APUSH Terms List (DHS BUTLER)

Townshend Acts

(1767) a series of laws enacted by Parliament, establishing indirect taxes on goods imported from Britain by the British colonies in North America, such as glass, paper, paint, lead, and tea To help pay the expenses involved in governing the American colonies, Parliament passed the ______, which initiated taxes on glass, lead, paint, paper, and tea. Divided Americans into patriots and loyalists.

Lewis and Clark Expedition

(1804-06) U.S. military expedition, led by Captain Meriwether Lewis and Lieutenant William Clark, to explore the Louisiana Purchase and the Pacific Northwest. Commissioned by Thomas Jefferson.

Adams-Onis Treaty

(1819) Spain ceded Florida to the United States and gave up its claims to the Oregon Territory A treaty between the United States and Spain in 1819 that ceded Florida to the U.S. and defined the western boundary of the Louisiana Purchase. (Also called the Transcontinental Treaty and ratified in 1821) the United States and Spain defined the western limits of the Louisiana Purchase and Spain surrendered its claims to the Pacific Northwest. In return, the United States recognized Spanish sovereignty over Texas.

Tecumseh

A Shawnee leader who attempted to unite Native American tribes against white settlement in the early 19th century. A Shawnee warrior chief who organized a Native American confederacy in an effort to create an autonomous Indian state and stop white settlement in the Northwest Territory (modern-day Great Lakes region). He firmly believed that all Indian tribes must settle their differences and unite to retain their lands, culture and freedom. ______ led his followers against the United States military in many battles and supported the British during the War of 1812. But his dream of independence ended when he was killed at the Battle of Thames, which led to the collapse of his Indian confederacy.

McCulloch vs. Maryland

A Supreme Court case in 1819 that established the principle of federal supremacy and the constitutionality of the Bank of the United States. The court decided that the Federal Government had the right and power to set up a Federal bank and that states did not have the power to tax the Federal Government. Marshall ruled in favor of the Federal Government and concluded, "the power to tax involves the power to destroy." The Court addressed two questions: 1) whether Congress had the authority under the Constitution to commission a national bank, and 2) if so, whether the state of Maryland had the authority to tax a branch of the national bank operating within its borders.

Dartmouth College vs. Woodward

A Supreme Court case in 1819 that upheld the sanctity of contracts and limited the power of state governments to interfere with private charters. Considered a landmark ruling in the development of U.S. constitutional and corporate law, Trustees of ________________ (1819) held that the College would remain a private institution and not become a state university. Prevented states governments from having control over private entities. In this important case, the court ruled that the charter creating Dartmouth College, which was granted in 1769 by King George III of England, was a contract. As such, the New Hampshire legislature could not impair the charter.

Worcester vs. Georgia

A Supreme Court case in 1832 that affirmed the sovereignty of Native American tribes and invalidated Georgia laws interfering with tribal lands. The court struck down Georgia's extension laws. In the majority opinion Marshall wrote that the Indian nations were "distinct, independent political communities retaining their original natural rights" and that the United States had acknowledged as much in several treaties with the Cherokees. 1832 - The Supreme Court ruled that Indians weren't independent nations but dependent domestic nations which could be regulated by the federal government.Expanded tribal authority by declaring tribes sovereign entities, like states, with exclusive authority within theirown boundaries.President Jackson and the state of Georgia ignored the ruling and the Cherokee were removed from their land toOklahoma Indian county

Half-Way Covenant

A compromise created in New England to protect Puritan rule from declining numbers of saints. Puritans at the time suffered from declining participation in religious and public affairs and a declining number of saints. _____ stated that the children of baptized adults could also be baptized even if the parents were not saints. Previously, children could only be baptized if their parents were saints within the church. The creation of this thing signified the loosening of religious demands in New England society. It also signified New England's loosening control of its settlers.

Election of 1800

A contentious presidential election between Thomas Jefferson and John Adams that was decided by the House of Representatives. Thomas Jefferson won Thomas Jefferson (Democratic-Republican) defeated John Adams (Federalist) in the presidential election of 1800 by an electoral vote of seventy-three to sixty-five. However, because electors could not distinguish between president and vice president when voting prior to the Twelfth Amendment (1804), Jefferson and his running mate, Aaron Burr, received the same number of votes in the Electoral College. With the vote tied, the presidential election was then decided by the House of Representatives as stipulated in Article II, Section 1, of the U.S. Constitution. After thirty-six ballots, the Federalist-controlled House finally elected Thomas Jefferson president on February 17, 1801.

Second Continental Congress

A convention of delegates from the Thirteen Colonies that met in May 1775 in Philadelphia, eventually leading to the Declaration of Independence. They established a Continental army and elected George Washington as Commander-in-Chief, but the delegates also drafted the Olive Branch Petition and sent it to King George III in hopes of reaching a peaceful resolution. The king refused to hear the petition and declared the American colonies in revolt. Started in May 1775, less than a month after the first Revolutionary War battles at Lexington and Concord. ____ became the de facto government of the 13 colonies during their war with the British Empire. Achievements: The adoption of the Declaration of Independence, which _______ ratified on July 4, 1776. "The establishment of the Continental Army, the printing of the continental currency, the recommendation that the colonies draft new constitutions, the pursuance of an alliance with France, the disavowal of parliament—: these were the works by which U.S. independence was achieved," he says. _________ also created the first U.S. constitution, known as the Articles of Confederation, which took effect in 1781

XYZ Affair

A diplomatic incident between French and United States diplomats that resulted in a limited, undeclared war known as the Quasi-War (1798-1800). This war was fought at sea. U.S. and French negotiators restored peace with the Convention of 1800, also known as the Treaty of Mortefontaine. When President George Washington sent Charles Cotesworth Pinckney as the U.S. minister to France in 1796, the government there refused to receive him. After John Adams became president in March 1797, he dispatched a three-member delegation to Paris later that same year in an effort to restore peace between the two countries. Once the diplomats—Pinckney along with John Marshall and Elbridge Gerry—arrived overseas they tried to meet with France's foreign minister, Charles de Talleyrand. Instead, he put them off and eventually had three agents inform the U.S. commissioners that in order to see him they first would have to pay him a hefty bribe and provide France with a large loan, among other conditions. During the _______ Congress authorized various defense measures, including the creation of the Department of the Navy and the construction of warships. Then, in July 1798, it authorized American ships to attack French vessels, launching an undeclared naval war that came to be referred to as the Quasi-War. The hostilities were settled with the Convention of 1800, also known as the Treaty of Mortefontaine, which was ratified in 1801.

Kitchen Cabinet

A group of informal advisors to President Andrew Jackson who met in the White House kitchen. To decide policy, Jackson primarily relied on his so-called ____________ __________—an informal group of advisors. Using the spoils system, Jackson created a loyal and disciplined national party and dispensed government jobs to aid his friends and win support for his legislative program 829-1837 A small group of Jackson's friends and advisors who were especially influential in the first years of his presidency. Jackson conferred with them instead of his regular cabinet. Many people didn't like Jackson ignoring official procedures, and called it the "________________" or "Lower Cabinet".

Lowell System

A labor and production model used in the United States during the early 19th century in textile mills. A textile factory system that was used during the 19th century in the New England region. The system used women as a cheap source of labor and used the first women workforce. The system soon declined but helped industrialize america. Based from: The Lowell factory was a factory established in 1813 by the Boston Manufacturing Company on the Merrimack River in Massachusetts. It was a cotton textile mill that produced finished clothing, eliminating the need for cottage industries. Also, the Lowell factory hired mainly young girls, separating these girls from their families.

Marbury vs. Madison

A landmark Supreme Court case in 1803 that established the principle of judicial review. Legal case in which, on February 24, 1803, the U.S. Supreme Court first declared an act of Congress unconstitutional, thus establishing the doctrine of judicial review. The court's opinion, written by Chief Justice John Marshall, is considered one of the foundations of U.S. constitutional law. Helped establish system of checks and balances.

Northwest Ordinance

A law passed in 1787 that established a process for admitting new states to the Union from the Northwest Territory. Chartered a government for the Northwest Territory, provided a method for admitting new states to the Union from the territory, and listed a bill of rights guaranteed in the territory Also known as the Ordinance of 1787, the _____ established a government for the Northwest Territory, outlined the process for admitting a new state to the Union, and guaranteed that newly created states would be equal to the original thirteen states.

Treaty of Ghent

A meeting in Belgium of American delegates and British commissioners ended with the signing of the _______ on December 24, 1814. Great Britain agreed to relinquish claims to the Northwest Territory, and both countries pledged to work toward ending the slave trade. The 1814 treaty that ended the War of 1812 between the United States and Britain, restoring pre-war borders. Canada?

Quaker

A member of the Religious Society of Friends, known for their religious beliefs in pacifism, equality, and simplicity. A highly persecuted group that believed in the "Inner Light" within a person. Had beliefs such as women's rights as well as the abolition of slavery.

Chesapeake-Leopard Affair

A naval engagement in 1807 between the USS Chesapeake and HMS Leopard that strained relations between the United States and Britain. A naval engagement off the coast of Norfolk, Virginia, on June 22, 1807, between the British fourth-rate HMS Leopard and the American frigate USS Chesapeake. The crew of Leopard pursued, attacked, and boarded the American frigate, looking for deserters from the Royal Navy. Led to Embargo of 1807.

"Common Sense"

A pamphlet written by Thomas Paine in 1776 that advocated for American independence from British rule. Advocated for colonists to seek independence and fight for it.

Newburgh Conspiracy

A plan by Continental Army officers to challenge the authority of the Confederation Congress in 1783, which was defused by George Washington. A plan by Continental Army officers to challenge the authority of the Confederation Congress. The officers were frustrated with Congress's long-standing inability to meet its financial obligations to the military and pay pensions. By early 1783, widespread unrest had created an atmosphere ripe for mutiny. An attempt to obtain taxation authority for the Treasury that convinced the army officers stationed in Newburgh to lie and say that they would mutiny unless they got a raise. The following year a group of nationalists led by the Superintendent of Finance of the United States, Robert Morris, his assistant Gouverneur Morris, and Washington's former aide-de-camp Alexander Hamilton, supported an amendment to the Articles of Confederation that would allow Congress to raise revenue through taxes to support the army and pay its foreign loans.

Tariff of Abominations

A protective tariff passed by Congress in 1828 that raised duties on imported goods, particularly affecting Southern states. It set a 38% tax on some imported goods and a 45% tax on certain imported raw materials. A highly protectionist tax meant to protect industries in the northern United States.

Great Awakening

A religious revival movement in the American colonies during the 1720s to 1740s that emphasized emotional religious experience. The ______ caused significant religious divides, especially between Protestant Churches. These religious splits also led to the development of institutions such as Princeton, Brown, and Columbia, which were set out to be institutions of religious learning. The Great Awakening also led to the spread of religion (in some forms) to enslaved people and indigenous people. Changing views on religion also led women to be more prevalent in the church. The _____, under the leadership of Jonathan Edwards, George Whitefield, and others, served to revitalize religion in the Americas.

Federalist Papers

A series of essays written by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay in support of the ratification of the U.S. Constitution. A collection of essays written by John Jay, James Madison, and Alexander Hamilton in 1788. The essays urged the ratification of the United States Constitution, which had been debated and drafted at the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia in 1787. Essays were published anonymously, under the pen name "Publius," in various New York state newspapers of the time. The Federalist Papers were written and published to urge New Yorkers to ratify the proposed United States Constitution

Second Great Awakening

A series of religious revivals starting in 1801, based on Methodism and Baptism. Stressed a religious philosophy of salvation through good deeds and tolerance for all Protestant sects. The revivals attracted women, Blacks, and Native Americans. a Protestant religious revival during the late 18th to early 19th century in the United States. It spread religion through revivals and emotional preaching and sparked a number of reform movements. A Protestant religious revival movement in the early 19th century that emphasized individual salvation and social reform.

Hamilton's Reports

A series of reports on public credit, manufacturing, and national banking written by Alexander Hamilton. 1. Report on the public credit - January 14, 1790, Report on public finance and debt. Hamilton declared that the debt of the United States was the cost of liberty and that its payment would generate respect among nations, a widely held view. 2. Report on a national bank - December 14, 1790, described a Bank of the United States. It would be capitalized at $10 million and comprised of 25,000 shares. The national government would own one-fourth of the shares, and the public could purchase the rest. 3. The report on manufactures - December 5, 1791, how to encourage manufactures in the United State. Urged tariffs on foreign goods; prohibition of manufacturing imports; bounties for specific American industries; stimulation of inventions; governmental inspection of manufacturing goods; and a transportation system to haul raw materials and finished goods.

Monroe Doctrine

A statement of foreign policy which proclaimed that Europe should not interfere in affairs within the United States or in the development of other countries in the Western Hemisphere. A U.S. policy introduced in 1823 that opposed European intervention in the Americas and asserted American influence in the Western Hemisphere. States that the United States will not permit any European nation to extend its holdings or use armed force on the two American continents. (1) the United States would not interfere in European affairs; (2) the United States recognized and would not interfere with existing colonies in the Americas; (3) the Western Hemisphere was closed to future colonization; and (4) if a European power tried to interfere with any nation in the Americas, that would be viewed as a hostile act against the United States.

corrupt bargain

A term used to describe the alleged political deal in the 1824 presidential election between John Quincy Adams and Henry Clay. After Adams won the presidency, he appointed Clay as secretary of state. Jackson's supporters called the action a "corrupt bargain" because they thought that Jackson was cheated of the presidency. Although there is no evidence to link Clay's support to his appointment of the secretary of state, the allegation was widely believed.

Rush-Bagot Treaty

A treaty between the United States and Britain in 1817 that limited naval armaments on the Great Lakes. The US and British agreed to set limits on the number of naval vessels each could have on the Great Lakes (1817) RESULT OF WAR OF 1812

Barbary Wars

Also known as the Tripolitan Wars. Were two wars between the United States of America and Barbary States in North Africa in the early 19th century. At issue was the pirates' demand of tribute from American merchant vessels in the Mediterranean Sea. American naval power attacked the pirate cities and extracted concessions of fair passage from their rulers. Also fought with Sweden and Sicily Conflicts between the United States and North African Barbary States in the early 19th century over piracy and tribute payments.

Missouri Compromise

An 1820 agreement that admitted Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state, maintaining the balance between slave and free states. Outlawed slavery above the 36º 30' latitude line in the remainder of the Louisiana Territory. Congress admitted Maine as a free state in 1820 so that Missouri would become a slave state and prohibited slavery in the rest of the Louisiana Purchase territory north of 36 30, the southern boundary of Missouri. Henry Clay proposed the second Missouri Compromise in 1821, which forbade discrimination against citizens from other states in Missouri but did not resolve whether free Black people were citizens. Congress had a right to prohibit slavery in some territories.

Samuel Slater

An English immigrant known as the 'Father of the American Industrial Revolution' for his role in establishing the first textile mills in the U.S. The supervisor of machinery in a textile factory in England. He left England illegally in 1790 to come to Rhode Island, where, in 1793, he founded the first permanent mill in America for spinning cotton into yarn. In doing this, Slater founded the cotton textile industry in America. Known as the "Father of the American Industrial Revolution." His first mill, Slater Mill, in Pawtucket remains an important historic site that tells the story of the birth of the American Industrial Revolution. This event changed the United States forever, and still affects us today

Tea Act

An act of the British Parliament in 1773 that granted the British East India Company a monopoly on tea sales in the American colonies. (1773) Law passed by parliament allowing the British East India Company to sell its low-cost tea directly to the colonies - undermining colonial tea merchants; led to the Boston Tea Party

Bacon's Rebellion

An armed rebellion in 1676 by Virginia settlers led by Nathaniel Bacon against the rule of Governor William Berkeley. Happened after Berkeley prevented Bacon from slaughtering Indigenous people. Had dire consequences in terms of race and class. Firstly, it led wealthier Virginians, especially plantation owners to have a distrust of the lower class. This heightened tensions between the groups. Further, it led those who had previously relied on the labor of indentured servants to use slave labor instead as they grew distrustful of indentured servants after the rebellion. This led to an increased number of enslaved people in Virginia leading to heightened racial tensions and the perpetuation of the Trans Atlantic Slave Trade.

Shays' Rebellion

An armed uprising in Massachusetts in 1786-1787 led by Daniel Shays, protesting economic injustices and the lack of government response. A violent insurrection in the Massachusetts countryside during 1786 and 1787, brought about by a monetary debt crisis at the end of the American Revolutionary War. (August 1786-February 1787), uprising in western Massachusetts in opposition to high taxes and stringent economic conditions In particular, Continental Army and state militia veterans struggled, as many received little in the way of pay or reimbursement for their military service.

Whiskey Rebellion (1794)

An armed uprising in western Pennsylvania in response to a federal excise tax on whiskey, demonstrating the authority of the new federal government. 1794 uprising of farmers and distillers in western Pennsylvania in protest of a whiskey tax enacted by the federal government. Following years of aggression with tax collectors, the region finally exploded in a confrontation that resulted in President Washington sending in troops to quell what some feared could become a full-blown revolution. Opposition to the whiskey tax and the rebellion itself built support for the Republicans, who overtook Washington's Federalist Party for power in 1802. The _____ is considered one of the first major tests of the authority of the newly formed U.S. government.

Enlightenment

An intellectual movement that came about due to scientific advancements. It started in the late 1700s. It involved increasing literacy rates as well as increasing participation in public events by colonists. Discoveries such as gravity (Isaac Newton) and new ideas about philosophy (George Whitefield) changed people's views about civil rights. The significance of these events was how they shaped public participation and created new groups of people willing to be active in public life. Because more people were educated and literate they were more likely to participate in public life, leading to more community-focused colonies. An intellectual and philosophical movement that emphasized reason, science, and individual rights in the 17th and 18th centuries. Led Quakers to have less influence.

French and Indian War

Began in 1754 and ended with the Treaty of Paris in 1763. Provided Great Britain enormous territorial gains in North America, but disputes over subsequent frontier policy and paying the war's expenses led to colonial discontent, and ultimately to the American Revolution. A conflict between Great Britain and France in North America from 1754 to 1763, known as the Seven Years' War in Europe.

Writs of assistance

Broad search warrants that allowed British customs officials to search property without a court order and force law enforcement officials to help them. Legal documents that allowed British customs officials to inspect a ship's cargo without giving a reason.

Restoration Colonies

Colonies created as a result from the land grants in North America given by King Charles II of England. Included Pennsylvania and Carolina. Established during the English Restoration period following the English Civil War. Charles II was committed to expanding England's overseas possessions. His policies in the 1660s through the 1680s established and supported the _______ including the Carolinas, New Jersey, New York, and Pennsylvania. All started as proprietary colonies, that is, the king gave each colony to a trusted individual, family, or group.

Albany Congress

Conference in U.S. colonial history (June 19-July 11, 1754) at Albany, New York, that advocated a union of the British colonies in North America for their security and collective defense against the French, foreshadowing their later unification. Happened during the French Indian War. Seven colonies—Connecticut, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New York, Pennsylvania, and Rhode Island—sent delegates to ______

Dominion of New England

Created by King James II in 1686. It consolidated Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Connecticut, Rhode Island, and Connecticut into one. New York and New Jersey were also added in 1688. The goal of this consolidation was to give England more control over the colony and limit the amount of people in charge of colonies in America. The significance of the ____ was in its show of England's power. Further, it exacerbated existing tensions between colonists and England.

Embargo of 1807

Declaration by President Thomas Jefferson that closed U.S. ports to all exports and restricted imports from Britain (banned all American trade with Europe) Result of British and French interference with neutral U.S. merchant ships during the Napoleonic Wars. America's sea rights as a neutral power were threatened Jefferson hoped the embargo would force England and France to respect American neutrality

"American System"

Economic program advanced by Henry Clay that included support for a national bank, high tariffs, and internal improvements. An economic plan proposed by Henry Clay that included protective tariffs, a national bank, and internal improvements to promote economic growth. It emphasized a strong role of federal government in the conomy.

Judiciary Act of 1789

Established the federal court system separate from individual state courts. It was one of the first acts of the First Congress. President George Washington signed it into law on September 24, 1789 An act that established the federal court system and the Supreme Court of the United States.

Bill of Rights

First 10 Amendments to the Constitution. It spells out Americans' rights in relation to their government. It guarantees civil rights and liberties to the individual—like freedom of speech, press, and religion.

General Court

Founded in 1629 by a group of Puritan shareholders. It served as a form of government for the Massachusetts Bay Colony. It was significant because it was one of the first forms of colonial government since it separated from Britain.

John Winthrop

Governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony and a Puritan figurehead in the New World. He arrived in Massachusetts in 1630 and was known for his devout Christian beliefs. Held conservative Christian ideas about social hierarchies and wealth but ensured his colony set a religious standard. _____'s significance lies in his leadership in Massachusetts and his significance as a public figure. As a spearhead of Puritan beliefs in the new world, ____ helped create the standard for much of Massachusetts' way of life. He also helped to set up New England's first public education system. City upon a hill speech.

The Webster-Hayne Debate (1830)

It was an unplanned series of speeches in the Senate, during which Robert Hayne of South Carolina interpreted the Constitution as little more than a treaty between sovereign states, and Daniel Webster expressed the concept of the United States as one nation. Cemented the image of Daniel Webster, as a legendary defender of Constitution and nationalism. A famous Senate debate over states' rights and federal power between Daniel Webster and Robert Hayne. Observers then and since have considered Massachusetts senator Daniel Webster's closing oration, beginning on January 26, 1830, as the most famous speech in Senate history.

Leisler's Rebellion

Led by Jacob Leisler as well as shopkeepers and artisans of non-English descent. This group seized New York Harbor's main fort on May 31, 1689. Leiser took control of New York and its legislation, but when English troops arrived to control the scene, denied them entrance. This led to a fight, then Leiser's arrest, and then his eventual treason charge. Some of those who Leisure jailed, because they did not respect his authority, were key contributors in his court case. The significance of this event was its demonstration of the impact of the English Bill of Rights in the colonies. Further, it illustrated the social unrest of colonists nationwide specifically in New York.

Navigation Acts

Legislation (1651, 1660), which detailed how trade should be done and gave guidelines for American merchants. Had rules such as colonial trade had to be done on English or colonial-owned ships, tobacco, and sugar could only be exported to England, colonial goods had to be imported on English ships, and molasses had a tax. The significance was _____ led to the development of the American shipbuilding industry, diversified the goods in the American market, hastened urbanization in the colonies, made shipyards more prominent in the Americas, built Philadelphia, New York, Boston, and Charles Town as major ports, limited enumerated goods, made it easier for rice and tobacco farmers to receive price reductions, and expanded the demand for American materials

Force Bill

Legislation passed by Congress in 1833 that authorized President Andrew Jackson to use military force to enforce federal tariff laws. Also allowed the president to relocate customs houses and to require that customs duties be paid in cash. Law passed in 1833 at the urging of President Andrew Jackson during the Nullification Crisis of 1832.

Hartford Convention

Meeting of Federalists near the end of the War of 1812 in which the party listed it's complaints against the ruling Republican Party. Led to declining federalist influence as it was seen as trecharous. A meeting of New England Federalists in 1814-1815 to discuss grievances and seek redress for the War of 1812. In December 1814, twenty-six New England Federalists from Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island, Vermont, and New Hampshire assembled in a convention in Hartford, Connecticut, to discuss their opposition to James Madison's administration and, in particular, to the ongoing war with England.

Constitutional Convention

Met between May and September of 1787 in Philadelphia to address the problems of the weak central government that existed under the Articles of Confederation. A meeting in Philadelphia in 1787 to revise the Articles of Confederation, resulting in the drafting of the U.S. Constitution. A convention of delegates from all the states except Rhode Island met in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, in May of 1787

Stamp Act

On March 22, 1765, the British Parliament passed the _____ to help pay for British troops stationed in the colonies during the Seven Years' War. The act required the colonists to pay a tax, represented by a stamp, on various forms of papers, documents, and playing cards. An act passed by the British Parliament in 1765 that imposed a direct tax on the American colonies by requiring stamped paper for legal documents. The Sons of Liberty was organized in the summer of 1765 as a means to protest the passing of the______.

Alien and Sedition Acts

Passed in preparation for an anticipated war with France, the _____ tightened restrictions on foreign-born Americans and limited speech critical of the government. A series of laws passed in 1798 that restricted the rights of immigrants and limited freedom of speech and the press. _______ were a series of four laws passed by the U.S. Congress in 1798 during the administration of President John Adams amid widespread fear that a foreign war against France was imminent. The laws—which remain controversial to this day—restricted the activities of foreign residents in the country and limited freedom of speech and of the press, particularly when it was critical of the president or the government. Most, but not all, of the laws have expired or been repealed over the years.

Maysville Road

President Jackson vetoed a bill to grant federal aid for a road in Kentucky between Maysville and Lexington in 1830. He believed that internal improvements violated the principle that Congress could appropriate money for objectives only shared by all Americans. Increased Jackson's popularity in the south. A proposed road project in Kentucky vetoed by President Andrew Jackson in 1830, sparking controversy over federal vs. state authority.

Nicholas Biddle

President of the Second Bank of the United States and made it the first effective central bank in U.S. history. He was Pres. Andrew Jackson's chief antagonist in a conflict (1832-36) that resulted in termination of the bank. President of the Second Bank of the United States; he struggled to keep the bank functioning when President Jackson tried to destroy it. The president of the Second Bank of the United States who clashed with President Andrew Jackson over the bank's charter. -Editor of Port Folio, the first U.S. literary journal. Secretary to Pres. James Monroe (1806-07), minister to England, and (while practicing law) wrote History of the Expedition of Captains Lewis and Clark (1814) from the explorers' notes -Drafted and wrote Pennsylvania's rejection of the Hartford Convention's proposed constitutional amendments to limit the powers of Congress and of the executive. -In 1819 President Monroe commissioned him to compile a digest of foreign legislation affecting U.S. trade and appointed him one of the directors of the Second Bank of the United States. -As president of the bank sponsored policies that restrained the supply of credit to the country's banks; stabilized the investment, money, and discount markets; regulated the money supply; and safeguarded government deposits. -Between 1832 and 1836 the bank came under the attack of Jackson's Democratic Party, which sought to eliminate it, while the Whigs supported it. After Jackson won termination of the bank's national charter in 1836, _____ became president of the rechartered Bank of the United States of Pennsylvania.

Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions

Resolutions passed in 1798 and 1799 that asserted the states' rights to nullify unconstitutional federal laws. ______ Appealed to the First Amendment of the Constitution to argue that the federal government had no right to abridge the freedom of speech or of the press. This went against the Alien and Sedition Acts It was a secret resolution made by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison. It stated that the Alien and Sedition Acts violated the constitution and that the states could nullify any federal laws that were unconstitutional. (1798), in U.S. history, measures passed by the legislatures of Virginia and Kentucky as a protest against the Federalist Alien and Sedition Acts. The resolutions were written by James Madison and Thomas Jefferson (then vice president in the administration of John Adams), but the role of those statesmen remained unknown to the public for almost 25 years.

Yazoo Claims

Scheme by which Georgia legislators were bribed in 1795 to sell most of the land now making up the state of Mississippi (then a part of Georgia's western claims) to four land companies for the sum of $500,000, far below its potential market value. Led to much political and social scandal and public outrage. Finally the issue was reviewed by the U.S. Supreme Court, and in 1810 Chief Justice John Marshall ruled in Fletcher v. Peck that the rescinding law was an unconstitutional infringement on a legal contract.

Treaty of Paris of 1783

Signed September 3, 1783. Ended the American Revolutionary War and recognized American independence from Great Britain. Granted the U.S. significant western territory.

Jay's Treaty

Signed on November 19, 1794 and approved in 1795, ______ was an agreement by the United States and Great Britain that helped avert war between the two nations also sought to resolve issues left over from the Revolutionary War. ______ proved immediately unpopular with the Republicans—so much so that chief negotiator John Jay's likeness was hanged in effigy by angry mobs all across America. Accomplished the goal of maintaining peace U.S. and Britain and preserving U.S. neutrality.

Louisiana Purchase

The 1803 acquisition of the Louisiana Territory from France, doubling the size of the United States. Made under president Thomas Jefferson. In this transaction with France, signed on April 30, 1803, the United States purchased 828,000 square miles of land west of the Mississippi River for $15 million. For roughly 4 cents an acre, the United States doubled its size, expanding the nation westward. Jefferson's men were in Paris because he wanted to buy the port of New Orleans. To him, New Orleans was key: Whoever owned it would be America's natural enemy because that nation would control the channel through which produce from more than a third of the United States had to pass.

Articles of Confederation

The _________ served as the written document that established the functions of the national government of the United States after it declared independence from Great Britain. The first constitution of the United States, adopted in 1781, which established a weak central government. The ______ were adopted by the Continental Congress on November 15, 1777. This document served as the United States' first constitution. It was in force from March 1, 1781, until 1789.

The Cotton Culture

The economic and social system based on cotton production that dominated the Southern economy in the 19th century. The rise of cotton, and the resulting upsurge in the United States' global position, wed the South to slavery. Without slavery there could be no "Cotton Kingdom," no massive production of raw materials stretching across thousands of acres worth millions of dollars. Indeed, cotton grew alongside slavery.

Panic of 1819

The first major financial crisis in the United States, marked by bank failures, unemployment, and a sharp decline in agriculture prices. In 1819 a financial panic swept across the country. The growth in trade that followed the War of 1812 came to an abrupt halt. Unemployment mounted, banks failed, mortgages were foreclosed, and agricultural prices fell by half. Investment in western lands collapsed.

Federal Naturalization Law of 1790

This 1790 act set the new nation's naturalization procedures. It limited access to U.S. citizenship to white immigrants—in effect, to people from Western Europe—who had resided in the U.S. at least two years and their children under 21 years of age. It also granted citizenship to children born abroad to U.S. citizens. Congress first defined eligibility for citizenship by naturalization in this law, and limited this important right to "free white persons." In practice, only white, male property owners could naturalize and acquire the status of citizens, whereas women, nonwhite persons, and indentured servants could not. difference between and alien

Gibbons vs. Ogden

This Supreme Court decision forbade states from enacting any legislation that would interfere with Congress's right to regulate commerce among the separate states. A Supreme Court case in 1824 that affirmed the federal government's power to regulate interstate commerce. A Supreme Court case that famously expounded upon the powers of the commerce clause, setting the precedent of Congress's broad ability to regulate interstate and some intrastate commerce. The case originated in a dispute over shipping monopolies in New York.

Anti-Federalists

Those who opposed the ratification of the Constitution in favor of small localized government Opponents of the ratification of the U.S. Constitution who argued for stronger state governments and individual rights. Main: Virginia's George Mason, Patrick Henry, and Richard Henry Lee.

Saratoga

______ was a turning point in the Revolutionary War for the Continental Army. It was fought in New York from Sep 19 - Oct 7, 1777.

Pinckney Treaty

_______, also known as the Treaty of San Lorenzo or the Treaty of Madrid, was signed on October 27, 1795, by the United States and Spain. It defined the southern border between the United States and Spanish Florida, and guaranteed the United States navigation rights on the Mississippi River. Also allowed U.S. duty-free transport through the port of New Orleans, then under Spanish control. Negotiated by Thomas Pinckney for the United States and Manuel de Godoy for Spain.