem in the 1920s. They were termed the New Negroes by black professor Alain Locke because they had risen from the ashes of slavery to proclaim African American creative genius and work toward defeating racial prejudice.

David Walker (1785-1830)

He was a black abolitionist who called for the immediate emancipation of slaves. He wrote the "Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World." It called for a bloody end to white supremacy. He believed that the only way to end slavery was for slaves to physically revolt.

Samuel Gompers (1850-1924)

He was the creator of the American Federation of Labor. He provided a stable and unified union for skilled workers.

Boss Tweed (1823-1878)

Head of Tammany Hall, NYC's powerful democratic political machine in 1868. Between 1868 and 1869 he led the Tweed Reign, a group of corrupt politicians in defrauding the city.

Eugene V. Debs (1855-1926)

Head of the American Railway Union and director of the Pullman strike; he was imprisoned along with his associates for ignoring a federal court injunction to stop striking. While in prison, he read Socialist literature and emerged as a Socialist leader in America.

Worcester v. Georgia (1832)

Held that Native Americans were entitled to federal protection from the actions of state governments which would infringe on the tribe's sovereignty; ignored by the Jackson administration.

Public Works Administration (PWA) (1933)

Helped construction workers get jobs doing public projects (highways, bridges, sewers).

Steamboats and Railroads (1850s)

Helped start the market revolution. Allowed there to be better access to markets along with the Erie Canal. Made transportation a lot faster.

The American System (1815)

Henry Clay's economic plan for America. Government adopted tariffs, roads, and national bank, but rejected call for internal improvements (said it was unconstitutional).

Failure of Reconstruction (1865-1877)

High cost of programs, racial hostility (got worse after civil war) violence in South (KKK), failed to protect the rights of freedmen, Southern social structure was unchanged, Rich whites stayed rich, poor whites stayed poor.term-316

Jackson Turner (1861-1932)

Historian who wrote a thesis on the impact of the frontier on the development of the US.

Stimson Doctrine (1932)

Hoover's Secretary of State said the US would not recognize territorial changes resulting from Japan's invasion of Manchuria.

Utopian Communities (Second Great Awakening)

Idealistic and impractical communities. Who, Rather than seeking to create an ideal government or reform the world, withdrew from the sinful, corrupt world.

Cult of Domesticity (19th Century)

Idealization of women and the home. Basically said women should stay in the home while men worked.

Interchangeable Parts

Identical pieces that could be assembled quickly by unskilled workers.

Green Backs (1862)

In 1862 the government issued a new paper currency know as greenbacks helped northern economy by ensuring that people had money to spend. Also, helped pay for the Civil War.

Sacco and Vanzetti (1920)

In 1920 these two men were convicted of murder and robbery. They were found guilty and died in the electric chair unfairly.

Pontiac's Rebellion (1763)

In response to England raising prices of goods sold to native Americans. Led by Ottawa chief named Pontiac.

Sussex Pledge (1916)

In response to the German torpedoes Sussex steamer, Wilson told Germany that if they didn't stop sinking merchant ships with warning, he would break diplomatic relations.

Border States (Civil War)

In the civil war the states between the north and the south: Delaware, Maryland, Kentucky, and Missouri.

Aaron Burr (1756-1836)

In the election of 1800, Burr tied with Jefferson in the Electoral College. The House of Representatives awarded the Presidency to Jefferson and made Burr Vice- President. 12th amendment added to avoid ties in presidential elections.

James Polk (1845-1849)

Independent Treasury, Oregon Territory, fostered Manifest Destiny, and lowered tariffs.

Fireside Chats (1933)

Informal talks given by FDR over the radio; sat by White House fireplace; gained the confidence of the people.

Cities in the 19th Century

Infrastructure problems: public utilities, transportation, communications, and poverty was rampant. However, cities had jobs, more opportunities of social advancement, public schooling, labor unions formed, formation of clubs, and provided sports activities.

Red Scare (1919-1920)

Intense fear of communism and other politically radical ideas.

Temperance Societies (Prohibition)

International social movement dedicated to the control of alcohol consumption through the promotion of moderation and abstinence. It began as a church-sponsored movement in the U.S. in the early 19th century. It attracted the efforts of many women, and by 1833 there were 6,000 local temperance societies in the U.S.

NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People) (1909)

Interracial organization founded in 1909 to abolish segregation and discrimination and to achieve political and civil rights for African Americans.

President's Committee on Civil Rights (1948)

Issued a report calling for an end to segregation and poll taxes, and for more aggressive enforcement of anti lynching laws (Truman).

Emancipation Proclamation (1863)

Issued by Abraham Lincoln which declared that all slaves in the confederate states would be free.

Currency Act of (1764)

It banned the production of paper money in the colonies in an effort to combat the inflation caused by Virginia's decision to get itself out of debt by issuing more paper money.

Tariff of Abominations (1828)

It raised the tariff on imported manufactured goods. The tariff protected the North but harmed the South; South said that the tariff was economically discriminatory and unconstitutional because it violated state's rights.

Bank War (1832-1836

Jackson believed the Bank of US had too much power and was too rich. Vetoed the 2nd Bank charter and withdrew gov't money from the US Banks and put it into "pet banks"

Nullification Crisis (1832)

Jackson favored states rights. South Carolina legislation declared the crease tariff/tariff abominations to be unconstitutional. This proved John C Calhoun's nullification theory, each state had the right to decide whether to obey a federal law or declare it null.

Election of 1828

Jackson soundly defeated John Quincy Adams.

Force Bill (1833)

Jackson's response to South Carolina's ordinance of nullification that declared the tariffs of 1828 & 1832 null and void, and South Carolina would not collect duties on them; authorized President Jackson to use military force to collect duties on the Tariffs of 1828 and 1832; never invoked because it was passed by Congress the same day as the Compromise Tariff of 1833, so it became unnecessary; which was nullified by South Carolina.

Election of 1800

Jefferson and Burr each received 73 votes in the Electoral College, so the House of Representatives had to decide the outcome. The House chose Jefferson as President and Burr as Vice President. Jefferson hated Burr as vice president led to 12th Amendment.

Jacksonian Democrats (Political Party) (1829-1837)

Jeffersonian traditions/ideas; Supporters: small farmers & mechanics; Anti-National Bank; States control/build roads & canals; Pro slavery; Pro-Mexican War; Strong executive; Laissez-faire

"Pink-Collar" Jobs (1920s)

Jobs that offer few benefits, often have low prestige, and are disproportionately held by women.

John Brown's Raid on Harper's Ferry (1859)

John Brown's failed scheme to invade the South with armed slaves, backed by sponsoring Northern abolitionists; seized the federal arsenal; Brown and companions were caught by Robert E. Lee and the US Marines; Brown was hanged; South feared danger if it stayed in Union.

Yellow Journalism (1898)

Journalism that exploits, distorts, or exaggerates the news to create sensations and attract readers.

Muckrakers (1906)

Journalists who searched for corruption in politics and big business.

Battle of Fallen Timbers (1794)

Kentucky riflemen defeated several Indian tribes, bringing an end to Indian resistance in the Northwest.

Spanish Flu Epidemic (1918)

Killed nearly seven times the number of Americans as died of combat deaths in France.

King George III (1754-1763)

King of England during the American Revolution

Inflation in the South During the Civil War

Lacking sufficient money from taxes or bonds, the Confederacy was forced to print paper money to pay its bills, causing rapid inflation.

Three-Fifths Compromise (1787)

Laid out by the constitution, counted a slave as 3/5 of a person.

Mexican Cession (1848)

Land that Mexico ceded to the United States in the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo in 1848. This territory included California, New Mexico, Nevada, Arizona, Utah, Texas, and parts of Colorado and Wyoming. The addition of so much land to the United States exacerbated conflict over the expansion of slavery because some Northerners feared that the extension of slavery into California and New Mexico would deter free laborers from settling there.

Haymarket Square Riot (1886)

Large rally in Hay market Square in Chicago shortly after striking began at McCormick Harvesting Machine Co. Police were attempting to disperse the crowd then a bomb exploded. Eleven were killed. Incident was used to discredit the Knights of Labor.

Period 6 (1865-1898)

Large scale industrialization and advances in technology gave rise to capitalism and the era of big business. Businessmen such as Cornelius Vanderbilt, Andrew Carnegie, and John D. Rockefeller amassed huge fortunes. Aggressive financial methods caused multiple economic downturns and financial panics. Due to the rise of big business, many groups such as farmers and unions called for stronger governmental protections to regulate the economy and safeguard the rights of workers. Migration increased, both to and within the United States. Cities became areas of economic growth that attracted African Americans and migrants from Asia and Europe. Multiple ethnic groups vied for control of the Western frontier, and cultural tensions continued nationwide. New intellectual and cultural movements arose during this period, often dubbed the "Gilded Age." One view, called Social Darwinism, attempted to justify a wealthy elite class as natural and inevitable. Another view, known as the Gospel of Wealth, urged the wealthy and big business to help the less fortunate. Debates intensified over citizens' rights, especially in relation to gender and race. The Supreme Court case Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) marked a major setback for African Americans, as it upheld racial segregation and ended some of the progress made in the decades following the Civil War. African American reformers continued to strive for political and social equality in the face of escalating violence and discrimination.term-355

Redeemers (Civil War)

Largely former slave owners who were the bitterest opponents of the Republican program in the South. Staged a major counterrevolution to "redeem" the south by taking back southern state governmterm-265ents. Their foundation rested on the idea of racism and white supremacy. Redeemer governments waged and aggressive assault on African Americans.

Battle of New Orleans (1815)

Last major battle of the War of 1812; making Andrew Jackson a national hero and propelling him later to the presidency.

Olive Branch Petition (1775)

Last minute resort to establishing peace with Britain. Failed, and rejected

Cash and Carry Policy (1939)

Law passed by Congress which allowed a nation at war to purchase goods and arms in US as long as they paid cash and carried merchandise on their own ships. This benefited the Allies, because Britain was dominant naval power.

GI Bill (1944)

Law passed to help returning veterans TO buy homes and pay for higher educations.

Grandfather Clauses (1867)

Law that excused a voter from literacy test if his grandfather had been eligible to vote.

Hepburn Act (1906)

Law used the Interstate Commerce Commission to regulate the maximum charge that railroads to place on shipping goods.

Black Codes (1865-1866)

Laws denying most legal rights to newly freed slaves; passed by southern states following the Civil War. (Johnson's Administration).

Jim Crow Laws (1891)

Laws designed to enforce segregation of blacks from whites

Personal Liberty Laws (1793-1850s)

Laws passed by Northern states forbidding the imprisonment of escaped slaves.

Slave Codes

Laws that controlled the lives of enslaved African Americans and denied them basic rights.

Dwight D. Eisenhower (1941-1945)

Leader of the Allied forces in Europe during WW2--leader of troops in Africa and commander in D Day invasion. Elected president.

Terrence Powderly (1849-1924)

Leader of the Knights of Labor.

Political Bosses

Leaders of political machines that bribed citizens in order to receive votes.

Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau (Second Great Awakening)

Leaders of transcendentalist movement.

Louis Armstrong (1901-1971)

Leading African American jazz musician during the Harlem Renaissance; he was a talented trumpeter whose style influenced many later musicians.

Shay's Rebellion (1786)

Led by Daniel Shays. Group of debtors and impoverished people that rebelled against the Massachusetts Government. Called for a stronger central government.

D-Day (1944)

Led by Eisenhower, over a million troops (the largest invasion force in history) stormed the beaches at Normandy and began the process of re-taking France. The turning point of World War II..

Teller Amendment (1898)

Legislation that promised the US would not annex Cuba after winning the Spanish-American War.

Platt Amendment (1901)

Legislation that severely restricted Cuba's sovereignty and gave the US right to intervene in Cuban domestic and foreign affairs, Cuba could not sign a foreign treaty without US permission, US gained Naval Base.

Leftists

Liberal wanted dramatic change, land reforms, limit the power of the church, were communist, and supported by lower classes.

Conservatives

Like to stick to the traditional ways of government and tend to oppose change.

Quota Act (1921)

Limited the number of immigrants allowed into the United States. It favored immigrants from Northern and western Europe.

Lincoln-Douglas Debates (1858)

Lincoln forced Douglas to debate issue of slavery, Douglas supported popular sovereignty, Lincoln asserted that slavery should not spread to territories, Lincoln emerged as strong Republican candidate.

Hampton Roads Conference (1865)

Lincoln offered a five year delay on implementing the 13th amendment as well as $400 million to compensate slave owners. An attempt at negotiation with the South.

Election of 1864

Lincoln ran against Democrat General McClellan. term-240Lincoln won 212 electoral votes to 21, but the popular vote was much closer.

Ten Percent Plan (1860)

Lincoln's plan that allowed a Southern state to form its own government after ten percent of its voters swore an oath of loyalty to the United States.

Election of 1860

Lincoln, the Republican candidate, won because the Democratic party was split over slavery. As a result, the South no longer felt like it has a voice in politics and a number of states seceded from the Union.

Free Blacks in the South (Before Civil War)

Located in the South. Freed from fighting in the Revolutionary War or from their owners. Not allowed to vote or travel and make up the smallest segment in southern society.

Chinese Revolution (1937-1945)

Long revolutionary process that began with the overthrow of the Chinese imperial system and ended with the triumph of the Communist Party under the leadership of Mao Zedong.

Ernest Hemingway (1899-1961)

Lost Generation writer, spent much of his life in France, Spain, and Cuba during WWI, notable works include A Farewell to Arms.

The Shakers (2nd Great Awakening Group) (1850s)

Made by Mother Ann Lee; Utopian group that splintered from the Quakers; believed that they & all other churches had grown too interested in this world and neglectful of their afterlives; prohibited marriage and sexual relationships; practiced celibacy. Numbers diminished.

Neutrality Act (1935)

Made it illegal for Americans to sell arms to any country at war.

Smith Act (1940)

Made it illegal to advocate the overthrow of the US government by force or violence

Proclamation of 1763 (1763)

Marked a turning point in relations with Great Britain because it agitated colonials. Stated that colonials can not settle west beyond the Appalachian Mountains.

California Gold Rush (1849)

Mass migration to California following the discovery of gold in 1848.

Constitutional Convention (1787)

Meeting in 1787 of the elected representatives of the thirteen original states to write the Constitution of the United States.

Hartford Convention (1814)

Meeting of Federalists near the end of the War of 1812 in which the party listed it's complaints against the ruling Democrat-Republicans. These actions were largely viewed as traitorous to the country and lost the Federalist much influence.

Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) (1934)

Monitors the stock market and enforces laws regulating the sale of stocks and bonds.

Colored Farmers' Alliance (1886)

More than 1 million southern black farmers organized and shared complaints with poor white farmers. By 1890 membership numbered more than 250,000. The history of racial division in the South, made it hard for white and black farmers to work together in the same organization.

Great Migration (20th Century)

Movement of over 300,000 African American from the rural south into Northern cities between 1914 and 1920.

Schechter Poultry v. U.S. (1935)

NIRA is unconstitutional because it attempts to control state laws for businesses.

Star Spangled Banner (1812)

National anthem written by Francis Scott Key during The War of 1812.

Guatanamo Bay, Cuba (1898)

Naval Base acquired by the US at the end of the Spanish American War in Cuba.

WPA (Works Progress Administration) (1935)

New Deal agency that provided work relief through various public-works projects.

Free Silver Policy (19th Century) (Populists)

Political issue involving the unlimited coinage of silver, supported by farmers and William Jennings Bryan.

Agricutural Adjustment Act (AAA) (1933)

New Deal legislation passed in May 1933 aimed at cutting agricultural production and raising crop prices and, consequently, farmers' income. Through the "domestic allotment" the AAA paid farmers to not grow crops.

Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) (1933)

New Deal program that hired unemployed men to work on natural conservation projects.

Erie Canal (1825)

New Yorkers built the canal linking the Great Lakes with the Hudson River (363 mi). Became a center of commerce.

North Economy During Civil War (Civil War)

New factories, sheltered by the tariff, sprung up. Dishonest people also took advantage of the war. Laborsaving machinery enabled the North to expand economically. Mechanical reapers produced vast surpluses of grain and freed up farm boys. It opened new opportunities for women. Women took the jobs of those that had left.

French and Indian War (Seven Years' War) (1756-1763)

Nine-year war between the British and the French in North America. It resulted in the expulsion of the French from the North American mainland and helped spark the Seven Years' War in Europe. England won. Direct result of colonial expansion

William Henry Harrison (1841)

Ninth President of the United States (Whig), and the first President to die in office. His death created a brief Constitutional crisis, but John Tyler a former democrat replaced him.

Copperheads (Civil War)

Northern Democrats who opposed the Civil War and sympathized with the South. Criticized Lincoln's attempts to destroy the South.

Split of Democratic Party (1860)

Northern democrats chose Stephen Douglas (popular sovereignty) and southern democrats chose Breckenridge (pro). (Issue over Slavery).

Free Soil Party (Political Party) (1848-1854)

Not abolitionist but was opposed to the expansion of slavery, largely because they did not want white settlers to compete with slave labor in new territories.

Women in WWI (1914-1918)

Nurses, cooked meals for soldiers, work in factories, made clothes for soldiers, and made hospital supplies, (Women moved into jobs previously held by men and volunteered to aid the war effort).

Sectional Strife (1840s)

Occurred during the 1840s due to different regions developing in very different directions (South/North/West).

W.E.B. DuBois (1868-1963)

Opposed Booker T. Washington. Wanted social and political integration as well as higher education for 10% of African Americans-what he called a "Talented Tenth". Founder of the Niagara Movement which led to the creation of the NAACP.

Republicans (1850-1900)

Opposed the spread of slavery, secession; Whig influence/pro-business; Briefly championed civil rights; business-oriented; supported active national government & gold standard; Used Spoils system but made some reforms; supported high tariffs; government support in building railroads; favored imperialism in 1890s. (Lincoln) (Northern Whigs, Free Soilers, and independent democrats)

Tripartite Pact (1940)

Signed between the Axis powers in 1940 (Italy, Germany and Japan) where they pledged to help the others in the event of an attack by the US.

American Suffrage Association (1869)

Organization that fought for women's suffrage amendments to state constitutions.

Know-Nothing Party (American Party) Political Party (1856-1860)

Party created during the 1856 election run by Nativists who were anti-Catholic and anti-foreign immigrants.

Communist Party of America (1919)

Party critical of capitalism. Instructed by Soviet Union to soften up to FDR as a potential ally.

Democrat-Republicans (Political Party) "Jeffersonian Democrats" (1801-1809)

Party led by Jefferson that opposed the Federalists and favored a weak central government, protecting states' rights, low taxes, and a strict view of the Constitution. Pro-farmer and pro-France.

Democrats (1836-1850)

Party of tradition, looked to the past, spoke to fears of Americans, opposed banks and corporations as state legislated economic privilege, oppose state reforms and prefer individual choice, Jeffersonian agrarians and favor farms and right to own slaves, favor rapid territorial expansion through war or purchase, progress through external growth, favored in the South

Declaratory Act (1766)

Passed at the same time that the Stamp Act was repealed, the Act declared that Parliament had the power to tax the colonies both internally and externally, and had absolute power over the colonial legislatures.

Indian Removal Act (1830)

Passed by Congress under the Jackson administration, this act removed all Indians east of the Mississippi to an "Indian Territory" where they would be "permanently" housed.

Judiciary Act of 1789 (1789)

Passed this Act which created the federal-court system. The act managed to quiet popular apprehensions by establishing in each state a federal district court that operated according to local procedures.

Hawley-Smoot Tariff (1930)

Passed under President Hoover, it raised tariffs up to sixty percent which became the nation's highest protective tariff during peacetime. Hoover & Republicans hoped it would help US economy, but instead it resulted in retaliatory tariff increases against the US by other countries. It deepened depression and increased international financial chaos.

Buying on the Margin (illegal) (1920s)

Paying a small percentage of a stock's price as a down payment and borrowing the rest.

Federalists (Political Party) (1787-1814)

People (Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, Washington, Adams, and John Marshall). Economy based on commerce. Strong federal government. Loose construction of the constitution. Supported National Bank. Sympathetic towards Great Britain in foreign affairs. Party dissolved at Hartford Convention.

Whiskey Rebellion (1794)

People opposed an excise tax on whiskey. Demonstrated class tensions between coastal elites and farmers.

Battle of Bull Run (1861)

People watched battle. Thomas "Stonewall" Jackson: Confederate general, held his ground and stood in battle like a "stone wall." Union retreated. Confederate victory. Showed that both sides needed training and war would be long and bloody. 1st major battle of the Civil War.

Antifederalists (1787-1794)

People- (James Madison and Thomas Jefferson). Economy based for agriculture. Favored States Rights. Strict construction of the constitution. Did not want a National Bank. More sympathetic towards France during the French Revolution.

Age of Jackson ( Jacksonian Era ) (1829-1837)

Period marked by the belief that ordinary people should vote in elections, hold office, and do anything they had the ability to do.

Canal Era (1817-1825)

Period of time when the Erie canal caused the exponential growth of NY.

Hay-Pauncefote Treaty (1901)

Permission granted by Panama for the US to dig a canal ; permitted by the British in order to make friends with US in hope of future support against Germany ; negotiated under Roosevelt ; greatly facilitated trade.

Russian Revolution (1917)

Placed Russia under Bolshevik control who sought control to implement his ideas of socialterm-464ism.

Sugar Act of (1764)

Placed taxes on molasses and sugar.

Seward's Folly (1867)

Popular term for Secretary of State William Seward's purchase of Alaska from Russia. The derisive term reflected the anti-expansionist sentiments of most Americans immediately after the Civil War.

Great Compromise (1787)

Popular term for the measure that reconciled the New Jersey and Virginia Plans at the Constitutional Convention, giving states proportional representation in the House and equal representation in the Senate.

Jacob Coxey Army (1894)

Populist who led Coxey's Army in a march on Washington DC in 1894 to seek government jobs for the unemployed.

Reconstruction of Japan (After 1945)

Post World War 2, US occupied japan - general Douglas MacArthur commanded, Japan wrote democratic constitution, demilitarized, and started economic revival.

Immigration Waves (1840-1850)

Poverty rose as immigration increased primarily from Western and Northern Europe, primarily Irish and German immigrants. Irish went to Northern cities while Germans went to the West. Led to nativism.

Vertical Integration

Practice where a single entity controls the entire process of a product, from the raw materials to distribution (Legal).

Court Packing Plan (1937)

President FDR's failed attempt to increase the number of US Supreme Court Justices from 9 to 15 in order to save his 2nd New Deal programs from constitutional challenges.

Jefferson Davis (1808-1889)

President of the Confederate States of America.

Separate But Equal Doctrine (1896)

Principle upheld in Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) in which the Supreme Court ruled that segregation of public facilities was legal.

Commercial Banks (1820s-1830s)

Privately owned financial institutions that accept demand deposits and make loans and provide other services for the public. They lent money to everyone so commerce stayed well.

Democrats (1850-1900)

Pro-slavery; Favored secession from Union; Blamed for Civil War (Bloody Shirt Issue); States' rights (especially on civil rights); Farmers; Feared strong central government; Opposed god standard (usually); Used Spoils system; Supported lowering tariff (1887); Reduced government role in railroad building; opposed imperialism in 1890s. (Douglas)

Distribution of Wealth (19th Century)

Problem in the South because few elite controlled most of the personal wealth and led lives of comfort.

Collective Bargaining (1935)

Process by which a union representing a group of workers negotiates with management for a contract.

Machine-Tool Industry

Produced specialized machines for such growing industries as textiles and transportation.

Robert La Follette (Wisconsin Idea 1904)

Progressive Wisconsin governor who attacked machine politics and pressured the state legislature to require each party to hold a direct primary.

William Lloyd Garrison (1805-1879)

Prominent American abolitionist, journalist and social reformer. Editor of radical abolitionist newspaper "The Liberator", and one of the founders of the American Anti-Slavery Society.

Adam Smith (The Wealth of Nations)

Promoted laissez-faire, free-market economy, and supply-and-demand economics.

Bank of the United States (BUS) (1791)

Proposed by Alexander Hamilton as the basis of his economic plan. He proposed a powerful private institution, in which the government was the major stockholder. This would be a way to collect and amass the various taxes collected. It would also provide a strong and stable national currency. Jefferson vehemently opposed the bank; he thought it was un-constitutional. nevertheless, it was created. This issue brought about the issue of implied powers. It also helped start political parties, this being one of the major issues of the day. Hamilton reasoned that it fell under implied "necessary and proper" powers of the Constitution. The bank went into operation in 1791.

Natural Rights Philosophy (John Locke)

Proposed by John Locke, it said that human beings had by nature certain rights, such as the rights to life, liberty, and property. Impacted the writing of the Declaration of Independence.

Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854)

Proposed by Senator Douglas (Illinois) and advocated popular sovereignty in Kansas and Nebraska territories (vote by people of territory whether they would be slave or free state). Douglas wanted it to facilitate the building of the transcontinental railroad on a central route through Illinois, thus benefiting his state economically. Kansas-Nebraska Act passed but backfired terribly as extremes of both sides of slavery debate flooded into Kansas. Votes on constitutions were plagued with fraud and "Bleeding Kansas" begins as violence erupts between pro/anti-slavery groups.

Judicial Reorganization Bill (1937)

Proposed that FDR be allowed to name a new federal judge for every sitting judge who had reached the age of seventy and had not retired; soundly defeated in Congress; FDR came under intense criticism for trying to seize too much power.

Sons of Liberty (1765)

Protest groups that formed throughout the colonies to protest the taxes.

Carnegie Homestead Strike (1892)

Protested a wage cut and refusal of factory manager Henry Frick to allow them to form a union.

Social Security Administration (1935)

Provided a pension for retired workers and their spouses and aided people with disabilities.

Albany Plan of Union (1754)

Provided for the an inter-colonial government and a system for collecting taxes for the colonies' defense. Proposed by Benjamin Franklin, "Join or Die Cartoon".

Machine Age (1880-1945)

Signified the change from manpower to assembly lines.

Land Ordinance (1785)

Provided for the survey and sale of western lands. To avoid the chaos of overlapping surveys and land claims that had characterized Kentucky, the authors of the ordinance created an ordered system of survey, dividing the land into townships composed of thirty-six sections of one square-mile (640 acres) each.

Farm Credit Act (1933)

Provided loans to farmers in danger of foreclosure.

Tenure of Office Act (1867)

Radical attempt to further diminish Andrew Johnson's authority by providing that the president could not remove any civilian official without Senate approval; Johnson violated the law by removing Edwin Stanton as secretary of war, and the House of Representatives impeached him over his actions.

Three R's of the New Deal (1933-1939)

Relief, Recovery, Reform.

Billion Dollar Congress (1889-1891)

Republican congress of 1890. passed record number of significant laws that helped shape later policies and asserted authority of federal government, gave pensions to Civil War veterans, increased government silver purchases, and passed McKinley Tariff Act of 1890.

Suburbs/Levittown (1920s)

Residential areas surrounding a city. Shops and businesses moved to suburbia as well as people.

Rationing (1941-1945)

Restricting the amount of food and other goods people may buy during wartime to assure adequate supplies for the military.

Atlantic Charter Conference (1941)

Roosevelt and Churchill declared the allies' war aims - disarmament, self determination, freedom of the seas, and guarantee of each nation's security.

Roosevelt Corollary (1904)

Roosevelt's 1904 extension of the Monroe Doctrine, stating that the United States has the right to protect its economic interests in South And Central America by using military force.

Big Stick Policy (1901)

Roosevelt's philosophy - In international affairs, ask first but bring along a big army to help convince them. Threaten to use force, act as international policemen.

New Nationalism (1912)

Roosevelt's progressive political policy that favored heavy government intervention in order to assure social justice.

Cherokee Nation v. Georgia (1831)

Ruled that Indians were dependent domestic nations which could be regulated by the federal government.

U.S. v. E.C. Knight (1895)

Ruled that companies engaged in manufacturing rather than interstate commerce were to be regulated by state and not federal law, and could not be dismantled by the federal government.

Slaughterhouse Cases (1873)

Ruled that the Fourteenth Amendment safeguarded a person's rights only at a federal level, not at a state level.

Corrupt Presidents During Gilded Age

Rutherford B. Hayes, James Garfield, and Chester A. Arthur, Benjamin Harrison and Grover Cleveland.

Speakeasies (1920s)

Secret bars where alcohol could be purchased illegally.

William H. Seward (1801-1892)

Secretary of State purchased Alaska people called it "Seward's Folly". Congressman of the "Young Guard" who fiercely opposed slavery and argued that Americans should follow a "higher law" (God's law) over the Constitution when it came to the issue of slavery.

Blanche K. Bruce and Hiram Revels

The First two black U.S. senators elected during Reconstruction.

John Quincy Adams (1825-1829)

Secretary of State, He served as sixth president under Monroe. In 1819, he drew up the Adams-Onis Treaty in which Spain gave the United States Florida in exchange for the United States dropping its claims to Texas. The Monroe Doctrine was mostly Adams' work.

Henry Stimson (1867-1950)

Secretary of War during War World II who trained 12 million soldiers and airmen, the purchase and transportation to battlefields of 30 percent of the nation's industrial output and agreed to the building of the atomic bomb and the decision to use it.

De Jure Segregation

Segregation by law.

De Facto Segregation

Segregation resulting from economic or social conditions or personal choice.

Black Friday Scandal (1869)

Selling gold reserves at inflated rates. (Ulysses S. Grant Administration)

Nye Committee (1934)

Senate committee led by South Dakota Senator Gerald Nye to investigate why America became involved in WWI. Theory that big business had conspired to have America enter WWI so that they could make money selling war materials. Called bankers and arms producers "merchants of death."

Stephen Douglas (1813-1861)

Senator from Illinois who ran for president against Abraham Lincoln. Wrote the Kansas-Nebraska Act and the Freeport Doctrine.

Reservationists (WWI)

Senators who pledged to vote in favor of the Treaty of Versailles if certain changes were made - led by Henry Cabot Lodge.

Irrenconcilables (WWI)

Senators who voted against the League of Nations with or without reservations.

Glass-Steagall Act (1933)

Separated banking and securities activities. Firms that accepted deposits could not underwrite stocks and corporate bonds.

Confiscation Acts (1861 & 1862)

Series of laws passed by federal government designed to liberate slaves in seceded states; authorized Union seizure of rebel property, and stated that all slaves who fought with Confederate military services were freed of further obligations to their masters; virtually emancipation act of all slaves in Confederacy.

Intolerable Acts (1774)

Series of punitive measures passed in retaliation for the Boston Tea Party, closing the Port of Boston, revoking a number of rights in the Massachusetts colonial charter, and expanding the Quartering Act to allow for the lodging of soldiers in private homes. In response, colonists convened the First Continental Congress and called for a complete boycott of British goods.

Panic of 1893 (1893)

Serious economic depression beginning in 1893. Began due to rail road companies over-extending themselves, causing bank failures. Was the worst economic collapse in the history of the country until that point, and, some say, as bad as the Great Depression of the 1930s.

Fugitive Slave Law (1793) (Strengthened in Compromise of 1850)

Set high penalties for anyone who aided escaped slaves and compelled all law enforcement officers to participate in retrieving runaways. Strengthened the antislavery cause in the North.

Emergency Quota Act (1924)

Set immigration quotas based on national origins and discriminated against the "new immigrants" who came from Southern and Eastern Europe.

Hull House (1889)

Settlement home designed as a welfare agency for needy families. It provided social and educational opportunities for working class people in the neighborhood as well as improving some of the conditions caused by poverty.

Forty-Niners (49ers)

Settlers/people who came rushing to California in 1849 to mine gold for money. Most of them were Americans, but some of them came from Mexico, Europe, South America, Australia, and China.

Zoot Suit Riots (1943)

Several thousand off-duty Mexican American soldiers and sailors, joined by hundreds of local white civilians, rampaged through downtown Los Angeles streets, assaulting Hispanics, blacks, and Filipinos.

Hooversville (1930-1933)

Shelters for the homeless people during the Depression made of cardboard or scrap materials.

Steamships (1850s)

Ships powered by steam engines used to replaced sailing ships in the mid-19th century when refined high-efficiency engines were invented.

Bear Flag Republic (1846) California

Short-lived California republic, established by local American settlers who revolted against Mexico. Once news of the war with Mexico reached the Americans, they abandoned the Republic in favor of joining the United States

Good Neighbor Policy (1933)

Since the days of Teddy Roosevelt's Roosevelt Corollary, the US had intervened many times in Latin America militarily and economically to benefit US businesses, enraging many Latin Americans. FDR's "Good Neighbor" policy promised to end these interventions and treat Latin America with respect. The main motivation was to prevent Latin America from joining rising tide of fascism across the world in the 1930s. FDR was very popular in Latin America due to this policy.

Seneca Falls Convention (1848)

Site of the first modern women's rights convention, and the start of the organized fight for women's rights in US history. At the gathering, Elizabeth Cady Stanton read a Declaration of Sentiments modeled on the Declaration of Independence listing the many injustices against women, and adopted eleven resolutions, one of which called for women's suffrage.

Railroad Regulation Acts

Small farmers and shippers demanded the government regulate the rates of railroads in order to protect the welfare of all shippers and too keep down prices.. Many states passed regulations on that limited freight and storage charges on state-chartered railroads. However, states could not regulate interstate lines, because that's congress' job.

Perfectionism (Second Great Awakening)

Social reform movement influenced by the idea that Americans must "perfect" society and cure us all of our social ills. Inspired the building of orphanages, poor houses, jails, and asylums.

John C. Calhoun (1782-1850)

South Carolina Senator who was an advocate for state's rights, limited government, and nullification.

Dixiecrats (1948)

Southern Democrats who opposed Truman's position on civil rights. They caused a split in the Democratic party.

Scalawags (Reconstruction)

Southern whites who supported Republican policy through reconstruction.

South's Cause For Fighting (Civil War)

Southerners wanted to preserve their states rights. Slavery escalated this issue.

Minutemen (American Revolution)

Special companies of militia formed in Massachusetts and elsewhere beginning in late 1744.

Anti-Saloon League (1893)

Started in the 1890s and was against saloons and drinking.

Truman Doctrine (1947)

Stated that the U.S. would support Greece and Turkey with economic and military aid to resist internal left-wing (and therefore it was assumed "communist") movements and prevent them from falling into the Soviet sphere. Early example of application of "containment" doctrine - that the US would take action to stop spread of communism. Some see this as beginning of Cold War.

Automobile Industry (1920s)

Stimulated highway construction, petroleum production, and other related industries.

Elkins Act (1903)

Strengthened the Interstate Commerce Act by imposing heavy fines on railroads offering rebates and on the shippers accepting them.

United Mines Workers Strike (1902)

Strike in Pennsylvania that Teddy Roosevelt realized would make people run out of coal resulting in a loss of heat. So, he threatened to send troops to work the mines unless the owners agreed to negotiate. This is called collective bargaining.

Accomodationists (Supporters of Booker T. Washington)

Supporters of government non preferential accommodation of religion. (Booker T. Washington).

Dred Scott v. Sanford (1857)

Supreme Court case that decided US Congress did not have the power to prohibit slavery in federal territories and slaves, as private property, could not be taken away without due process. Basically slaves would remain slaves in non-slave states and slaves could not sue because they were not citizens.

Korematsu v. United States (1944)

Supreme Court case where the Supreme Court upheld the order providing for the relocation of Japanese Americans. It was not until 1988 that Congress formally apologized and agreed to pay $20,000 to each survivor.

Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)

Supreme Court decision which legalized state ordered segregation so long as the facilities for blacks and whites were equal.

Corporate Consolidation

Tactics developed in the wake of industrialization and falling profits. Pools, trusts (horizontal integration), holding companies (vertical integration) meant prices could remain low, production would expand and wages were kept low.

Tariff Crisis (1828)

Tariff caused Southerners to demand nullification of the Tariff of 1828. Jackson, though a states right supporter, thought nullification would endanger the Union. He tried to implement the Tariff of 1832, which failed.

Townshend Acts (1767)

Taxed paper, paint, glass and tea.

Missouri Compromise (Compromise of 1820) (1820)

Temporary truce over slavery issue, 3 parts: MO added as a slave state, Maine added as a free state, above 36°30' line = free, below = slave.

Radios (1920s)

Ten million families owned radios in 1929, as more households gain access to electricity more household products.

Johnson's Impeachment (1868)

Tenure of Office act created to freeze radical spy Secretary of War Stanton in the cabinet, Johnson dismissed him, House voted impeachment for high crimes and misdemeanors, Senate voted not guilty by 1 vote

Annexation of Texas (1845)

Texas decides to secede from Mexico and attempts to declare its independence which eventually leads to our adoption of the land as a state although it was feared that it would cause conflict with Mexico leading to war. Southern states in support of this as Texas brought slaves with it meaning it would increase agricultural profits.

United State v. Reese (1876)

The 15th Amendment was determined not to grant voting rights to anyone but rather to restrict types of voter discrimination. (Voting laws are allowed; poll tax, literacy test, grandfather clauses.)

James Buchanan (1857-1861)

The 15th President of the United States (1857-1861). He tried to maintain a balance between pro-slavery and antislavery states, but his moderate views angered radicals in both North and South, and he was unable to forestall the secession of South Carolina in 1860.

Volstead Act (1919)

The Act specified that "no person shall manufacture, sell, barter, transport, import, export, deliver, furnish or possess any intoxicating liquor except as authorized by this act." It did not specifically prohibit the purchase or use of intoxicating liquors.

Battle of the Alamo (1836)

The Battle of the Alamo was fought between the Republic of Texas and Mexico. Took place at a fort in San Antonio, Texas called the Alamo. The Mexicans won the battle, killing all of the Texan soldiers inside the fort.

Bill of Rights (1791)

The Bill of Rights is the collective name for the first ten amendments to the United States Constitution.

Jackie Robinson (1947)

The Brooklyn Dodger became the first African American to play for a Major League Baseball team.

Election of 1872

The Republican party splits. Liberal Republicans run Horace Greeley, the editor of a major newspaper and also the Democratic candidate. Republicans run Grant. Grant wins the presidency and becomes known as corrupt because of the corrupt people around him.

Specie Circular (1836)

The Specie Circular, issued by President Jackson was meant to stop land speculation caused by States printing paper money without proper specie (gold or silver) backing it. The Circular required that the purchase of public lands be paid for in specie, no longer in credit. It stopped the land speculation and the sale of public lands went down sharply. The Panic of 1837 followed.

Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)

The Supreme Court upheld broad congressional power to regulate interstate commerce. The Court's broad interpretation of the Constitution's commerce clause paved the way for later rulings upholding expansive federal powers.

Election of 1948

The U.S. presidential election of 1948 is considered by most historians as the greatest election upset in American history. Virtually every prediction (with or without public opinion polls) indicated that incumbent President Harry S. Truman would be defeated by Republican Thomas Dewey. Truman won, overcoming a three-way split in his own party. Truman's surprise victory was the fifth consecutive win for the Democratic Party in a presidential election.

Louisiana Purchase (1803)

The U.S. purchased the land from the Mississippi River to the Rocky Mountains from Napoleon for $15 million. Jefferson was interested in the territory because it would give the U.S. the Mississippi River and New Orleans (both were valuable for trade and shipping) and also room to expand. The Constitution did not give the federal government the power to buy land, so Jefferson went against strict construction to purchase it.

Berlin Airlift (1948)

The USSR-who wanted Berlin all for themselves-closed all highways, railroads and canals into Berlin from West Germany. This, they believed, would make it impossible for the people who lived there to get food or any other supplies and would eventually drive Britain, France and the US out of the city for good. However, the US and its allies decided to supply their sectors of the city from the air. The "Berlin Airlift," lasted for more than a year and carried more than 2.3 million tons of cargo in 277,000 flights into West Berlin.

Panama Canal (1904-1914)

The United States built the Panama Canal to have a quicker passage to the Pacific from the Atlantic and vice versa. It cost $400,000,000 to build. Columbians would not let Americans build the canal, but then with the assistance of the United States a Panamanian Revolution occurred. The new ruling people allowed the United States to build the canal.

Period 7 (1890-1945)

The United States continued its transition from an agricultural economy to an industrial economy. In the 1920s, urban areas grew and employment opportunities were on the rise. However, the United States would soon plunge into the Great Depression. Progressives across the country responded to political and economic uncertainty; they called for greater government action regarding social issues such as women's suffrage, the prohibition of alcohol, political corruption, and economic inequality. With new forms of mass media, modern culture was born in an era known as the "Roaring Twenties," also dubbed the "Jazz Age." Americans debated larger social issues such science, religion, gender roles, race, and immigration. Major changes in migration occurred, as Americans and migrants from Asia and Europe increasingly moved into urban areas. Nativist campaigns succeeded in convincing the government to pass quotas and restrictions on immigration. The "Great Migration" saw African Americans leave the racial violence and segregation of the South and move to the North, where they sought better economic opportunities. In an attempt to end the Great Depression, President Franklin Roosevelt promoted his "New Deal" plan to assist the poor, provide employment, and revitalize a stalling, weak economy. Through the New Deal, Roosevelt helped define modern American liberalism and left a long-lasting legacy of political, social, and economic reform. America fought in three major wars during this period. The United States' victory in the Spanish-American War resulted in increased overseas territory. After a period of relative peace, America entered World War I in 1917. The U.S. then entered a short-lived period of isolationism before World War II.

Morrill Land Grant Act (1862)

This law distributed millions of acres of western lands to state governments in order to fund state agricultural colleges.

Period 4 (1800-1848)

The United States continued to develop its own democratic ideals, sparking debates about role of federal government, and leading to the formation of various political parties. The U.S. Supreme Court established the principle that federal laws take precedence over state laws. Through Marbury v. Madison (1803), the Court also established the principle of judicial review, which allowed courts to check the power of the legislature and executive branches of government, further solidifying a "separation of powers." America developed a national culture, especially after the War of 1812, and various religious and social reform groups emerged. The temperance movement sought to ban alcohol. The abolition movement worked to end slavery and to assist African Americans. The women's rights movement's efforts culminated in the Seneca Falls Convention. America underwent an economic and technological revolution. Major developments included the cotton gin, the steam engine, the factory system, and the expansion of railroads and canals. America moved away from a small subsistence-based economy and into an era of increasing industrialization, which impacted societal and family structures. Expanding westward after the Louisiana Purchase, the United States sought to expand its borders and to be seen as a major player in foreign trade. The Monroe Doctrine and military actions against American Indian tribes demonstrated the desire for more control in North America. As new states joined the United States, the debate over slavery raged on. In an attempt to appease both the North and South, Henry Clay crafted the Missouri Compromise, resolving some tension for the next three decades.

War Profiteering In Union (Civil War)

The act any person or organization that profits from warfare or by selling weapons and other goods to parties at war. Prevalent from entrepreneurs due to greed.

Women in WWII (1941-1945)

The armed services enlisted nearly 216,000 women in WWII. Millions of women also took jobs outside the house, working in the war industry. WWII foreshadowed an eventual revolution in the roles of women in American society.

Upton Sinclair (The Jungle) (1906)

The author who wrote a book about the horrors of food productions in 1906, the bad quality of meat and the dangerous working conditions.

Rugged Individualism (Hoover)

The belief that all individuals, or nearly all individuals, can succeed on their own and that government help for people should be minimal. Popularly said by Herbert Hoover.

Social Darwinism

The belief that only the fittest survive in human political and economic struggle.

Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) (1908)

The branch of the Department of Justice responsible for investigating violations of federal law.

The Fifteenth Amendment (1870)

The constitutional amendment adopted in 1870 to extend suffrage to African Americans.

Thirteenth Amendment (1865)

The constitutional amendment ratified after the Civil War that forbade slavery and involuntary servitude.

Federal Reserve System (1913)

The country's centterm-666ral banking system, which is responsible for the nation's monetary policy by regulating the supply of money and interest rates.

Black Tuesday (1929)

The dark, panicky day of October 29, 1929 when over 16,410,000 shares of stock were sold on Wall Street. It was a trigger that helped bring on the Great Depression.

Great Depression (1929-1930s)

The economic crisis beginning with the stock market crash in 1929 and continuing through the 1930s.

Article X (1920)

This part of the Versailles Treaty morally bound the U. S. to aid any member of the League of Nations that experienced any external aggression.

Battle of Gettysburg (1863)

Turning point of the War that made it clear the Nterm-644orth would win. 50,000 people died, and the South lost its chance to invade the North.

Universal White Manhood Suffrage (1840s)

The extension of voting rights to all white males, even those who did not own property.

War Industries Board (WIB) (1917)

The federal agency that reorganized industry for maximum efficiency and productivity during WWI.

Hollywood (1941-1945)

The film industry of the United States was told to promote propaganda films.

The Battle of Lexington and Concord (1775)

The first battles of the Revolutionary War, fought in Massachusetts on April 19, 1775. British troops had moved from Boston toward Lexington and Concord to seize the colonists' military supplies and arrest revolutionaries. "Shot heard around the world". Colonials defeated the British army

National Road (1825-1850)

The first highway built by the federal government. Constructed during 1825-1850, it stretched from Pennsylvania to Illinois. It was a major overland shipping route and an important connection between the North and the West.

Selective Training and Service Act (1940)

The first peacetime draft that provided for all men 21-35 to register for the military.

Frontier Thesis (1893)

The frontier was significant in (1) shaping the American character, (2) defining the American spirit, (3) fostering democracy, and (4) providing a safety valve for economic distress in urban, industrial centers by providing a place for people to flee.

Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) (1933)

The government agency that insures customer deposits if a bank fails.

Second Hundred Days (1935-1936)

The high point of lawmaking in the New Deal. There were three goals during this time. 1. strengthen national commitment to create jobs. 2. to provide security against old age, illness and unemployment. 3. to improve housing conditions and clean out the slums.

Republican Motherhood (18th Century)

The idea that American women had a special responsibility to cultivate "civic virtue" in their children.

Ghost Dance Movement (1890)

The last effort of Native Americans to resist US domination and drive whites from their ancestral lands, came through as a religious movement.

Age of Invention (1875-1900)

The last quarter of the 19th century is often called this because so many technological advances were made.

Telegraph (1840s)

The major 19th century communication development. Allowed for immediate long distance communication for the first time. People communicated in Morse Code.

Long Telegram (1946)

The message written by George Kennan to Truman urging the United States to focus on containing the spread of Soviet influence.

Hiroshima and Nagasaki (1945)

Two Japanese cities on which the U.S. dropped the atomic bombs to end World War II.

Southern Paternalism (Before Civil War)

The outlook that both slave and master needed to care for one another. This belief was demonstrated by Southerners.

Prohibition (18th amendment) (1918)

The period from 1918 to 1933 when the sale of alcoholic beverages was prohibited in the United States by a constitutional amendment.

Lend-Lease Act (1941)

The program under which the US supplied the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union, China, France and other Allied nations with vast amounts of war material between 1941 and 1945.

Executive, Legislative, and Judicial branches (1801)

The three powers of government laid out by the Constitution that had checks and balances on each other.

Treaty of Versailles (1919)

The treaty imposed on Germany by the Allied powers in 1920 after the end of World War I which demanded exorbitant reparations from the Germans.

Treaty of Paris (1898)

The treaty that concluded the Spanish American War, Commissioners from the U.S. were sent to Paris on October 1, 1898 to produce a treaty that would bring an end to the war with Spain after six months of hostility. From the treaty America got Guam, Puerto Rico and they paid 20 million dollars for the Philippines. Cuba was freed from Spain.

Fourteen Points (1918)

The war aims outlined by President Wilson in 1918, which he believed would promote lasting peace; called for self-determination, freedom of the seas, free trade, end to secret agreements, reduction of arms and a League of Nations.

Mexican-American War (1846-1848)

The war between the United States and Mexico in which the United States acquired one half of the Mexican territory.

Cattle Ranchers and Miners

The western frontier was also home to these two occupation (besides farming and fur trade).

Credit Mobilier Scandal (1872)

This scandal occurred in the 1870s when a railroad construction company's stockholders used funds that were supposed to be used to build the Union Pacific Railroad for railroad construction for their own personal use. To avoid being convicted, stockholders even used stock to bribe congressional members and the vice president. (Ulysses S. Grant Administration).

Insular Cases (1901)

These were court cases dealing with islands/countries that had been recently annexed and demanded the rights of a citizen. These Supreme Court cases decided that the Constitution did not always follow the flag, thus denying the rights of a citizen to Puerto Ricans and Filipinos.

Women's Auxiliary Ferrying Squadron (WAFS) (WWII) (1943)

These women supported the war effort by flying supply missions, decoding codes, and repairing machines (Not WAVES or WAC)

Second Continental Congress (1775)

They organized the continental Army, called on the colonies to send troops, selected George Washington to lead the army, and appointed the committee to draft the Declaration of Independence

Ida Tarbell, History of the Standard Oil Company (1904)

This 1904 book exposed the monopolistic practices of the Standard Oil Company. Strengthened the movement for outlawing monopolies. A muckraker novel.

Caning of Charles Sumner (1856)

This Senator from South Carolina's nephew Preston Brooks who did not like Charles Sumner who was an abolitionist, so he beat him with a cane for his speech about anti-slavery.

Embargo Act (1807)

This act issued by Jefferson forbade American trading ships from leaving the U.S. It was meant to force Britain and France to change their policies towards neutral vessels by depriving them of American trade. It was difficult to enforce because it was opposed by merchants and everyone else whose livelihood depended upon international trade. It also hurt the national economy.

Civil Rights Act (1866)

This act pronounced all African Americans to be US citizens (repudiated the Dred Scott decision), and also attempted to provide a legal shield against the operation of the southern states' Black Codes.

Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act (1934)

This act reversed traditional high-protective-tariff policies by allowing the president to negotiate lower tariffs with trade partners, without Senate approval. Its chief architect was Secretary of State Cordell Hull, who believed that tariff barriers choked off foreign trade.

Transportation Industry (1820s-1830s)

This grew as a result of the need to ship products such as textiles across the country.

Advertising Industry (1920s)

This industry grew rapidly in the 1920's due to mass production of goods.

40 Acres and a Mule (1864)

This slogan was created in 1864 and 1865 when the federal government settled nearly 10,000 black families on abandoned plantation land often times receiving a single mule for their property. It was an attempt to give the black families a new start..

Wilson-Gorman Tariff (1894)

This tariff provided a moderate reduction in tariff rates and levied a 2 percent income tax. A cause of Spanish-American War.

First Hundred Days (1933)

This term refers to March 4 to June 16, 1933. During this period of dramatic legislative productivity, FDR laid out the programs that constituted the New Deal. Today, presidents are often measured by their actions in the same period of time.

Treaty of Paris (1783)

This treaty ended the Revolutionary War, recognized the independence of the American colonies, and granted the colonies the territory from the southern border of Canada to the northern border of Florida, and from the Atlantic coast to the Mississippi River.

United States v. Butler (1936)

This was a Supreme Court case during the New Deal. The case ruled the AAA unconstitutional because it taxed one group to pay another.

Gospel of Wealth (1889)

This was a book written by Carnegie that described the responsibility of the rich to be philanthropists. This softened the harshness of Social Darwinism as well as promoted the idea of philanthropy.

Oregon Territory (1846)

This was a treaty between the U.S. and Great Britain which settled the boundary of the Oregon Territory at latitude 54°40. The treaty gave the U.S. control of present day Oregon, Idaho, Wyoming and Montana. Many American settlers were in this territory. Britain abandoned it's claim to this territory not wanting another war

Zimmerman Telegram (1917)

This was sent by Germans to encourage a Mexican attack against the United States. Intercepted by the US in 1917.

Bonus Expeditionary Force (1932)

Thousands of World War I veterans, who insisted on immediate payment of their bonus certificates, marched on Washington in 1932; violence ensued when President Herbert Hoover ordered their tent villages cleared. Killed any changes of reelection for Hoover.

Civil War and Reconstruction (1850-1877)

Time period of war between the North and South; Reconstruction is the period after the Civil War when southern states were reorganized and reintegrated into the Union.

New Jersey Plan (small state plan) (1787)

To make tiny modifications onto the articles and to have equal representation for all states.

Lincoln's purpose For the War (Civil War)

To preserve the Union, but later became to preserve the union and end slavery.

McKinley Tariff Act (1890)

To protect industrialists from foreign competition this raised tariffs to an all time high peacetime rates.

Immediatists (1791-1850s)

Tolerated no delay in ending slavery; William Lloyd Garrison; believed in sin of slavery and were not willing to compromise their beliefs.

Brook Farm (2nd Great Awakening Group) (1841-1847)

Transcendentalist commune founded by a group of intellectuals, who emphasized living plainly while pursuing the life of the mind. The community fell into debt and dissolved when their communal home burned to the ground in 1846.

Adams-Onis Treaty (1819)

Treaty between the U.S. and Spain that ceded Florida to the U.S

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848)

Treaty that ended the Mexican War, granting the U.S. control of Texas, New Mexico, and CA in exchange for $15 million.

Annexation of Hawaii (1898)

U.S. wanted Hawaii for business and so Hawaiian sugar could be sold in the U.S. duty free, Queen Liliuokalani opposed so Sanford B. Dole overthrew her in 1893, William McKinley convinced Congress to annex Hawaii in 1898.

Monroe Doctrine (1823)

US foreign policy regarding Latin American countries stated that further efforts by European nations to colonize land or interfere with states in North or South America would be viewed as acts of aggression, requiring U.S. intervention.

Schenck v. US (1919)

Unanimously upheld the Espionage Act of 1917 which declared that people who interfered with the war effort were subject to imprisonment; declared that the 1st Amendment right to freedom of speech was not absolute; free speech could be limited if its exercise presented a "clear and present danger."

Sojourner Truth (1797-1883)

United States abolitionist and feminist who was freed from slavery and became a leading advocate of the abolition of slavery and for the rights of women.

Harriet Tubman (1821-1913)

United States abolitionist born a slave on a plantation in Maryland and became a famous conductor on the Underground Railroad leading other slaves to freedom in the North.

Lincoln Steffens (The Shame of the Cities) (1904)

United States journalist who started an era of muckraking journalism, he criticized the trend of urbanization with a series of articles under the title Shame of the Cities.

Bracero Program (1942)

United States labor agents recruited thousands of farm and railroad workers from Mexico. The program stimulated emigration for Mexico.

William Jennings Bryan (1860-1925)

United States lawyer and politician who advocated free silver and prosecuted John Scopes (1925) for teaching evolution in a Tennessee high school

Washington's Farewell Address (1796)

Urged Americans to avoid forming political parties, avoid foreign affairs (neutrality), and warned against long-term alliances with other nations.

Nat Turner's Rebellion (1831)

Virginia slave revolt that resulted in the deaths of sixty whites and raised fears among white Southerners of further uprisings. Led to new legislation making it unlawful to teach slaves, free blacks, or mulattoes to read or write (slave codes).

Rough Riders (1898)

Volunteer regiment of US Cavalry led by Teddy Roosevelt during the Spanish American War

Tehran Conference (1943)

WWII conference between Stalin, FDR, and Churchill; its purpose was to develop a strategy for war against the Axis (open a second front). Stalin urged Roosevelt and Churchill to open up a new front in Western Europe. Talked of a possible United Nations.

Gradualists (1791-1850s)

Wanted to end slavery gradually

Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905)

War between Russia and Japan over imperial possessions. Japan emerges victorious.

American Manufacturing (After War of 1812)

War spurred manufacturing after being cut off from trade with Europe. New England became America's manufacturing center during the war, and after the war, the United States became less dependent on imports than previously.

Napoleonic Wars (1803-1815)

Wars between Napoleon and the rest of Europe which helped spread the ideas of the French Revolution.

Cuba (After 1898)

Was instigated by US economy (by employing high tariffs). American warship USS Maine exploded in Havana harbor, caused a war against Spain.

Susan B. Anthony (1820-1906) (Second Great Awakening)

social reformer who campaigned for women's rights, the temperance, and was an abolitionist, helped form the National Woman Suffrage Association (NWSA).

Panic of 1837

When Jackson was president, many state banks received government money that had been withdrawn from the Bank of the U.S. These banks issued paper money and financed wild speculation, especially in federal lands. Jackson issued the Specie Circular to force the payment for federal lands with gold or silver. Many state banks collapsed as a result. A panic ensued (1837). Bank of the U.S. failed, cotton prices fell, businesses went bankrupt, and there was widespread unemployment and distress.

Demise of the Caucus System (1828)

When the Democratic-Republican caucus chose William H. Crawford in 1824, others decided to challenge the nomination.

Abigail Adams (1744-1818)

Wife of John Adams. During the Revolutionary War, she wrote letters to her husband describing life on the homefront. She urged her husband to remember America's women in the new government he was helping to create. "Remember the Ladies".

Special Field Order Number 15 (1865)

William T. Sherman issued his Field Order No. 15, which set aside 400,000 acres of land confiscated from slaveholders in South Carolina, Georgia, and Florida for settlement by African Americans on January 16, 1865 President Andrew Johnson later returned confiscated land to its former owners, and thousands of African Americans were removed from land previously promised to them by the government.

State of Preparedness (1913-1921)

Wilson made sure military was prepared for war even though still neutral.

Women Army for Volunteer Emergency Service (WAVES) (WWII) (1942)

Women Appointed for Volunteer Emergency Service in the Navy.

Women's Army Corps (WAC) (1942)

Women volunteers who served in non-combat positions.

Declaration of Rights and Sentiments of Women (1848) (Second Great Awakening)

Written by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott, this was presented at the Seneca Falls Convention and pushed for equal rights between men and women.

Uncle Tom's Cabin (1852)

Written by Harriet Beecher Stowe about the American Deep South and slavery. A novel promoting abolition.

Declaration of Independence (1776)

Written by Thomas Jefferson. Stated the colonial's grievances, established that the government needs to support the people, and the principle of individual liberty.

Common Sense by Thomas Paine (1776)

Written by Thomas Paine. Argued in favor for independence. Supported the patriot cause.

Countee Cullen (1903-1946)

Wrote "Any Human to Another," "Color," and "The Ballad of the Brown Girl;" American Romantic poet; leading African-American poets of his time; associated with generation of poets of the Harlem Renaissance.

Flapper (1920s)

Young women of the 1920s that behaved and dressed in a radical fashion.

Holding Company

a company whose primary business is owning a controlling share of stock in other companies.

Loyalty Oaths (Reconstruction)

a pledge of loyalty to a group, such as an organization or a nation.

Ballot Initiative (1913)

a proposed law or policy change that is placed on the ballot by citizens or interest groups for a popular vote.

Ulysses S. Grant (1869-1877)

an American general and the eighteenth President of the United States (1869-1877). He achieved international fame as the leading Union general in the American Civil War. Surrounded by scandals.

Teapot Dome Scandal (1921)

corruption by a Harding cabinet member, who took bribes to allow oil drilling on public lands.

Causes of the Great Depression (1920s)

stock markets crashed, unemployment rising, the dust bowl, overproduction of everything, layoffs, buying on credit.

Pullman Strike (1894)

in Chicago, Pullman cut wages but refused to lower rents in the "company town", Eugene Debs had American Railway Union refuse to use Pullman cars, Debs thrown in jail after being sued, strike achieved nothing.

Crop Lien System (1860s-1930s)

in this system, Storekeepers granted credit until the farm was harvested. To protect the creditor, the storekeeper took a mortgage, or lien, on the tenant's share of the crop. The system was abused and uneducated blacks were taken advantage of. The result, for Blacks, was like slavery.

Chinese Exclusion Act (1882)

law that suspended Chinese immigration into America. The ban was supposed to last 10 years, but it was expanded several times and was essentially in effect until WWII. The Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 was the first significant law that restricted immigration into the United States of an ethnic working group. Extreme example of nativism of period.

Election of 1876

one of the most disputed presidential elections in US history. Tilden (Democrat) out polled Ohio's Rutherford B. Hayes (Republican) in the popular vote, and had 184 electoral votes to Hayes' 165, with 20 votes uncounted due to problems in three states (Florida, Louisiana, and South Carolina). The 20 disputed electoral votes were ultimately awarded to Hayes after a bitter legal and political battle, giving him the victory on the condition that Hayes would remove remaining federal troops from the South, marking the end of Reconstruction and the beginning of Jim Crow segregation.

Border Ruffians (1850s)

pro-slavery Missourians who traveled in armed groups to vote in Kansas' election during the mid-1850's, in order to make it a pro-slavery government.

John Thomas Scopes (1925)

teacher that taught the theory of evolution in Tennessee, where it was illegal.

McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)

the Supreme Court upheld the power of the national government and denied the right of a state to tax the federal bank using the Constitution's supremacy clause. The Court's broad interpretation of the necessary and proper clause paved the way for later rulings upholding expansive federal powers

Constitution (1789)

the body of fundamental laws setting out the principles, structures, and processes of a government. Replaced the Articles of Confederation.

Reconstruction (1865-1877)

the period after the Civil War in the United States when the southern states were reorganized and reintegrated into the Union.

Spoils System (1828-1883)

the practice of a successful political party giving public office to its supporters. (Implemented by Andrew Jackson).

Espionage and Sedition Acts (1917-1918)

two laws, enacted in 1917 and 1918, that imposed harsh penalties on anyone interfering with or speaking against U.S. participation in WWI.

The Influence of Sea Power Upon History (1890)

written by Alfred T. Mahan, it emphasized that control of the sea was the key to world dominance and that countries should build up their navies