APUSH Semester I Exam

Assumption

Federal government would pay states' debts

William T. Johnson

"Barber of Natchez", free black who owned slaves in New Orleans

Missouri Compromise

"Compromise of 1820" over the issue of slavery in Missouri. It was decided Missouri entered as a slave state and Maine entered as a free state and all states North of the 36th parallel were free states and all South were slave states.

James Madison

"Father of the Constitution," Federalist leader

Virginia Plan

"Large state" proposal for the new constitution, calling for proportional representation in both houses of a bicameral Congress. The plan favored larger states and thus prompted smaller states to come back with their own plan for apportioning representation.

Noche triste

"Sad night", when the Aztecs attacked Hernan Cortes and his forces in the Aztec capital, Tenochitlan, killing hundreds. Cortes laid siege to the city the following year, precipitating the fall of the Aztec Empire and inaugurating three centuries of Spanish rule.

New Jersey Plan

"Small-state plan" put forth at the Philadelphia convention, proposing equal representation by state, regardless of population, in a unicameral legislature. Small states feared that the more populous states would dominate the agenda under a proportional system.

Oliver Hazard Perry

"We have me the enemy, and they are ours." Naval hero during the War of 1812. Won battle on Lake Erie against the British. After the battle, he sent William Henry Harrison a note that said this famous quote.

Henry VII

(1491-1547) King of England from 1509 to 1547; his desire to annul his marriage led to a conflict with the pope, England's break with the Roman Catholic Church, and its embrace of Protestantism. Henry established the Church of England in 1532.

Henry VIII

(1491-1547) King of England from 1509 to 1547; his desire to annul his marriage led to a conflict with the pope, England's break with the Roman Catholic Church, and its embrace of Protestantism. Henry established the Church of England in 1532.

Three Sister Farming

Agricultural system employed by North American Indians as early as 1000 A.D.; maize, beans, and squash were grown together to maximize yields.

Phillis Wheatley

precocious poet who began as an enslaved girl brought to Boston at 8 and never formally educated

Philip II

(1527-1598) King of Spain from 1556 to 1598. Absolute monarch who helped lead the Counter Reformation by persecuting Protestants in his holdings. Also sent the Spanish Armada against England.

Elizabeth I

(1533-1603) Queen of England and Ireland between 1558 and 1603. She was an absolute monarch and is considered to be one of the most successful rulers of all time.

Narrative of the life of Frederick Douglas

Vivid autobiography of the escaped slave and renowned abolitionist Frederick Douglass

Franklin Pierce

President elected in 1852; puppet of the Democrats; sought expansion in Nicaragua and Cuba; signed trade treaties with China (Wanghia) and Japan (Kanagawa)

McLeod

Canadian who was boasting in a tavern of his part in the Caroline raid, three years after it happened; he was arrested and indicted for murder

Alexander Hamilton

former indentured servant and now distinguished Philadelphia lawyer who defended John Peter Zenger in the Zenger trial

Cohens v. Virginia

Case that reinforced federal supremacy by establishing the right of the Supreme Court to review decisions of state supreme courts in questions involving the powers of the federal government.

Edward VI

(1547-1553) King Henry VIII's only son. Sickly, and became King at 9 years old. Since he wasn't capable of governing his country the Protestant church was soon brought in through his advisors Cromwell and Cranmer.

Robert R. Livingston

(1746-1813) American lawyer, politician, and diplomat from New York. Known as "The Chancellor."

James Wilkinson

(1757-1825) Military governor of Louisiana Territory who conspired with Aaron Burr to separate from the United States and ally with Spanish-controlled areas of the Americas.

Patriots

Colonists who supported the American Revolution; they were also known as "Whigs."

What two groups could have been a problem for the ratification of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo??

Conscience Whigs and expansionists intoxicated by the Manifest Destiny

Great Ice Age

Extended period when glaciers covered most of the North American continent

Robert Owen

(1771-1858) British cotton manufacturer believed that humans would reveal their true natural goodness if they lived in a cooperative environment. Tested his theories at New Lanark, Scotland and New Harmony, Indiana, but failed

Nathanael Greene

American general of Rhode Island, helped to turn the tide against Cornwallis and his British army, used geography of land

Reign of Terror

(1793-94) during the French Revolution when thousands were executed for "disloyalty"

Conscience Whigs

Anti-slavery whigs who opposed both the Texas annexation and the Mexican War on moral grounds.

The Liberator

Antislavery newspaper published by William Lloyd Garrison, who called for the immediate emancipation of all slaves.

Battle of New Orleans

A battle during the War of 1812 where the British army attempted to take New Orleans. Due to the foolish frontal attack, Jackson defeated them, which gave him an enormous popularity boost.

Edgar Allen Poe

(1809-1849). Orphaned at young age. Was an American poet, short-story writer, editor and literary critic, and is considered part of the American Romantic Movement. Best known for his tales of mystery and the macabre. Failing at suicide, began drinking. Died in Baltimore shortly after being found drunk in a gutter.

Harriet Beecher Stowe

(1811-1896) American author and daughter of Lyman Beecher, she was an abolitionist and author of the famous antislavery novel, Uncle Tom's Cabin.

Martin Delany

(1812-1885) Black abolitionist and advocate of relocating freed blacks to Africa, even visiting West Africa's Niger Valley in search of a suitable location in 1859.

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

(1815-1902) A suffragette who, with Lucretia Mott, organized the first convention on women's rights, held in Seneca Falls, New York in 1848. Issued the Declaration of Sentiments which declared men and women to be equal and demanded the right to vote for women. Co-founded the National Women's Suffrage Association with Susan B. Anthony in 1869.

Rush Bagot agreement

(1817) Agreement between the U.S. and Britain (which controlled Canada at that time) for mutual disarmament of the Great Lakes. Later expanded to an unarmed U.S.-Canada border.

James Monroe

(1817-1821) and (1821-1825) The Missouri Compromise in 1821., the fifth President of the United States (1817-1825).His administration was marked by the acquisition of Florida (1819); the Missouri Compromise (1820), in which Missouri was declared a slave state; and the profession of the Monroe Doctrine (1823), declaring U.S. opposition to European interference in the Americas

Frederick Douglas

(1817-1895) American abolitionist and writer, he escaped slavery and became a leading African American spokesman and writer. He published his biography, The Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, and founded the abolitionist newspaper, the North Star.

John C. Calhoun

(1830s-40s) Leader of the Fugitive Slave Law, which forced the cooperation of Northern states in returning escaped slaves to the south. He also argued on the floor of the senate that slavery was needed in the south. He argued on the grounds that society is supposed to have an upper ruling class that enjoys the profit of a working lower class.

Martin Van Buren

(1837-1841) Advocated lower tariffs and free trade, and by doing so maintained support of the south for the Democratic party. He succeeded in setting up a system of bonds for the national debt.

William Henry Harrison

(1841), was an American military leader, politician, the ninth President of the United States, and the first President to die in office. His death created a brief Constitutional crisis, but ultimately resolved many questions about presidential succession left unanswered by the Constitution until passage of the 25th Amendment. Led US forces in the Battle of Tippecanoe.

Zachary Taylor

(1849-1850), Whig president who was a Southern slave holder, and war hero (Mexican-American War). Won the 1848 election. Surprisingly did not address the issue of slavery at all on his platform. He died during his term and his Vice President was Millard Fillmore.

James Madison

- "Father of the Constitution" - Federalist leader - fourth President of the United States.

Aaron Burr

- one of the leading democratic-republicans of new york - us senator from new york - opposed Alexander Hamilton - tied with Jefferson in the electoral college - Jefferson defeated him - killed Alexander Hamilton in a duel

Thomas Jefferson

- wrote the declaration of independence - won the election of 1800, beat John Adams - Democratic-Republican - 3rd president - fought for agrarian purity, liberty, and states' rights

Results of the Mexican-American War

-American's total expanse was increased by about 1/3 -blood spattered schoolroom of the Civil War -Military academies were founded (West Point, navy academy at Annapolis, Marine Corps) -Mexicans lost half of their country -ugly turning point in the reactions between the United States and Latin America as a whole -rearoused the snarling dog of the slavery issue -Outside countries now respected America more, since it had made no major blunders during the war and had proven its fighting prowess.

Reason for Anti-British sentiment in 1842

-Bitter, red-coated memories of the two Anglo-American wars -Genteel pro-British Federalists had died out yielding to boisterous Jacksonian Democrats -British travelers, sniffing with aristocratic noses at the crude scene, wrote of American tobacco spilling, slave auctioneering, lynching, eye gouging, and other unsavory features of the rustic Republic

Alexander Hamilton's Financial Plan

-plan created by Alexander Hamilton to get the country's finances in order -proposed the following: creation of national bank, tax on whiskey, protective tariffs, combining all debts of the American Revolution, same currency for all states -his tax on whiskey caused the Whiskey Rebellion

James K Polk

11th President of the United States; Democrat; dark horse candidate; sponsored by Andrew Jackson; believer in Manifest Destiny; wanted the annexation of Oregon and Texas into the Union

Population of California in 1845

13,000 Spanish Mexicans; 75,000 Indians; fewer than 1,000 Americans

King James I

1566-1625 King of England who, in 1606, gave the Virginia Company of London a charger to set up a colony in Virginia

Mayflower compact

1620 - The first agreement for self-government in America. It was signed by the 41 men on the Mayflower and set up a government for the Plymouth colony.

Pequot war

1637 The Bay colonists wanted to claim Connecticut for themselves but it belonged to the Pequot. The colonists burned down their village and 400 were killed.

Lord Baltimore

1694- He was the founder of Maryland, a colony which offered religious freedom, and a refuge for the persecuted Roman Catholics.

Abraham Lincoln

16th president of the United States; helped preserve the United States by leading the defeat of the secessionist Confederacy; an outspoken opponent of the expansion of slavery.

John J. Audubon

1785 to 1851; He was an artist who specialized in painting wild fowl. He had such works as Birds of America. Ironically, he shot a lot of birds for sport when he was young. The Audubon Society for the protection of birds was named after him. His depictions of western wildlife contributed to the western population movements.

Federalist Party

1792-1816. Formed by Alexander Hamilton. Controlled the government until 1801. Wanted strong nationalistic government. Opposed by Democratic Republicans.

Farewell Address

1796 speech by Washington urging US to maintain neutrality and avoid permanent alliances with European nations

William Lloyd Garrison

1805-1879. Prominent American abolitionist, journalist and social reformer. Editor of radical abolitionist newspaper "The Liberator", and one of the founders of the American Anti-Slavery Society.

Battle of Tippecanoe

1811 Tecumseh and the Prophet attack, but General Harrison crushes them in this battle ends Tecumseh's attempt to unite all tribes in Mississippi.

Henry Ward Beecher

1813 - 1887 Theologically liberal American Congregationalist clergyman & reformer, & author. One of his elder sisters was Harriet Beecher Stowe, author of Uncle Tom's Cabin. An advocate of women's suffrage & for temperance, & a foe of slavery, he bought guns to support Bleeding Kansas

Dartmouth College v. Woodward

1819--New Hampshire had attempted to take over Dartmouth College by revising its colonial charter. The Court ruled that the charter was protected under the contract clause of the U. S. Constitution; upholds the sanctity of contracts.

Monroe Doctrine

1823 - Declared that Europe should not interfere in the affairs of the Western Hemisphere and that any attempt at interference by a European power would be seen as a threat to the U.S. It also declared that a New World colony which has gained independence may not be recolonized by Europe. (It was written at a time when many South American nations were gaining independence). Only England, in particular George Canning, supported the Monroe Doctrine. Mostly just a show of nationalism, the doctrine had no major impact until later in the 1800s.

John Jay

1st Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, negotiated with British for Washington

James Fenimore Cooper

1st truly American novelist noted for his stories of Indians and the frontier life; man's relationship w/ nature & westward expansion

King George III

32 year old king who attempted to assert the power of the British government on the American colonists; he was a good man in his private morals but he proved to be a bad ruler; earnest, industrious, stubborn, and lustful for powerm he surrounded himself with coopertive "yes men"

XYZ Affair

A 1797 incident in which French officials demanded a bribe from U.S. diplomats

Admiral de Grasse

A French admiral. He had a powerful fleet in the West Indies that he offered to Washington to help in an attack on Cornwallis at Yorktown.

Pony Express

A Mail carrying service; ran from 1860-1861; was established to carry mail speedily along the 2000 miles from St. Joseph, Missouri, to Sacramento, California; they could make the trek in 10 days.

Brigham Young

A Mormon leader that led his oppressed followers to Utah in 1846. Under Young's management, his Mormon community became a prosperous frontier theocracy and a cooperative commonwealth. He became the territorial governor in 1850. Unable to control the hierarchy of Young, Washington sent a federal army in 1857 against the harassing Mormons.

Sacajawea

A Native American woman who proved an indispensable guide to Lewis and Clark during their 1804-1806 expedition. She showed the men how to forage for food and helped them maintain good relations with tribes in the Northwest.

William Bradford

A Pilgrim, the second governor of the Plymouth colony, 1621-1657. He developed private land ownership and helped colonists get out of debt. He helped the colony survive droughts, crop failures, and Indian attacks.

Vasco de Gama

A Portugese sailor who was the first European to sail around southern Africa to the Indian Ocean

William Penn

A Quaker that founded Pennsylvania to establish a place where his people and others could live in peace and be free from persecution.

Lucretia Mott

A Quaker who attended an anti-slavery convention in 1840 and her party of women was not recognized. She and Stanton called the first women's right convention in New York in 1848

John Jordan Crittenden

A Senator of Kentucky, that fathered two sons: one became a general in the Union Army, the other a general in the Confederate Army. He is responsible for the Crittenden Compromise. This augments the fact that the war was often between families, and its absurdity. Kentucky and other states were split up between the Union and Confederacy, and both in the North and South sent people to the other side. This makes it clear that the war is primarily over slavery.

Tecumseh

A Shawnee chief who, along with his brother, Tenskwatawa, a religious leader known as The Prophet, worked to unite the Northwestern Indian tribes. The league of tribes was defeated by an American army led by William Henry Harrison at the Battle of Tippecanoe in 1811. Tecumseh was killed fighting for the British during the War of 1812 at the Battle of the Thames in 1813.

Ethan Allen

A Vermont blacksmith. Led the Green Mountain Boys in a surprise attack on Fort Ticonderoga. Won the Fort, and a valuable supply of cannons and gun powder, and control of a key route into Canada.

Fiscal Bank

A bill driven into Congress by Clay, which would establish a new Bank of the United States. It was immediately vetoed by Tyler who despite being elected as a member of the Whig party, believed the bank was unconstitutional. The Whigs tried passing another bill called the Fiscal Corporation, but it too was vetoed by Tyler.

Dred Scott

A black slave, had lived with his master for 5 years in Illinois and Wisconsin Territory. Backed by interested abolitionists, he sued for freedom on the basis of his long residence on free soil. The ruling on the case was that He was a black slave and not a citizen, so he had no rights.

Union Party

A coalition party of pro-war Democrats and Republicans formed during the 1864 election to defeat anti-war Northern Democrats.

Joint Stock Company

A company made up of a group of shareholders. Each shareholder contributes some money to the company and receives some share of the company's profits and debts.

John Slidell

A diplomat sent by Polk to buy California, New Mexico, and Texas from the Mexicans. Mexico rejected his offer and Polk sent Taylor's army into Mexico

Roger williams

A dissenter who clashed with the Massachusetts Puritans over separation of church and state and was banished in 1636, after which he founded the colony of Rhode Island to the south

Charter

A document that gives the holder the right to organize settlements in an area

Peculiar Institution

A euphemism for slavery and the economic ramifications of it in the American South. The term aimed to explain away the seeming contradiction of legalized slavery in a country whose Declaration of Independence states that "all men are created equal". It was one of the key causes of the Civil War.

Homestead Act

A federal law that gave settlers 160 acres of land for about $30 if they lived on it for five years and improved it by, for instance, building a house on it. The act helped make land accessible to hundreds of thousands of westward-moving settlers, but many people also found disappointment when their land was infertile or they saw speculators grabbing up the best land.

Limited Liability

A form of business ownership in which the owners are liable only up to the amount of their individual investments.

Richard Montgomery

A formerly British General, he then led the colonists. He led a successful attack into Montreal, then on to Quebec. Montgomery's attack on Quebec failed and he was killed, thus, the whole invasion into Canada failed.

Crispus Attucks

A free black man who was the first person killed in the Revolution at the Boston Massacre.

George B McClellan

A general for northern command of the Army of the Potomac in 1861; nicknamed "Tardy George" because of his failure to move troops to Richmond; lost battle vs. General Lee near the Chesapeake Bay; Lincoln fired him twice.

Eerie Canal

A historic canal that connects the Hudson River at Albany in eastern New York with the Niagara River and the Great Lakes. It opened in 1825.

What type of agreement did John Tyler arrange for the annexation of Texas?

A joint resolution: simple majority in both houses of Congress

Plantation

A large-scale agricultural enterprise growing commercial crops and usually employing coerced or slave labor.

Cotton Gin

A machine for cleaning the seeds from cotton fibers, invented by Eli Whitney in 1793

Father Junipero Serra

A major Canadian Franciscan friar that founded the mission chain in California. He was a great promoter of the spread of Christianity because of his missions.

Richard Henry Lee

A member of the Philadelphia Congress during the late 1770's. On June 7, 1776 he declared, "These United colonies are, and of right ought to be, free and independent states." This resolution was the start of the Declaration of Independence and end to British relations.

Denmark Vesey

A mulatto who inspired a group of slaves to seize Charleston, South Carolina in 1822, but one of them betrayed him and he and his thirty-seven followers were hanged before the revolt started.

Era of good feelings

A name for President Monroe's two terms, a period of strong nationalism, economic growth, and territorial expansion. Since the Federalist party dissolved after the War of 1812, there was only one political party and no partisan conflicts.

Pocahontas

A native Indian of America, daughter of Chief Powahatan, who was one of the first to marry an Englishman, John Rolfe, and return to England with him; about 1595-1617; Pocahontas' brave actions in saving an Englishman paved the way for many positive English and Native relations.

Transportation Revolution

A period of rapid growth in the speed and convenience of travel because of new methods of transportation.

Liberty Party

A political party that started during the two party systems in the 1840's.The party's main platform was bringing an end to slavery by political and legal means. The party was originally part of the American Anti-slavery however; they split because they believed there was a more practical way to end slavery than Garrison's moral crusade; also against the annexation of Texas into the Union

Samuel Chase

A prominent political leader during the American Revolution, he was the only U.S. Supreme Court justice ever impeached. - supported the alien and sedition acts

William Walker

A proslavery American adventurer from the South, he led an expedition to seize control on Nicaragua in 1855. He wanted to petition for annexation it as a new slave state but failed when several Latin American countries sent troops to oust him before the offer was made.

Dorothea Dix

A reformer and pioneer in the movement to treat the insane as mentally ill, beginning in the 1820's, she was responsible for improving conditions in jails, poorhouses and insane asylums throughout the U.S. and Canada. She succeeded in persuading many states to assume responsibility for the care of the mentally ill. She served as the Superintendant of Nurses for the Union Army during the Civil War.

Puritans

A religious group who wanted to purify the Church of England. They came to America for religious freedom and settled Massachusetts Bay.

Wilderness Campaign

A series of brutal clashes between Ulysses S. Grant's and Robert E. Lee's armies in Virginia, leading up to Grant's capture of Richmond in April of 1865. Having lost Richmond, Lee surrendered to Grant at Appomattox Courthouse.

Industrial Revolution

A series of improvements in industrial technology that transformed the process of manufacturing goods.

William Clark

A skilled mapmaker and outdoorsman chosen to explore the Louisiana Territory

Pangea

A supercontinent containing all of Earth's land that existed about 225 million years ago.

Primogeniture

A system of inheritance in which the eldest son in a family received all of his father's land. The nobility remained powerful and owned land, while the 2nd and 3rd sons were forced to seek fortune elsewhere. Many of them turned to the New World for their financial purposes and individual wealth.

Tariff

A tax on imported goods

War of 1812

A war between the U.S. and Great Britain caused by American outrage over the impressment of American sailors by the British, the British seizure of American ships, and British aid to the Indians attacking the Americans on the western frontier. Also, a war against Britain gave the U.S. an excuse to seize the British northwest posts and to annex Florida from Britain's ally Spain, and possibly even to seize Canada from Britain. The War Hawks (young westerners led by Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun) argued for war in Congress. The war involved several sea battles and frontier skirmishes. U.S. troops led by Andrew Jackson seized Florida and at one point the British managed to invade and burn Washington, D.C. The Treaty of Ghent (December 1814) restored the status quo and required the U.S. to give back Florida. Two weeks later, Andrew Jackson's troops defeated the British at the Battle of New Orleans, not knowing that a peace treaty had already been signed. The war strengthened American nationalism and encouraged the growth of industry.

Charles Sumner

Abolitionist senator whose verbal attack on the South provoked a physical assault that severely injured him

American Anti-Slavery Society

Abolitionist society founded by William Lloyd Garrison, who advocated the immediate abolition of slavery. By 1838, the organization had more than 250,000 members across 1,350 chapters.

John Brown

Abolitionist who was hanged after leading an unsuccessful raid at Harper's Ferry, Virginia (1800-1858)

Gettysburg Address

Abraham Lincoln's oft-quoted speech, delivered at the dedication of the cemetery at Gettysburg battlefield. In the address, Lincoln framed the war as a means to uphold the values of liberty.

Gadsden Purchase

Acquired additional land from Mexico for $10 million to facilitate the construction of a southern transcontinental railroad.

Louisiana Purchase

Acquisition of Louisiana territory from France. The purchase more than doubled the territory of the United States, opening vast tracts for settlement.

Impressment

Act of forcibly drafting an individual into military service, employed by the British navy against American seamen in times of war against France, 1793-1815. Impressment was a continual source of conflict between Britain and the United States in the early national period.

Dominion of New England

Administrative union created by royal authority, incorporating all of New England, New York, and East and West Jersey. Placed under the rule of Sir Edmund Andros who curbed popular assemblies, taxed residents without their consent, and strictly enforced Navigation Laws. Its collapse after the Glorious Revolution in England demonstrated colonial opposition to strict royal control.

Compromise of 1850

Admitted California as a free state, opened New Mexico and Utah to popular sovereignty, ended the slave trade (but not slavery itself) in Washington D.C., and introduced a more stringent fugitive slave law. Widely opposed in both the North and South, it did little to settle the escalating dispute over slavery.

Free Soil Party

Antislavery party in the 1848 and 1852 elections that opposed the extension of slavery into the territories, arguing that the presence of slavery would limit opportunities for free laborers.

Brazilla Lew

African American fifer in the Revolutionary War; was a veteran of the Seven Years War who had marched to Ticonderoga and served in teh army a full seven years as frontline soldier, fifer, and drummer; In 1775, at the age of 32, he fought at Bunker Hill as an enlistee in the 27th Massachusetts Regiment. A resident of Chelmsford, MA, he was said to have taught all 12 of his children to play musical instruments

Prince Whipple

African American soldier who is shown crossing the Delaware River with Washington in the famous picture. African Americans fought at major battles or served as support staff.

Macon's Bill No.2

Aimed at resuming peaceful trade with Britain and France, the act stipulated that if either Britain or France repealed its trade restrictions, the United States would reinstate the embargo against the nonrepealing nation. When Napoleon offered to lift his restrictions on British ports, the United States was forced to declare an embargo on Britain, thereby pushing the two nations closer toward war.

Convention of 1800

Agreement which freed America from its alliance with France, forgave French $20 million in damages and resulted in Adams' losing a second term as president

Corrupt bargain

Alleged deal between presidential candidates John Quincy Adams and Henry Clay to throw the election, to be decided by the House of Representatives, in Adams' favor. Though never proven, the accusation became the rallying cry for supporters of Andrew Jackson, who had actually garnered a plurality of the popular vote in 1824.

Quebec Act

Allowed the French residents of Québec to retain their traditional political and religious institutions, and extended the boundaries of the province southward to the Ohio River. Mistakenly perceived by the colonists to be part of Parliament's response to the Boston Tea Party.

Blue laws

Also known as sumptuary laws, they are designed to restrict personal behavior in accord with a strict code of morality. Blue laws were passed across the colonies, particularly in Puritan New England and Quaker Pennsylvania.

Thomas Paine

American Revolutionary leader and pamphleteer (born in England) who supported the American colonist's fight for independence and supported the French Revolution (1737-1809), wrote "Common Sense"

Hudson River school

American artistic movement that produced romantic renditions of local landscapes.

Clipper Ships

American boats, built during the 1840's in Boston, that were sleek and fast but inefficient in carrying a lot of cargo or passengers.

Cyrus Field

American businessman who laid the first telegraph wire across the Atlantic. This cut down the time it took for a message to be sent from Europe to American and vice-versa.

Loyalists

American colonists who opposed the Revolution and maintained their loyalty to the King; sometimes referred to as "Tories."

Nicholas P. Trist (1800-1874)

American diplomat who negotiated the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo in 1848, ending the Mexican-American War and acquiring a vast secession of territory from Mexico.

John Jacob Astor

American fur trader and financier, he founded the fur-trading post of Astoria and the American fur company

Robert Fulton

American inventor who designed the first commercially successful steamboat and the first steam warship (1765-1815)

John Marshall

American jurist and politician who served as the chief justice of the U.S. Supreme Court (1801-1835) and helped establish the practice of judicial review.

John Marshall

American jurist and politician who served as the chief justice of the U.S. Supreme Court (1801-1835) and helped establish the practice of judicial review.; sent to France to negotiate a peace treaty

Walt Whitman

American poet and transcendentalist who was famous for his beliefs on nature, as demonstrated in his book, Leaves of Grass. He was therefore an important part for the buildup of American literature and breaking the traditional rhyme method in writing poetry.

Henry Wadsworth Longfellow

American poet that was influenced somewhat by the transcendentalism occurring at the time. He was important in building the status of American literature.

Creole

American ship captured by a group of rebelling Virginia slaves. The slaves successfully sought asylum in the Bahamas, raising fears among Southern planters that the British West Indies would become a safe haven for runaway slaves.

Caroline

American steamer that was carrying supplies to the insurgents across the swift Niagara River; was attacked on the New York shore by a British force

Henry David Thoreau

American transcendentalist who was against a government that supported slavery. He wrote down his beliefs in Walden. He started the movement of civil-disobedience when he refused to pay the toll-tax to support him Mexican War.

Ralph Waldo Emerson

American transcendentalist who was against slavery and stressed self-reliance, optimism, self-improvement, self-confidence, and freedom. He was a prime example of a transcendentalist and helped further the movement.

Louisa May Alcott

American writer and reformer best known for her largely autobiographical novel Little Women (1868-1869).

Herman Melville

American writer whose experiences at sea provided the factual basis of Moby-Dick (1851), considered among the greatest American novels

Navigation Laws of 1650

Americans couldn't search out new markets. Only British ships and ports could be used. Money ends up going to Great Britain, leading to a money shortage in the colonies (Continentals were printed to try and compensate). Smuggling became common.

Florida Purchase Treaty

An 1819 treaty, in which Spain turned over Florida and the Oregon Territory to the United States. The U.S. agree to assume $5 million debt and give up any claims in Texas. (p. 158)

Jefferson Davis

An American statesman and politician who served as President of the Confederate States of America for its entire history from 1861 to 1865

Amelia Bloomer

An American women's rights and temperance advocate. She presented her views in her own monthly paper, The Lily, which she began publishing in 1849. When Amelia was 22, she married a lawyer by the name of Dexter Bloomer. One of the major causes promoted by Amelia was a change in dress standards for women so that they would be less restrictive.

The Impending Crisis of the South

Antislavery tract, written by white Southerner Hinton R. Helper, arguing that nonslaveholding whites actually suffered most in a slave economy.

Sir Walter Raleigh

An English adventurer and writer, who was prominent at the court of Queen Elizabeth I, and became an explorer of the Americas. In 1585, Raleigh sponsored the first English colony in America on Roanoke Island in present-day North Carolina. It failed and is known as " The Lost Colony."

Henry Hudson

An English explorer who explored for the Dutch. He claimed the Hudson River around present day New York and called it New Netherland. He also had the Hudson Bay named for him

Molly Maguires

An active, militant Irish organization of farmers based in the Pennsylvania anthracite coal fields who are believed responsible for much violence

Charles Grandison Finney

An evangelist who was one of the greatest preachers of all time (spoke in New York City). He also made the "anxious bench" for sinners to pray and was was against slavery and alcohol.

Antinomianism

An interpretation of Puritan beliefs that stressed God's gift of salvation and minimized what an individual could do to gain salvation; identified with Anne Hutchinson.

Benjamin Franklin

Another important Member of the constitutional convention

Leisler's Rebellion

Armed conflict between aspiring merchants led by _________ and the ruling elite of New York. One of many uprisings that erupted across the colonies when wealthy colonies attempted to re-create European social structures in the New World

Shay's Rebellion

Armed uprising of western Massachusetts debtors seeking lower taxes and an end to property foreclosures. Though quickly put down, the insurrection inspired fears of mob rule among leading Revolutionaries

Meriwether Lewis

Army captain appointed by President Jefferson to explore the Louisiana Territory and lands west to the Pacific Ocean

Nicholas Biddle

As President of the Second Bank of the United States, this man occupied a position of power and responsibility that propelled him to the forefront of Jacksonian politics in the 1830s. He, along with others who regarded the bank as a necessity, realized the threat posed by the election of Andrew Jackson in 1828. Jackson was bitterly opposed to the national bank, believing that it was an unconstitutional, elitist institution that bred inequalities among the people. A bitterly divisive issue, the rechartering of the bank dominated political discussion for most of the 1830s, and for many, this man became a symbol of all for which the bank stood. After Jackson's reelection, the Second Bank of the United States was doomed.

Roger B Taney

As chief justice, he wrote the important decision in the Dred Scott case, upholding police power of states and asserting the principle of social responsibility of private property. He was Southern and upheld the fugitive slave laws.

John Winthrop

As governor of Massachusetts Bay Colony, Winthrop (1588-1649) was instrumental in forming the colony's government and shaping its legislative policy. He envisioned the colony, centered in present-day Boston, as a "city upon a hill" from which Puritans would spread religious righteousness throughout the world.

Stamp Act Congress

Assembly of delegates from nine colonies who met in New York City to draft a petition for the repeal of the Stamp Act. Helped ease sectional suspicions and promote intercolonial unity.

Moctezuma

Aztec emperor defeated and killed by the Spanish conquistador Hernando Cortes.

Quetzalcoatl

Aztec nature god, feathered serpent, his disappearance and promised return coincided with the arrival of Cortes

Pontiac's uprising

BLOODY CAMPAIGN WAGED BY OTTAWA CHIEF PONTIAC TO DRIVE THE BRITISH OUT OF OHIO COUNTRY. IT WAS BRUTALLY CRUSHED BY BRITISH TROOPS, WHO RESORTED TO DISTRIBUTING BLANKETS INFECTED WITH SMALLPOX AS A MEANS TO PUT DOWN THE REBELLION

Bank War

Battle between President Andrew Jackson and Congressional supporters of the Bank of the United States over the bank's renewal in 1832. Jackson vetoed the Bank Bill, arguing that the bank favored moneyed interests at the expense of western farmers.

Battle of Long Island

Battle for the control of New York. British troops overwhelmed the colonial militias and retained control of the city for most of the war.

George Grenville

Became the Prime Minister of England in 1763; wanted the Navigation Laws to be enforced more strictly; proposed the Sugar & Stamp Acts to raise revenue in the colonies in order to defray the expenses of the French & Indian War & to maintain Britain's expanded empire in America.

Tuscarora War

Began with an Indian attack on New Bern, North Carolina. After the Tuscaroras were defeated, remaining Indian survivors migrated northward, eventually joining the Iroquois Confederacy as its sixth nation.

Civil Law

Body of written law enacted through legislative statutes or constitutional provisions. In countries where civil law prevails, judges must apply the statutes precisely as written.

Peter Cartwright

Born in 1785, he was the best known of Methodist "Circuit riders". He was a traveling frontier preacher. Ill-educated but still powerful, he reigned for 50 years going from Tennessee to Illinois. He converted thousands of people doing this. He also liked to pick a fight if someone spoke against his religion.

Iroquois Confederacy

Bound together five tribes-the Mohawks, the Oneidas, the Onondagas, the Cayugas, and the Senecas-in the Mohawk Valley of what is now New York State.

nonimportation agreements

Boycotts against British goods adopted in response to the Stamp Act and, later, the Townshend and Intolerable Acts. The agreements were the most effective form of protest against British policies in the colonies.

Stonewall Jackson

Brave commander of the Confederate Army that led troops at Bull Run. He died in the confusion at the Battle of Chancellorsville.

Charles Townshend

British Prime Minister. Influenced Parliament to pass the Townshend Acts; also known as Champagne Charley

West Africa Squadron

British Royal Navy force formed to enforce the abolition of the slave trade in 1807. It intercepted hundreds of slave ships and freed thousands of Africans

Robert Jenkins

British captain who encountered Spanish revenue authorities and had his ear sliced off by Spanish sword

George Canning

British foreign secretary circa 1823 He wanted America to join Britain in a declaration - wanted the protection of the Latin America states. Keep other European countries out of the western Hemisphere. John Adams thought it was best the U.S. make the declaration. It became the Monroe Doctrine.

John Burgoyne

British general in the American Revolution who captured Fort Ticonderoga but lost the battle of Saratoga in 1777 (1722-1792)

Isaac brock

British general known for his brilliant defensive tactics, captured Detroit in the War of 1812. Killed by American sharpshooters at the Battle of Queenston Heights.

William Wilberforce

British statesman and reformer; leader of abolitionist movement in English parliament that led to end of English slave trade in 1807.

William Pitt

British superlative leader who led Britain to victory against first Louisbourg, then French Canada

Aroostook War

British were determined, as a defensive precaution against the Yankees, to build a road westward form the seaport of Halifax to Quebec. This route ran through disputed territory claimed also by Maine; both people from Maine and Canada entered the land and fights ensued

Alabama

British-built and manned Confederate warship that raided Union shipping during the Civil War. One of many built by the British for the Confederacy, despite Union protests.

The United States of American and Britain are what kinds of nations?

British: lending nation American: borrowing nation

Responsorial

Call and response style of preaching that melded Christian and African traditions. Practiced by African slaves in the South.

George Washington

Chairman of the Constitutional Convention

Bleeding Kansas

Civil war in Kansas over the issue of slavery in the territory, fought intermittently until 1861, when it merged with the wider national Civil War.

Boston Massacre

Clash between unruly Bostonian protestors and locally stationed British redcoats, who fired on the jeering crowd, killing or wounding eleven citizens.

Boston Port Act

Closed Boston Harbor until damages were paid and order could be ensured

The Federalist

Collection of essays written by John Jay, James Madison, and Alexander Hamilton and published during the ratification debate in New York to lay out the Federalists' arguments in favor of the new Constitution. Since their publication, these influential essays have served as an important source for constitutional interpretation.

Massachusetts bay colony

Colony founded in 1630 by John Winthrop, part of the Great Puritan Migration, founded by puritans. Had a theocratic republic. "City upon a hill"

Comte de Rochambeau

Commanded a powerful French army of six thousand troops in the summer of 1780 and arrived in Newport, Rhode Island. They were planning a Franco - American attack on New York.

General Zachary Taylor

Commander of the Army of Occupation on the Texas border. On President Polk's orders, he took the Army to march from the Nieces River to the Rio Grande, provocatively near Mexican Forces; Polk hoped a clash would result to start war; bloodshed did occur by Mexican troops on Americans on "American soil"

New Harmony

Communal society of around one thousand members, established in New Harmony, Indiana by Robert Owen. The community attracted a hodgepodge of individuals, from scholars to crooks, and fell apart due to infighting and confusion after just two years.

Tariff of 1842

Compromise tariff written by Henry Clay; the offensive dollar distribution scheme was dropped and rates were pushed down to 32 percent; was a protective tariff; was signed by John Tyler

Olive Branch Petition

Conciliatory measure adopted by the Continental Congress, professing American loyalty and seeking an end to the hostilities. King George rejected the petition and proclaimed the colonies in rebellion.

Merrimack and Monitor

Confederate and Union ironclads, respectively, whose successes against wooden ships signaled an end to wooden warships. They fought an historic, though inconsequential battle in 1862.

Robert E Lee

Confederate general who had opposed secession but did not believe the Union should be held together by force

Sally Tompkins

Confederate nurse who ran a hospital in Richmond, Virginia during the Civil War

Chesapeake Affair

Conflict between Britain and the United States that precipitated the 1807 embargo. The conflict developed when a British ship, in search of deserters, fired on the American Chesapeake off the coast of Virginia.

English civil war

Conflict from 1640 to 1660; featured religious disputes mixed with constitutional issues concerning the powers of the monarchy; ended with restoration of the monarchy in 1660 following execution of previous king, Think King Charles I >>>> Oliver Cromwell etc etc.

spot resolutions

Congressman Abraham Lincoln supported a proposition to find the exact spot where American troops were fired upon, suspecting that they had illegally crossed into Mexican territory.

David Wilmot

Congressman who proposed the amendment that would have outlawed slavery from Mexican territories

Thirteenth Amendment

Constitutional amendment prohibiting all forms of slavery and involuntary servitude. Former Confederate States were required to ratify the amendment prior to gaining reentry into the Union.

First Continental Congress

Convention of delegates from twelve of the thirteen colonies that convened in Philadelphia to craft a response to the Intolerable Acts. Delegates established Association, which called for a complete boycott of British goods.

Consecutive body

Convention rather than a congress

Northwest Ordinance of 1787

Created a policy for administering the Northwest Territories. It included a path to statehood and forbade the expansion of slavery into the territories.

Judiciary Act of 1789

Created the federal court system, allowed the president to create federal courts and to appoint judges; created the office of attorney general

Seventh of March Speech

Daniel Webster's impassioned address urging the North to support of the Compromise of 1850. Webster argued that topography and climate would keep slavery from becoming entrenched in Mexican Cession territory and urged Northerners to make all reasonable concessions to prevent disunion.

St. Bartholomew's Day

Day in 1572 when 10,000 Huguenots were killed

Don Juan de Onate

De Onate was a Spanish conquistador who explored the areas of Mexico and what is now Texas and New Mexico in 1598. He was infamous for his cruelty to the Pueblo Indians. In the Battle of Acoma in 1599 he severed one foot of each Pueblo survivor.

Treaty ghent

December 24, 1814 - Ended the War of 1812 and restored the status quo. For the most part, territory captured in the war was returned to the original owner. It also set up a commission to determine the disputed Canada/U.S. border.

Battle of Saratoga

Decisive colonial victory in upstate New York, which helped secure French support for the Revolutionary cause.

Declaration of the Rights of Man

Declaration of rights adopted during the French Revolution. Modeled after the American Declaration of Independence.

Emancipation Proclamation

Declared all slaves in rebelling states to be free but did not affect slavery in non-rebelling Border States. The Proclamation closed the door on possible compromise with the South and encouraged thousands of Southern slaves to flee to Union lines.

Freeport Doctrine

Declared that since slavery could not exist without laws to protect it, territorial legislatures, not the Supreme Court, would have the final say on the slavery question. First argued by Stephen Douglass in 1858 in response to Abraham Lincoln's "Freeport Question".

Neutrality Proclamation of 1793

Declared that the U.S. would remain neutral in the conflict between France and Great Britain and threatened legal proceedings against any American providing assistance to any country at war.

PROCLAMATION OF 1763

Decree issued by Parliament in the wake of Pontiac's uprising, prohibiting settlement beyond the Appalachians. Contributed to rising resentment of British rule in the American colonies

Edict of Nantes

Decree issued by the French crown granting limited toleration to French Protestants. Ended religious wars in France and inaugurated a period of French preeminence in Europe and across the Atlantic. Its repeal in 1685 prompted a fresh migration of Protestant Huguenots to North America

Yamassee Indians

Defeated by the south Carolinans in the war of 1715-1716. The Yamasee defeat devastated the last of the coastal Indian tribes in the Southern colonies.

Lewis Cass

Democratic senator who proposed popular sovereignty to settle the slavery question in the territories; he lost the presidential election in 1848 against Zachary Taylor but continued to advocate his solution to the slavery issue throughout the 1850s.

War Hawks

Democratic-Republican Congressmen who pressed James Madison to declare war on Britain. Largely drawn from the South and West, the war hawks resented British constraints on American trade and accused the British of supporting Indian attacks against American settlements on the frontier.

How did the political parties in the election of 1844 feel about the annexation of Texas?

Democrats: pro-expansion under James K Polk Whigs: anti-expansion under Henry Clay

Three-Fifths Compromise

Determined that each slave would be counted as three-fifths of a person for the purpose of apportioning taxes and representation. The compromise granted disproportionate political power to Southern slave states.

Napoleon Bonaparte

Dictator of France during the time that Americans were attempting to work out a peace treaty; didn't want another enemy so agreed to negotiate

Trent Affair

Diplomatic row that threatened to bring the British into the Civil War on the side of the Confederacy, after a Union warship stopped a British steamer and arrested two Confederate diplomats on board.

Henry Clay

Distinguished senator from Kentucky, who ran for president five times until his death in 1852. He was a strong supporter of the American System, a war hawk for the War of 1812, Speaker of the House of Representatives, and known as "The Great Compromiser." Outlined the Compromise of 1850 with five main points. Died before it was passed however.

What was the end result of the Oregon country debate?

Due to the lack of occupancy British had in Oregon, they conceded to the Americans wish of the 49˙ being the separating line

Ferdinand and Isabella

During the late 15th century, they became King and Queen of a united Spain after centuries of Islamic domination. Together, they made Spain a strong Christian nation and also provided funding to overseas exploration, notably Christopher Columbus.

Radical Whigs

Eighteenth-century British political commentators who agitated against political corruption and emphasized the threat to liberty posed by arbitrary power. Their writings shaped American political thought and made colonists especially alert to encroachments on their rights.

Jacobus Arminius

Dutch theological who preached that individual free will, not divine decree, determined a person's eternal fate and that all humans, not just the elect could be saved if they freely accepted God's grace

William III and Mary II

Dutch-born monarch and his English-born wife, daughter of King James II, installed to the British throne during the Glorious Revolution of 1689. William and Mary relaxed control over the American colonies, inaugurating a period of "salutary neglect" that lasted until the French and Indian War.

Sugar Act

Duty on imported sugar from the West Indies. It was the first tax levied on the colonists by the crown and was lowered substantially in response to widespread protests.

Federal Style

Early national style of architecture that borrowed from neoclassical models and emphasized symmetry, balance, and restraint. Famous builders associated with this style included Charles Bulfinch and Benjamin Latrobe.

Romanticism

Early-nineteenth-century movement in European and American literature and the arts that, in reaction to the hyper-rational Enlightenment, emphasized imagination over reason, nature over civilization, intuition over calculation, and the self over society.

Panic of 1837

Economic crisis triggered by bank failures, elevated grain prices, and Andrew Jackson's efforts to curb overspeculation on western lands and transportation improvements. In response, President Martin Van Buren proposed the "Divorce Bill," which pulled treasury funds out of the banking system altogether, contracting the credit supply.

American System

Economic program advanced by Henry Clay that included support for a national bank, high tariffs, and internal improvements; emphasized strong role for federal government in the economy.

Capitalism

Economic system characterized by private property, generally free trade, and open and accessible markets. European colonization of the Americas, and in particular, the discovery of vast bullion deposits, helped bring about Europe's transition to capitalism.

Mercantilism

Economic theory that closely linked a nation's political and military power to its bullion reserves. Mercantilists generally favored protectionism and colonial acquisition as means to increase exports.

Orders in Council

Edicts issued by the British Crown closing French-owned European ports to foreign shipping. The French responded by ordering the seizure of all vessels entering British ports, thereby cutting off American merchants from trade with both parties.

The Man Without a Country

Edward Everett Hale's fictional account of a treasonous soldier's journeys in exile. The book was widely read in the North, inspiring greater devotion to the Union.

deism

Eighteenth century religious doctrine that emphasized reasoned moral behavior and the scientific pursuit of knowledge. Most deists rejected biblical inerrancy and the divinity of Christ, but they did believe that a Supreme Being created the universe.

Revolution of 1800

Electoral victory of Democratic Republicans over the Federalists, who lost their Congressional majority and the presidency. The peaceful transfer of power between rival parties solidified faith in America's political system.

Embargo Act

Enacted in response to British and French mistreatment of American merchants, the Act banned the export of all goods from the United States to any foreign port. The embargo placed great strains on the American economy while only marginally affecting its European targets, and was therefore repealed in 1809.

Valley Forge

Encampment where George Washington's poorly equipped army spent a wretched, freezing winter. Hundreds of men died and more than a thousand deserted. The plight of the starving, shivering soldiers reflected the main weakness of the American army-a lack of stable supplies and munitions.

Treaty of Kanagawa

Ended Japan's two-hundred year period of economic isolation, establishing an American consulate in Japan and securing American coaling rights in Japanese ports.

William Howe

English General who commanded the English forces at Bunker Hill

Separatists

English Protestants who would not accept allegiance in any form to the Church of England. Included the Pilgrims and Quakers

Quakers

English dissenters who broke from Church of England, preache a doctrine of pacificism, inner divinity, and social equity, under William Penn they founded Pennsylvania

Sir Francis Drake

English explorer and admiral who was the first Englishman to circumnavigate the globe and who helped to defeat the Spanish Armada (1540-1596)

Oliver Cromwell

English general and statesman who led the parliamentary army in the English Civil War (1599-1658)

Royal African company

English joint stock company that enjoyed a state-granted monopoly on the colonial slave trade from 1672 until 1698. The supply of slaves to the North American colonies rose sharply once the company lost its monopoly privileges

King Charles II

English king who gained control of the Atlantic coast of North America

Sir Humphrey Gilbert

English navigator who in 1583 established in Newfoundland the first English colony in North America, but decided to move to a better area and was killed in a storm on his way home

George Whitefield

English parson who loosed a different style of evangelical preaching on America and touched off a conflagration of religious ardor that revolutionized the spiritual life of colonies; message of human helplessness and divine omnipotence

Congressional Committee on the Conduct of the War

Established by Congress during the Civil War to oversee military affairs. Largely under the control of Radical Republicans, the committee agitated for a more vigorous war effort and actively pressed Lincoln on the issue of emancipation.

Fletcher v. Peck

Established firmer protection for private property and asserted the right of the Supreme Court to invalidate state laws in conflict with the federal Constitution.

Regulator movement

Eventually violent uprising of backcountry settlers in North Carolina against unfair taxation and the control of colonial affairs by the seaboard elite

Society of the Cincinnati

Exclusive, hereditary organization of former officers in the Continental Army. Many resented the pretentiousness of the order, viewing it as a vestige of pre-Revolutionary traditions.

Townsend Acts

External, or indirect, levies on glass, white lead, paper, paint and tea, the proceeds of which were used to pay colonial governors, who had previously been paid directly by colonial assemblies. Sparked another round of protests in the colonies.

Crittenden Amendments

Failed constitutional amendments that would have given federal protection for slavery in all territories south of 36°30' where slavery was supported by popular sovereignty. Proposed in an attempt to appease the South.

Black Legend

False notion that Spanish conquerors did little but butcher the Indians and steal their gold in the name of Christ.

Daniel Webster

Famous American politician and orator. he advocated renewal and opposed the financial policy of Jackson. Many of the principles of finance he spoke about were later incorporated in the Federal Reserve System. Would later push for a strong union.

Harpers Ferry

Federal arsenal in Virginia seized by abolitionist John Brown in 1859. Though Brown was later captured and executed, his raid alarmed Southerners who believed that Northerners shared in Brown's extremism.

Patent Office

Federal government bureau that reviews and gives patent applications. A patent is a legal recognition of a new invention, granting exclusive rights to the inventor for a period of years.

midnight judges

Federal justices appointed by John Adams during the last days of his presidency. Their positions were revoked when the newly elected Republican Congress repealed the Judiciary Act.

Malinche

Female Indian slave who served as interpreter for Cortes

Preston S Brooks

Fiery South Carolina Congressman who caned Charles Sumner on the Senate floor in 1856

Panic of 1857

Financial crash brought on by gold-fueled inflation, overspeculation, and excess grain production. Raised calls in the North for higher tariffs and for free homesteads on western public lands.

Articles of Confederation

First American constitution that established the United States as a loose confederation of states under a weak national Congress, which was not granted the power to regulate commerce or collect taxes. The Articles were replaced by a more efficient Constitution in 1789.

George Washington

First President of the United States; elected unanimously by the Electoral College in 1789. Established the cabinet system

Lexington and Concord

First battles of the Revolutionary War, fought outside of Boston. The colonial militia successfully defended their stores of munitions, forcing the British to retreat to Boston.

Bartolome de las Casas

First bishop of Chiapas, in southern Mexico. He devoted most of his life to protecting Amerindian peoples from exploitation. His major achievement was the New Laws of 1542, which limited the ability of Spanish settlers to compel Amerindians to labor.

Barbados Slave Code

First formal statute governing the treatment of slaves, which provided for harsh punishments against offending slaves but lacked penalties for the mistreatment of slaves by masters. Similar statutes were adopted by Southern plantation societies on the North American mainland in the 17th and 18th centuries.

Anti-Masonic Party

First founded in New York, it gained considerable influence in New England and the mid-Atlantic during the 1832 election, campaigning against the politically influential Masonic order, a secret society. Anti-Masons opposed Andrew Jackson, a Mason, and drew much of their support from evangelical Protestants.

Canadian Shield

First part of the North American landmass to emerge above sea level

Border States

Five slave states-Missouri, Kentucky, Maryland, Delaware and West Virginia-that did not secede during the Civil War. To keep the states in the Union, Abraham Lincoln insisted that the war was not about abolishing slavery but rather protecting the Union.

Congress of Vienna

Following Napoleon's exile, this meeting of European rulers in Austria established a system by which the balance of power would be maintained, liberal revolutions would be repressed, as would imperial expansion, and the creation of new countries in Europe.

Robert de La Salle

Frenchman who followed the Mississippi River all the way to the Gulf of Mexico, claiming the region for France and naming it Louisiana in honor of King Louis XIV

Arguments for and Against Texas

For: Overseas, Britain wanted an independent Texas to check American expansionism; Texas would be good boost for American cotton production and provide tons more land. Against: Texas would be red meat to nourish the lusty slave power, The North decried the Southern "slavocracy"; America could not just boldly annex Texas without a war with Mexico

Trail of Tears

Forced march of 15,000 Cherokee Indians from their Georgia and Alabama homes to Indian Territory. Some 4,000 Cherokee died on the arduous journey.

Declaration of Independence

Formal pronouncement of independence drafted by Thomas Jefferson and approved by Congress. The declaration allowed Americans to appeal for foreign aid and served as an inspiration for later revolutionary movements worldwide.

Constitutional Union Party

Formed by moderate Whigs and Know-Nothings in an effort to elect a compromise candidate and avert a sectional crisis.

Alamo

Fortress in Texas where four hundred American volunteers were slain by Santa Anna in 1836. "Remember the Alamo" became a battle cry in support of Texan independence.

Battle of Acoma

Fought between Spaniards under Don Juan de Oñate and the Pueblo Indians in present-day New Mexico. Spaniards brutally crushed the Pueblo peoples and established the territory as New Mexico in 1609.

General Stephen Watts Kearny

Fought for American against New Mexico and California. He raised the flag in Santa Fe.

Battle of Bunker Hill

Fought on the outskirts of Boston, on Breed's Hill, the battle ended in the colonial militia's retreat, though at a heavy cost to the British.

American Temperance Society

Founded in Boston in 1826 as part of a growing effort of nineteenth-century reformers to limit alcohol consumption.

James Oglethorpe

Founder and governor of the Georgia colony. He ran a tightly-disciplined, military-like colony. Slaves, alcohol, and Catholicism were forbidden in his colony. Many colonists felt that Oglethorpe was a dictator, and that (along with the colonist's dissatisfaction over not being allowed to own slaves) caused the colony to break down and Oglethorpe to lose his position as governor.

Tripolitania War

Four-year conflict between the American Navy and the North-African nation of Tripoli over piracy in the Mediterranean. Jefferson, a staunch noninterventionist, reluctantly deployed American forces, eventually securing a peace treaty with Tripoli.

Huguenots

French Protestant dissenters; they were granted limited toleration under the Edict of Nantes

Detroit

French colony founded by Antoine Cadillac to stop England from infiltrating the OH valley

Louisiana

French colony founded by Robert de La Salle to stop Spain from infiltrating the Gulf of Mexico

Illinois

French colony that became the garden of France's North American empire

Jacques Cartier

French explorer who explored the St. Lawrence river and laid claim to the region for France (1491-1557)

Antoine Cadillac

French explorer who founded Detroit

Robert de La Salle

French explorer who founded Louisiana

Marquis de Montcalm

French officer who led the defense at the Battle of Quebec; he failed

Acadians

French residents of Nova Scotia, many of whom were uprooted by the British in 1755 and scattered as far south as Louisiana, where their descendants became known as Cajuns

Michel-Guillaume Jean de Crevecoeur

French settler who saw in America in the 1770s "a strange mixture of blood , which you will find in no other country"

Maximilian

French viceroy appointed by Napoleon III of France to lead the new government set up in Mexico. After the Civil War, the U.S. invaded and he was executed, a demonstration of the enforcement of the Monroe Doctrine to European powers.

Squatters

Frontier farmers who illegally occupied land owned by others or not yet officially opened for settlement. Many of North Carolina's early settlers were squatters, who contributed to the colony's reputation as being more independent-minded and "democratic" than its neighbors.

Land Act of 1820

Fueled the settlement of the Northwest and Missouri territories by lowering the price of public land. Also prohibited the purchase of federal acreage on credit, thereby eliminating one of the causes of the Panic of 1819.

Woman's Rights Convention at Seneca Falls

Gathering of feminist activists in Seneca Falls, New York, where Elizabeth Cady Stanton read her "Declaration of Sentiments", stating that "all men and women are created equal"

Battle of Trenton

George Washington surprised and captured a garrison of sleeping German Hessians, raising the morale of his crestfallen army and setting the stage for his victory at Princeton a week later.

Battle of Yorktown

George Washington, with the aid of the French Army, besieged Cornwallis at Yorktown, while the French naval fleet prevented British reinforcements from coming ashore. Cornwallis surrendered, dealing a heavy blow to the British war effort and paving the way for an eventual peace.

Baron von Steuben

German commander who came to Valley Forge to help George Washington; trained the colonists and taught them discipline

Hessians

German soldiers hired by George III to smash Colonial rebellion, proved good in mechanical sense but they were more concerned about money than duty.

Hessians

German troops hired from their princes by George III to aid in putting down the colonial insurrection. This hardened the resolve of American colonists, who resented the use of paid foreign fighters.

US Sanitary Commission

Government agency founded with the help of Elizabeth Blackwell that trained nurses, collected medical supplies, and equipped hospitals in an effort to help the Union army. The commission helped professionalize nursing and gave many women the confidence and organizational skills to propel the women's movement in the postwar years.

Confederate States of America

Government established after seven Southern states seceded from the Union. Later joined by four more states from the Upper South.

DeWitt Clinton

Governor of New York who started the Erie Canal project. His leadership helped complete the canal, which boosted the economy greatly by cutting time traveled from west New York to the Hudson.

Sir Edmund Andros

Governor of the Dominion of New England from 1686 until 1692, when the colonists rebelled and forced him to return to England

Reform Bill of 1867

Granted suffrage to all male British citizens, dramatically expanding the electorate. The success of the American democratic experiment, reinforced by the Union victory in the Civil War, was used as one of the arguments in favor of the Bill.

Powhatan Confederacy

Group of Native Americans who traded with John Smith. The confederacy gets its name from its leader, Chief Powhatan.

Uncle Tom's Cabin

Harriet Beecher Stowe's widely read novel that dramatized the horrors of slavery. It heightened Northern support for abolition and escalated the sectional conflict.

Tenskwatawa ("the Prophet")

He inspired a religious revival that spread through many tribes and united them; killed by Harrison at battle of Tippecanoe

Samuel Slater

He was a British mechanic that moved to America and in 1791 invented the first American machine for spinning cotton. He is known as "the Father of the Factory System" and he started the idea of child labor in America's factories.

David Walker

He was a black abolitionist who called for the immediate emancipation of slaves. He wrote the "Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World." It called for a bloody end to white supremacy. He believed that the only way to end slavery was for slaves to physically revolt.

Albert Gallatin

He was an American politician, diplomat, and Secretary of the Treasury. He was responsible for balancing the budget, which let America purchase the Louisiana territory from France.

John Rolfe

He was one of the English settlers at Jamestown (and he married Pocahontas). He discovered how to successfully grow tobacco in Virginia and cure it for export, which made Virginia an economically successful colony.

Matthew C Perry

He was the military leader who convinced the Japanese to sign a treaty in 1853 with the U.S. The treaty allowed for a commercial foot in Japan which was helpful with furthering a relationship with Japan.

Marquis de Lafayette

He was very rich and noble when he arrived in America at the age of 19 years old. He believed in the liberty that the Americans were fighting for and asked to help. He became a general on Washington's staff and fought hard. He was known as "the soldier's friend," and is buried in france but his grave is covered with earth from Bunker Hill.

Daniel Shay

Head of Shay's Rebellion; he and several other angry farmers violently protested against debtor's jail; eventually crushed; aided in the creation of constitution because land owners now wanted to preserve what was theirs from "mobocracy"

Incas

Highly advanced South American civilization that occupied present-day Peru until it was conquered by Spanish forces under Francisco Pizarro in 1532. The Incas developed sophisticated agricultural techniques, such as terrace farming, in order to sustain large, complex societies in the unforgiving Andes Mountains.

Francis Parkman

Historian with defective eyes that forced him to write in darkness with the aid of a guiding machine; chronicled the struggle between France and England in colonial times for mastery of North America

Ecological Imperialism

Historians' term for the spoliation of western natural resources through excessive hunting, logging, mining, and grazing.

Battle of Quebec

Historic British victory over French forces on the outskirts of Quebec. The surrender of Quebec marked the beginning of the end of French rule in North America

Republican Motherhood

Ideal of family organization and female behavior after the American Revolution that stressed the role of women in guiding family members toward republican virtue.

Isaac Singer

Improved the sewing machine

Whiskey Rebellion

In 1794, farmers in Pennsylvania rebelled against Hamilton's excise tax on whiskey, and several federal officers were killed in the riots caused by their attempts to serve arrest warrants on the offenders. In October, 1794, the army, led by Washington, put down the rebellion. The incident showed that the new government under the Constitution could react swiftly and effectively to such a problem, in contrast to the inability of the government under the Articles of Confederation to deal with Shay's Rebellion.

Thomas Macdonough

In 1814, this U.S. naval commander defeated a British fleet on Lake Champlain. As a result the British had to retreat and abandon their plan to invade New York and New England. (p. 140)

California Gold Rush

Inflow of thousands of miners to Northern California after news reports of the discovery of gold at Sutter's Mill in January of 1848 had spread around the world by the end of that year. The onslaught of migrants prompted Californians to organize a government and apply for statehood in 1849.

Underground Railroad

Informal network of volunteers that helped runaway slaves escape from the South and reach free-soil Canada. Seeking to halt the flow of runaway slaves to the North, Southern planters and congressmen pushed for a stronger fugitive slave law.

Middlemen

In trading systems, those dealers who oper- ate between the original producers of goods and the retail merchants who sell to consumers. After the eleventh century, European exploration was driven in large part by a desire to acquire alluring Asian goods without paying heavy tolls to Muslim middlemen.

Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World

Incendiary abolitionist track advocating the violent overthrow of slavery. Published by David Walker, a Southern-born free black.

Powhatan

Indian chief and founder of the Powhatan confederacy of tribes in eastern Virginia

Greek Revival

Inspired by the contemporary Greek independence movement, this building style, popular between 1820 and 1850, imitated ancient Greek structural forms in search of a democratic architectural vernacular.

Albany Congress

Intercolonial congress summoned by the British government to foster greater colonial unity and assure Iroquois support in the escalating war against the French

Eli Whitney

Invented the cotton gin

Cyrus McCormick

Invented the mechanical reaper

John Deere

Invented the steel plow

Samuel F. B. Morse

Invented the telegraph and Morse code

Ancient Order of Hibernians

Irish semi-secret society that served as a benevolent organization for downtrodden Irish immigrants in the United States.

Roanoke Island

Island colony founded by Sir Walter Raleigh that mysteriously disappeared in the 1580s

Christopher Columbus

Italian navigator who discovered the New World in the service of Spain while looking for a route to China (1451-1506)

Giovanni da Verrazano

Italian sea captain in the service of France who searched for a Northwest Passage in 1524

The winner of the election of 1844 was

James K. Polk

Virginia Company

Joint-Stock Company in London that received a charter for land in the new world. Charter guarantees new colonists same rights as people back in England.

Charles II

King of England during Bacon's Rebellion; angry at William Berkeley saying, "That old fool has put to death more people in that naked country than I did here for the murder of my father"

Charles II

King of England, Scotland, and Ireland (1660-1685) who reigned during the Restoration, a period of expanding trade and colonization as well as strong opposition to Catholicism

Second Anglo Powhatan War

Last-ditch effort by the Indians to dislodge Virginia settlements. The resulting peace treaty formally separated white and Indian areas of settlement.

Clara Barton

Launched the American Red Cross in 1881. An "angel" in the Civil War, she treated the wounded in the field.

Common Law

Laws that originate from court rulings and customs, as opposed to legislative statutes. The United States Constitution grew out of the Anglo-American common law tradition and thus provided only a general organizational framework for the new federal government.

Nat Turner

Leader of a slave rebellion in 1831 in Virginia. Revolt led to the deaths of 20 whites and 40 blacks and led to the "gag rule' outlawing any discussion of slavery in the House of Representatives

George Rogers Clark

Leader of a small Patriot force that captured British-controlled Fort Vincennes in the Ohio Valley in 1779., secured the Northwest Territory for America

Miami Confederacy

Led by Little Turtle, a group of Indians who partook in open warfare with Americans in the Ohio Valley during the 1790s.; sold firearms by the British who did not want to abandon the valuable fur trade in the Great Lakes Region

General Winfield Scott

Led the U.S. forces' march on Mexico City during the Mexican War. He took the city and ended the war.

Transcendentalism

Literary and intellectual movement that emphasized individualism and self-reliance, predicated upon a belief that each person possesses an "inner-light" that can point the way to truth and direct contact with God.

Committees of Correspondence

Local committees established across Massachusetts, and later in each of the thirteen colonies, to maintain colonial opposition to British policies through the exchange of letters and pamphlets.

Armed Neutrality

Loose alliance of nonbelligerent naval powers, organized by Russia's Catherine the Great, to protect neutral trading rights during the war for American independence.

Tariff of 1857

Lowered duties on imports in response to a high Treasury surplus and pressure from Southern farmers.

Awful Disclosures

Maria Monk's sensational expose of alleged horrors in Catholic convents. Its popularity reflected nativist fears of Catholic influence.

McCulloch v. Maryland

Maryland was trying to tax the national bank and Supreme Court ruled that federal law was stronger than the state law

Commonwealth v. Hunt

Massachusetts Supreme Court decision that strengthened the labor movement by upholding the legality of unions.

Samuel Adams

Master propagandist and engineer of rebellion of Boston; cousin of John Adams; lived and breathed only for politics; zealous, tenacios and courageous, he was ultrasensative to infractions of colonial rights; appealed effectively to what was called his trained mob; leading spirit in hosting the Boston Tea Party

Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom

Measure enacted by the Virginia legislature prohibiting state support for religious institutions and recognizing freedom of worship. Served as a model for the religion clause of the first amendment to the Constitution.

McCormick Reaper

Mechanized the harvest of grains, such as wheat, allowing farmers to cultivate larger plots; 1831; fueled the large-scale establishment of commercial agriculture in the Midwest

Hartford Convention

Meeting of Federalists near the end of the War of 1812 in which the party listed it's complaints against the ruling Republican Party. These actions were largley viewed as traitorous to the country and lost the Federalist much influence

John Adams

Member of Continental Congress; swayed colleagues to a revolutionary course of action against British

Santa Anna

Mexican general who tried to crush the Texas revolt and who lost battles to Winfield Scott and Zachary Taylor in the Mexican War (1795-1876)

Santa Anna

Mexican general who tried to crush the Texas revolt and who lost battles to Winfield Scott and Zachary Taylor in the Mexican War (1795-1876); exiled to Cuba during the Mexican War

Border Dispute in Texas

Mexicans wanted the boundary to be the southward border of the Nueces River; Polk wanted to more southerly Rio Grande instead

Texas (1836)

Mexico refused to recognize its independence and regarded the Republic as a province in revolt; were forced to keep a military establishment out of fear of Mexican threat; were forced to open negotiations with Britain and France

Great English Migration

Migration of seventy thousand refugees from England to the North American colonies, primarily New England and the Caribbean. The twenty thousand migrants who came to Massachusetts largely shared a common sense of purpose—to establish a model Christian settlement in the new world.

Charles Francis Adams

Minister to Great Britain during the Civil War, he wanted to keep Britain from entering the war on the side of the South.

new lights

Ministers who took part in the revivalist emotive religious tradition pioneered by George Whitfield during the Great Awakening

Cahokia

Mississippian settlement near present-day East St. Louis, home to as many as 25,000 Native Americans

Joseph Brant

Mohawk leader who supported the British during the American Revolution.

West Virginia

Mountainous region that broke away from Virginia in 1861 to form its own state after Virginia seceded from the Union. Most of the residents of West Virginia were independent farmers and miners who did not own slaves and thus opposed the Confederate cause.

Aztecs

Native American empire that controlled present-day Mexico until 1521, when they were conquered by Spanish Hernán Cortés. The Aztecs maintained control over their vast empire through a system of trade and tribute, and came to be known for their advances in mathematics and writing, and their use of human sacrifices in religious ceremonies.

Napoleon III

Nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte, and elected emperor of France from 1852-1870, he invaded Mexico when the Mexican government couldn't repay loans from French bankers. He sent in an army and set up a new government under Maximillian. He refused Lincoln's request that France withdraw. After the Civil War, the U.S. sent an army to enforce the request and Napoleon withdrew.

National Banking System

Network of member banks that could issue currency against purchased government bonds. Created during the Civil War to establish a stable national currency and stimulate the sale of war bonds.

New England Confederation

New England colonists formed the New England Confederation in 1643 as a defense against local Native American tribes and encroaching Dutch. The colonists formed the alliance without the English crown's authorization.

Alexander Hamilton

New York delegate, favored strong central government; present at the Constitutional Convention

Zenger trial

New York libel case against John Peter Zenger. Established the principle that truthful statements about public officials could not be prosecuted as libel

Lord de la Warr

New governor of Jamestown who arrived in 1610, immediately imposing a military regime in Jamestown and declaring war against the Powhatan Confederacy. Employed "Irish tactics" in which his troops burned houses and cornfields.

French and Indian War

Nine year war between the British and the French in North America. It resulted in the expulsion of the French from the North American mainland and helped spark the Seven Years War in Europe

The Association

Nonimportation agreement crafted during the First Continental Congress calling for the complete boycott of British goods

King George's War

North American theater of Europe's War of Austrian Succession that once again pitted British colonists against their French counterparts in the North. The peace settlement did not involve any territorial realignment, leading to conflict between New England settlers and the British government

Copperheads

Northern Democrats who obstructed the war effort attacking Abraham Lincoln, the draft and, after 1863, emancipation.

Tariff of Abominations

Noteworthy for its unprecedentedly high duties on imports. Southerners vehemently opposed the Tariff, arguing that it hurt Southern farmers, who did not enjoy the protection of tariffs, but were forced to pay higher prices for manufactures.

Popular Sovereignty

Notion advanced before the Civil War that the sovereign people of a given territory should decide whether to allow slavery. Seemingly a compromise, it was largely opposed by northern abolitionists, who feared it would promote the spread of slavery to the territories

Indian Removal Act

Ordered the removal of Indian Tribes still residing east of the Mississippi to newly established Indian Territory west of Arkansas and Missouri. Tribes resisting eviction were forcibly removed by American forces, often after prolonged legal or military battles.

New England Emigrant Aid Company

Organization created to facilitate the migration of free laborers to Kansas in order to prevent the establishment of slavery in the territory.

Captain John Smith

Organized Jamestown and imposed a harsh law "He who will not work shall not eat".

Stephen Austin

Original settler of Texas, granted land from Mexico on condition of no slaves, convert to Roman Catholic, and learn Spanish

midwifery

One of the few jobs for a New England Women; assisting with childbirths; industry was a virtual female monopoly; often fostered networks of women bonded by the common travails of motherhood

John Hancock

One of the first people to get around British mercantalism polocies through smuggling; brought in a lot of American fortune through this

Oneida Community Shakers

One of the more radical utopian communities established in the nineteenth century, it advocated "free love", birth control, and eugenics. Utopian communities reflected the reformist spirit of the age

Caleb Cushing

Opens up commerce in China and negotiated Treaty of Wanghia, first formal agreement between China and US, and granted US trading rights, also states that Americans will be tried in American courts, not chinese

Antifederalists

Opponents of the 1787 Constitution, they cast the document as antidemocratic, objected to the subordination of the states to the central government, and feared encroachment on individuals' liberties in the absence of a bill of rights.

Nathaniel Hawthorne

Originally a transcendentalist; later rejected them and became a leading anti-transcendentalist. He was a descendant of Puritan settlers. The Scarlet Letter shows the hypocrisy and insensitivity of New England puritans by showing their cruelty to a woman who has committed adultery and is forced to wear a scarlet "A".

Mason-Dixon Line

Originally drawn by surveyors to resolve the boundaries between Maryland, Delaware, Pennsylvania and Virginia in the 1760s, it came to symbolize the North-South divide over slavery.

old lights

Orthodox clergymen who rejected the emotionalism of the Great Awakening in favor of a more rational spirituality

Napoleon Bonaparte

Overthrew the French revolutionary government (The Directory) in 1799 and became emperor of France in 1804. Failed to defeat Great Britain and abdicated in 1814. Returned to power briefly in 1815 but was defeated and died in exile.

greenbacks

Paper currency issued by the Union Treasury during the Civil War. Inadequately supported by gold, Greenbacks fluctuated in value throughout the war, reaching a low of 39 cents on the dollar.

Non-Intercourse Act

Passed alongside the repeal of the Embargo Act, it reopened trade with all but the two belligerent nations, Britain and France. The Act continued Jefferson's policy of economic coercion, still with little effect.

Declaratory Act

Passed alongside the repeal of the Stamp Act, it reaffirmed Parliament's unqualified sovereignty over the North American colonies.

compromise Tariff of 1833

Passed as a measure to resolve the nullification crisis, it provided that tariffs be lowered gradually, over a period of ten years, to 1816 levels.

Fugitive Slave Law

Passed as part of the Compromise of 1850, it set high penalties for anyone who aided escaped slaves and compelled all law enforcement officers to participate in retrieving runaways. Strengthened the antislavery cause in the North.

Force Bill

Passed by Congress alongside the compromise Tariff of 1833, it authorized the president to use the military to collect federal tariff duties.

Judiciary Act of 1801

Passed by the departing Federalist Congress, it created sixteen new federal judgeships ensuring a Federalist hold on the judiciary.

Spoils system

Policy of rewarding political supporters with public office, first widely employed at the federal level by Andrew Jackson. The practice was widely abused by unscrupulous office seekers, but it also helped cement party loyalty in the emerging two-party system.

Act of Toleration

Passed in Maryland, it guaranteed toleration to all Christians but decreed the death penalty for those, like Jews and atheists, who denied the divinity of Jesus Christ. Ensured that Maryland would continue to attract a high proportion of Catholic migrants throughout the colonial period.

Daughters of Liberty

Patriotic groups that played a central role in agitating against the Stamp Act and enforcing non-importation agreements.

Sons of Liberty

Patriotic groups that played a central role in agitating against the Stamp Act and enforcing nonimportation agreements.

Funding at par

Payment of debts, such as government bonds, at face value. In 1790, Alexander Hamilton proposed that the federal government pay its Revolutionary war debts in full in order to bolster the nation's credit.

Treaty of Paris

Peace treaty signed by Britain and the United States ending the Revolutionary War. The British formally recognized American independence and ceded territory east of the Mississippi while the Americans, in turn, promised to restore Loyalist property and repay debts to British creditors.

Mestizos

People of mixed Indian and European heritage, notably in Mexico.

writ of habeas corpus

Petition requiring law enforcement officers to present detained individuals before the court to examine the legality of the arrest. Protects individuals from arbitrary state action. Suspended by Lincoln during the Civil War.

Southern Social Structure

Planters-->smaller farmers-->landless whites-->indentured servants-->black slaves

Know-Nothing Party

Political party of the 1850s that was anti-Catholic and anti-immigrant

Republicanism

Political theory of representative government, based on the principle of popular sovereignty, with a strong emphasis on liberty and civic virtue. Influential in eighteenth-century American political thought, it stood as an alternative to monarchical rule.

Polk's four-point program

Polk's goals, which he successfully achieved in less than four years: to lower tariff, restore the independent treasury, acquire California, and to settle the Oregon dispute. Polk's persistent efforts resulted in a massive tract of land being added to America through the acquisition of California and found a reasonable middle ground on the Oregon dispute, while avoiding bloodshed and maintaining peace.

Burned-Over District

Popular name for Western New York, a region particularly swept up in the religious fervor of the Second Great Awakening.

Red coats

Popular term for British regular troops, scorned as "lobster backs" and "bloody backs" by Bostonians and other colonials

Pet banks

Popular term for pro-Jackson state banks that received the bulk of federal deposits when Andrew Jackson moved to dismantle the Bank of the United States in 1833.

Great Compromise

Popular term for the measure which reconciled the New Jersey and Virginia plans at the constitutional convention, giving states proportional representation in the House and equal representation in the Senate. The compromise broke the stalemate at the convention and paved the way for subsequent compromises over slavery and the Electoral College.

Bartolomeu Dias

Portuguese explorer who in 1488 led the first expedition to sail around the southern tip of Africa from the Atlantic and sight the Indian Ocean.

Ferdinand Magellan

Portuguese navigator who led the Spanish expedition of 1519-1522 that was the first to sail around the world.

Millard Fillmore

President Taylor's successor; supported the Compromise of 1850

Lord North

Prime Minister of England from 1770 to 1782. Although he repealed the Townshend Acts, he generally went along with King George III's repressive policies towards the colonies even though he personally considered them wrong

Benjamin Franklin

Printer, author, inventor, diplomat, statesman, and Founding Father. One of the few Americans who was highly respected in Europe, primarily due to his discoveries in the field of electricity.

Privateers

Privately owned armed ships authorized by Congress to prey on enemy shipping during the Revolutionary War. Privateers, more numerous than the tiny American Navy, inflicted heavy damages on British shippers.

Gag Resolution

Prohibited debate or action on antislavery appeals. Driven through the House by pro-slavery Southerners, the gag resolution passed every year for eight years, eventually overturned with the help of John Quincy Adams.

Maine Law of 1851

Prohibited the manufacture and sale of alcohol. A dozen other states followed Maine's lead, though most statutes proved ineffective and were repealed within a decade.

Clement L Vallandigham

Prominent Copperhead who was an ex-congressman from Ohio, demanded an end to the war, and was banished to the Confederacy

Federalists

Proponents of the 1787 Constitution, they favored a strong national government, arguing that the checks and balances in the new Constitution would safeguard the people's liberties.

Lecompton Constitution

Proposed Kansas constitution, whose ratification was unfairly rigged so as to guarantee slavery in the territory. Initially ratified by proslavery forces, it was later voted down when Congress required that the entire constitution be put up for a vote.

Bank of the United States

Proposed by Alexander Hamilton as the basis of his economic plan. He proposed a powerful private institution, in which the government was the major stockholder. This would be a way to collect and amass the various taxes collected. It would also provide a strong and stable national currency. Jefferson vehemently opposed the bank; he thought it was un-constitutional. nevertheless, it was created. This issue brought about the issue of implied powers. It also helped start political parties, this being one of the major issues of the day.

Kansas-Nebraska Act

Proposed that the issue of slavery be decided by popular sovereignty in the Kansas and Nebraska territories, thus revoking the 1820 Missouri Compromise. Introduced by Stephen Douglass in an effort to bring Nebraska into the Union and pave the way for a northern transcontinental railroad.

Calvinism

Protestant sect founded by John Calvin. Emphasized a strong moral code and believed in predestination (the idea that God decided whether or not a person would be saved as soon as they were born). Calvinists supported constitutional representative government and the separation of church and state.

Land Ordinance of 1785

Provided for the sale of land in the Old Northwest and earmarked the proceeds toward repaying the national debt.

Lyceum

Public lecture hall that hosted speakers on topics ranging from science to moral philosophy. Part of a broader flourishing of higher education in the mid-nineteenth century.

Pope's Rebellion

Pueblo Indian rebellion that drove Spanish settlers from New Mexico

Cotton Mather

Puritan clergyman and avid scientist, who became frustrated with Boston residents' opposition to inoculation during the Boston smallpox epidemic of 1721

Freeport Question

Raised during one of the Lincoln-Douglas debates by Abraham Lincoln, who asked whether the Court or the people should decide the future of slavery in the territories.

Self-Reliance

Ralph Waldo Emerson's popular lecture-essay that reflected the spirit of individualism pervasive in American popular culture during the 1830s and 1840s.

"The American Scholar"

Ralph waldo emerson's address at Harvard College, in which he declared an intellectual independence from Europe, urging American scholars to develop their own traditions

Minute men

Rapidly mobilized colonial militiamen whose refusal to disperse sparked the first battle of the Revolution

Emily Dickinson

Reclusive New England poet who wrote about love, death, and immortality

American Colonization Society

Reflecting the focus of early abolitionists on transporting freed blacks back to Africa, the organization established Liberia, a West-African settlement intended as a haven for emancipated slaves.

Lord Charles Cornwallis

Reformer of the East India Company administration of India in the 1790s; reduced power of local British administrators; checked widespread corruption.

Black belt

Region of the Deep South with the highest concentration of slaves. The "Black belt" emerged in the nineteenth century as cotton production became more profitable and slavery expanded south and west.

Glorious (Bloodless) Revolution

Relatively peaceful overthrow of the unpopular Catholic monarch, James II, replacing him with Dutch-born William III and Mary, daughter of James II. William and Mary accepted increased Parliamentary oversight and new limits on monarchical authority.

Mormons

Religious followers of Joseph Smith, who founded a communal, oligarchic religious order in the 1830s, officially known as the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints. Mormons, facing deep hostility from their non-Mormon neighbors, eventually migrated west and established a flourishing settlement in the Utah desert.

Second Great Awakening

Religious revival characterized by emotional mass "camp meetings" and widespread conversion. Brought about a democratization of religion as a multiplicity of denominations vied for members.

Great Awakening

Religious revival that swept the colonies. Participating ministers, most notably Jonathan Edwards and George Whitfield, placed an emphasis on direct, emotive spirituality

Second Continental Congress

Representative body of delegates from all thirteen colonies. Drafted the Declaration of Independence and managed the colonial war effort.

House of Burgesses

Representative parliamentary assembly created to govern Virginia, establishing a precedent for government in the English colonies.

Quartering Act

Required colonists to provide food and quarters for British troops. Many colonists resented the act, which they perceived as an encroachment on their rights

Battle of San Jacinto

Resulted in the capture of Mexican dictator Santa Anna, who was forced to withdraw his troops from Texas and recognize the Rio Grande as Texas's Southwestern border.

Walker Tariff

Revenue-enhancing measure that lowered tariffs from 1842 levels thereby fueling trade and increasing Treasury receipts.

Boston Tea Party

Rowdy protest against the British East India Company's newly acquired monopoly on the tea trade. Colonists, disguised as Indians, dumped 342 chests of tea into Boston harbor, prompting harsh sanctions from the British Parliament.

Lord Dunmore

Royal governor of Virginia who issued a proclamation promising freedom for any enslaved black in Virginia who joined the British army

Model Treaty

Sample treaty drafted by the Continental Congress as a guide for American diplomats. Reflected the Americans' desire to foster commercial partnerships rather than political or military entanglements.

Black Hawk

Sauk leader who in 1832 led Fox and Sauk warriors against the United States (1767-1838)

Queen Anne's War

Second in a series of conflicts between the European powers for control of North America; fought between the English and French colonists in the North and the English and Spanish in Florida; Under the peace treaty, the French ceded Acadia

Ostend Manifesto

Secret Franklin Pierce administration proposal to purchase or, that failing, to wrest militarily Cuba from Spain. Once leaked, it was quickly abandoned due to vehement opposition from the North.

Thomas Jefferson

Secretary of State for George Washington

John Quincy Adams

Secretary of State, He served as sixth president under Monroe. In 1819, he drew up the Adams-Onis Treaty in which Spain gave the United States Florida in exchange for the United States dropping its claims to Texas. The Monroe Doctrine was mostly Adams' work.

Robert J Walker

Secretary of Treasury to James Polk; devised a tariff-for-revenue bill that reduced the tariff from 32% to 25%.

Alexander Hamilton

Secretary of Treasury under Washington

Henry Knox

Secretary of War under Washington

Horace Mann

Secretary of the Massachusetts Board of Education; "Father of the public school system"; a prominent proponent of public school reform, & set the standard for public schools throughout the nation; lengthened academic year; pro training & higher salaries to teachers

Stephen A Douglas

Senator from Illinois who ran for president against Abraham Lincoln. Wrote the Kansas-Nebreaska Act and the Freeport Doctrine

Giovanni Caboto (John Cabot)

Sent by english to explore northeastern coast of North America in 1497 and 1498.

First Anglo Powhatan War

Series of clashes between the Powhatan Confederacy and English settlers in Virginia. English colonists torched and pillaged Indian villages, applying tactics used in England's campaigns against the Irish.

Black Hawk War

Series of clashes in Illinois and Wisconsin between American forces and Indian chief Black Hawk of the Sauk and Fox tribes, who unsuccessfully tried to reclaim territory lost under the 1830 Indian Removal Act.

Lincoln-Douglas Debates

Series of debates between Abraham Lincoln and Stephen Douglas during the US Senate race in Illinois. Douglas won the election, but Lincoln gained national prominence and emerged as the leading candidate for the 1860 Republican nomination

Navigation laws

Series of laws passed, beginning in 1651, to regulate colonial shipping; the acts provided that only English ships would be allowed to trade in English and colonial ports, and that all goods destined for the colonies would first pass through England.

Intolerable Acts

Series of punitive measures passed in retaliation for the Boston Tea Party, closing the Port of Boston, revoking a number of rights in the Massachusetts colonial charter, and expanding the Quartering Act to allow for the lodging of soldiers in private homes. In response, colonists convened the First Continental Congress and called for a complete boycott of British goods.

Scuffle of 1837

Short scuffle that broke out in Canada against Americans and British; hot blooded Americans, hoping to strike a blow for freedom against British, furnished military supplies or volunteered for armed service; Washington regime tried to uphold its neutrality regulations, but could not enforce unpopular laws in the face of popular opposition

California Bear Flag Republic

Short-lived California republic, established by local American settlers who revolted against Mexico. Once news of the war with Mexico reached the Americans, they abandoned the Republic in favor of joining the United States.

Nullification Crisis

Showdown between President Andrew Jackson and the South Carolina legislature, which declared the 1832 tariff null and void in the state and threatened secession if the federal government tried to collect duties. It was resolved by a compromise negotiated by Henry Clay in 1833.

Anglo-American Convention

Signed by Britain and the United States, the pact allowed New England fishermen access to Newfoundland fisheries, established the northern border of Louisiana territory and provided for the joint occupation of the Oregon Country for ten years.

Clayton-Bulwer Treaty

Signed by Great Britain and the United States, it provided that the two nations would jointly protect the neutrality of Central America and that neither power would seek to fortify or exclusively control any future isthmian waterway. Later revoked by the Hay-Pauncefote Treaty of 1901, which gave the United States control of the Panama Canal.

Treaty of Tordesillas

Signed by Spain and Portugal, dividing the territories of the New World. Spain received the bulk of territory in the Americas, compensating Portugal with titles to lands in Africa and Asia.

Treaty of Wanghia

Signed by the U.S. and China, it assured the United States the same trading concessions granted to other powers, greatly expanding America's trade with the Chinese.

King George II

Signed the Charter of 1732 which created GA

Appomattox Courthouse

Site where Robert E. Lee surrendered to Ulysses S. Grant in April 1865 after almost a year of brutal fighting throughout Virginia in the "Wilderness Campaign."

Conquistadores

Sixteenth-century Spaniards who fanned out across the Americas, from Colorado to Argentina, eventually conquering the Aztec and Incan empires.

Breakers

Slave drivers who employed the lash to brutally "break" the souls of strong-willed slaves.

Caravel

Small regular vessel with a high deck and three triangular sails. Caravels could sail more closely into the wind, allowing European sailors to explore the Western shores of Africa, previously made inaccessible due to prevailing winds on the homeward journey.

War of Jenkins's Ear

Small scale clash between Britain and Spain in the Caribbean and in the buffer colony, Georgia. It merged with the much larger War of Austrian Succession

Fort Sumter

South Carolina location where Confederate forces fired the first shots of the Civil War in April of 1861, after Union forces attempted to provision the fort.

Who had a area in the Oregon Country at some time?

Spain, Russia, Britain, and the United States

Juan Ponce de Leon

Spanish Explorer who discovered and named Florida while searching for the "Fountain of Youth"

Hernan Cortes

Spanish explorer and conquistador who led the conquest of Aztec Mexico in 1519-1521 for Spain.

Vasco Nunez de Balboa

Spanish explorer who became the first European to see the Pacific Ocean in 1510 while exploring Panama

Francisco Pizarro

Spanish explorer who conquered the Incas in what is now Peru and founded the city of Lima (1475-1541).

Hernando de Soto

Spanish explorer who discovered and claimed the Mississippi River for Spain

Jan Rodriguez Cabrillo

Spanish explorer who explored the California coast in 1542, but he failed to find San Francisco.Bay or anything else of much interest

Fransisco Coronado

Spanish explorer, explored most of the Southwest U.S.

Encomienda

Spanish government's policy to "commend", or give, Indians to certain colonists in return for the promise to Christianize them. Part of a broader Spanish effort to subdue Indian tribes in the West Indies and on the North American mainland.

Amistad

Spanish slave ship dramatically seized off the coast of Cuba by the enslaved Africans aboard. the ship was driven ashore in Long Island and the slaves were put on trial. Former president John Quincy Adams argued their case before the Supreme Court, securing their eventual release

John Tyler's Program

Strongly nationalistic Program; ended the independent treasury, and even though pressured to start up a Fiscal Bank or Fiscal Corporation, strictly shot it down; also vetoed tariff as he hated how it was at the expense of the sale of public lands west; finally did sign a compromise Tariff in 1842

Marburg vs. Madison

Supreme Court case that established the principle of "judicial review"—the idea that the Supreme Court had the final authority to determine constitutionality.

Dred Scott vs. Sanford

Supreme Court decision that extended federal protection to slavery by ruling that Congress did not have the power to prohibit slavery in any territory. Also declared that slaves, as property, were not citizens of the United States.

John Calvin

Swiss theologian (born in France) whose tenets (predestination and the irresistibly of grace and justification by faith) defined Presbyterianism (1509-1564)

Molasses Act

Tax on imported molasses passed by Parliament in an effort to squelch the North American trade with the French West Indies. It proved largely ineffective due to widespread smuggling

Corps of Discovery (1804-1806)

Team of adventurers, led by Meriwether Lewis and William Clark, sent by Thomas Jefferson to explore Louisiana Territory and find a water route to the Pacific. Louis and Clark brought back detailed accounts of the West's flora, fauna, and native populations, and their voyage demonstrated the viability of overland travel to the West.

Old Northwest

Territories acquired by the federal government from the states, encompassing land northwest of the Ohio River, east of the Mississippi River, and south of the Great Lakes. The well-organized management and sale of the land in the territories under the land ordinances of 1785 and 1787 established a precedent for handling future land acquisitions.

Goliad

Texas outpost where American volunteers, having laid down their arms and surrendered, were massacred by Mexican forces in 1836. The incident, along with the slaughter at the Alamo, fueled American support for Texan independence.

James Buchanan

The 15th President of the United States (1857-1861). He tried to maintain a balance between proslavery and antislavery factions, but his moderate views angered radicals in both North and South, and he was unable to forestall the secession of South Carolina on December 20, 1860.

King Charles I

The English monarch who was beheaded by Puritans (see English Civil War) who then established their own short-lived government ruled by Oliver Cromwell (1650s).

Massaoit

The Wampanoag chief who signed a peace treaty with the Plymouth Pilgrims in 1621. His name was actually Ousamequin.

Spanish Armada

The great fleet sent from Spain against England by Philip II in 1588; defeated by the terrible winds and fire ships.

What problem arose for British in regards to the Oregon Country??

The amount of Americans in the Willamette Valley multiplied making British occupancy in the area greatly outnumbered

Fundamental orders

The first constitution written in North America; granted ALL adult males to vote not just church going land owners as was the policy in Massachutes

Jamestown

The first permanent English settlement in North America, found in East Virginia

Peter Stuyvesant

The governor of the Dutch colony of New Amsterdam, hated by the colonists. They surrendered the colony to the English on Sept. 8, 1664.

Rendezvous

The principal marketplace of the Northwest fur trade, which peaked in the 1820s and 1830s. Each summer, traders set up camps in the Rocky Mountains to exchange manufactured goods for beaver pelts.

Andrew Jackson

The seventh President of the United States (1829-1837), who as a general in the War of 1812 defeated the British at New Orleans (1815). As president he opposed the Bank of America, objected to the right of individual states to nullify disagreeable federal laws, and increased the presidential powers.

Columbian Exchange

The transfer of goods, crops, and diseases between New and Old World societies after 1492.

Gibbons v. Ogden

This case involved New York trying to grant a monopoly on waterborne trade between New York and New Jersey. Judge Marshal, of the Supreme Court, sternly reminded the state of New York that the Constitution gives Congress alone the control of interstate commerce. Marshal's decision, in 1824, was a major blow on states' rights.

Tariff of 1816

This protective tariff helped American industry by raising the prices of British manufactured goods, which were often cheaper and of higher quality than those produced in the U.S.

Nation-states

This term commonly describes those societies in which political legitimacy and authority overlay a large degree of cultural commonality.

Russo-American Treaty

This treaty between Russia and America set the southern borders of Russian holdings in America at the line of 54 degrees- 40', the southern tip of Alaska.

Tallmadge Amendment

This was an attempt to have no more slaves to be brought to Missouri and provided the gradual emancipation of the children of slaves. In the mind of the South, this was a threat to the sectional balance between North and South.

Panic of 1819

This was the first widespread economic crisis in the United States which brought deflation, depression, bank failures, and unemployment. This set back nationalism to more sectionalism and hurt the poorer class, which gave way to Jacksonian Democracy.

The Age of Reason (1794)

Thomas Paine's anticlerical treatise that accused churches of seeking to acquire "power and profit" and to "enslave mankind."

Common Sense

Thomas Paine's pamphlet urging the colonies to declare independence and establish a republican government. The widely read pamphlet helped convince colonists to support the Revolution.

Disestablished

To separate an official state church from its connection with the government. Following the Revolution, all states disestablished the Anglican Church, though some New England states maintained established Congregational Churches well into the nineteenth century.

The Atlantic Slave Trade

Trade between North America and Africa for needed labor source; became increasingly popular after Bacon's Rebellion because N.A needed to supplement indentured servants with slaves

middle passage

Transatlantic voyage slaves endured between Africa and the colonies. Mortality rates were notoriously high

Brook Farm

Transcendentalist commune founded by a group of intellectuals, who emphasized living plainly while pursuing the life of the mind. The community fell into debt and dissolved when their communal home burned to the ground in 1846.

Treaty of Fort Stanwix

Treaty signed by the United States and the pro-British Iroquois granting Ohio country to the Americans.

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

Treaty that ended the Mexican War, granting the U.S. control of Texas, New Mexico, and California in exchange for $15 million

Laird Rams

Two well-armed ironclad warships constructed for the Confederacy by a British firm. Seeking to avoid war with the United States, the British government purchased the two ships for its Royal Navy instead.

George Pickett

U.S. Army officer who became a general in the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War. He is best remembered for his participation in the futile and bloody assault at the Battle of Gettysburg that bears his name, Pickett's Charge.

Specie Circular

U.S. Treasury decree requiring that all public lands be purchased with "hard," or metallic, currency. Issued after small state banks flooded the market with unreliable paper currency, fueling land speculation in the West.

Dominion of Canada

Unified Canadian government created by Britain to bolster Canadians against potential attacks or overtures from the United States.

Peninsula Campaign

Union General George B. McClellan's failed effort to seize Richmond, the Confederate Capital. Had McClellan taken Richmond and toppled the Confederacy, slavery would have most likely survived in the South for some time.

Sherman's March

Union General William Tecumseh Sherman's destructive march through Georgia. An early instance of "total war," purposely targeting infrastructure and civilian property to diminish morale and undercut the Confederate war effort.

William Tecumseh Sherman

Union General who destroyed South during "march to the sea" from Atlanta to Savannah, example of total war

George G Meade

Union general who replaced Hooker three days before the Battle of Gettysburg, where he finally broke the Confederate attack.

John Pope

Union general with brief but successful career in the Western Theater, but he is best known for his defeat at the Second Battle of Bull Run in the East.

Sojourner Truth

United States abolitionist and feminist who was freed from slavery and became a leading advocate of the abolition of slavery and for the rights of women (1797-1883)

Harriet Tubman

United States abolitionist born a slave on a plantation in Maryland and became a famous conductor on the Underground Railroad leading other slaves to freedom in the North (1820-1913)

Benedict Arnold

United States general and traitor in the American Revolution. Worked with Allen to win Fort Ticonderoga

Joseph Hooker

United States general in the Union Army who was defeated at Chancellorsville by Robert E. Lee

Francis Scott Key

United States lawyer and poet who wrote a poem after witnessing the British attack on Baltimore during the War of 1812. The poem later became the Star Spangled Banner.

Sam Houston

United States politician and military leader who fought to gain independence for Texas from Mexico and to make it a part of the United States (1793-1863)

Salutary Neglect

Unofficial policy of relaxed royal control over colonial trade and only weak enforcement of Navigation Laws. Lasted from the Glorious Revolution to the end of the French and Indian War in 1763.

New York Draft Riots

Uprising, mostly of working-class Irish-Americans, in protest of the draft. Rioters were particularly incensed by the ability of the rich to hire substitutes or purchase exemptions.

Minstrel shows

Variety shows performed by white actors in black-face. First popularized in the mid-nineteenth century.

Marco polo

Venetian merchant and traveler. His accounts of his travels to China offered Europeans a firsthand view of Asian lands and stimulated interest in Asian trade.

Nat Turner's Rebellion

Virginia slave revolt that resulted in the deaths of sixty whites and raised fears among white Southerners of further uprisings.

William Berkeley

Virginia's governor who was disenfranchised with all of the poor in his colony; his misery led to the rebellion of frustrated frontiersmen

John Tyler

Virginian gentleman of the old school; used to be a Democrat, but changed to Whig because he hated the tactics of Jackson; accused of being a Democrat in Whig clothing; lone wolf; He did not agree with the Whig party, since the Whigs were pro-bank,pro-protective tariff, and pro-internal improvements

Metacom (King Philip)

Wampanoag chief who led a brutal campaign against Puritan settlements in New England between 1675 and 1676. Though he himself was eventually captured and killed, his wife and son sold into slavery, his assault halted New England's westward expansion for several decades.

Opium War

War between Britain and China over trading rights, particularly Britain's desire to continue selling opium to Chinese traders. The resulting trade agreement prompted Americans to seek similar concessions from the Chinese.

King Phillips war

War between the Native American tribes of New England and British colonists that took place from 1675-1676. The war was the result of tension caused by encroaching white settlers. The chief of the Wampanoags, King Philip lead the natives. The war ended Indian resistance in New England and left a hatred of whites.

King William's War

War fought largely between French trappers, British settlers, and their respective Indian allies. The colonial theater of the League of Augsburg in Europe

Haitian Revolution

War incited by a slave uprising in French-controlled Saint Domingue, resulting in the creation of the first independent black republic in the Americas.

Toussaint L'Ouverture

Was an important leader of the Haïtian Revolution and the first leader of a free Haiti; in a long struggle again the institution of slavery, he led the blacks to victory over the whites and free coloreds and secured native control over the colony in 1797, calling himself a dictator.

Jay's Treaty

Was made up by John Jay. It said that Britain was to pay for Americans ships that were seized in 1793. It said that Americans had to pay British merchants debts owed from before the revolution and Britain had agreed to remove their troops from the Ohio Valley

John Adams

Washington's Vice President who beat Thomas Jefferson to become the 2nd President of the United States

Liberia

West-African nation founded in 1822 as a haven for freed blacks, fifteen thousand of whom made their way back across the Atlantic by the 1860s

Stamp Tax

Widely unpopular tax on an array of paper goods, repealed in 1766 after mass protests erupted across the colonies. Colonists developed the principle of "no taxation without representation" that questioned Parliament's authority over the colonies and laid the foundation for future revolutionary claims.

Abigail Adams

Wife of John Adams, she was a prominent Patriot in her own right; She was among the first Americans to see, however faintly, the implications of revolutionary ideas for changing the status of women

Abigail Adams

Wife of John Adams. During the Revolutionary War, she wrote letters to her husband describing life on the homefront. She urged her husband to remember America's women in the new government he was helping to create.

Civic Virtue

Willingness on the part of citizens to sacrifice personal self-interest for the public good. Deemed a necessary component of a successful republic.

Camp followers

Women and children who followed the Continental Army during the American Revolution, providing vital services such as cooking and sewing in return for rations.

Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions

Written anonymously by Jefferson and Madison in response to the Alien and Sedition Acts, they declared that states could nullify federal laws that the states considered unconstitutional.

Bill of Rights

Written by James Madison as a list of individual's rights to be added to the Constitution

Did Polk manage to annex Texas? How did Mexico react?

Yes; didn't do anything since the land now (since 1836) was not there land anymore and they had lost the power they previously had

Factory Girls

Young women employed in the growing factories of the early nineteenth century, they labored long hours in difficult conditions, living in socially new conditions away from farms and families.

General Edward Braddock

a 60 year old officer experienced in European warfare who was sent to VA with a detachment of British regulars; set out to capture French forts

Martin Luther

a German monk who became one of the most famous critics of the Roman Catholic Chruch. In 1517, he wrote 95 theses, or statements of belief attacking the church practices.

Samuel Sewall

a Massachusetts judge and one of the magistrates at the Salem witch trials who was among the earliest critics of slavery in the colonies

Loose construction

a broad interpretation of the Constitution, meaning that Congress has powers beyond those specifically given in the Constitution

Tammany Hall

a political organization within the Democratic Party in New York city (late 1800's and early 1900's) seeking political control by corruption and bossism

Theodore Dwight Weld

a prominent abolitionist in the 1830's. He was self-educated and very outspoken. Weld put together a group called the "Land Rebels." He and his group traveled across the Old Northwest preaching antislavery gospel. Weld also put together a propaganda pamphlet called American Slavery As It Is.

Sally Hemings

a slave owned by Thomas Jefferson, who, according to some, was the mother of some of Thomas Jefferson's children

Excise tax

a tax on the production or sale of a good

Iroquois Tribe

fought against the French and Huron Indians; hampered French perpetuation into the Ohio Valley by ravaging French settlements or allying with the British

The Half Way Covenant

agreement allowing unconverted offspring of church members to baptize their children. It signified a waning of religious zeal among second and third generation Puritans

Pinckney's Treaty

agreement between the united states and spain that changed floridas border and made it easier for american ships to use the port of new orleans. Made by Spain because they feared an Anglo-American alliance after Jay's Treaty

Upper House

also called the council; representatives were voted upon by the crown in royal colonies or proprietors in proprietary colonies

Lower House

also called the popular branch; representatives were voted upon by the people

Russia landholding in Oregon

also dropped out of the scramble for Oregon when they retreated to the line of 54˙ 40' by the treaties of 1824 and 1825 with America and Britian

American landholding in Oregon

also strong; based on exploration and occupation; Captain Robert Gray had Columbia River in 1792 and Lewis and Clark explored in 1804-1806; landholding was strengthened by the presence of missionaries and other settlers

Ulysses S Grant

an American general and the eighteenth President of the United States (1869-1877). He achieved international fame as the leading Union general in the American Civil War.

Salmon Chase

an American politician and jurist in the Civil War era who served as U.S. Senator from Ohio and Governor of Ohio; as U.S. Treasury Secretary under President Abraham Lincoln; and as Chief Justice of the United States.

Elizabeth Blackwell

an abolitionist, women's rights activist, and the first female doctor in the United States

voyageurs

another name for a coureur de bois

7 Years War

another name for the French and Indian War

Henry Clay

another one of the Whig leaders that was counting on Harrison in office to be able to control; was the uncrowned king of the Whigs and their ablest spokesman in the Senate

Paxon Boys

armed march on Philadelphia by Scotts0Irish frontiersmen in protest against the Quaker establishment's lenient policies toward Native America

John Trumbull

aspiring painter of Connecticut who was discouraged in his youth by his father; forced to travel to London to pursue his ambitions

James Oglethorpe

fought his Spanish foe to a standstill in the War of Jenkins's ear

Anne Hutchunson

banished to Rhode Island for preaching antinomianism, the doctrine that mans soul couldnt be saved through his good deeds but required gods grace

Arminianism

belief that salvation is offered to all humans but is conditional on acceptance of God's grace. Different from Calvinism, which emphasizes predestination and unconditional election

Thomas Hutchinson

believed the tea tax was unjust, but disagreed that the colonists had a right to rebel. He angered Bostons radicals when he ordered the tea ships not to clear the Boston harbor until they had unloaded their cargoes

Duke of york

brother to King Charles II and founder of New York

Fitzhughs, Lees, Washingtons

clans that dominated the Virginia House of Burgesses

Benjamin Franklin

coined the First civilized American; wrote Poor Richard's Almanack; invented the lightening rod; made a library

royal colonies

colonies where governors were appointed directly by the king. Though often competent administrators, the governors frequently ran into trouble with colonial legislature, which resented the imposition of control from across Atlantic

proprietary colonies

colonies-Maryland, Pennsylvania, and Delaware-under the control of local proprietors, who appointed colonial governors

Meeting btw Lord Ashburton and Daniel Webster result

compromise on the Maine boundary; Americans were to retain some 7,000 square miles of the 12,000 square miles of wilderness in dispute; the British got less land but the Halifax-Quebec route they wanted; the Caroline affair was also patched up; the Americans also gained the land that would later found to contain Minnesota

Mary Tudor

daughter of Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon who was Queen of England from 1553 to 1558 she was the wife of Philip II of Spain and when she restored Roman Catholicism to England many Protestants were burned at the stake as heretics

Quebec

first permanent French establishment in North America

Yarrow Mamout

devout Muslim brought to Maryland as a slave, who eventually brought his freedom and settled in Georgetown

Benjamin West

did become a famous painter but had to go to England to complete training; a close friend of George III and official court painter

John Singleton Copley

did become a famous painter but had to go to England to complete training; regarded as a Loyalist during the Revolutionary War

Lord Ashburton

diplomat sent by England to Washington to meet with Daniel Webster;

Spain landholding in Oregon

dropped out of the scramble for Oregon, even though they were the first to have claims on the land; bartered away its claims to the United States in the Florida Treaty of 1819

Lucy Stone

formed American Women's suffrage movement, School teacher, daughter of a farmer, became abolitionist, lecturer for Anti-Slavery Society, good at giving speeches, disagreed with Susan Anthony, did not want to separate the women's rights movement from the aboltionist/civil rights movement.

headright system

employed in the tobacco colonies to encourage the importation of indentured servants, the system allowed an individual to acquire fifty acres of land if he paid for a laborer's passage to the colony

Louis XIV

enthroned at 5 years old; surrounded himself with a glittering court and scheming ministers; took a deep interest in overseas colonies

triangular trade

exchange of run, slaves, and molasses between the North American colonies, Africa, and the West Indies. A small but immensely profitable subset of the Atlantic trade

Nathanial Bacon

frustrated 29 year old planter who led a rebellion against Governor William Berkeley; resented Berkeley's friendly policies toward Indians

George Washington

governor of Virginia who was sent to the Ohio country as lieutenant colonel for the British; fought/won against the French

Northern Colonies' Economy

grain, livestock, timber, fish, ships, rum

Huron Indian Tribes

had friendly relations with the French; joined French in battle with the Iroquois tribe

Peace Treaty of 1748

handed Louisbourg back to French, making New England outraged

John C. Fremont

he collaborated with American naval officers and with the local Americans, who had hoisted the banner of the short-lived California Bear Flag Republic

Clay's view of Texas

he personally favored annexing slaveholding Texas (an appeal to the South), he also favored postponement (an appeal to the North)

Buena Vista

in 1847 United States forces under Zachary Taylor defeated Mexican forces under Santa Anna in the Mexican War

Buffer

in politics, a territory between two antagonistic powers, intended to minimize the possibility of conflict between them. In British North America, Georgia was established as this

Morrill Tarriff Act

increased duties back up to 1846 levels to raise revenue for the Civil War

conversions

intense religious experience that confirmed an individual's place among the elect or the visible saints. Calvinists who experienced conversion were then expected to lead sanctified lives to demonstrate their salvation

British involvement in Texas

intensely interested in an independent Texas as such a republic would check the outward surge of the American colossus; a puppet ally could be turned upon the Yankees; hoping to free slavery in Texas and therefore flame the nearby slaves in the South; British merchants regarded Texas a a important free trade area

Samuel de Champlain

intrepid soldier and explorer who founded first French New World settlement; earned title of Father of New France

Elias Howe

invented the sewing machine in 1846

British landholding in Oregon

landholding was strong at least to that portion north of the Columbia River; based off of prior discovery and exploration, on treaty rights, and on actual occupation; most important colony here was the Hudson Bay Company

indentured servants

migrants who, in exchange for transatlantic passage, bound themselves to a colonial employer for a term of service, typically between four and seven years. Their migration addressed the chronic labor shortage in the colonies and facilitated settlement

A.E Burnside

more than 10,000 Northern soldiers were killed when this man, McClellan's successor as commander of the Army of the Potomac, decided on the frontal attack on Lee's Virginia army on December 13, 1862.

Protestant Reformation

movement to reform the Catholic Church launched in Germany by Martin Luther. Reformers questioned the authority of the Pope , sought to eliminate the selling of indulgences, and encouraged the translation of the Bible from Latin, which few at the time could read.

John Peter Zenger

newspaper writer who had assailed the corrupt royal governor; charged with seditious libel, hauled into court, where he was defended by a former indentured servant; argued that he had printed the truth; given verdict of not guilty

James Wolfe

officer chosen by William Pitt to lead expedition to conquering Quebec

Anglican Church

official faith in GA, NC, SC, VA, MD, and NY; established in England; more worldly and less fierce (sermons were shorter, hell was less scary, amusements were less scorned); clergy had a bad reputation and this church had no residential bishop

Congregational Church

official faith in MA, CT, NH; grappled with political issues; hated the ideal of a America bishopric

jeremiad

often fiery sermons lamenting the waning poetry of parishioners first delivered in New England in the mid seventeenth century; named after the doomsaying Old Testament prophet

Daniel Webster

one of the Whig leaders that was counting on Harrison in office to be able to control; was the secretary of state under Harrison

Lord Cornbury

one of the worst governors appointed by the king; cousin of Queen Anne; made governor of NJ and NY; proved to be a drunkard, a spendthrift, a grafter, an embezzler, and religious bigot and a vain fool who was accused of dressing like a woman

Charles Willson Peale

painted portraits of slaves; best known for his portrait of George Washington; also ran a museum, stuffed birds, practiced dentistry

Treaty of 1713

peace agreement after King William's War and Queen Anne's War that gave Britain limited trading rights in Spanish America

Henry Harrison

president of the United States; member of the Whig party; was counted on by Whig leaders to be able to control, however, he was replaced when he contracted pneumonia and died in office; was president for only 4 weeks

John C Breckinridge

pro-slavery candidate nominated by southern Democrats for the 1860 presidential election

Alien Laws

raised residence requirements to become a citizen form 5 years to 14 years, also gave president power to deport anyone who is suspicious

What problems did Polk face in wanting California?

relations with Mexico City were dangerously embittered. United States had claims against the Mexicans for $3 million in damages to American citizens and their property; Texas was also a bone of contention between the annexation of it and now increased border disputes

Fredrick the Great

repelled France, Austria, and Russian armies in the Seven Years War

Jospeh Smith

reported to being visited by an angel and given golden plates in 1840; the plates, when deciphered, brought about the Church of Latter Day Saints and the Book of Mormon; he ran into opposition from Ohio, Illinois, and Missouri when he attempted to spread the Mormon beliefs; he was killed by those who opposed him.

Southern Colonies' Economy

rice, indigo, cotton (eventually)

Turnpike

road on which tolls are collected

John Jay

secretary of foreign affairs; derived satisfaction through insults; he hoped that by humiliating Americans in their current state, he could make a newer, stronger government

congregational church

self-governing Puritan congregations without the hierarchical establishment of the Anglican Church

Manifest Destination

sense of mission that believed that the Almighty God had destined the American people for a hemispheric career. They would irresistibly spread their uplifting and ennobling democratic institutions over at least the entire continent and possibly over South America as well

Salem Witch Trials

series of witchcraft trials launched after a group of adolescent girls in Massachusetts, claimed to have been bewitched by certain older women of the town. Twenty individuals were put to death before the trials were put to an end by the governor of Massachusetts

slave codes

set of laws beginning in 1662 defining racial slavery. The established the hereditary nature of slavery and listed the right and education of slaves

Fifty Four forty or fight

slogan used in the 1844 presidential election as a call for us annexation of the oregon territory

Susan B. Anthony

social reformer who campaigned for womens rights, the temperance, and was an abolitionist, helped form the National Woman Suffrage Assosiation

Sedition act

stated that anyone who impeded the policies of the government or falsely defamed its officials would be liable to a heavy fine and imprisonment.

Wilmot Proviso

stated that slavery should never exist in any of the Mexican Cession territories that would be taken from Mexico; the amendment was passed twice by the House but it never got passed the Senate (where southern states equaled northern).

Jonathan Edwards

tall, delicate, intellectual pastor; perhaps the deepest theological mind ever nurtured in America; he proclaimed with burning righteousness the folly of believing in salvation through good works and affirmed the need for complete dependence on God's grace

naval stores

tar, pitch, resin, turpentine

Talleyrand

the French foreign minister, whom which three American dipolmats seek to reach an agreement with, they are stopped by the French X, Y, and Z dipolmats and are asked for a bribe to speak with Talleyrand. Causes XYZ affair.

What consequences did the arrest of McLeod have?

the London Foreign Office made clear his execution would mean for war; McLeod was freed after establishing an alibi

What was to be the deal of dividing Oregon at the Anglo-American Convention of 1818?? Who didn't like it??

the United States sought to divide the vast domain at the forty ninth parallel; the British didn't like that and regarded the Columbia River as the line

What basis did Polk ask Congress to declare war on Mexico?

the basis of unpaid claims and Slidell's rejection (didn't work)

Predestination

the belief that what happens in human life has already been determined by some higher power

salutary neglect

the generation of peace that ensued after the first few wars between Britain and France; this became the fertile soil for the roots of independence

Cult of Domesticity

the ideal woman was seen as a tender, self-sacrificing caregiver who provided a nest for her children and a peaceful refuge for her husband, social customs that restricted women to caring for the house; refuge for husbands

Market Revolution

the major change in the US economy produced by people's beginning to buy and sell goods rather than make them for themselves

Neal S. Dow

the mayor of Portland, Maine who, in 1851, sponsored a law that helped earn his nickname "Father of Prohibition."

The Restoration

the period of Charles II's rule over England, after the collapse of Oliver Cromwell's government

Chesapeake (Middle Colonies') Economy

tobacco

regulars

trained professional soldiers, as distinct from militia or conscripts. During the French and Indian War, British generals, used to commanding these, often showed contempt for ill trained colonial militiamen

coureur de bois

translated as runners of the woods; they were French fur trappers also known as voyageurs who established trading posts throughout North America. The fur trade wreaked havoc on the health and folkways of their Native American trading partners

proprietors

trusted people that were given land by authority to make a colony of

Bacon's Rebellion

uprising of Virginia backcountry farmer and indentured servants; initially a response to Governor William Berkeley's refusal to protect backcountry settlers from Indian attacks, the rebellion eventually grew into a broader conflict between impoverished settlers and the planter elite

New York slave revolt

uprising of approximately two dozen enslaved Africans that resulted in the deaths of nine whites and the brutal execution of twenty one participating blacks

South Carolina slave revolt

uprising, also known as the Stono Rebellion, of more than fifty South Carolina blacks along the Stono River. They attempted to reach Spanish Florida but are stopped by the South Carolina militia

Patroonships

vast tracts of land along the Hudson River in New Netherlands granted to wealthy promoters in exchange for bringing 50 settlers to the property

War of Austrian Succession

war that when combined with the War of Jenkins's Ear formed King George's War

John Wilkes Booth

was an American stage actor who, as part of a conspiracy plot, assassinated Abraham Lincoln, the 16th President of the United States, at Ford's Theatre in Washington, D.C. on April 14, 1865.

Stephen C. Foster

white Pennsylvanian who wrote the most famous black songs; went to the south one time in 1852; contributed to American folk music by capturing the painful spirit of slaves; lost his art and popularity and died in a charity ward as a drunkard

Poor Richard's Almanack

widely read annual pamphlet edited by Benjamin Franklin. Best known for its proverbs and aphorisms emphasizing thrift, industry, morality, and common sense