APUSH Test 1 1491-1754, APUSH Unit 2 Test - 1754-1776 (Build up to American Indpendence), APUSH UNIT 3: 1776-1815 "Critical Period" of Early Republic & Rise of 1st Party-System, APUSH Unit 4: Age of Jackson and Antebellum Reform Movements (1815-1850)...
Consumerism in the 1920's
- "Installment Buying" (Buying on credit) allows for more MC families and not rich to get electrical stuff and cars. - Americans are consumer crazy which is a cause and effect of advertising (Ex: Madison Ave., NY).
What were the 4 Great Strikes?
1. The Great Railroad Strike (1877 Pennsylvania) 2. Haymarket Square Riot (1886 Chicago) 3. Homestead Strike (Pittsburg, Pennsylvania 1892) 4. Pullman Strike (1894 Chicago)
What was the Crittenden Compromise?
1861 proposed constitutional amendment that attempted to prevent secession of the southern states by allowing slavery in all territories south of the Missouri Compromise line. It would've permanently enshrined slavery within the constitution. It failed to pass
The Great White Fleet
1907-1909 - Roosevelt sent the Navy on a world tour to show the world the U.S. naval power. Also to pressure Japan into the "Gentlemen's Agreement."
How is North Carolina founded and what is it like?
6 Proprietors given land by English King in North Carolina. They operate like VA with tobacco plantation slavery
What was the Underground Railroad?
A network system hidden to get slaves to freedom. led by people such as Harriet Tubman, Sojourner Truth, and David Ruggles.
Who was John L. O'Sullivan?
A newspaper editor who was the most famous proponent of urging people in the east to move further west. He invented the term/idea of Manifest Destiny.
What were the Navigation Acts?
A series of laws passed in 1650-73, 1701, and 1720. 1. All trade with colonies must be carried in BRITISH or COLONIAL SHIPS 2. All foreign European imports going into colonies must go THROUGH ENGLAND first 3. Certain exports called Enumerated goods (tobacco, sugar, indigo, etc.) can only go through England These weren't very enforced in the colonies and leads to Solutary neglect
Zoot Suit Riots
A series of riots that originated in Los Angeles between White soldiers stationed in the cities and Mexicans. Only the Mexicans would be arrested
What was Potosi Mine?
A silver mine nicknamed the "The Mouth of Hell" byy Natives who were forced to work there. Silver floods into spain from here
How did the Union easily raise money for the Civil War?
By selling government bonds that would return high interest rates, luxury taxes, income tax, paper currency (greenbacks****) and a national Banking system to assist State banks.
Jingoism
extreme, chauvinistic patriotism, often favoring an aggressive, warlike foreign policy
Demagogues and examples
Someone who riles up the public wit speeches about their solutions which were usually not logical. They were all panaceas - Father Charles Coughlin - Reverend Frances Townsend - "Kingfish" Huey Long
What was the basis/fuel for Traditional Politics vs. Radical Politics?
The First Red Scare and the Bolshevik Red October (1917) made people scared that stage 4 Marxism was happening and do there was a movement against it.
Why is he French Revolution (1789) important to the US?
The French declared a republic opposed to Louis XVI and overthrow the king. Other countries including Britain attack France and Napoleon to stop this. Washington declares the US and neutral in this conflic despite the Jeff Reps siding with the French and Feds with British. However, ships keep going to Europe for business and so if a ship going to Britain was intercepted by the French, the US sailors and ships would be taken into imprisonment and vice versa. This was called IMPRESSMENT
US vs. Soviet casualties in WWII
US - 400,000 military - 12,000 civilian Soviet Union - 8-13 million military - 7-12 million civilian
Dawes Repayment Plan (1924)
US Banker Charles Dawes' plan to assist Germany in making their Reparations payments to England and France by giving New, low-interest loans to them. The reparations payments to European nations would ultimately flow back into the US because of JP Morgan's loans to Europe during WWI.
Atlantic Charter (1941)
US agreement with England and Churchill. They agree on "mutual war aims" and convoys to England begin. Also started the bombers for bases deal.
What was the Obsession with China?
US and all Europeans wanted "Spheres of Influence" in China because it is a potential HUGE market for goods.
Dawes Repayment Plan
US assist Germany in making reparations payments to Britain and France because Britain and France would use some of this to pay back debts to American banks.
Hay-Pauncefote Treaty (1901)
US can build a Canal with British approval as long as he British can use it.
US in Latin America in 1920's
US corporate investment in Latin America DOUBLES
Bombers for Bases
US give arms to England but get Virgin islands for a Naval base in return
Religious Justification/Motivation for Imperialism
US government can assist missionaries spreading Protestant Christianity to "uncivilized" cultures. Josiah Strong's Our Country: Its possible Future and Present Crisis (1885)
Guatemala during the Cold War (1954)
US helps overthrow democratically elected socialist Jacob Arbenz and install anti-communist dictator.
Operation Sword 1943
US invade Sicily and Italy from he south through an amphibious invasion
Sinking of the Sussex (March 1916)
US merchant ship Sussex sunk by a torpedo which leads to the Sussex Pledge by the Germans.
Sinking of the Arabic (August 1915)
US merchant ship,Arabic, sunk and 2 are killed. Wilson issues another strongly worded note to Germany
Taft-Katsura Agreement (1905)
US recognizes Japanese claim to Korea and Japan recognizes US claim to Philipinnes.
Taft-Katsura Agreement (1905)
US recognizes Japanese claim to Korea and Japan recognizes the US claim to the Philippines
Tampico Incident (1914)
US sailors on leave jailed by local police and then set free by mayor because realizes it could cause war. The US admiral demands Mexican officials to salute the US flag and they refuse so the US invade Veracruz and 19 die. This causes General Victoriana Huerta to step down and for Carranza to take power.
US Business during WWI
US sees opportunity to do Business with both sides but most business ties were already with England and most Americans liked allied democratic governments. Also the British had blockaded German ports
What were Abraham Lincoln's Spot Resolutions?
US will not go to war until President Polk can point to where the supposed skirmish happened. Passes in house twice but fails in senate
USS Greer attack (1941)
USS Greer attacked by Nazi submarines which FDR keeps secret because he knew Congress would be enraged if they found out he was using the US navy to protect British ships
Liberty Bonds
WWI bonds
Federalists
Wanted a strong central government
Who was Roger Williams?
Wanted fair treatment of Indians (Allies with Narangasetts), separation of church and state, and freedom or religion. He and families who follow his thinking go and establish Rhode Island in 1636.
Why were the Black Abolitionists the most important?
free black communities in the north advocated for abolitionism because they knew the horrors of slavery. They established churches to organize and congregate.
What was the National Labor Union (1866)?
he first attempt at a labor union in 1866. they wanted 8 hour work days. The government listened because they didn't want strikes and so they were successful. hey disband after this issue was resolved.
How did Hitler backstab Stalin
he launched Operation Barbarossa in an attempt to invade Russia despite the non aggression pact.
What was Thorstein Veblen's "Theory of the Leisure Class"?
in this writing, he coins the term "conspicuous consumption" which means buying stuff just for the sake of buying it. It basically said the Upper 10 need a lavish lifestyle in order to display their class standing.
Election of 1932
FDR and Democrats win by a landslide and they rule the House and Senate. They had a super majority (2/3) and so they could pass New Deal Programs. FDR promised a "New Deal" but no one knew what it was when he became preisdent.
FDR's "Arsenal of Democracy" speech
FDR calls on the US and congress to support the British and stop their potential fall to he Nazis.
FDR's Bank Holiday in 1933
FDR closed all banks for one week, claimed to inspect banks, and only reopen the good ones. This was cap but helped restore public faith in banks.
FDR's First 100 Days
FDR passed a lot of his New Deal legislation because of the super majority he had. His first action was the "Bank Holiday". He also ended Prohibition asap.
Arms Sales Embargo (1939)
FDR wants tis repealed but Congress says no
Cordell Hull
FDR's secretary of state who oversaw most war problems and international issues during the 30's because FDR was mainly focused on the depression
Women in the Workforce in WWII
First work experience for many women which was supported by the federal government (Rosie the Riveter). Women in the workforce increased by 50% during the war and they had HIGH PAYING INDUSTRIAL Jobs. Many wanted to remain in these jobs after the war but were forced out. 200,000 were also non-combat military Personnel
Insular Cases (1899-1904)
Filipinos suing for Constitutional Rights. SCOTUS rules that they are NOT subject to rights given in the US Constitution because "Filipinos not ready for self-govt". William Howard Taft was made governor of Philippines.
Clayton Anti-Trust Act (1914)
Finally gave "teeth" to the old Sherman Anti-Trust Act and said courts couldn't use antitrust laws against unions.
Who were Louis Brandeis and Oliver Wendell?
First 2 SCOTUS judges who took a loose interpretation of the constitution and said the law could change. they were the first 2 to vote against big business but would lose 7-2 in most cases.
Issei
First generation Japanese immigrants who could remember Japan
Yuri Gagarin (1961)
First man in space. Was a Russian and a win in the space race for the Russians
Sputnik (1957)
First man-made satellite put into orbit by the USSR. This caused fear in the US that the Soviets had passed them by in science & technology and the arms race.
How is Maryland founded and what is it like?
First proprietary colony founded in 1632 when King Charles I gives his homie, George Calvert Lord Baltimore, the land. It is founded as a Haven for Catholics (Charles was a closeted one). Its economy and social classes are like those of VA. They have tobacco plantations and have indentured servants. The Act of Toleration in 1649 ends 10 years of anarchy by guaranteeing free exercise of religion to all Christian denominations.
Hitler takes Rhineland back for Germany (1936)
First use of the military to take land by the Germans
How did the frontier ending affect Indian tribes?
Indians were being forced to move because of Manifest Destiny and Railroad expansion. Sometimes they would retaliate and the US army had to protect white settlers
What does Working Class refer to in the Gilded Age?
Industrial, blue collar laborers who earn wages. Wage workers. They made up over 50% of the population.
How was the Civil War good for Northern business?
Industrialization and production of goods such as soap, railroads, engineering, foodstuffs, and bridges are sped up in response to the war and bought by the government.
How was the 2nd Red Scare Different than he first around the 1920's?
It wasn't just nativists targeting immigrants. Rather, it was an internal scare in which Americans were accusing other Americans of being communist.
What is Solutary Neglect?
Basically ignoring a law because it isn't enforced
Election of 1920
"A return to normalcy". Warren G. Harding (R) wins election and promised to take the US out of the international arena and fix the economy after the end of Wilson's term was marked by economic stagnation and international frustration.
Wha was the American Federation of Labor (AFL)
"A union of unions" made of many skilled trades. It was founded and headed by Samuel Gompers. They were elitist and made only of skilled workers. No blacks, women, or new immigrants were allowed They were organized by craft (carpenters, tobacco rollers, machinists, woodworkers, etc.). Their goals were modest and they focused on "Bread and Butter" issues such as wages, hours, and work conditions. There weren't many Scabs for skilled workers because they weren't so easily replaced.
Marshall Plan (1948)
"European Recovery Program" in which the US sent 13 billion dollars in aid to mostly Britain, France and Germany to alleviate "hunger, poverty, depression, and chaos" after the war. Although it seemed humanitarian, it "colonized" Europe for US investment and angers and isolates the USSR who see it as capitalist bribes.
Wilson's 1916 campaign slogan
"He kept us out of the war". Ironic because goes to war just months after winning a 2nd term.
New Women vs. Traditionalist Women
"New Women" were the opposite from the "Victorian Era". They were much more prolific in the cities than in rural areas and were heavily influenced by Hollywood.
What was Taylorism?
"Scientific Management". it advocated for Task specialization on mass production (like assembly lines). This led to business efficiency and skilled work became unskilled work which threatened worker power. This was in full effect by 1900. The "managers' brains weren't under the workman's cap" anymore because they weren't dependent on skilled work as much anymore. It was popularized when Henry Ford used it when making his cars. Taylorism = Fordism
Who were the International Workers of the World (IWW)?
"The Wobblies". Syndicalist Unions that adopt Marxist ideology of class struggle led by "Big Bill" Haywood. they did "Wildcat Strikes" which were unannounced strikes. They wanted to bring down capitalism and believed the entire world of workers would unite.
Who was Joe Hill?
"Wobbly" Folk Singer who invented American Folk music. He was the most famous wobbly and he wrote songs from the 1880's-1910's that appealed to the workers' problems (Ex: "Kacy Jones, the Union Scab" and "the Preacher and the Slave"). he united workers with his music. He became a IWW martyr when he was killed.
Revenue Act of 1935
"soak the rich" tax, a tax reform bill that increased estate and corporate taxes and instituted higher personal income tax rates in the top brackets, very controversial. Up to 75% income tax for richest
US vs EC Knight
(1895) Congress wanted to bust a trust because it controlled 98% of sugar manufacturing. Supreme court said no because it wasn't interstate commerce which they do have the right to regulate. Severely weakened the Sherman Anti-Trust Act
What is Socialism?
*Not Communism*. Want for government control and/or regulation of major industries. You jus want more government involvement in general.
What were some Employer Union-Busting Tactics?
- "Yellow-Dog" Contracts -Contracts saying workers couldn't go on strike or - leave - Blacklists -Employers share lists of employees who were agitative and who not to hire. - "Strike-Breakers" to protect scabs such as the Pinkerton Detectives -Scab Labor - Racism and ethnic prejudice to split workers - Local Police and city government - Court Injunctions - SCOTUS always sides with business
Women during the Great Depression
- % in workforce increases - Hired by some govt. organizations - Paid less in new deal programs - Many husbands left families to try and find work - Less Births, Family size down, Less Marriages, Less Divorces
What were the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation?
- 1 branch of government - Unicameral (1 house of legislature) - "Firm league of friendship' nor legally binding states - Each state has only 1 vote regardless of population - National government only Limited powers - No power to tax = broke government - Need 9/13 states to pass a law - Need unanimous 13/13 for amendments These all gave states more power
African Americans during WWI
- 1st Great Migration to Northern factory jobs from the south. - 400,000 served in WWI, most being voluntary - WEB Du Bois urged black men to sign up rather than be drafted in the Chicago Defender to gain respect and equality when they came back - The Harlem Hellfighters became popular as war heroes - There was extreme racism and riots when the black soldiers returned looking for respect from whites (Red Summer)
Effect of the Crash (1929-1932)
- 1st NYC Bank failures which was linked to "buying on margin" - Consumer spending dried up - "Fear Itself" leads to layoffs and lack of investments - 80% of Americans had no savings whatsover - Many LOST savings with bank failures and needed savings to survive
Why are the 1920's seen as the "Little Gilded Age"?
- 3 Republican presidents (Harding, Coolidge, Hoover) and republicans control Congress and the Supreme Court because democrats are blamed for not joining the League of Nations. - There is a recession because of less govt. spending. - Deregulation of business and nonenforcement of Progressive-Era regulations (FDA lightens up and conservatives put to head FTC) - Lower income, luxury, and corporate taxes - Laissez-faire - Coolidge Tight money policy
What big things did the progressive movement lead to?
- 4 constitutional amendments (16th-19th) in 8 years - Agencies like the FDA, Forest and Park Services, FTC, and Federal Reserve
What were New State Governments like after the Revolutionary War?
- Abolished aristocratic titles (lords, ladies, etc.) - State constitutions separate church and state - All had Bills of Rights - Separation of powers (Governor, state legislatures, state courts) - All white male property owners could vote
New British Rules in 1767
- Admiralty Courts Writs of Assistance
Moral Arguments against Imperialism
- Betrays American Ideals of "Life, Liberty, and Property" because no civil liberties granted to American "subjects" - Betrays Washington's warning to say out of world affairs - Betrays American "democracy"
1st Red Scare (1919-1920)
- Caused by Russian Revolution and were scared it may be the beginning of global worker revolution. - New immigrants bring ideas of communism with them - US afraid of post war strikes like in Seattle in 1919 where 60k people striked - Eugene Debs Jailed and Emma Goldman deported to USSR - Wilson orders A. Mitchell Palmer to carry out raids
What were results of mercantilism and the Navigation Acts
- Colonial manufacturing stinks - Colonists have to pay high prices for consumer goods because only English goods sold legally - Smuggling became common - Because he British don't really enforce the Navigation Acts people started to ignore them which leads to SOLUTARY NEGLECT
JFK foreign policy
- Continues containment - Afraid of being labeled an appeaser - Believed the domino-theory - Continues the nuclear build up
National Security Act (1947)
- Creates Defense Department and the Air Force - Creates CIA to insure containment through spying - Creates National Security Council and Joint Chiefs of Staff: NSC-68 calls for massive military spending
African Americans during the Great Depression (Negative)
- Domestic workers, servants, maids, and sharecroppers all left out of SSA because they didn't earn wages. - Sharecroppers received nothing from the AAA and were usually harmed by it because of forced produce reductions - WPA, CCC, PWA, etc were all segregated and some programs paid them less for the same work - Segregation maintained in military and federal offices - Many black sharecroppers displaced by TVA flooding and not compensated - FDR doesn't support NAACP's Anti-lynching bill. - FHA Systemic racism and redlining - Housing discrimination and "block-busting", HOA covenants, zoning laws - Solid South remains: Jim Crow Laws and segregation, no use of 14th or 15th amendments, voter suppression
Wagner Act (1935)
- Established National Labor Relations Board to hear disputes - Protected the rights of most workers in the private sector to organize labor unions, to engage in collective bargaining, and to take part in strikes and other forms of concerted activity in support of their demands.
What were the 4 fruits and anxieties of modernity in the 1920's?
1. Consumerism 2. Radio and Cinema 3. Cars 4. Music: Jazz
How did Coolidge govern in regard to business
- Extreme view of small government - InfamouslyWorked 4 hours a day - Allowed business leaders to run the country (laissez faire) - Progressive Era policies overturned because Dems weakened - Highest income tax bracket from 70% to 25%
African Americans during the Great Depression (Positive)
- FCNA helps blacks find jobs and headed by Mary McLeod Bethune who was 1st black cabinet official. - CCC and WPA hired black people - Eleanor Roosevelt pressured FDR to help black people - Eleanor Roosevelt invites Marian Anderson to preform on the steps of the Lincoln Memorial after she was denied somewhere else due to the color of her skin - FDR prevented by doing more because Solid south's support - FEPC
What were "Dutch Freedoms" in New Amsterdam?
- Freedom of the Press - Slaves were "half free" - Women had legal identity - Religious toleration: Quakers, Jews, Lutherans, etc. could live but could not practice in public
Industrialization caused more production of consumer products that the Middle Class could afford. What were some of these goods and why were they significant?
- George Eustman's "Kodak camera" - King Gillette's "Safety razor' - Alexander Graham Bell's "talking telegraph" (telephone) in 1880's and all electrical appliances which were sold and could be bought for delivery though catalogs from companies Sears-Roebuck and Montgomery Ward. These consumer items changed middle class Socials Norms. They would buy and use these goods to set themselves apart from the lower class
Different views/ideas of Federalists vs. Jeffersonian Republicans
- Hamilton vs Jefferson - Centralized vs. Decentralized - Loose interpretation of constitution vs strict interpretation - Merchants/Bankers/Lawyers vs Yeoman farmers - East coast urban vs. Western rural frontier - Wealthy, propiertied class vs. lower class debtors - Pro British (financial ties) vs. Pro French (idealism/promise of worldwide liberty)
What were some intellectual critics of Laissez Faire Capitalism?
- Henry George's "Progress and Poverty" - Edward Bellamy's "Looking Backward" - Henry Demarest Lloyd's "Wealth vs. Commonwealth" (Promoted Socialism) - William Dean Howells' "The Rise of the Silas Lapham" - Thorstein Veblen's "Theory of the Leisure Class"
Democrat split under Truman
- Henry Wallace and liberal progressive radicals split off - Southern Dems split off led by Strom Thurmond
HUAC Accuations
- Hollywood 10 were first target - Targeted politicians who were left leaning - "Little HUACs" at state level mimicked and extended persecution. They would often target teachers for petty political issues - Accusations in the State Department
Influences of the "New Women"
- Hollywood actresses like Louise Brooks and Clara Bow heavily influenced women of the 20's. - Coco Chanel had a huge influence on American women fashion. She starts "costume jewelry" which allows for poorer women to wear jewelry in public. - Flappers
What defined a "New Women"
- Independent, - Aggressive - Single - Not necessarily mothers - Smoking - Driving - Working for salary out of home - Bob-Cuts - Short hair - Costume jewelry - Short skirts showing knees
What part of the 1920's showed Gilded Prosperity being good?
- Production goes up because of Scientific management and assembly lines are widely adopted - Unemployment below 4% - Standard of living up, especially for middle class - Real Income UP - Most have heating and plumbing - 2/3 have electricity - Most Middle class families own a car
What are examples of Westward Expansion affects on Indian lifestyle and environmental depletion?
- Indians forced onto federal reservations after fierce resistance - White hunters and railroad owners lead to a near extinction of Buffalo with a one point only 1000 left in America - Dawes Security Act (1888) - Children taken from parents and sent to school for assimilation - Lumber, Canning, Fishing, and mining corporations immediately follow he movement west. Because of not regulations out west, there was wasteful environmental depletion and exploitation. Ex: Salmon almost go extinct.
Hoover's Inaction in the Great Depression
- Insisted responsibility of state and local government to provide relief and aid. - Stayed away from welfare because he believed government intervention would hurt economy and make people lazy - He mostly encouraged local groups, churches, and private charities to raise money to give to unemployed and impoverished.
Flashpoints in the Quest for Satellite countries during the Cold War
- Iran (1953) - Guatemala (1954) - Vietnam (1954) - Hungary (1956) - Suez Crisis All caused by the domino theory
How was the North different from the South in lead up to the civil war?
- Irish and German immigration fueled population increase and resulted in ethnic tensions. This led to nativism and the American 'Know Nothing" Party. - New England textile manufacturing where the labor force had switched from young girls to Irish immigrants - Immigrants take pride in earning WAGES as free men - Were intensely impacted by moral reform movements such as abolitionism and temperance
What was John Brown's Raid on Harpers Ferry?
- John Brown and 22 followers decide to raid a federal arsenal and plan to use guns to start a massive slave rebellion - believed slavery was wrong and that any means justified the end - capture the arsenal but are stopped by federal troops - some escape, but John Brown and others are executed - picture of John Brown kissing baby picture when being walked to execution
Radio and Cinema in the 1920's
- KDKA was first radio broadcast in Pittsburg - NBC, ABC, and CBS all born as radio networks and they unite American culture.
In what ways was the era of good feeling not an era of good feelings?
- King Cotton begins to dominate Southern economy because of the invention of the cotton gin - There was increased sectionalism because of the 1st protective Tariff (1816) which negatively affected souther state's economies more than northern states- they wanted nullification - Slavery still exists and their literacy begins to be limited because of Denmark Vesey's slave rebellion conspiracy which was inspired by reading about Toussaint in the newspaper. - Free blacks up north are constantly harassed with state laws because those who fought for Washington had died off - Financial Panic of 1819 caused by the over speculation on Western Land but causes banks to tighten credit and forclose on debtors - Missouri Crisis of 1820 - Missouri becoming a state and leaning toward no slavery which would ruin balance in senate. The south are scared this means slavery will end and they break into protest which leads to the Missouri Compromise in 1820
How was he South different than the north in lead up to the civil war?
- King Cotton dominated economics and politics with most of their export going to New England and England - They had a social pyramid of Aristocratic Elites, Small Yeoman farmers, and Mountain peoples
Different Categories of Motivation for Imperialism
- Manifest Destiny gone international - Economic Advnatages - Military Advantage -AT Mahan - Religious -Josiah Strong - Racial Justifications
Organized Labor in the 1920's
- Membership declined 20% with employer open shop drive - New Unions met police and court resistance - United Mine Workers led by John L. Lewis had many unsuccessful strikes
Organized Labor during the Great Depression
- Membership shoots from 3 million to 10 million in 1933-1944 and they were able to demand "closed shops". Because of FDR's policies people said: "The President wants you to join a union - AFL Unions split in 1935 and the CIO (Congress of Industrial Organizations) was born. They were not exclusive and accepted all and were led by John L. Lewis.
Cars in the 1920's
- More affordable, made travel easier. - Installment buying made them more accessible - Closed Cars changed dating and privacy
GM Sit-down strike in Flint Michigan (UAW) (1936)
- New tactic adopted by auto workers in General Motor factories where workers sat down inside the plants on the assembly line and refused to work or leave so not even scabs could be hired This tactic, along with the federal government's refusal to intervene in the strike caused General Motors to relent and recognize the United Auto Workers (UAW).
Results of Traditional vs Radical Politics?
- Palmer raids and deportations - Discrediting of IWW and labor organizations in strikes - Fuel for Immigration Quota Acts of 1921 and 1924 to keep out eastern Europeans who held Radical political beliefs
Biological transformation to Natives after European arrival?
- Population loss because European diseases - Mourning wars to try and replenish tribe populations - Horses tranform hunting tactics - Pigs start to eat Natives crops which starts wars
Brinkmanship
- Proposed by Secretary of State John Foster Dulles. - Never give into Soviets and always take them to the BRINK of war because they will always back down, but if they don't the US will respond with massive retaliation.
What were politics like in the 1920's?
- Republican resurgence at national level and many accept government regulation as a way to "stabilize" business. - "The business of America is business" - Coolidge - Reduced income tax, increased tariffs, decrease government spending, and veto ALL money bills
Examples of Nativism in the 1920's
- Sacco and Vanzetti case (1923) - Leo Frank case (1913) - KKK Rally in Washington DC (1928) - US vs. Thind (1923) - Immigration Acts of 1921 and 1924
Continued Discrimination during WWII
- Segregated units in the army most of which fought in Italy - Unsafe working conditions for black Americans in the navy. -- Port Chicago incident
Effects of Prohibition
- Speakeasies which were secret clubs. - Bathtub gin which was homemade alcohol - Rum Runners who would go into international waters to buy alcohol - Crime Surge and Gang Activity like Al Capone because of bootlegging
Mass Consumer Culture in the 1950's
- TV becomes popular - 1950's sitcoms celebrate conformity and family life and people are told what to Buy - Provides revised ideal for women to emulate - Franchise Restaurants like McDonalds become popular - Bomb Shelters in the suburbs and "Duck and Cover" Drills in schools for kids showed anxiety of Americans during this era
Early Tensions with Japan
- Taft-Katsura Agreement (1905) - SF School board Incident and the Gentleman's Agreement (1906) - Root-Takahira Agreement (1908) - Lodge Corollary (1912) - Washington Naval Conference (1921) - Kellog-Briand Pact (1928)
What was Britain's relationship with the CSA?
- The CSA tried to get Britain to join them during the war. England had outlawed slavery in 1833 so there was a moral conflict. Charles Francis Adams tries to stop Britain from recognizing the CSA as a country. - The CSA was Britain's primary cotton supplier but the civil war forced India to find a different source (India and Egypt) if they didn't want to fight the North for the removal of the blockade because of southern boycotts of english mills. The CSA boycotted English
What was the affect of the Spoils system on US governmentt?
- The split of the Republican party into Stalwarts (Led by Roscoe Conkling from NY and Half Breeds (Led by James Blaine from Maine). - President James A. Garfield was killed because of the Spoils System because he was a Stalwart who didn't give a job to someone. - This causes the Pendelton Civil Service Act (1883)
What were some big aspects of Gilded Age politics?
- There was widespread corruption and politicians would accept free stock, bribes, and favors for land grants and jobs - Parties were patronage machines (spoil system) - Congress evaded the big issues and had similar stands on small issues such as the tariff - The presidents were weak and Congress were the ones really in charge - Reps were NE Base; veterans; WASPS; moralists, blacks - Dems were Southern white redeemers, Immigrants, Catholics, Jews.
What were conditions in the South during the Civil War?
- They couldn't control inflation and $100 was $1.60 byy the end of the war. - The compact theory turned on themselves and states complain - Boycott english Mills in an attempt to make them join the war - Many saw Jefferson davis as a despot and led to Women's bread riots
Truman and Civil Rights
- Truman was facing a Republican Congress and Southern Dems while being pressured by people like A. Philip Randolph. - Desegregates army with Executive order #9981 - 2 Democrat parties split off from the democratic party before his reelection
Nuclear Standoff with Soviet Union
- US tested super Hydrogen Bomb in 1955 and Soviets would do the same months later = Nuclear Deterrence - Neither can go to war because of MAD - John Foster Dulles proposes Brinkmanship
What was life like for Americans at the turn of the decade (1930s)
- Unemployment less than 4% at turn of the decade - Standard of living on the rise - Most have heating and plumbing - Real income rising - 2/3 had electricity
Kim Il-Sung invades South Korea (1950) and UN response
- Unprovoked and without consulting Stalin. - UN meets in NYC as a result and votes on stopping this invasion. It isn't vetoed by security council because Chang Kai-Shek votes for China and he CIA makes it so the Russian minister got stuck in England during the vote.
Harding Adminiistration (1920-1924)
- Weak President who was a product of machine politics - Cronyism (spoils system): The "Ohio gang' of close friends - 3 big scandals during his administrations time in office
African Americans in the army
- Were excluded from Marine Corp - Strict Segregation in army units; No black officers above sergeant - General Pershing wouldn't use them because he thought they were useless and he gives them to the French - The French treat hem as equals and Pershing threatens to take them back unless they segregate them.
Joe McCarthy/ McCarthyism (1950-1954)
- Wisconsin Senator that created a national witch hunt for socialist and communists inside the United States after WWII. - Did Red Baiting and got Senate involved. - Fueled insane fear that communists were everywhere - Delayed Civil Rights Movement by targeting activists like WEB Du Bois by saying they were associated with communism - Women's groups and homosexuals targeted particularly by the FBI (J. Edgar Hoover) - Labor leaders targeted and 11 unions kicked out of the CIO for supporting Henry Wallace
What were examples of the 1950's not being a decade of Social Conformity
- Youth Culture - The Beat Generation - The Civil Rights Movement
What was Bleeding Kansas
- term used to describe the 1854-1856 violence between proslavery and antislavery supporters in Kansas. - Sacking of Lawrence - Pottawottamie Massacre led by John Brown - Topeka vs. Lecompton and Jayhawkers vs. Border Ruffians - President Pierce did nothing to stop
What was in the Treaty of Versailles
-Germany disarmed and stripped of colonies -Germany forced to sign "Guilt Clause" -French Occupation of Rhineland for 15 years -Germany must pay 33 billion in reparations payments - Austria-Hungary Broken up - League of Nations created
Platt Amendment
1. Cuba can't make treaties with other powers 2. Cuba must maintain low debt 3. US can intervene in Cuba to preserve "life, liberty, and property" at will 4. US gets Guantanamo Bay for Naval Base
How did the Civil war affect free blacks, freed blacks, and slaves?
1 million slaves ran away from plantations during the war when the heard the gunfire of the Union. Under the Confiscation Acts they became "contraband" of the US government. The Emancipation Proclamation freed these "contraband" slaves but not those in border states and South. Many fought in the war in black regiments such as the Massachusetts 54th Regiment led by Robert Gould Shaw.
Treaty of Paris 1898
1) Cuba gets independence from Spain 2) United States gets Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines
What was Henry Clay's American System?
1. A strong national bank to provide credit 2. A high protective tariff to promote American manufacturing and to raise revenue 3. Internal improvements to promote growth in the West and South
2 Major sites of attack ini the Spanish-American War?
1. Admiral Dewey sinks the Spanish fleet at Battle of Manila Bay, Philippines 2. US navy sinks the other half of Spanish fleet at Santiago Bay in Cuba and Teddy's "Rough Riders" take San Juan Hill.
What did the new stronger Fugitive Slave Act consist of?
1. All runaway cases are under Federal Jurisdiction 2. Federal commissioners issue warrants 3. No trials by jury for these cases 4. Federal judges get $10 for runaways and $5 for free blacks (because more paperwork) 5. Whites helping slaves escape subject to Heavy penalties Anger concerning this act carried throughout the decade in the north
Wha caused WWI to break out in Europe
1. Assassination of Franz Ferdinand causes Austria-Hungary to declare war on Serbia. Russia declares war on Austria-Hungary, Germany declares war on Russia, France on Germany because secret agreement with Russia and then Britain on Germany after "Rape of Belgium" 2. Arms race for last 20 years and Dreadnoughts
What were the 3 scandals during Warren G. Harding's presidency?
1. Attorney General Harry Daugherty caught taking bribes to not prosecute criminals 2. Graft in the Veteran's Bureau: Taking money meant for hospitals and WWI vet pensions 3. Teapot Dome Scandal in which Secretary of Interior Albert Fall is caught selling navies' strategic oil reserves on federal land in Wyoming because he was given bribes to sell the land. He is the first US cabinet official to go to jail.
What were the 6 main long term causes of the Great Depression
1. Belief in never ending growth and overly optimistic minds 2. Installment Buying -> Credit and consumer culture 3. Uneven Income Distribution and wealth gap (0.5% of Americans owned 32.4% of the wealth) 4. Tight Money Policy 5. Hawley-Smoot Tariff and international problems 6. Overproduction of new stuff like cars and radios because of Taylorism
What was the Military Reconstruction Act (1867)
1. Divide South up into 5 military districts under command of 5 US Generals and occupy with Union soldiers. 2. No Ex-Confederates can vote or hold office 3. All states must ratify the 14th Amendment before re-entry to Congress. As well as 50% of eligible voters to take loyalty oath as well
What were Teddy's 4 possible solutions after McKinley was assassinated?
1. Do nothing - Have faith in a Laissez-faire market and natural economic laws 2. Socialism - Its popularity was growing and was accepted at the municipal level (water works, gas plants, utilities) 3. Trust Busting 4. Regulation - Was preferred over trust companies by company owners Both 1 and 2 would have ironically destroyed competitive capitalism
What 4 things does Washington warn America of in his Farewell Address in 1796?
1. European entanglements - Supports Isolationism 2. Permanent alliances 3. "Evil Factions" = Political parties 4. Sectionalism - giving only a section of your country allegiance
4 Main reasons US enters WWI
1. German U-Boats 2. JP Morgan's $3 Billion loans to Britain and France 3. Public Opinion and the Zimmerman Telegram (March 1917) 4. Russian Revolution (March 1917)
4 Compromises of Philadelphia Convention
1. Great (Connecticut) Compromise 2. 3/5 Compromise 3. Slave Trade Compromise 4. Commerce Compromise
What were reasons for the end of Reconstruction?
1. Hayes-Tilden election and compromise 2. Northern politicians turn focus to Northern industrialization 3. All the radical republicans start to die (Sumner, Wade, Stevens)
What were justifications for Laissez-faire Capitalism and Consolidated Wealth?
1. Horatio Alger's "myth of the self made man" who "pulls himself up by his own bootstraps" 2. The Gospel of Wealth (Religious) 3. Social Darwinism (Quasi-Biological) 4. David Ricardo's "Iron Law of Wages" (Economic) 5. Carnegie's "Wealth" Essay
3 Outcomes of the Cuban Missile Crisis
1. Hot-line phone established ("Red Phone") between JFK and Khrushchev 2. Cuba-Turkey Compromise averts war 3. Sign ban on open-air nuclear tests to stop rain down of radiation
3 Nye Committee Rules to keep the US isolated
1. Keep US Citizens out of war zones (response to some going to fight in Spanish civil war) 2. Embargo arms shipments to belligerents 3. Belligerent ships out of US ports
What caused Congress to pass the 14th Amendment?
1. Memphis and New Orleans Race Riots 2. Former Confederates rejoining Congress (Ex: CSA VP Alexander Stephens) 3. Local Black Codes that reestablished de facto slavery it targeted states, especially southern ones
Missouri Compromise of 1820
1. Missouri will become a slave state but Maine will also come in as a free state. 2. Any new states below 36 degree 30 minute line will be southern states and above will be north where slavery illegal
What was Alexander Hamilton's Economic Program
1. National Bank 2. Excise Tax on Whiskey 3. Tariff 4. Pay off Debts gradually over 20 years 5. Assume all states debts
What were the Alien and Sedition Acts? (1798)
1. Naturalization Act - Increased number of years to become a US citizen from 5 to 14 because most immigrants were usually Jeff-Reps moving westward. This limited their power to vote. 2. Alien Act - President can deport whoever he considers a "dangerous alien" 3. Sedition Act - Illegal for newspapers to criticize the president or Congress. $5000 fine or jail tome if something "false, scandalous, and or malicious printed. - Matthew Lyon Jeff Rep martyr because he gets jail time for criticizing Adams 4. Alien Enemy Act - President can detain enemies (French) in wartime
Taft-Hartley Act/Slave Labor Act (1947)
1. Outlaws secondary boycotts (sympathy strikes like Eugene Debs) 2. No wildcat strikes and Unions must give a notice called a "60 day cooling off period" (allowed time to find replacement workers) 3. Prohibits closed shops so not everyone had to be in a union 4. Required Union Labor Leaders to sign non-communist affidavits and give loyalty oaths to the National Labor Relations Board (NLRB). This got left wing people out of unions. Declared unconstitutional in 1965. 5. States can pass "right-to-work" laws prohibiting union shops which means they can make it illegal for unions to demand closed shops
Anti-Federalist Arguments
1. President will become a "King" tyrant with too much centralized power 2. Federal government has too much taxation power 3. Federal government's standing peacetime army will violate rights like British redcoats 4. Too few states needed to ratify (9) - wanted unanimous 5. Power in general is taken away from states 6. Opposed to state ratification conventions rather than state legislatures 7. No Guarantee of Individual Liberties - Wanted a Bill of Rights
What was apart of the "Moral Crusade"
1. Prohibition 2. Anti-Prostitution 3. Anti-Divorce Movement All target the working class and to stamp the immigrant out of the new immigrants
What were farmer issues?
1. Railroad Freight rates 2. Storage elevators were owned by railroads and charging farmers unfair prices 3. Wanted free silver because of their debt in oder to cause inflation in order to pay off their debts with "cheap money"
How did James K. Polk win the 1844 Election despite having no platform beforehand.
1. Said he wanted to "repopulate" Oregon in reference to Lewis and Clark 2. Said he would "reannex" Texas despite Texas never being annexed in the first place 3. 54 40' OR FIGHT: Polk's main Slogan for the election. He said he'd demand to Britain that the 54 40' line be made the border between Canada and Texas because Oregon was unorganized territory at the time. If they didn't meet his demand he claimed he would go to war for it.
What were the major arguments against women's suffrage?
1. That if women were given voting rights, then there would be no one to take care of the house. 2. If women were given voting rights, their roles would switch with the role men
How did the Stock Market Crash cause the Depression? (cycle)
1. The Stock Market Crashes Oct. 14, 1929 --------------> 2. NYC Banks and brokers close ------------------------> 3. The rest of America reads about this and some people PANIC and withdraw money from savings accounts ------------------------------------------------> 4. More banks becoming insolvent and so they cut credit ----------------------------------------------------> 5. This causes no loans to consumers (C) or to businesses (I) which causes no consumer spending, business, or capital spending ---------------------------> 6. Industries cut work force (layoffs, no new hires) -----> 7. 32% Unemployment ----------------------------------> 8. Unemployed and laid off workers go to withdraw savings to get trough hard times -------------------------> 9. This cycles back to step 3 and the effect snowballs
What were the 5 Culture Wars of the 1920's?
1. Traditional Politics vs. Radical Politics 2. Nativists and Old Immigrants vs. New Immigrants 3. Prohibitionists vs. Anti-Prohibitionists 4. New Women vs. Traditionalist Women 5. Religious Modernists vs. Religious Fundamentalists
What was Teddy's Square Deal/
1. Trust-Busting - Good trusts vs. Bad trusts 2. Arbitration - For good unions. Bad Unions like the IWW get no assistance 3. Progressive Support for modest regulation of industry and progressive taxation (16th amendment) 4. Conservation Out West
Hollywood 10
10 witnesses from the film industry who refused to cooperate with the House Un-American Activities Committee's investigation of Communist influence in Hollywood. Ex: Dalton Trumbo, Albert Hird
Tulsa, OK Race Riot of 1921
100+ blacks killed by 1500 in white mob led by the KKK. They burned down "Black Wall Street" which was a middle class neighborhood. Tulsa was defended by 75 black WWI vets but they were overwhelmed.
Sterilization Laws and Immigration Restriction?
13 states by 1915 and 30 by 1930 had passed forced sterilization laws. Progressives were still bound by race-thinking, pseudo-science, and many were still Social Darwinists when it came to certain groups like Blacks, Asians, and the mentally disabled. Especially toward black men in prison (Ex: California)
"Bonus Army" Spring 1932
15,000 WWI vets clash with US army in DC because they wanted their relief checks but they are tear gassed instead so Hoover is bashed.
How did Texas end up in a situation where it declared Independence?
1823: Mexico tries to attract settlers and so Stephen F. Austin leads 300 families into Texas. 1829: Mexico outlawed slavery and requires Roman Catholicism; Americans in Texas weren't rocking with this 1834: General Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna was a dictator so Sam Houston declared Texas an Independent "Lone Star Republic"
What did the US need to become a world power and compete with others?
A Navy
How long did the US stay neutral in WWI
1914-1917
Chronology of Fascism and Nazi Germany in the 1930's
1922: Mussolini's Fascist Movement begins 1933: Hitler becomes german Chancellor 1935: Italy invades Ethiopia 1936: Spanish Civil War 1936: Hitler takes the Rhineland from France 1937: Anchluss with Austria 1938: Hitler takes the Sudatenland 1938: Munich Conference and Appeasement 1939: Hitler invades the rest of Czechoslovakia 1939: Blitzkrieg and itler invades Poland
Stimson Doctrine (1932)
1932, Hoover's Secretary of State (Cordell Hull) said the US would not recognize territorial changes or boundaries adjusted by force in regard to the invasion of Manchuria.
When did prohibition end?
1933, 21st Amendment passed by FDR
Schechter vs. US (1935)
1935, "the sick chicken case"; Declared the National Industrial Recovery Act unconstitutional on three grounds: That the act delegated legislative power to the executive; that there was a lack of constitutional authority for such legislation; and that it sought to regulate the businesses that was intrastate.
Wagner Act
1935, also National Labor Relations Act; granted rights to unions; allowed collective bargaining
Cash and Carry Policy
1939. Law passed by Congress which allowed a nation at war to purchase goods and arms in US as long as they paid cash and carried merchandise on their own ships.
Battle of Leyte Gulf (1944)
1944 World War II naval battle between the United States and Japan. Largest naval engagement in history. Japanese navy was defeated and the US retake the Philippines
Taiwan Strait Crisis
1954, short armed conflict that took place between China and Taiwan. The US joined to prevent any conflict between Taiwan and the PRC, effectively putting Taiwan under American protection. The US threatened nuke if Mao tried to take the rock piles where democrats were
Committees of Correspondence call for
1st Continental Congress in 1774 and 2nd in 1775
What was the Battle of Bull Run?
1st major battle of the civil war. The South force "The Great Scadaddle" and the northerners run back to Washington
Who were the Working Class during the Gilded Age?
2/3 of people who earned wages working 10 hr/day. Wages were low because of new immigrants in the labor markets. Real wages were rising but most families still needed 2 sources of incomes. This meant 1/5 of women worked (feminized jobs) and working class children were encouraged to work by their immigrant families.
Espionage Act (1918)
20 years in prison for "inciting rebellion in army" or obstructing the draft. In Schenck vs. US the SCOTUS says its not violation of 1st amendment and constitutional
Women as non-combat military personnel
200,000 were in the army. - Women's Army Auxiliary Corp (WAAC) - Women in the Navy (Waves) - Women Air-force Service Pilots (WASP) were last resort pilots just incase they were needed - SPARS = women's coast guard Were all segregated
Interstate Highway Act (1956)
25 billion dollars for the construction of the Interstate Highway System over a 20-year period. Ut allowed for evacuation routes and were also emergency runways for military planes
Who was Charles Grandison Finney?
2nd Great Awakening Tent Preacher who was very popular who made sermons based on emotion. George whitefield equivalent.
What was the Haymarket Square Riot (Chicago 1886)?
3 workers were killed in a strike so there was a massive meeting and strike to be in Chicago downtown as a response. The meeting was like any other until a man threw lit dynamite at police at the end of the meeting. 3 police were killed and so the police shoo and kill around 15 workers. The Middle Class blamed the working class and this was a bad look for the labor movement.
Washington Naval Conference (1921)
4 Power Treaty - US, GB, France, Japan agree to respect each others Pacific claims 5 Power Treaty - US, GB, Italy, Japan, France set battleship ratios for disarmament 9 Power Treaty - 9 countries agree to respect the territorial integrity of China and uphold the Open Door Policy
What were the New York City Draft Riots (1863)?
4 days of rioting, triggered by efforts to enforce the military draft. The Irish were opposed to fighting for blacks because they would compete with them for their jobs. 105 people were killed (most of tthem being black) and even an orphanage was burnt down
How long did the Civil War last?
4 years from April 12, 1861 - April 9, 1865
Thomas Paine's Common Sense
50 page pamphlet published in 1776 that any illiterate farmer-soldier could understand. It had 3 main arguments. - Geography - Why should an island rule a continent - Royal Legitimacy - Where did the king's right to rule come from? - Safety - We don't really need British army/navy protection because we can befriend the French and Spanish who we are already illegally trading with
What were the classes during the era of Progressivism?
76 million people Upper 10 2% (1.5 million) Middle Class "Victorians" 15% (11 million) Farmers and Agricultural Laborers 38% (29 million) Industrial working class 45% (34 million) Class crossover - Prosperous farmers were more victorian - Many agricultural workers were similar to wage labor - Some in the upper ten were reformers
Pearl Harbor (1941)
7:50-10:00 AM, December 7, 1941 - Surprise attack by the Japanese on the main U.S. Pacific Fleet harbored in Pearl Harbor, Hawaii destroyed 18 U.S. ships and 200 aircraft. American losses were 3000, Japanese losses less than 100. In response, the U.S. declared war on Japan and Germany, entering World War II.
1941 oil embargo
80% of Japanese Oil came from the US and so the US place an Oil embargo on Japan to try and stop them. causes Pearl Harbor
What was the US census on war in 1937?
94% agreed that America should stay out
Federal Reserve Act (1913)
A "bank for bankers" which regulates the "money trust" of interlocking bankers.
Palmer Raids
A 1920 operation coordinated by Attorney General Mitchel Palmer in which federal marshals raided the homes of suspected radicals and the headquarters of radical organization in 32 cities
Who was Fredrick W. Taylor?
A business theorist who invented "Scientific Management" and Taylorism
America First Committee
A committee organized by isolationists before WWII, who wished to spare American lives. They wanted to protect America before we went to war in another country. Charles A. Lindbergh and Father Coughlin were 2 of their supporters. They secretly were pro-Nazi and many were anti-semitic
What was the Compromise of 1850?
A compromise for the crisis caused by California being ready for statehood proposed by no other than Henry Clay. 1 big and small bone for each side and one in the middle 1. California enters the union as a free state 2. Slave auctions in DC are outlawed 3. New stronger Fugitive Slave Act 4. US Government pays New Mexico debt to Texas and Texas gives up is claim to New Mexico 5. Popular Sovereignty will be used in the New Mexico and Arizona territories to determine the legality of slavery.
What was the Anti-Slavery Convention of American Women in 1837?
A convention in which the Philadelphia Anti-Slavery Society comes out of. there are an equal amount of black and white women in it.
Who was Fredrick Douglas?
A free black man who advocated for political and direct action. He Founds the North Star in Rochester, NY and also helps slaves escape to Canada from there as well
Rosie the Riveter
A government propaganda character designed to increase production of female workers in the factories. It became a rallying symbol for women to do their part.
Ecomienda
A grant by the Spanish Crown to a colonist in America including the right to demand tribute and forced labor from the Indian inhabitants of an area.
United Negro Improvement Association (UNIA)
A group founded by Marcus Garvey that made international connections . TThey preached black nationalism which meant that they were more like any black person than whites. This starts the idea of Pan-Africanism - "Africa for the Africans, at home and abroad"
Beat Generation (1950s-1960s)
A group of American writers in the 1950s and 1960s who sought release and illumination though a bohemian counterculture of sex, drugs, and Zen Buddhism. Writers such as Jack Kerouac (On The Road) and Allen Ginsberg (Howl) gained fame by giving readings in coffeehouses, often accompanied by jazz music. They had explicit language and content that would get banned in many areas.
What was the Stono Rebellion?
A group of slaves in South Carolina kill 25+ whites then ran to Florida where the Spanish armed them and ally with them against the British. Was an example of slave resistance.
Who was William Miller?
A guy during the 2nd Great Awakening who had a vision of god saying when the world will end. He founds the Millerites and Millenialism and the world doesn't end up ending and he and his followers are dissappointed
What was the "Burnt Over" District of Western New York?
A huge amount of new preachers leading to new sects in western New York during the 2nd Great Awakening.
What was Nat Turner's Rebellion?
A massive slave rebellion in Norfolk, Virginia led by nat Turner who was a minister and a free black. 55 whites were bludgeoned and killed. This leads to the end of Gradualism in Virginia and the South. It also happened the same year as the Liberator by coincidence so the south thought the north were stirring up anarchy.
What was the American Colonization Society (1817)?
A movement founded by white gradualists. They paid for freed slaves or free blacks to hop on a boat to Africa to a colony they founded called Liberia. 12,000 actually went there. Its capital was Monrovia after James Monroe. Free blacks hated this idea because they thought it was "a scheme to deny black Americans from just liberties". Only a few free blacks went because of the vicious segregation and it was kind of like forced emigration because it was a slave's best option
The Harlem Renaissance
A period in the 1920s when African-American achievements in art and music and literature flourished out of the neighborhood of Harlem, NY which was a relatively wealthy MC neighborhood. It was a save place for black people so movements there thrived
Appeasement
A policy of making concessions to an aggressor in the hopes of avoiding war. Associated with Neville Chamberlain's policy of making concessions to Adolf Hitler.
Iron Curtain
A political barrier that isolated the peoples of Eastern Europe after WWII, restricting their ability to travel outside the region. They were satellites of the Soviet Union
Who was George Whitefield?
A preacher who arrives from England in 1739 and goes on tour. He was the first "celebrity" and democratized preaching and Bible study, and challenged authority of old light ministers
Who was Bartolome de Las Casas?
A priest who protested against the cruel treatment of natives. He argued with Supelveda that the Natives had souls contrary to his belief. Leads to New Laws of 1542
Panama Crisis (1901)
A prime example of Gunboat Diplomacy. In 1850 England and US have a treaty saying neither will try to build a canal. In 1901 they sign the Hay-Pauncefote Treaty saying the US can build with British approval as long as the British can use it. John Hay negotiates with Colombian minister (Tomas Herran) for US to rent the "Canal Zone" in Panama for 10 million and 250k yearly in the Hay-Herran Treaty. However, Colombian Parliament says No and Teddy is enraged. So he supports a Panamanian Secession Plot with the US Navy in order for Panama to gain independence. The new country of Panama then signs the Hay-Buanu-Varilla Treaty which gave the US the canal zone for 10 million. The canal is built and opened in 1914.
Proclamation of 1763
A proclamation from the British government which forbade British colonists from settling west of the Appalachian Mountains, and which required any settlers already living west of the mountains to move back east. This was because building forts in order to protect colonists from Indians was too expensive, and the English were in severe debts to Dutch Banks. Violation of liberty
Central Pacific Railroad
A railroad that started in Sacramento , and connected with the Union Pacific Railroad in Promontory Point, Utah. The President was Leland Stanford.
What was the Age of Reform Movements?
A result of the 2nd Great Awakening that was mainly big in the north. Wasn't very popular in south because abolitionism turned off southerners from joining these movements. 1. Temperance 2. Abolitionism 3. State Supported Public Asylums 4. State Supported Public Education 5. Women and the Family
What was debt peonage?
A system the bound newly freed slaves into debt. They would go to a store for a loan in order to farm the land they were renting and because they were black the store would charge very high interest rates. The interest and rent payments together left many black families very poor and with little to no money. If there was a bad crop or season their debt would compound upon itself and they'd be in an even worse position.
Domino Theory
A theory that if one nation comes under Communist control, then neighboring nations will also come under Communist control.
City Beautiful Movement
A turn-of-the-century movement among progressive architects and city planners, who aimed to promote order, harmony, and virtue while beautifying the nation's new urban spaces with grand boulevards, welcoming parks, and monumental public buildings. Fredrick Law Olmstead designs Central Park to "uplift the poor"
Hoovervilles (Shantytowns)
A very poor area where small shacks were built from scrap materials during the depression.
Who was William Lloyd Garrison?
A white man abolitionist who wrote the Liberator. he burned the constitution because he though it was a pact with the devil because it solidified slavery. - 3/5 compromise. He had strong alliances with the free black community and wanted for them to have equal rights post-slavery
Lavender/Pink Scare
A witch hunt and the mass firings of homosexual people in the 1950s from the United States government as they found closeted gays in an attempt to find communists
What is a sharecropper?
A worker who works on someone else's land (tenant farmer) and pays their rent in a portion of their crop. They "worked in halves" which meant they payed half their crop to their landlord.
What is a tenant farmer?
A worker who works on someone else's land and pays rent in either cash or crop. Most former slaves would become this.
Open shop
A workplace where employees were not required to join a union
Red-Baiting
Accusing someone of being a communist even though they can't prove that they aren't
Sugar Act 1764
Act that lowers tax on sugar from 6 to 3 pence. However this isn't good because the British begin to enforce the law so for the colonists it were like it had just gone from 0 to 3 pence. The Beginning of the end of Salutary Neglect
Lodge Corollary (1912)
Added to the Monroe Doctrine after the Japanese try to buy land in Baja California (Mexico) which would've put a naval base very close to the US. It said Non-Europeans also could not own territory in the Western Hemisphere which offended Japanese companies.
Keynesian Economics
Adopted by FDR in 1938. Deficit spending is ok in a recession in order the "prime the pump" of the economy and the debt can be paid off when times are good. Says government should use fiscal policy in order to generate bottom up consumer spending without worrying about long term inflation.
Dorie Miller
African American cook for the U.S Navy. He shot down Japanese planes in Pearl Harbor from his ship after his crew had died. He became a war hero and was used as propaganda by the government to make African Americans join the army.
A. Phillip Randolph
African American labor leader who threatens a march on Washington to FDR because they were no being employed by factories who were getting paid. This caused Executive Order #8802
Port Chicago Incident (1944)
African Americans were forced to be stevedores which was a dangerous job. On July 14, 1944, munitions exploded and killed 320 and injured 390, most of which were African Americans. Even after this there were no safety regulations imposed so they did a sit down strike because they were not safe. 50 of these strikers were tried for Mutiny and were given 15 years in prison.
What was the "New Negro" in the 1920's
African-Americans who DID "pull themselves up by their bootstrap" and are working good jobs for good pay who were proud to be black.
Gentleman's agreement (1907)
After emperor threatens war on the US after schools wouldn't allow Japanese in San Francisco, tis deal is made. Japanese Emperor agrees to limit immigration to the US
Gifford Pinchot's Bureau of Forestry
Agency created by Teddy Roosevelt for forest management that ensures the long term health, viability and productivity of the commonwealth's forest and conserves native wild plants. He chooses Gifford Pinchot to head the agency.
Reconstruction Finance Corporation
Agency established in 1932 by Hoover administration to provide emergency relief to large businesses, insurance companies, and banks. Only gave 500 million in loans and it favored the rich business owners
Kellogg-Briand Pact
Agreement signed in 1928 in which nations agreed to not use force and war in order to achieve national goals
AAA
Agricultural Adjustment Administration: Attempted to regulate agricultural production through farm subsidies; ruled unconstitutional in 1936; disbanded after World War II
Wha were 3 big events of Texas's war Independence?
Alamo: March 6 , 1838; Mexican army comes into Texas and says for Texans to surrender. Texans don't and 100's die fighting Goliad Massacre: March 20, 1836; Mexican government tells Texans to surrender and they did on the condition of if the Mexicans let them live. Mexicans bayonet some Texans after they surrender Battle of San Jacinto: April 21, 1836; Sam Houston surprised the Mexican army and captured their president, Antonio Lopez. He forces him to sin the Treaty of Valasco which have Texas its independence.
Manhattan Project (1941-1945)
Albert Einstein wrote to FDR about the atom bomb and said the US needs to build one. So the US launches a secret project to develop this bomb. They test it in the desert of New Mexico at Trinity Site which came back as very successful. There were 3 communist spies in the project, so Stalin had known about it even before Truman told him. It was used on Hiroshima and Nagasaki and forced the Japanese to surrender.
What caused the Birth of the first 2 American Political Parties?
Alexander Hamilton's Economic program. Federalists vs. Jeff-Reps
Kellog-Briand Act (1928)
All nations sign. Renounces force and war to achieve national goals. But there was no way to enforce this
9 Power Treaty
All respect Open Door Policy in China and Chinese territorial integrity.
4 Power Treaty
All respect each others Pacific Possessions - USA, Great Britain, France, Japan
Writs of Assistance
Allowed British authorities to search colonial homes at will. Violation English Liberties
Executive Order #9066
Allowed for the internment and relocation of Japanese people in Washington, Oregon, and California to camps in the deserts of California and Utah. This was because they made Washington, Oregon, and California military exclusion zones. interned bot native Japanese and Japanese Americans who had never been to Japan.
What was buying stock on margin?
Allowed people to borrow most of the cost of the stock, making down payments as low as 10 percent. Caused over-speculation with 850 million in stock on margin loans in 1929 as compared to the 5 million in 1928.
What was the significance of the proliferation of banks and bank notes?
Allows for more transactions and money to be carried easier and exchanged in many different cities. There were different paper currencies worth different amounts. This led to anxiety and sometimes panic
Battle of Gettysburg
Also July 4 1863 (Vicksburg), this three day battle was the bloodiest of the entire Civil War, ended in a Union victory, and is considered the turning point of the war. It stopped Lee's Pennsylvania invasion.
What was the Know Noting Party?
Also known as the American party. They were nativists and anti-foreign
1920's Foreign Policy
Although US was not in league of nations... - Washington Naval conference (1921) - Kellog-Briand Pact (1928) - US corporate investment in Latin America Doubles (1919-1929) - Dawes Repayment Plan
What is important to know about Socialism, Communism, Marxism, and Anarchism?
Although they overlap and are similar in some aspects, they are all separate ideas and concepts.
What was the Free Soil Party?
Although they weren't against the institution of slavery, they were agains its expansion into the west because of fear of competition with large plantations. Their slogan was "Free Soil, Free Labor, Free Men". In consisted of abolitionists from the Liberty party as well as racist free-soilers. They began to steal votes from Whigs and Northern Democrats.
How did WWII end the Depression?
America became involved in a total war after 1941 and every aspect of the economy was focused on the war effort. Large government quotas cause a spike in employment. The war provided jobs and promoted the unionization of Americans
Joseph Galloway Plan
America semi-autonomous but still part of British Empire which fails by 1 vote in 1st Continental Congress
Ethel and Julius Rosenberg
American communists who were executed after having been found guilty of conspiracy to commit espionage. The charges were in relation to the passing of information about the atomic bomb to the Soviet Union. Theirs was the first execution of civilians for espionage in United States history
Dorthea Lange
American photographer who recorded the Great Depression by taking pictures of the unemployed and rural poor.
Why is their a movement for more required primary education during the progressive era?
Because of the the fear of the new immigrants by the kids of the old immigrants. They wanted to "stamp the immigrant out of the immigrant"
Nisei
American-born children of Japanese immigrants; second generation Japanese Americans.
What was the 1798 XYZ Affair and its effects?
Americans are sent to France to negotiate about impressment. They speak to 3 ministers of Napoleons Financial Secretary (Talleyrand) and they say they need some sort of tribute money in order to talk for him. This enrages the Americans and they say "Millions for defence, but now one cent for tribute" in newspapers. It was an embarrassment for Jeff Reps because they supported relations with France and there is an Undeclared Naval War.
Nationalism in Westward Expansion
Americans believed the US had a Natural Right to its barriers. They also believed it was the US duty to expand democracy
What was the problem with big business?
Americans were forced to reconsider the right of business to do as an individual does.
Denmark Vesey's conspiracy
An 1822 failed slave uprising in Charleston, South Carolina, purported to have been led by Denmark Vesey, a free black man. The plan was discovered before it could be executed. It leads to restrictions of literacy because they had been inspired by Toussaint in Haiti.
Leo Frank Case (1913)
An American Jew who was son of immigrant parents. He worked in a tobacco company in a small Georgia town and was blamed for a rape of a young girl (who was actually raped by her own family) and is lynched
Warsaw Pact (1955)
An alliance between the Soviet Union and other Eastern European nations. This was in response to the NATO
What was the Civil Right Act of 1866?
An attempt by congress to ban Black Codes in the South
Ida Wells-Barnett
An early leader in the civil rights movement. She documented the extent of lynching in the United States, and was also active in the women's rights movement and the women's suffrage movement.
What was the Social Gospel and Settlement House Movement?
An early reform program that preached salvation through service to the poor. It challenged individualism and the Victorian notion of Social Darwinism and Gospel of Wealth. It helped out new immigrant and poor mothers. Jane Adams and Hull House was a good example.
What is mercantilism?
An economic system where the government regulates trade for its own benefit at the expense of its rivals. Increase exports decrease imports. All colonies exist for benefit of mother country and for raw materials.
What was Carnegie's "Wealth" Essay?
An essay that argued that captains of industry were needed in order to fund civic improvements. He lived up to this and donated a lot of money for philanthropy, but he was one of the only to do this and he was basically calling out all the other captains of industry who did not.
What is Marxism?
An extremely dualistic ideology invented by Karl Marx is his book "Das Kapital". He invents his "Stage theory of History". By this theory he says that the workers (proletariat) need to rebel against the factory owners (bourgeois) to get to stage 4 of socialism. His pamphlet "Communist Manifesto" was him trying to speed up the process
Satellite Country
An independent nation that is under the military and/or financial control of another nation
Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)
An international crisis in October 1962, the closest approach to nuclear war at any time between the U.S. and the USSR. When the U.S. discovered Soviet nuclear missiles on Cuba, President John F. Kennedy demanded their removal and announced a naval blockade of the island; the Soviet leader Khrushchev acceded to the U.S. demands a week later. The US removed missiles from Turkey in order to allow for this
Effects of Proclamation of 1763
Angers lower class because the new land they had just fought for can't be settled. They question why they even fought in the first place
What was Temperance?
Anti-alocholism. - In 1826 the American Temperance society is formed made up of mainly women - Martha Washingtonians 1840 - It used moral suasion rather than state coercion and was led by Easterners because more drinking in the west - Nativists who were against Irish were in support because drinking was a major part of Irish culture - Women were very supportive because drunk men led to domestic abuse and it saved money - Women appealed to men when sober at tent gatherings to get them to stop. Part of a big semi-political issue - Quasi-political - Employers wanted it because they didn't want drunk workers and wanted time discipline - Maine Law of 1851 prohibits manufacture of liquor - first of 13 states who prohibit alcohol before 1860 - A lot of propaganda used such as "The Drunkards Progress"
What was Middle Class Progressivism?
Anti-individualism. Belief in the power of government to improve conditions and the middle class attempt to shape the Upper 10 and Working class in their own image.
"Gag Rule" from 1836-44
Anti-slavery petitions couldn't be discussed in Congress violating Freedom of Petition
What was the Protestant Work ethic?
Anxiety of being elected for heaven (predestination) made people work harder.
What is Communism?
Any idea involving the idea of shared property and government redistribution of money.
Stamp Act 1765
Any official paperwork (wills, marriage records, contracts, etc.) in order to be official had to go pay for a stamp on paperwork. Even newspapers and playing cards were taxed. Printers become upset and spread propaganda in their papers. They protested by not paying the tax and putting a skull and bones where the stamp would be put as a lowkey threat.
When does US enter WWI
April 6, 1917 because Wilson says "The world must be safe for Democracy"
Wha was the International ladies Garment Union (ILGU)?
ClaraLemlich:Union of new female immigrants that organized eastern European women. They were communists and moralists.
When does Columbus set sail?
August 1492
Anschluss with Austria (1937)
Austria votes to become a part of Germany because they speak German and so they are annexed.
What was the Panic of 1893?
Bank Panic that happened due to railroad speculation, cheap silver, and low agricultural prices which caused a run on the gold in banks. It lasted 3 years and was the 2nd worst depression in American history.. At its peak in 1894, there was a 20% unemployment rate. There was a depressed economy and it was weakening farmers and workers. It also unraveled economic security of the Middle Class
What were Local "Black Codes" in the South after the Civil War?
Basically state laws that reestablished the institution of slavery. - Vagrancy Laws made it illegal for anyone with no money (slaves) to be out after dark. If violated they'd be arrested and sign a contract that they couldn't read to get out of jail that would bind them to slavery. - Perpetual Work contracts basically forced indentured servitude and the freed slaves couldn't read them - No Renting and Borrowing Laws
What was the Battle of Little Big Horn?
Battle in which Sioux generals surprised the US cavalry and was an exception of Indians beating the US army
The Korean War (1950-1953)
Battle of Inchon (Sep. 1950) - Land behind enemy lines, cut their supply routes, and capture Seoul and in 2 weeks South Korea's government had been restored. MacArthur crosses 38th Parallel (Oct. 1950) - Chases North Koreans into China but could not go into China across he Yalu River because it would start a war with China - MacArthur wanted to nuke China but Truman said no, so he criticizes him and is fired Communist China invades North Korea across the Yalu River - US Marines have to run and retreat back to South Korea from the Chosin Reservoir
How were Catherine Beecher's ideas challenged
Because of the reality that poor women began working in Lowell system factories. This made it so the Cult of Domesticity was just an Ideal tthat didnt apply to these Women. Also because of the Early Women's Rights Movement and Feminism led by Sarah and Angelina Grimke, Lucrieta Mott, and Elizabeth Cody Staton who thought Beecher was wrong
5 Power Treaty
Battleship ratios for Disarmament. - Britain 5:USA 5:Japan 3:France 1.67:Italy 1.67
George Grenville
Became the Prime Minister of England in 1763; proposed the Sugar & Stamp Acts to raise revenue in the colonies in order to defray the expenses of the French & Indian War & to maintain Britain's expanded empire in America.
What new race arises in New France?
Because few french women men married Natives. Their children were called "Metis"
Why did FDR pass the 21st Amendment?
Because he could no pass the Beer and Wine Revenue Act to make tax revenue.
Why does Teddy Roosevelt create the FDA
Because he read "The Jungle" and was disgusted by the descriptions. The Pure Food and Drug Act in 1906 made the FDA and the Meat inspection Act was passed in 1906.
Why does Jefferson make the Louisiana purchase for 15 million in 1803?
Because he wanted to fund Napoleon and the French to take the colony of Saint-Domingue back
Mexican migration during WWII
Because industrial jobs are now available to white workers, there is a demand for wage pickers for labor and so many Mexicans migrate back to the US
What was the 2nd Great Awakening
Because kids were against he reason of their parents. A reaction against the pure reason of the Enlightenment and against old predestination of Puritans. A desire for emotion, love of god, and an active god.
Why was the SCOTUS still opposed to unions in the Progressive Era?
Because law is based on power of individual contract. They validated anti-union measures and viewed unions as "conspiracies in restraint of trade". In the Danbury Hatters case (1902) it was deemed that union leaders must pay owners for financial damages
How were women affected by the Civil War?
Because men were on the front lines, new feminized occupations arose, the most important being nursing. The US Sanitary Commission was a result of this headed by Mary Ann Bickerdyke
Why was there so much corporate power during the Progressive era?
Because of Economies of scale and barriers to entry. Also market concentration had decreased with only 187 of the top 1800 companies from 1897 remaining in 1904. There were monopolies and oligopolies. Pools, trusts, and holding companies we all attempts to subvert state laws. Price discrimination was also a problem.
What was President Andrew Johnson's relationship with Congress?
Because of Lincoln's death, Johnson had tto deal with Reconstruction. Because he was a Southerner, he didn't want to punish the South the same way most republicans in congress wanted to. He vetoed 13 bills from Congress that were all overridden in Congress.
Conformity during the 1950's
Because of Postwar prosperity, Credit and wages are up and bonds are being cashed in. People are living their lives normally and there is a sense of conformity
Why does abolitionism start to pick up from 1830-50?
Because of new tactics. This new tactic made white people question Who are the Real Slaves and if whether or not they themselves were free. South Carolina Post Office Incident (1834) where copies of the Liberator were burned viokated freedom of the press. Congressional "Gag Rule" on anti-slavery petitions violated freedom to petition.
Why did the South secede and when?
Because of the Compact Theory of Government. They officially seceded in December of 1860 after Lincoln won the election
Why are slaves in the north quicker to Christianize?
Because of the many different African cultures not all blacks were the same. And so they lost their cultre in the north. However in the south due to the task system African cultures lasted longer
Why did Lincoln think he wouldn't win the 1864 election?
Because of the very high death rate. He ends up winning because of William Tecumseh Sherman's success in the west and march to the east. He ran with Andrew Johnson (Southerner from Tennessee) to gain support of border states
Why did the end of World War II not cause another depression
Because of war bonds, savings, and consumerism that explodes after the war. Housing also started tto boom especially because of the GI Bill
Why were there large consumer savings during WWII
Because regular people can't find stuff to buy because of total war production
What was slavery like in the northern colonies?
Because slavery wasn't central to the economy because there were no cash crops, Northern colonizers profited greatly off Slave Trade Shipping. Slave codes were also less harsh. Slave marriages were recognized by law, they could testify, they could own property and even pass it on to kids. Africans were very diverse, but because there were not as many it was hard to preserve their cultures because they weren't together like those on big plantations.
How did Americans during WWII justify the internment and discrimination of Japanese people?
Because the Japanese practice Shintoism, they worship the emperor. So although they may be American, hey can't truly support the US because the emperor is their god.
Why was life arguably better for African Americans right after the civil war than it would be for the next several decades?
Because the Military Reconstruction Act actively enforced the 14th and 15th amendments and their rights were protected. When the Redeemers regain control white supremacy begins to reign the land again.
Why was the Gilded Age known as "The Last West"?
Because the frontier between the east and west ends around 1890.
Why was there a dispute or "falling out" between Women leaders and Black male leaders?
Because the women had a dispute with black male leaders like Fredrick Douglas over the 15th Amendment because it didn't give women voting rights.
Why was the Hayes-Tilden election in 1876 important?
Because there was a dispute of who won Louisiana, South Carolina, and Florida in the election because of accusations of fraud from both sides, Congress had to decide who won the states that would decide the election. In a committee that republicans outnumbered democrats 8-7, they voted that Rutherford B. Hayes won all 3 states and he barely wins the election. This causes outrage from the south and they force the compromise of 1877 (hayes-tilden compromise) which stops the federal enforcement of reconstruction and its laws
What was the Republican party able to do during the Civil War and what did they pass?
Because there was no Democrat opposition, they were able to pass what they wanted with ease that they couldn't before the war. - Morrill Tariff Act (1861) - Raised foreign tariff - Homestead Act (1862) - Free federal land in the West if lived there for 5 years - Morrill Land Grant Act (1862) - Federal land for Western colleges - Pacific Railway Act (1862) - Northern route transcontinental railroad
Why is the Cold War called the Cold War?
Because there was no direct fighting or confrontation with the Russians. It was a battle of ideologies and a competition for influence of "satellite Countries". This divide was called the Iron curtain by Churchill.
Why was there a sense of mutualism among ethnic and occupational societies?
Because there was no government help because of the total Laissez-Faire society. The standard of living for a family was way higher then what most jobs payed yearly and so Victorian individualism was an impossible ideal that only applied to the middle class. Women and children had to work to support the "family economy"
Why were states in the West first to pass Women's suffrage and what was the first state?
Because there were more powerful women out west. the first state was Wyoming.
Why was the Working Class against child labor laws?
Because they needed their kids to work in order to have a stable and liveable income.
Why didn't progressives address African-Americans?
Because they thought they had unalterable characteristics. They would accuse them for imaginary assaults and affronts to white women.
Queen Lililuokalani
Becomes Queen of Hawaii in 1893 but is overthrown in 1893 by US business leaders.
Whiskey Ring Scandal (Orville Babock)
Before they were caught, a group of mostly Republican politicians were able to siphon off millions of dollars in federal taxes on liquor; the scheme involved an extensive network of bribes involving tax collectors, storekeepers, and others.
What was the Great (Connecticut) Compromise?
Big states vs. Small states - State sovereignty fight - Proportional representation in House of Representatives - Equal representation in Senate
Okies
Displaced farm families from the Oklahoma dust bowl who migrated to California during the 1930s in search of jobs. Traveled on Route 66
What were Farmers' Alliances?
Black and white sharecroppers begin to try and cooperate with one another which shows how bad it was for farmers because this was a bridge in the racial divide that was very uncommon. They used their vote to elect people who were in their best interests
What were some examples of Gold Rushes in the Gilded Age?
Black hills in South Dakota and many out in Colorado which led o conflict with Indian tribes.
Who was Marcus Garvey?
Black nationalist who said "embrace your roots and be proud". He started the "Back to Africa" movement. He also owned a steamboat company called the Black Star Line (So Back to Africa movement somewhat a business interest) and he led UNIA (United Negro Improvement Association)
Housing Discrimination
Block-busting. HOA covenants restrict the re sale of homes to African Americans. Zoning laws that put black neighborhoods closer to industrial zones
Red October (1917)
Bolsheviks and Lenin overthrow Kerensky in communist revolution.
John Kenneth Galbraith, The Affluent Society (1958)
Book in which he suggests social conformity in the 1950's
Modern Woman: The Lost Sex (1947)
Book that backlashed working women and argued feminism was a deep illness encouraging women to become "imitation men". Contributed to post-war Anti-Feminism and backlash against working women
What was Madison Grant's "The Passing of the Great Race"
Book that supported eugenics and the gene pool theory
The Influence Of Sea Power on History - AT Mahan
Book where Mahan argues national power comes from Sea Dominance. Teddy reads and they be come friends 1. Push to build modern Navy becomes the "Great White Fleet" 2. Need naval bases and coaling stations
What was Edward Bellamy's "Looking Backward"?
Book where a man travels to 1988 and the people won't believe what says about capitalism and captains of industry because they lived in a socialistic society.
What were the 2 different Black Goal mindsets during progressivism?
Booker T. Washington vs. W.E.B. Dubois and their differing views
What did FDR do as opposed to Hoover's supply side economics?
Bottom-Up Economics
Tea Act 1773
British offer very discounted tea (cheaper than smuggled tea) from the British East India company. It serves to try and make the colonists give up their boycotts.
Zimmerman Telegram (1917)
Britain intercepts message of Germany asking Mexico to declare war on the US to get back land they lost in the Mexican War (Mexican cession). Britain waited until the US was on the edge of war to tell them and it was the dagger that caused them to join WWI.
Sinking of the Lusitania (May 1915)
British Passenger liner sunk by U-Boats byy accident. 128 Americans were killed. Wilson responds saying Germany will be held to "strict accountability" if freedom of the Seas is violated again.
Charles Townshend
British Prime Minister after Grenville fails to generate money for British debt. Influenced Parliament to pass the Townshend Acts.
John Meynard Keynes
British economist who proposed economic solutions and believed that governments should spend their way out of depression.
How is New York founded and what is it like?
British take New York from Dutch in 1660. hey allow minorities to stay but restrict the right of women and go back to coverture (Woman is owned by man). Free blacks' rights also are restricted and they can't work certain jobs. There are Demands for "English Liberties" in 1683 which leads to the drafting of the "Charter of Liberties and Privileges"
Operation Torch (1942-1943)
British-American invasion of North Africa to drive German occupying forces out of advance positions neat Casablanca, Morocco
Purple Machine
Broke japanese radio code
Philippine War (1901-1904)
Brutal Race War against the US led by Emilio Aguinaldo after they didn't get independence in which the Filipinos used guerilla warfare.
What was Henry Bessemer's method of making Steel and its affects? (1850's)
By blasting molten air onto molten iron, steel would be created which was must more durable. This led for buildings to become more than 4 stories and for urbanization to occur. Skyscrapers became prevelant
How did Japan violate all of the treaties it had signed in from 1900-1930?
By invading Manchuria (North China) by force. The League of Nations criticized them for it so Japan left the league of nations.
Cuban Revolution (1959)
By the 1930's most Cubans hated the US relationship and influence and the US supported a un-democratic but anti-communist dictator (Fulgencio Batista) who was hated by most Cuban peasants. Fidel Castro and rebels wage guerilla warfare agains Batista (1956-1959) and overthrow him in 1959.
Iran During the Cold War (1953)
CIA helps overthrow democratically elected socialist Mohammed Mossadegh and install the "The Shah" as puppet leader king.
What were humanitarian/moral justifications for slavery?
Calhoun said slavery was a positive good. George Fitzhugh's Cannibals All (1857) argued southern plantation slavery better than "Wage Slavery" in the north
Election of 1924
Calvin Coolidge and the Republicans beat Democratic party and are credited for well off economy
What was the Canal Boom (1820-1840)
Canals were Man-made rivers that allowed for boats to be pulled by horses. Eerie Canal links Western farmers across NY state to Eastern markets in NYC. They were built mainly by Irish immigrants.
Wha was the Homestead Strike (Pittsburg 1892)?
Carnegie goes to Scotland to see family and tells Henry Clay Frick not to touch anything while he's gone. Frick lowers wages because he hates Carnegie while he's gone. The workers strike and stop scabs from working. Henry Clay Frick hires the Pinkerton Detectives to protect the scabs. there are shootouts between workers and Pinkertons which is not a good look for the workers again.
What other jobs or skils did slaves do other than labor in the fields?
Carpenters, blacksmith, engineer, cowboy, gardener, man-servant, ladies-maid, cooks, seamstress, etc.
What were some industrial machines invented during the Gilded Age?
Cash Register and calculating machines
Rough Riders and how it affected Teddy
Cavalry group led by Teddy Roosevelt. They're win at San Juan Hill propels Teddy to become governor of New York. He was a progressive Republican and to shut him up the Republicans make him McKinley's Vice President.
Chinese Civil War and the "Losing" China
Chang Kai-Shek (Nationalists) vs. Mao Zedong (Communists) - US supported nationalist China, but they started tto lose and the US even considered reconciliation with Mao - However, Truman's rhetoric made this politically impossible because of his containment and he would take the blame for losing China to communism
What are the 3 types of colonies?
Charter colony - Joint stock company get rick people to pool money in hopes for a profit in return Royal colony - King and or Queen fund expedition to found colony for money Proprietary colony - King gives his homie some land
Who were the "coolies"
Chinese immigrants who were contracted as laborers to build the Central Pacific Railroad.
Boxer Rebellion (1900)
Chinese nativists mad of invasion of the "White Devil". American forces join with Europeans to successfully put it down.
Youth Culture in the 1950's
Chuck Berry invents Rock 'n' Roll and other artists like Little Richard popularize it. It was black music and culture so southern white parents were scared of it. however, Elvis being white brought them some ease later on. Movies also started advertising toward kids (Ex: James Dean)
15th Amendment
Citizens cannot be denied the right to vote because of race, color , or precious condition of servitude. It gave African Americans the right to vote but ex-confederates could not at the time because of the Military Reconstruction Act.
CWA
Civil Works Administration: emergency work relief program, put more than four million people to work during the winter of 1933-34
CCC
Civilian Conservation Corps. It was Relief that provided work for YOUNG men 18-25 years old in food control, planting, flood work, etc.
What did a Navy require?
Coaling stations at different points in the Ocean and the world. (Ex: Hawaii, Philippines, etc.)
What was the solution progressives had for African Americans?
Codified Segregation to protect the "weaker, infantile race". This allowed for inferiority mindset at the same time
Quartering Act 1764
Colonial citizens must provide quarters for British redcoat soldiers when they are on the march. This includes candles, bedding, salt, beer, cider, rum. This angers the rich with large estates and leads to a lot of tension in New York because of the large mansions there. Violation of property.
Vietnam during Cold War (1954)
Communist Ho Chi Minh leads revolution against French and seizes North Vietnam after Battle of Dien Bien Phu which divided Vietnam at the 17th parallel into North and South. The US backs a capitalist leader in South Vietnam
Why was there an overbuilding of railroads during the Gilded Age?
Companies were granted land around the railroads they built. Union Pacific was given 50 miles on both sides of their railroads. They would sell this land and this caused the formation of cities. They had a lot of incentive to build railroads. Congress didn't see a problem because many were stockholders
CIO
Congress of Industrial Organizations that split from AFL. proposed by John L. Lewis in 1932. A federation of unions that organized workers in industrial unions in the United States and were not exclusive. Included, UAW, steel, texting, mining, etc.
Father Charles Coughlin
Conservative Right Wing catholic priest with a radio show. He was vehemently anti-banker and anti-semetic and said the Jews were to blame for the depression.
What was King cotton?
Cotton was called king because cotton was important to the world market, and the South grew most of the cotton for Europe and the north's mills.
Admiralty Courts
Courts on ships in the harbor. Had no trial by jury (only a judge) and one was considered guilty before proven innocent. English pointed to this as a violation of their English Liberties
Carrie Nation
Created sensation by raiding saloons + smashing barrels of beer with a hatchet
William J. Levitt
Creates the idea of Levittowns which causes the creation of suburbs around the US. Contractors buy land and build many houses that look similar efficiently in order to sell
What were examples of corruption during Grant's administration?
Credit Mobilier Jim Fisk and Jay Gould Corner the Gold Market Whiskey Ring (Orville Babock) Bribes to sell Indian land (William Beknap)
What was the Credit Mobilier Scandal?
Credit Mobilier was a company made by Union Pacific. They were contracted for construction and when Union Pacific would go to the government for money to pay Credit Mobiier, they would get and write hat they needed more money that what construction actually cost Credit Mobilier. Because Credit Mobilier was practically Union Pacific, Union Pacific benefitted and many Congressman ignored the issue because they were stockholders in Union Pacific
Operation Overlord (June 6, 1944)
D-Day on Normandy beaches. Amphibious assault to retake France
What was the general attitude toward black people during the progressive era?
Damn near everyone was racist. They believed whites like the new immigrants were "redeemable" but that black people were not.
Who were the Big 4 at Versailles
David Lloyd George (England) Georges Clemenceau (France) Vittorio Orlando (Italy) Woodrow Wilson (USA)
Non-Agression Pact of 1939
Deal between Hitler and Stalin recognizing territorial prerogatives of each other; Hilter got the west half Poland, Stalin got the east half Poland.
Hammer vs. Dagenhart (1918)
Declared the Keating-Owen Act (a child labor act) unconstitutional by the pro business SCOTUS
Carrie Buck vs. Bell (1927)
Deemed States do have a right to sterilize people. Parents blamed Buck for being raped by basically saying the she was a ho. They send her to an asylum where she takes a rigged IQ test and so she sues and loses.
Why was Cuba's independence not really independence?
Despite the Taller Amendment saying the US would never annex them, the US forces the Platt Amendment into the new Cuban constitution which limited their governmental freedom.
What is the First Great Awakening?
Democratization/Liberalization of Calvinism and religion because more people were literate and could interpret Bible for themselves. By the 1720's Old Lights and New Lights argue about who is acceptable to preach. Liberalization of religion and the concept of predestination begins to fade away. Jonathan Edwards Sermon, Sinners in the Hand of an Angry God, says people have control of their actions and that they can SAVE THEMSELVES which was very liberal at the time.
Emilio Aguinaldo
Dewey verbally promises Filipino independence if he helps him against the Spanish despite having no power to do so. They beat the Spanish and don't give independence so Emilio feels betrayed and rebels against the US in the Philippine War.
What was the Dred Scott decision?
Dred Scott, a slave, sued for freedom, because his owner had taken him to free territory. He lost as Taney and the SCOTUS ruled a slave as property and could not sue. set back Abolitionist cause because it made it made it illegal to pass any law that would make slavery illegal and justified the right for slave masers to own slaves as property. It determined the Missouri Compromise unconstitutional.
US Nye Committee
Investigates the influence of bankers on WWI and called for isolationism
What was the 14th Amendment?
Due Process Clause - "No STATE shall deny any person of life, liberty, or property without due process of law" Equal Protection Clause - All citizens will receive Equal Protection under the law (which means SCOTUS cant overrule Civil Right Act)
What was the Age of Perfectionism and what were some examples?
During 2nd Great Awakening where there are Utopian experiments. - Mother Ann Lee - Shakers and Amana Colony, Iowa - John Humphrey Noyes - Oneida community, NY - Robert Owen - New Harmony, IN - Margaret Fuller - Neshoba, Tenesee - Fourier Phalanxes
Proxy Wars
During the Cold War, local or regional wars in which the superpowers armed, trained, and financed the combatants in an attempt to establish a satellite country. (Ex: Angola, Vietnam, Korea)
How were women and the family seen during the Age of Reform?
Early Republican Motherhood from 1787-1830's justified female education. In 1830's the "Cult of Domesticity" is promoted by Catherine Beecher in "treatise on Domestic Economy" which was very popular among women. It had 3 main points. 1. Women are defenders of the Hearth 2. Women are morally superior and pure so in charge of moral education 3. Women stay in their separate sphere which preserves their superior purity and moral righteousness because politics and business would corrupt them
Who were the "new immigrants" who poured into the United States between 1890 and 1920?
Eastern and Southern europeans like Greeks, Italians, Jews, Turks, Russians, etc.
What did the Populist Party want?
Economic - Inflationary Silver - Federall controlled storage elevators - Public ownership of railroads - Public ownership of Telegram lines - Graduated Income tax (redistribution of wealth) Political and Expanding Democracy - Direct election of US Senators instead of state legislatures - Democratic reforms: IRR (Initiative, Referendum, Recall) Also wanted 8 hour work day and 40 hour work week to try and gain support from others in the working class. they were very progressive for the time and many of their ideas are implemented in the 1900's during the Progressive Era.
16th Amendment (1913)
Economic Reform that Allowed for a graduated "progressive" income tax.
Why are monopolies bad?
Economies of scale create barriers to entry which leads to no competition. Prices are set too high for consumers and a wealth inequality gap is created between the Upper 10 and working class.
Edward R. Murrow vs. McCarthy
Edward R. Murrow was a journalist with his own TV show. He helped turn the tide against McCarthy by exposing his self-contradictions, hypocrisy, lies, and lack of evidence. Caused McCarthy to fall off and which he eventually did in the Army-McCarthy hearings
"Dynamic Conservatism"
Eisenhower's philosophy of being liberal in all things human and being conservative with all things fiscal. Appealed to both Republicans and Democrats. He accepts New Deal changes as permanent like the SSA and FLSA
Truman Doctrine
Emerges as a response to Civil War in Greece and Turkey. US will assist "free peoples" struggling against nondemocratic forms of government. The US public was divided over this
Who was John Rolfe and what did he do?
English settler who comes to Jamestown in 1611. He marries Pocahantas for good relations with the Pamunkey. He also introduces a hydrid, smokeable tobacco which saves the colony economically.
What was the headright system?
Englishmen who could pay their own Atlantic crossing were granted 50 acres of land per "head" brought to Virginia. They could sell this land or become plantation owners
Containment Policy during Cold War
Established by the Truman administration in 1947 to contain Soviet influence to what it was at the end of World War II because containing communism was essential to American freedom and liberty. Found success in Greece and Turkey.
Racist Arguments against Imperialism
Eugenicists say that he "Inferior colored subjects" will enter US legally and dilute the Anglo-Saxon population
What was the Dark side of the Moral Crusade/Progressivism?
Eugenics and Forced Sterilization
What was the Pequot War (1636-1638) and how did it happen?
European pigs ate Indian corn. Indians would kill the pig which led to a Puritan killing a Pequot. This led to War. the War was the Puritan colonies (Allied with the Narrangasetts and Moheguns) vs. the Pequots. The Narrangasetts and Moheguns allied with Puritans because their rivalry with Pequots in the fur and Wampum (beads and shells) trade.
Redeemers
Ex-confederates/democrats who hated Reconstruction and the Republican party.
Whitaker Chambers accuses Alger Hiss
Example of HUAC investigating in the State Department
What was the Upper 10's ideology?
Extreme individualism and that government should say out of their business
What was the Triangle Shirtwaist Fire? (1911)
Factory fire in which 146 were killed with 123 being young girl textile workers. This was because the doors were locked to keep the kids in and there were no fire escapes. This causes change and reform for worker safety.
FEPC
Fair Employment Practices Commission (FEPC) implemented US Executive Order 8802, requiring that companies with government contracts not discriminate on the basis of race or religion. But not very enforced
FLSA
Fair Labor Standards Act. Sets a minimum wage (0.40 cents), maximum number of hours (40) and bans child labor. Did Not apply to people of color.
Who was Thomas Nast?
Famous political cartoonist
FCA
Farm Credit Administration. Refinanced farm mortgages at lower interest and for longer terms. Was their HOLC
Farm Conditions in the 1920's
Farm foreclosures rate quadruples from 1920-1927. Tech improvements decreased crop prices and caused this
What were Patrons of Husbandry and Granger Meetings (National Grange)?
Farmers would basically only see each other when they gathered for church on Sundays. This is when they would discuss problems. Initially they talked about husbandry but this eventually switched to their economic problems and they began to elect officers. *They were not unions*
Spanish Civil War (1936)
Fascists vs Republicans. Francesco Franco rises as dictator and Hitler helps him him. Hitler tests the German air-force by bombing Guernica.
What were Middle Class motives for the public education movement?
Fear of the new immigrants not assimilating. The MC was paternalistic and the WC parents were the most opposed because they needed their kids to work to help bring in a family income.
What is the difference between Federalists vs. Anti-Feds and Federalists vs. Jeff Reps?
Fed vs. Anti-Fed was about the Philly Convention, state sovereignty, and AOC Fed vs. Jeff-Reps was about the interpretation of the Constitution and strictness. Both groups accepted the constitution unlike the anti-feds.
FCNA
Federal Council on Negro Affairs that helped black people find jobs
FDIC
Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation: A federal guarantee of savings bank deposits initially of up to $2500, raised to $5000 in 1934, and frequently thereafter; continues today with a limit of $100,000
FERA
Federal Emergency Relief Administration: combined cash relief to needy families with work relief
National Defense Education Act (NDEA)
Federal aid to improve math and science education. Included AP Programs and was an attempt to make the next generation smarter to help defeat the Soviets in technology
What was the Freedman's Bureau?
Federal funded agency that allowed for abolitionists to establish 3000 schools and offices in the South in order to protect freedmen from unjust labor contracts. Was headed by Oliver Howard and provided food, shelter, medical aid, and trade education.
Keating-Owen Child Labor Act (1916)
Federal government attempt to regulate child labor
What was the Commerce Compromise?
Federalist v. Antti-federalists - Federal government can control Interstate Trade - State governments can control Intrastate Trade - Federal government can tax foreign imports but not exports so that sates aren't scared
What were the the Ratification Debates (1787-1791)?
Feds vs. Anti-feds. A series of debates in articles of newspapers.
What items were involved in the Columbian Exchange?
Flora - Potatoes, corn, tomatoes to Old world - Rice, Sugar, and Indigo to New world Fauna - Turkey to Old world - Horses, Pigs, Cattle, Sheep to New World Pathogens - Europeans brought deadly diseases that the Native Americans had to immunity to to the New world. Smallpox, Measles, Malaria, Influenza
Who were 2 of the first black senators as a result of only Scalawags, Carpetbaggers, and Freedmen being able to vote.
Hiram Revels (MI) and Blance K. Bruce (SC)
Who were the Puritans and what did they believe?
Followers of John Calvin and Calvinism. They believed in predestination and that the English Anglican church wasn't strict enough.
Sedition Act (1918)
Forbids any disloyal or abusive remarks about the government. Made constitutional in Abrams vs. US
How is South Carolina founded and what is it like?
Founded by 8 proprietors as a food supply colony for slaves in Barbados in 1670. They grew rice and indigo because of the more tropical climate. They enslaved the Yamasee Indians until they rebelled in 1716 and they had to switch to African slaves. Plantation owners were very rich and grew indigo and rice. There was a strict racial barrier when Africans begin to arrive. By 1770 there are 100k African slaves which was more than half the population. Because of Malaria these slaves worked under the task system. Also because there were so many slaves, they were. more able to preserve African cultures. Rape and sexual liaisons led to a Mulatto population. Stono Rebellion in 1740
What was the Eugenics Record Office?
Founded by the Rockefeller foundation to try and prove the validity of Eugenics. It was a pseudo-science like phrenology was.
How is Pennsylvania Founded and what is it like?
Founded in 1681 as a "Holy Experiment" by William Penn. It was a safe haven for Quakers and a land to be free from religious persecution. They wanted peaceful coexistence with Indians which lasted until 1737 with the "Walking purchase". They believed liberty was a universal entitlement and established the Frame of Government (assembly) and Charter of liberties. This attracts the poor of Europe and MD and VA lost indentures.
How is Georgia founded and what is it like?
Founded in 1732 as a utopian experiment by James Oglethorpe. Initial recruits were London debtors. They initially brought silk worms to make silk but they die so they transition to cultivating rice. Slavery was initially outlawed but overturned in 1745 by large planters who need slave labor. They did this by pleading for their "English rights" to own slaves. It also served as a buffer colony between SC and Spanish Florida for run away slaves.
Who was Joseph Smith?
Founder of Mormonism and Mormon Book in NY because of a vision of angel Gabriel he had during the 2nd Great Awakening.
Who was Jane Adams?
Founder of the Hull House and supporter of the Social Gospel Movement.
FDR's Court Packing Plan
Franklin Roosevelt asked Congress to permit the President to increase the number of judges from 9-15 if the judges refused to retire after the age of 70, it never became a law because it was a threat to the separation of powers and was voted against in Congress.
What was the Ostend Manifesto (1853)?
Franklin pierce secretly tried to purchase Cuba from Spain.
Office of Price Administration (OPA)
Froze prices, wages, and rents in order to combat inflation. They issued ration stamps.
What was the 1660's Halfway Covenant?
Full church membership was offered to those who professed only a limited commitment. People didn't need their moment of "revelation" anymore to join church. A sign of Liberalization and religous tolerance beginning.
Religious Modernists vs. Religious Fundamentalists
Fundamentalists: - Take the Bible Literally - Rural and Old Testament - Believed in Genesis and Bible Creation story - Creationism Modernists: - Said Old Testament was allegorical - Modern and New testament - Relied more on science and scientific evidence - Believed in the Theory of Evolution Biggest Exmaple of this conflict was Scopes Monkey Trial (1925)
Hungary during Cold War (1956)
Hungarians try to kick Soviets out but Russians invade and jail/kill the anti communist rebels
GI Bill (1944)
Gave no interest loans to WWII veterans to buy homes and paid college tuitions for veterans
War Production Board (WPB)
Gave quotas to businesses. Focused on total war production and organized production
What were the categories created by Eugenics?
Imbecile, moron, and idiot based off of faulty IQ tests
Unrestricted Submarine Warfare (January 1917)
Germany begins this in an attempt to knock the allies out. They sunk whatever they saw and 5 US ships were sunk in January alone which pushes the US very close to war.
Sussex Pledge (1916)
Germany promised to stop attacking US ships and to respect US neutrality. This promise was made to keep the US out of the war.
What is the Gilded Age?
Gilded Age refers to the period from 1865 to 1900 when things in America looked as though they were good, but under the surface many things were not very good at all.
Hay-Buanu-Varilla Treaty (1903)
Gives US the Canal Zone for $10 million
What was the Amnesty Act of 1872?
Gives back the right to vote for Confederates who lost their citizenship.
Immediatists vs Gradualists
Immediatists were those who believed immediate action was needed to end slavery. Gradualists were those who believed that slavery was wrong and a problem that needed to eventually end.
What important event happened in 1849?
Gold is discovered in John Stutter's Mill in 1849. 49ers (Immigrants) sailed around the tip of South America because of the gold craze. So many people go to California that it becomes a state in 1850
What was the motivaion for exploring the new world?
Gold, Glory, God
What were Good and Bad Unions?
Good Unions went on planned strikes and had modest asks. They were anti-immigrant and anti-black usually like the AFL. Bad Unions were ones that went on wildcat strikes and were radical like the IWW And the Wobblies
Immigration Acts of 1921 and 1924
Immigration act of 1921 uses a 3% quota based on 1910 census. Immigration act of 1924 uses 2% quota based on 1890 census (before most new immigrants had arrived)
FDR's Brain Trust
Group of people served as council for FDR, not cabinet members but scholars to help him get the US out of the Depression. Used Keyenesianism
What was the Chesapeake-Leopard Affair (1807) and what were its effects?
HMS Leopard (British ship) orders USS Chesapeake (US warship/merchant ship) to stop so they can impress the sailors onboard. The Chesapeake says no and the Leopard opens fire killing many American sailors. This infuriates Jefferson and he threatens to go to war with Britain. Ultimately, passes the Embargo Act.
Potsdam Conference(1945)
Harry Truman and Clement Atlee (England) now meet Stalin because FDR had died and Churchill lost the election. The plan had been to launch an amphibious assault like that on DDay but Truman reveals the Manhattan project had been very successful to Stalin. But Stalin been knew because of 3 communist spies.
What does John Adams do right before he leaves office?
He and the federalists stack the Judicial branch (SCOTUS) with federalist "Midnight Judges". They are trying to keep power in 1 branch after just losing the executive and legislative. 13 New young judges are appointed and John Marshall (Adam's Sec. of State) is appointed Chief Justice
Jefferson doesn't have the right to purchase land in the Constitution. How does he justify doing it?
He becomes a hypocrite (because he thought use of Elastic clause for national bank was wrong) and stretches the Treaty Power Clause (gave President power to negotiate treaties with other powers) in order to make the Louisiana Purchase. He does this because he knows these new states that are created will be Yeoman farmers who are Jeff-Reps, giving him more power/control in government.
Who won the 1844 Presidential Election?
James K. Polk
What was Teddy's Conservation?
He created national parks and forests and Gifford Pinchot's Bureau of Forestry. His conservation was pro-business. It wasn't like what we think of complete conservation (John Muir). He condemned individualist business exploitation of natural resources in favor of the public good. He promoted "efficient" economic development of nature and said corporations should Use nature more effectively without waste and destruction. He was pro-business and pro-regulation while conserving the environment. A good example was regulation of Salmon fishing in Alaska when they could only trap them on Mon. Wed. and Fri to ensure they continue to reproduce.
How did Hoover use supply side economics
He created the Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC) in 1932 which gave $500 million in loans to businesses especially banks and insurance companies. This only helped save some businesses because 500 million was not a a lot. The Homeless and unemployed were mad because Hoover helped the rich and used Cronyism. He also passed the Emergency Relief Act in 1932 which gave federal aid to states which had already used their relief funds (but only have 30 million)
Who was George Westinghouse?
He had a Research and Development lab that would get 400 patents. He invented high voltage alternating current which allowed for Urban electric grids. He also invented Railroad airbrakes which made railroads and stopping a train much easier.
Who was William Vanderbilt?
He inherited wealth from his father Cornelius and used it to become The Eastern Railroad Robberbaron. He owned the NY Central, Baltimore and Ohio Railroads, and Pennsylvania Railroad. He consolidated the Eastern "Trunk Lines" which made it so most railroads could go into 1 station which was done by standardizing the gages. This made railroads even more efficient and is like the only example of a robber baron doing good.
Hitler akes Sudatenland (1938)
He invades the western part of Czechoslovakia because they are German Speaking. This causes the Munich Conference.
What does rumab do when he wins the Cuban Revolution
He orders some land redistribution and taxes the hell out of US corporations. he Embargo that the United states responded with caused Castro to make relationships with other countries that were buyers. One happened to be the USSR
Who was W.E.B. DuBois?
He said the government and society have to change as a PREREQUISITE so black people can make money. he said white society was the problem. he was also the first black Harvard graduate and leader of the Niagra movement which eventually became the NAACP
What was Calvin Coolidge's "Tight Money" Policy?
He vetoed every spending bill (even vet pensions) and encouraged "small government".
Who was Citizen Genet?
He was a french minister who came to the US appealing directly to the people to support the French Revolutionary government in Jeff-Rep newspapers because Washington remained neutral. Washington demands he is recalled back to France. This whole thing makes Jeff-Reps look bad because they wanted to side with the French
George Kennan
He was an American diplomat and ambassador best known as "the father of containment" and as a key figure in the emergence of the Cold War. Wrote the "Long Telegram" to Truman about containment
Who was Catherine Beecher?
She wrote the Cult of Domesticity and promoted the popular role of women
Who was Boss Tweed and what did he do?
He was an example of Political Corruption in Local Municipalities and a Political Machine. He was a well known New York City boss of Tammany Hall and took corruption to another level. In the 1860s and 70s he cheated New York City out of more than 100 million by taking Honest grafts. He would get votes by offering low level jobs and money to immigrants (Irish) who would vote for him. Because there were so many immigrants and he had their support, he kept winning elections. He told them to "vote early and often" in referral to voting multiple times which was also corrupt. He was eventually exposed by a m and he fled to Spain but was caught by a local police man who recognized him from a cartoon.
Why was Joe Hill's death significant and how did he die?
He was wrongfully framed for killing someone and was executed without a fair trial by Pinkertons. Legend is that he was dug up and his body was cremated and then his ashes were mailed around the world by the IWW. This was symbolism that Marxism is across the world and was one of the secret questions asked when trying to enter a IWW meeting.
What was David Ricardo's "Iron Law of Wages"?
He wrote this to justify low wages by saying if the wages are raised then more immigrants would come to the US and the wages would just be lowered again.
What was Howard's Plan and why'd it fail/Who was Oliver Howard?
Head of Freedman's Bureau that wanted to redistribute the land confiscated from white plantations to freed blacks. Congress deemed this too radical because it would've set a precedent for the Federal government to take property in the future.
Who supported and opposed the Compromise of 1850?
Henry Clay and Daniel Webster support together and Calhoun opposed. The Fire Eaters met at the Nashville Convention to discuss secession seriously
Biological transformations to Europeans after contact with Americas?
High calorie crops such as corn and potatoes are sent back to Europe and are grown there. These foods cause more people to have children and the European populations grows and repopulates after just suffering the Plague. Overcrowding also led to more people immigrating to the Americas
Hawley Smoot Tariff
High tariff to protect American industry. However Europe responded with a tariff of their own, so there was fewer buyers for American goods, less trade, fewer sales, and ultimately fewer jobs during the depression.
Hirabayashi v. United States (1943)
Hirabuyashi sues over the set curfew times and says they violate his rights, but he loses.
What was Marx's "Stage Theory of History"?
His dualistic idea that in history there is always 2 groups, one in control and the other being oppressed. STAGE 1: Slavery - Romans and Greeks vs. Slaves STAGE 2: Feudalism - Monarchs and Nobles vs. Serfs STAGE 3: Capitalism - Bourgeois vs. Proletariat SAGE 4: Socialism - Marx's own idea of socialism where Workers seize means of production and are led by worker committees who divide up and share property. STAGE 5: Communism Marx said that this was all inevitable and he writes Communist Manifesto to begin Socialism sooner rather than having to wait for it to occur naturally. he wanted the proletariat to achieve "class consciousness" sooner. he was basically predicting a worldwide worker revolution.
Blitzkrieg (1939)
Hitler invades and attacks Poland from the west. he has help from Stalin who invades the east because of the Non-Aggression Pact. Causes England and France to declare war on Germany
National Socialist German Workers Party wins german election (1933)
Hitler is appointed as German Chancellor. He was a demagogue who said Jews were the panacea. Once he has this position, he systematically removes his political opponents.
HOLC
Home Owners' Loan Corporation. Helped home-owners and mortgage companies. government payed companies for the home-owners so they could keep their homes and pay off w/ lower interest and longer time.
WWI New Technology
Howitzers, Machine Guns, U-Boats, Poison Gas and chemical weapons, Scout Airplanes, Grenades
What was the Cane Ridge Revival (1801 KY)?
Huge gathering of people (10,000) to hear preachers in Kentucky during the 2nd Great Awakening
Abraham Lincoln Brigade
Idealistic American volunteers who served in the Spanish Civil War, defending Spanish republican forces from the fascist General Francisco Franco's nationalist coup. Some 3,000 Americans served alongside volunteers from other countries.
What was extreme individualism?
Ideology held by upper 10. It was the idea that they could be independent and do everything by themselves. Ex: 1 in 5 of the upper en were divorced. It set themselves apart from other classes and guaranteed social tension and conflict. They thought the government should stay out of their affairs. By alienating the Middle Class they eroded cultural and political support which gave them power.
Boston Tea Party
In 1773. Sons of liberty horribly disguised as Indians board ship with tea and dump all the tea into the harbor (Like 10x as much money as the Gaspee was). Parliament responds with the Coercive Acts.
What was the Haitian Revolution (1791) and why is it important to US history?
In 1791, the majority and dominant slave population of the French colony, Saint-Domingue, rebel led by Toussaint L'Ouverture. They initially wanted to be part of the French republic, but the French don't agree and Napoleon tries to take it back. This slave rebellion scared American slaveholders and is a little bit too much liberty for the US despite their advocation for "life, liberty, and property". They were scared it would inspire their slaves
South Carolina Post Office Incident
In 1834 when Southerners burned the Liberator violating Freedom of Press
Wha did James K. Polk do instead of acquiring 54 40 in terms of expanding America?
In 1846, he sends a Man to Mexico to offer to buy Mexican land to the Rio Grande River (current border was Nueces River).
John Muir's Sierra Club
In 1892, he founded this organization, with the goal of preserving some natural areas from all human intervention. Completely different from Teddy's idea of conservation.
Woodrow Wilson and Mexico
In 1911 a Mexican Revolution overthrows dictator Porfirio Diaz. In 1913 General Victoriana Huerta assumes power but Wilson supports Carranza because he's a democrat, so he blockades the ports. After the Tampico Incident the US invade Veracruz and 19 are dead which pressures Huerta to step down and so Carranza takes over. Carranza denounces Wilson, so Wilson supports Pancho Villa who ends up being a bandit who invades the US in 1916 killing 18 when Wilson withdrew his support for him.
Why did FDR find more success later in his presidency?
In 1936 the SCOTUS switched from 6-3 conservative to 6-3 liberal because 2 died and another switched party allegiance.
Why did the US get involved in Cuba?
In Feb 1895 the Cubans begin insurrection and independence movement against the Spanish which leads to brutal repression and "camps". US Business leaders say they need to protect the Cubans.
Importance of the 1917 Russian Revolution on WWI
In March 1917, the Russian Revolution knocks Czarist Russia out of the war and they are declared a republic by Prime Minister Kerensky. Wilson and the US supported Kerensky. This was another reason for US entering the war because hey previously had a problem siding with a monarchy which was no longer a problem
How did Teddy Trust bust?
In Northern Securities vs. US he busts JP Morgan's Railroad trust which was the first successful anti-trust prosecution in US history. In US vs. Standard Oil of NJ the SCOTUS says all state oil corps in the trust must become independent. Teddy identified good and bad monopolies.
How and Why do the Democrats gain support of the Populist movement for the 1896 election?
In order for the Democrats' vote to not be split by the Populist party which would result in a Republican win, they had to accept some of the Populist ideas. however, they did not accept the radical ones. They adopted the Free Silver (silver coining) issue and run William Jennings Bryan who was a westerner for president. They also adopted the 888 ideology. The populist wanted to run him as their candidate because he was a farmer but he chose the democrats. Because of this the Populist party does not run a candidate for the 1896 election.
Why does Congress pass the Military Reconstruction Act?
In order to enforce the 14th amendment and the law. It also strips citizenship from confederates
What was the Missouri Compromise of 1820?
In response to the conflict caused by Missouri becoming a state and whether or not it'd be a slave state. It had 2 main ideas 1. Missouri will become a slave state but Maine will break off of Massachusetts and will become a free state. This kept balance in the senate 2. Any new states below the 36 degree 30 minute line will be southern states and those above will be northern sates - much more land up north so north agrees.
How did McCarthy fall off?
In the Army-McCarthy hearings is which he was accusing army generals of being communists which made him look like a clown. He was censured in 1954 which ended his political career and he died of alcoholism in 1957. He severed the links between unions and civil rights and did harm to many innocent Americans.
What was Jacob Coxey's army (Summer 1894)?
In the summer of 1894, at the peak of the depression, Jacob Coxey leads a massive group of unemployed workers and farmers into DC demanding that the government spend 500 million dollars for federal jobs and public works. He was not a marxist. He's thrown into jail.
Federal Trade Commission (FTC) (1914)
Independent agency created by the Wilson administration. It was empowered to halt unfair trade practices like price discrimination and finally gives "teeth" to the old Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC). This was especially important for the regulation of railroads.
What was King Philip's (Metacom) War?
Indians form a Pan-Indian alliance launch a race war against New England colonies. This was because Indians were losing land and were starting to be surrounded by white settlements. it was a very bloody war with a 75% death rate in cities and Praying Towns were wiped first
Fair Employment Practices Commission (FEPC)
Investigated possible violations of executive order #8802
What are Initiative, Referendum, and Recalls? (IRR)
Initiative - Taking initiative to start a petition for a referendum Referendum - An issue being on a ballot for the population to vote on Recall - Can recall a governor before the next election if they were bad or corrupt.
ICBMs
Inter Continental Ballistic Missile. They have the power to shoot a missile from one country to another. This makes it easier to attack a country without getting to close to them. Major threat during Cold War
United Nations
International organization founded in 1945 to promote world peace and cooperation. It replaced the League of Nations and 80% of Americans supported the US joining. The US along with 5 permanent members of the UN Security Council were given special veto powers. These other countries are the UK, France, USSR, and China
Who was Samuel Morse?
Inventor of the electric telegraph and morse code (1844). Led to instant communication
How did the Revolutionary War impact Native Americans?
Iriquois and and other native British allies lost badly. Natives keep fighting to 1794 because they keep losing their land.
What were the 2 categories of Republicans when voting on the Treaty of Versailles
Irreconcilables: Would not accept treaty of versailles no matter what Reservationists: Would accept the Treaty if certain "reservations" were taken into consideration (Article X)
What was the US strategy in the Pacific during WWII?
Island hopping - take key islands under Japanese control en route to Japan
Who were the Knights of Labor (1879-1893)?
It advocated for all workers (skilled and unskilled) to be in one Large Union across all trades in order for strikes to be effective (Cooperativism). All attempts failed by 1893. They accepted women auxiliaries as "natural cooperators". they lost popularity after 1887 when the Middle Class blamed them for the Haymarket Bombing because of their association with Anarchism. They had the "888" chant
What was the KKK act of 1870
It declared the KKK a terrorist organization
What happened to the populist party after the 1896 election?
It declines and dies out after the economy recovers.
Why was the invention of the typewriter in 1867 so important?
It feminized cleric work, secretaries and stenographers
What is a Writ of Habeus Corpus?
It is a writ that makes it so a prisoner must be released if they are no charged with a crime.
What did the Pacific Railway Act actually do?
It made it so the federal government would pay 2 companies (Central and Union Pacific) to build a transcontinental railroad from Chicago to San Francisco
What was the Tenure of Office Act (1867) and why was it passed?
It made it so the president could not fire his own cabinet members because they were scared President Andrew Johnson would do so because of his opposition to Republican Reconstruction plans and his advocating for his cabinet to not enforce it.
Why does Hamilton assume all states debts into the government?
It makes he French care for the federal government rather than individual state's government. Jefferson realizes this and mad.
Was the Cold War inevitable?
It may have been very likely but a series of contingent events still had to occur. FDR supported a desire for US and USSR partnership, but he died and Truman was stricter.
What did Martial Law do?
It suspends Habeus Corpus and other civil liberties and makes it so that speech supporting the South was basically illegal. Suspending habeus corpus allowed for Lincoln to arrest 13,000 without charging them with a crime.
What was the Dawes Severalty Act (1888)?
It tried to force Indians to give up their nomadic lifestyle and to be farmers on homesteads, This connects to manifest destiny and how god wanted the land to be farmed. Indians resisted because of their cultural idea of community and group ownership.
What was Horatio Alger's "myth of the self made man" who "pulls himself up by his own bootstraps"?
It was a myth that the upper ten used to try and say that hard work leads to rewards. It also argued that taxing was robbery because of the hard work being done. This was mainly not true except for Carnegie who was a MC Scottish Immigrant.
What was the Sherman Anti-Trust Act (1890)
It was an attempt to bust monopolies, however it's wording was very weak so it wasn't very successful. I was actually better used against trade unions. In US vs. EC Knight hey ruled hat the anti-trust law only applies to commerce
What was the International Commerce Commission? (ICC)
It was created by Congress in 1887 to try and regulate railroad rates on interstate lines. However, it wasn't very effective because it had no "teeth" because of its vague wording. It said rates had to be "reasonable and just" and so the pro business SCOTUS didn't enforce it.
What was "The Trust"
It was invented by Samuel Dodd (Rockefeller's Lawyer) to avoid attempts to regulate and or outlaw monopoly. On paper it divided Standard Oil into 13 separate companies (Standard Oil of Ohio, Standard Oil of NJ, Standard oil of California, etc.). They would collude to set prices and the profits would be given to he "Board of trustees"/"The trust" which would divide the profits evenly. It created an allusion that the market was competitive when it reality it wasn't at all.
What was the National American Women's Suffrage Association (NAWSA)?
It was led by Carrie Chapman Catt and their strategy was to focus on one state at a time. They used newsletters, publications, petitions, and lobbied politicians as their tactics.
Why was there a movement for State-Supported Education?
It was led by Nativists and came from the fears of WASP (White Anglo-Saxon Protestants) middle class of Irish Immigrants. It was basic education from grades 1-6 that taught time-discipline and no drinking. Was so Irish kids wouldn't be like parents. Colleges such as Oberlin and Mt. Holyoke begin to admit women to train them to become teachers.
What was slavery like in Massachusetts Bay colonies?
It was legal. At first Indians were taken in raids and ship them for cash in the Atlantic slave trade. This $ built towns. They profited a lot of slavery through the shipping industry.
Child Labor during the Progressive Era
It was opposed by the Middle Class and Unions. By 1916 almost every state had minimum age and maximum hours laws (12-16 years and 8-10 hours).
What was the Pendelton Civil Service Act (1883)?
It was passed by Congress and said that 14% of Federal Government jobs would be staffed with competitive exams. It was passed after the killing of President Garfield.
What was the Civil Rights Act of 1875?
It was supposed to guarantee equal accommodations in public places for black and white people (hotels, railroad cars, etc.). It was never enforced and after 1876 the 14th and 15th amendments would also stop being enforced in the South as well
What was the Embargo Act (1807)?
It was supposed to punish the British for the Chesapeake-Leopard Affair, but it actually punishes American, federalist merchants. It made it so American merchant ships could not trade in the Atlantic with anyone. He did this because he doesn't care about east coast elites (Jefferson is a big yeoman farmer guy). Federalists call it the "Dambargo Act"
How does Temperance become Prohibition?
It was to target new immigrant drinking. State Laws against alcohol started being passed instead of just the use of moral suasion. Organizations like the Women's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) and Anti-Saloon League both press for prohibition. 1/4 of all counties in US were "dry" by 1900. The 18th amendment is passed in 1918. Root Beer was the temperance alternative to alcoholic beer.
Monroe Doctrine (1820)
JQA's idea that is Yes'd and passed under James Monroe. 1. All European colonies getting independence in 1820 revolutions areLost forever to the Europeans (Mexico, Venezuela, Peru, Colombia) 2. US will not mess with European affairs 3. Western Hemisphere is a US "Sphere of Influence" Most Europeans laugh when this is issued because he US had no way to enforce this.
What was the 2nd American Party System?
Jacksonian Democrats vs. Henry Clay's Whigs
How does the court case Marbury vs. Madison happen?
James Madison is appointed Sec of Sate under Jefferson. When he gets to his office he finds these letters that were supposed to be mailed by John Marshall to Federalists who were to be given jobs, one being William Marbury who was supposed to receive a letter to become the Justice of Peace for DC. William Marbury sues Madison for not mailing out the letter in the Supreme Court
Protests of Townshend Duties
James Otis Writes Massachusetts Circular Letter. John Dickinson writes Letters from a Pennsylvania Farmer
Massachusetts Circular Letter
James Otis Writes. Urges more boycotts of British goods. Leads Hutchinson to dissolve MA Assembly which violates liberty -> English liberties
What is the first successful British colony/settlement in the New World?
Jamestown in 1607, a charter colony on the James River both named after King James. They name the colony Virginia after the Virgin Queen Elizabeth.
Root-Takahira Agreement (1908)
Japan recognizes the "Open Door Policy" and Chinese territorial Integrity
Root-Takahira Agreement (1908)
Japan recognizes the Open Door Policy and Chinese Territorial integrity
Tripartite Pact (1940)
Japan, Germany, and Italy agree to a pact to defend each other (Axis Powers)
Gentlemen's Agreement (1907)
Japanese agree to not issue any passports to any Japanese emigrants planning to come to the US. It was a private deal signed by Eli Root and was fueled by Nativist racism
Panay Incident (1937)
Japanese bombers engaged in war with China bombed and sank the marked U.S. gunboat Panay and three Standard Oil ships in the Yellow River because they thought it was a Chinese boat.
Music in the 1920's
Jazz and Swing are born and become to popular music of the country.
1st Open Door Notes (1899)
John Hay issues it and sent it to England, France, Germany, Russia, and Japan. Demands the preservation of China's territorial integrity meaning no single European power or Japan can shut the others out. This would allow all of them to have an equal opportunity to exploit Chinese Markets. Was issued because John Hay was scared Britain will have China to themselves
What was the Wacky Election of 1800?
Jefferson and Aaron Burr who are running together as President and VP tie at 73 votes each for president because each elector gets 2 votes and one didn't throw theirs out for Burr so there is a tie. The tie goes to congress which is still mainly Federalist and Burr decides he will become a Federalist if the Congress elects him as president even though everyone knew he was supposed to be VP. There are 37 ties in a row in Congress until Alexander Hamilton (A federalist) writes a letter to he NY Congressman saying that they can't trust someone who switched up mid-election. NY switches their vote and Jefferson wins the presidency and Burr becomes VP
How do he Jeff Reps protest the Alien and Sedition Acts?
Jefferson and Madison protest with the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions respectively. These both say ha state legislatures NULLIFY Alien and Sedation Acts inside state boundaries. - This reflects the "Compact Theory" of government which is that a state can break away from its government if it is violated. It justifies legal succession of state. - State's Rights stance
Jeffersons Change and Continuity when he takes over the presidency?
Jefferson's Changes - Repeals Alien and Sedition Acts - Repeals Excise Tax on Whiskey - Appointed Jeff-Reps to positions except Judicial branch - Reduces the size of the army - small gov/states rights - Reduces the size of federal jobs - small gov/states rights - Openly favored Yeoman farmers over the East Coast Elites - Tried to take a literal interpretation of the constitution Jefferson's Surprising Conservatism (Continuity) - Continues National Bank - Continues Debt Payment plan - Continues George Washington's neutrality policy- despite wanting to side with France - Funds Navy and fights Barbary pirates in North Africa
Who becomes president in 1796?
John Adams - Federalist who wants to continue Hamilton's plan. He inherits the foreign policy issue
Letters from a Pennsylvania Farmer
John Dickinson writes. Argues no taxation without representation and says King is violating colonist's english liberties.
Hay-Herran Treaty (1903)
John Hay agrees with Tomas Herran for the US o rent the "Canal Zone" for 10 million and 250k yearly payments. However, Colombian Parliament says no
What was Jay's Treaty (1794)
John Jay is sent to England to negotiate for the end of impressment and for the British to retreat from Canada like they said they would after the Revolutionary War. The treaty was signed to try and stop impressment but is essentially did nothing at all. The Jeff-Reps saw this as US-British cooperation which they opposed
Unions no-strike pledge during WWII
John L. Lewis, head of the CIO, gives pledge to not strike during war in order to not hurt production. Exception was GM plant in Cincinnati that marched against integration
What was the main outcome of Marbury vs. Madison (1803)
John Marshall says the SCOTUS declares the Judiciary Act of 1789 unconstitutional. This act gave the SCOTUS the right to issue writs of Mandamuses. He declares it unconstitutional because he says that the SCOTUS already had this right because if it were Congress that gave them this right this meant they could also take it away. This establishes JUDICIAL REVIEW for all time and is a huge check the Judicial Branch now have over the Executive and Legislative Branches. They can declare their acts unconstitutional.
Who is John Smith and what did he do?
John Smith acknowledges that if people keep searching for gold, no one will survive. He becomes a sort of dictator to save the colony. He whips people to work and get them in shape and they survive the winter. He also established relations with the Pamunkey Indians. He also thinks Pocahantas was in love with him cause she hugged him during a tribe inducting ceremony. he leaves Jamestown in the Summer of 1608
Who found the Massachusetts Bay Colony?
John Winthrop and the Puritans
Who were some Yellow Journalists during around the time of the Spanish American War and what'd they write about
Joseph Pulitzer's The World William Randolph Hearst: The New York Journal They made up some atrocities like rape and torcher to gain support for war against Spain
Why did slavery switch from a "necessary evil" to a "positive good" in the south?
King Cotton was too profitable because of the Cotton Gin which made slavery even more valuable
What were the 2 major events of 1676
King Phillips (Metacom) war and Nathaniel Bacon's Rebellion
Kamehameha
King who agreed with Sanford Dole to let him grow on Hawaiian Land.
Fred Korematsu vs. US (1944)
Korematsu sued that relocation violated his civil rights, but he loses 7-2 and Japanese internment is upheld due to the US being against Japan and racial reasons.
What part of the 1920's Gilded prosperity was Bad?
Labor - Union membership down 20% because factories "Open shop drive' - Unions are cracked down by police and courts - United Mine Workers led by John L. Lewis lead unsuccessful strikes (KY, PA, WV) Farmers - crop prices drop after WWI and they cant pay debts - Chemical fertilizers and Gas tractors cause overproduction and erosion which causes prices to drop even more
Economic Arguments against Imperialism
Labor Unions say that these new "subjects" will enter the US and depress wages because so many will be looking for jobs.
Who was Cyrus Field?
Laid transatlantic cable to communicate by telegraph from US to Europe (1866). Led to instant communication
Hoovers approach to the Great Depression
Laissez Faire - "The fundamental business of the country is on a sound and prosperous basis". He also didn't want to give out handouts because of his individualism. At the same time no one thought that it would last a decade
What is often associated with the Gilded Age?
Laissez-faire market and no regulation, Corruption, and Big companies and robber barons
Sanford Dole
Leader of Powerful US Sugar Growers. Becomes president of Hawaii and eventually has them annexed for business
Who dominates Virginia by the 1660's and 70's?
Landowning elites with large amounts of land and plantations.
What were the New Laws of 1542?
Laws that technically made it illegal to enslave Indians. It wasn't enforced heavily in the new world because how far it was from Europe.
War Industries Board
Led by Bernard Baruch. Set quotas for munitions production and controlled prices and raw materials. There was a shortage of labor and high quotas so wages went up.
What was the Anti-Saloon League?
Led by Carrie Nation and created in 1893. Were against drinking and alcohol.
Fuel Administration
Led by Harry Garfield. Conserve coal and petrolium for war effort. Begin Daylight savings
Food Administration
Led by Herbert hoover. Shipped food overseas supplying the Allies. Encouraged moderation of food which had no real correlation and was mainly propaganda to convince Americans to psychologically support the war effort
National War Labor Relations Board
Led by William Howard Taft. Arbitrated disputes between labor and owners. Labor won better wages, 8 hr day was common, and union membership goes up. All because government can't afford strikes during wartime.
Early Women's Rights Movement
Led bySarah and Angelina Grimke, Lucrieta Mott, and Elizabeth Cody Staton. They were barred from speaking at anti-slavery convention but argued that if they were morally superior why couldn't they speak. They meet a Seneca Falls Convention (1848) to write "A declaration of Rights and sentimens"
Admiral George Dewey
Led the US against the Spanish in the Philippines
"Kingfish" Huey Long
Left Side critic. He promised redistribution of wealth with his "Share the Wealth" Program. His slogan was "Every Man a King", but he was assassinated in 1935 just as his platform was beginning to grow.
Reverend Frances Townsend
Left side critic who was an advocate for the elderly and old age pensions. His plan called for $200 a month. FDR kind of listened with the SSA but only gave $20 a month because 200 would have been too much for the government.
Platt Amendment (1901)
Legislation that severely restricted Cuba's sovereignty 1. Cuba can't have foreign relations without American approval 2. Cuba can't take loans from other countries 3. US can invade to protect US property in Cuba
What was Lincoln's 10% plan?
Lincoln's not so harsh punishment for the South. To re enter the union they would have to... 1. ratify the 13th amendment 2. 10% of every state must take a loyalty oath to the USA, 3. Also issued pardons for all except war criminals and CSA leaders
US war funding
Liberty bonds and increase in corporate, luxury, and income taxes. 33 billion was spent on the war
What was the "ideal woman" in the 1950's
Like a cult of motherhood. A more domestic role and no more Rosie the Riveter. Contributed to Anti-Feminism. Modern Woman: The Lost Sex was a book that said this
Why were the border states so important to Lincoln and the Union during the Civil War?
Lincoln knows he can't lose Maryland to the CSA because then Washington DC would be surrounded. He also knows he can't lose Kentucky because it controls the Ohio River
What was the Emancipation Proclamation (1863)?
Lincoln passes as a necessity after Antidem. It freed slaves in "states currently in rebellion" but not border states because Lincoln couldn't lose their support. In reality it only freed the Contraband slaves because it was still legal in the border states and there was nobody to enforce it in the South.
What was the crop-lien system?
Loaners had a lien on what the freed men were growing. Wha this meant is that if a store owner was suspicious of a freed man hiding cotton to sell for himself while he's still in debt, the loaner can go with an armed guard to the free man's home and search it. If he finds anything he is able to seize it.
How did the Revolutionary War impact Free blacks and black slaves?
Lord Dunmore's Proclamation in Virginia -If slaves ran away and joined the loyalists then they would be given freedom after the war - Many of these slaves were forced to flee to Nova Scotia with the loyalists after the war where the loyalists' promise of freedom is granted Black Rebels hopeful Americans will live up to "natural rights" talk A vast majority (90%) of slaves remain on plantations after the war
Selective Service Act (1917)
Lottery Draft that drafted 2.8 million into the US army
What was the Lowell system and what were early manufacturing factories like ?
Lowell system was the exploit and use of young female workers. These factories made textiles and shoes and was a conversion from the putting out system.
What was a major problems for black people during the progressive era?
Lynchings
Who were skilled workers?
Machinists, Carpenters, Cigar Rollers, Puddlers (steel twisters). they were needed for strikes to be succesful
George Creel and the Committee on Public Information
Made posters, films, pamphlets, etc. Started Vigilante groups like the American Protective League which started the "Hate the Hun" movement agains German-Americans
What was muckraking?
Magazine movement that attacked big business, corruption, and politics. (early 1900s). They publicized Middle Class issues and generated public outrage.
Triangle Trade
Many different routes but basically: 1. Colonies in new world provide raw materials (molasses, sugar, wood, tobacco, etc.) 2. Mother country takes raw materials and manufactures into finished goods (textiles, rum, guns, etc.) 3. Sell finished goods to the world or trade for slaves from powerful chiefs on the West coast of Africa
Teddy's "Big Stick Diplomacy"
Many called it "Gunboat Diplomacy" because heavy use of the Navy in Latin America. It was a continuation and enforcement of the Monroe Doctrine. It added the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine. It was basically to use diplomacy where and when you can but to also carry and use the "big stick" (the navy) if necessary.
Who did the Espionage Act and Sedition Act Target?
Pacifists, anarchists, socialists, and communists who had just witnessed the communist Russian Revolution (Red October)
What were the Tiny Silver Purchases?
Many farmers were in debt and wanted inflation to help pay these off so they complain to Congress. Congress passes the Bland-Allison Act in 1878 and Sherman Silver Purchase Act in 1890. They both increased the amount of silver but there was no inflation and farmers were mad.
How did most freed slaves work after the Civil War?
Many would leave plantations in search of family or jobs in the cities. Others would rent land and loan from their former masters and sharecrop for them.
What were some internment camp names?
Manzanar - biggest and most famous Topaz
How does John Marshall settle Marbury vs Madison?
Marbury skips lower courts and wanted the SCOTUS to issue a writ of Mandamus ordering Madison to deliver the mail. Marshall realizes this is his fault and wants to give Marbury his job, but he knows he cant because Jefferson won't follow through and approve his decision. He kicks the case out on a technicality saying Marbury didn't go through lower courts. The main point is that Marshall says Judiciary Act of 1789 is unconstitutional which established judicial review.
Bracero Program
Mexican Americans were given legal work visas to fill labor needs in industrial farm picking and railroad jobs. They settled in urban "Barrios" in Southern California that were redlined and segregated. This also caused anti-mexican backlash because it caused job competition (Ex: Zoot-Suit Riots)
Ex of Judicial Review: McCullough vs. Maryland (1819)
Marshall declares that Maryland does not have the power to tax the national bank because "the power to tax is the power to destroy". A huge win for united government over state's rights
What were some examples of muckraking magazines?
McClure's Magazine The Jungle - Upton Sinclair The Bitter Cry of the Children - John Spargo History of the Standard Oil Company - Ida Tarbell Shame of the Cities - Lincoln Steffens How the Other Half Lives - Jacob Riis
Who was Mark Hanna and why was he important?
McKinley's campaign manager. He is the reason the Republicans and William McKinley won the election. he advertised in newspapers and told bosses to tell their workers that they would be fired if they voted William Bryan Jennings. because voting was public, this forced many workers to vote McKinley despite maybe not wanting to.
Who was Philip Armour?
Meat-Packing Industry Robberbaron who used vertical consolidation by buying his own land, railroads, warehouses, etc.
Stamp Act Congress 1765
Meet in New York City to petition the king about the Stamp Act. They claim the crown is violating their English Liberties. They argue no taxation without representation and claim they are being reduced to slaver. Send petition called he "Stamp Act Resolutions" written by Patrick henry
Who were forcefully sterilized?
Mental patients, prisoners, anyone deemed "inferior", new immigrants and poor Appalachian single moms, rape victims, criminals, drug addicts, anyone deemed "feeble-minded"
Ex Parte Merryman (1861)
Merryman goes to court after Lincoln arrests him without charge of a crime. Chief Justice Robert Taney orders that only Congress can suspend habeas corpus, not the President and that he shall be released. Lincoln didn't enforce or listen to Taney's decision because of a state of emergency and Taney was biased towards the south.
Battle of Midway (1942)
Middle of the Pacific and was a turning point in the war against the Japanese. The Japanese had 2 ships sunk and were severely crippled. The US found out where they were going to be through the Purple Machine which broke the Japanese radio code.
1st great Migration
Migration of African Americans to the North during WWI for good paying factory jobs because so many men were fighting abroad.
What were the 4 groupings of American colonies?
New England - New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut Middle Atlantic - New York, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Delaware Chesapeake - Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina Southern - South Carolina, Georgia
Who were unskilled workers?
Miners (a lot of black people did to get out of sharecropping), Factory workers, and the Garment industry which had become feminized. (Clara Lemlich and the International Ladies Garment Union (ILGU).
Dwight Eisenhower (1952-1960)
Moderate Republican who supported parts of the new deal. Practices "Dynamic Conservatism"
What/Who was the "Wizard of Menlo Park"?
Modern research lab led by Thomas Edison that made many inventions during the Gilded Age such as the Phonograph (record player), incandescent lamp, electric dynamo (electricity from water), copy machine, and motion picture camera.
What was Wilson's type of Diplomacy?
Moral Diplomacy: Most prominent example are his 14 points
How can Chiliasm be considered democratizing?
More opportunities and democratic ideas in some communities. Women were Quasi-political because of they was they participated in public such as by organizing tent gatherings
Why were the Mormons an exception of Manifest Destiny and what was their timeline?
Mormons were unpopular because of their practice of polygamy (many wives) and so they kept getting kicked out of cities. They started in the Burnt District of New York. 1830: Move to Kirtland, Ohio 1835: Forced to move to Independence Ohio 1842: Forced to move to Nauvoo, Illinois. This is where a mob kills Joseph Smith and he becomes a martyr 1845: Brigham Young leads Mormons out of US and founds a theocracy called Deseret. This route was the Mormon Trail and it ended in Salt Lake, Utah.
What was James Polk known as?
Mr. Manifest Destiny because of his war against Texas
What was the Radical Republicans 50% plan?
Much harsher punishment for the south. There would be NO pardons and to re enter the union they would have to ratify the 13th amendment and 50% would have to take the loyalty oath.
"Double V" Movement
NAACP supported during WWII. The slogan was promoted in black newspapers like the Chicago Defender. It meant victory in the war and victory at home against segregation (enforcement of 14th and 15th amendments). WEB Du Bois supported African Americans joining the army
Italy's invasion of Ethiopia
Mussolini invades Ethiopia to try and create an empire. An example of fascist aggression that was also supported by Hitler
MAD
Mutually Assured Destruction
NRA
National Recovery Administration: Part of the NIRA. established and administered a system of industrial codes to control production, prices, labor relations, and trade practices
NYA
National Youth Administration: established by WPA to reduce competition for jobs by supporting education and training of youth
Kellogg-Briand Pact (1928)
Nations agree to not use forceful military power to achieve interests.
Backsliding
Natives still practicing their religion in secret despite "converting"
Munich Conference (1938)
Neville Chamberlin (England prime minister) flew to Munich and had Hitler sign to say he could keep the land he took but to stop invading. This was appeasement and Hitler would take the rest of Czechoslovakia 3 months later.
What was the Hartford Convention of 1814?
New England federalists meet and talk about seceding from the union. They nullified the declaration of War in Connecticut which is using Jefferson and Madison's on theories against them. They are looked at as traitors after they war and try to forget it ever happened.
Townshend Duties 1767
New taxes on lead, oil, paint, glass, paper, oil, and tea. The money from these taxes would pay for redcoats defending colonies and salaries of crown officials which gave them incentive to enforce the laws.
Boston Massacre (1770)
Night Guard redcoat at customs house was having snowballs thrown at him by Sons of Liberty so he blows his whistle and more soldiers arrive. Someone rings the town bell and so more soldiers, sons of liberty, and colonists come. There is a fight brawl and mosh pit and stuff is being thrown. A young British soldier is overwhelmed and fires and others follow despite the Colonel saying to hold fire. 5 colonists are killed and this sparks outrage. Crispus Attucks, free black, first to die. British soldiers tried in Boston but acquitted and defended by John Adams.
Who takes Stalins place after his death in 1954?
Nikita Khrushchev who denounces Stalin as a dictator and calls for "peaceful coexistence" with west but then the Space Race happened.
Did James K. Polk live up to his promise of 54 40' or fight?
No. In fact he got the US to sign the Treaty of 1846 with the British which made the 49th parallel he border between US and Canada. (Current oregon northern border)
What was middle class associationism?
Nor socialism or mutualism but association. It was more modest but at the same time crossed class lines. It was a paternalistic idea which meant crossing class lines to bring together people of diverse identities and conditions. They believed society could not survive without contact between classes and wanted the US to become an activist state. A good example was Hull House.
What were advantages of both sides during the civil war?
North Advantages - 5x bigger army - More Manufacturing - Already have a functioning government - Banks are in the north - 10-15x more railroad trackage - Have a Navy (Naval Blockade) - 4x as much farmland - Farms not monocultural so plenty of food for soldiers. South Advantages - Have Good Generals - Don't have to attack. The North are the ones who are forced to be on the offensive
NATO (1949)
North Atlantic Treaty Organization: an alliance made to defend one another if they were attacked by any other country - US, England, France, Canada, Western European countries. - "An attack on one is an attack on all" - Solidifies Cold War and deepens the division of Europe into East and West
What was the Slave Trade Compromise?
North States and VA vs. Deep South and Carolinas - international slave trade will END but not until 1808 - Virginia supported because they had the most slaves which meant their price would go up.
What was the 3/5 compromise?
North States vs. South States - Slaves not counted as full people but not 0 in census count. This was because the south wanted them to count to increase their governmental power, but the north saw this as hypocritical, and they didn't want slaves to count
1 accomplishment of AOC other than winning war?
Northwest Ordinance of 1787 - This set rules for creating new states as the US expanded west - Creates new states out of state's claims out west - Prohibited slavery in western territories - Gradualist document
What did progressives do for African-Americans?
Nothing.
Causes of War of 1812: Official and Real?
Official Cause - Impressment, British violate Macon's Bill No. 2 Real Cause - Young "War Hawk" Congressmen from west like henry Clay (KY) and John Calhoun (SC) angry about Britain continuing to give Guns to Shawnee in Western forts. They wanted to stop this and grab Indian land including Canada
Stamp Act Resolutions
Petition drafted and sent to the King in 1765 at the Stamp Act Congress. It claimed the colonists were being reduced to slavery and that their English liberties were being violated
John Locke's Social Contract
Only purpose of government is to protect the 3 Natural Rights people are born with which are life liberty and property. Government should have consent of the people People should serve government and government will protect their natural rights. If the government breaks this deal then the people have the right to revolution and rebellion.
Anti-Federalists
Opponents of the American Constitution who advocated for states' rights
What is Anarchism?
Opposition to all state and employer authority.
HUAC (House Un-American Activities Committee)
Originally created in 1938 for nazi sabatogers. But would shift to targeting who they believed were communists during Cold War
Samuel Adams and the Sons of Liberty
Originate in Boston. Samuel Adams was the leader. They went around violently protesting in the name of patriotism. An example is when they thrash Thomas Hutchinson's home
What was the Great Railroad Strike (1877 Pennsylvania)?
Over an entire summer over 500,000 went on strike. the entire eastern US was affected and Hayes called in Federal troops. The Pittsburg police joined the strike with the workers and the Philadelphia police were needed to stop it.
Dust Bowl Devastation
Over-tilled soil flies away as dust which causes huge dust storms in the Great Plains (OK, KS, NB, and SD) Began in 1932 and peaked in 1935 with dust falling even all the way in DC and red snow in NE. 500,000 Americans were left homeless and 2.5 million people left the Plain states for the West. Some areas lost 75% of top soil and did not recover economically or ecologically. It also caused the consolidation of farm holdings to agribusiness and corporate farms.
What was the Kansas-Nebraska Act? (1854)
Overturned the MO Compromise - introduced popular sovereignty in Kansas and Nebraska. Helped lead to the creation of the Republican Party. It split the Whig party and causes violence. It was initially proposed for the allowing of a railroad through the region by Stephen Douglas
Olive Branch Petition
Petition sent by 2nd Continental Continental Congress. Colonists pledge full loyalty to king and beg him to intercede with Parliament. King responds with Prohibitory Act
Quebec Act 1774
Passed at same time as Coercive Acts. - Quebec will have no colonial legislature - French in Quebec don't care because they never had one, but colonies worried this could happen to them - All land west of Appalachians is part of Quebec - No Legislature - Roman Catholicism in the official religion of Quebec - Colonies mainly protestant so forms bias against Colonists were angry about this because they think it may set a precedent
Declaratory Act 1766
Passed at the same time that the Stamp Act was repealed. It stated that Parliament still has the authority to pass taxes like the Stamp Act on the colonists in the future.
Emergency Relief Act 1932
Passed by Hoover Administration to give federal aid to states which had already used their relief funds (but only have 30 million)
Black Socialists/Communists from the Harlem Renaissance
Paul Robeson Langston Hughes Claude McKay
Smith Act (1949)
Penalties for anyone "advocating the overthrow of the US government". US backs this in Dennis vs. US
What were conditions in the Massachusetts Bay colonies?
People came in families because they were persecuted by the Anglican church. This led to high birth rate and higher number of families. There also was lower death rate, less disease. There weren't extreme rich and poor.
Who were William Walker and the Filibusters (1855)?
People who would take private mercenaries into Central America and the Caribbean to try and gain a state for the South.
What was the Era of Good Feelings?
Period from 1816-1824 (James Monroe's Presidency) that followed the War of 1812 where the last Federalist candidate was defeated (federalists dying out) and the issues of slavery were emerging as a result of the Missouri Compromise. James Monroe defeated the last Federalist candidate in 1816, and won unopposed in 1820. There was a widespread sense of national purpose and desire for unity across America
What was Reconstruction?
Period from 1865 to 1876 where the US government tried to rebuild southern minds and the southern economy. Basically punishing the south for secession and slavery.
Who was Mary Elizabeth Lease?
Populist movement protest speaker who was a woman. She said that "Farmers should raise less corn (referring to mechanized reaper) and more hell". She scared the Middle Class because of how she rallied the farmers.
17th Amendment (1913)
Political Reform that allowed the direct election of senators. Causes a smaller chance of corruption and upper 10 influence and it also allowed for Initiative, Referendum, and Recall at the State level.
How was the Harlem Renaissance somewhat political?
Political activity in Harlem fuses black nationalism with radical politics: they were very anti-colonial and anti-interventionist.
What was indentured servitude?
Poor English laborers, debtors, prisoners sign contract for 7-14 years. Mainly young, poor, male adventurers. Only 10-25% would survive their contracts. However if they completed the contract they were sometimes given land and some tools to begin their own plantation.
Daniel Shay's Rebellion (1786)
Poor farmers, soldiers, and lower classes lead rebellion in western Massachusetts with 4 main reasons. - Wanted no taxes - Wanted no imprisonment for debts - Wanted more paper money (cheap money to pay debts) - Wanted to stop redemption of Continentals by Congress at face value This Rebellion is the reason for the Philly Convention
What was Nathaniel Bacon's rebellion in 1676?
Poor whites were being attacked on the frontier by Natives so they go to Gov. William Berkeley for help and militia support. The Gov. says they don't have enough money or men and denies assistance. Because of this, Nathaniel Bacon leads a rebellion and burns Jamestown and forces the Governor to flee. Nathaniel Bacon dies of dissentary after a month and the rebellion falls apart. Berkeley hangs 23 rebel leaders
What was the Anti-Slavery Society (1831)?
The AAS was founded by William Lloyd Garrison, the guy who wrote the Liberator. They wanted immediate emancipation and no compensation for slave owners.
How did King Philips War begin?
Praying tTowns were towns of converted Indians who had assimilated with whites. One of these mixed Indians was John Sassamon who was a translator for Metacom. He told the Governor that Indians were getting armed. Because he leaked this info he is murdered by the Wamponag (Metacom's tribe). The colonizers capture, try, convict, and hang 3 that were involved in Sassamons killing. This starts the war
What was William Jennings Bryan's famous speech that advocated for free silver?
The Cross of Gold Speech
What conflict did the Tenure of Office Act cause?
President Johnson fired his secretary of war, Edwin Stanton, which was against the law. He is impeached by the House but is acquitted by the Senate by 1 vote
Wilson's 14 Points
President Woodrow Wilson proposed a 14-point program for world peace - Recognition of Freedom of the Seas - No secret treaties - Reduce Armaments - Self-determination for all nationalities in Europe (Divide Austro-Hungarian Empire) - Adjust Colonial Claims - Create Association of Nations to settle international disputes (League of Nations) ONLY 2 in Treaty of Versailles are Self determinattion and League of Nations
Lend-Lease Program/Act (1941)
President can sell, transfer, exchange, lend, lease, or otherwise dispose of arms to any country the President deems vital to the defense of the US. - Like lending a garden hose to a neighbor whose house is on fire analogy
What were Sate Supported Public Asylums?
Prisons such as penitentiaries in PA and the Auburn System in NY. - Penitentiaries focused on solitary confinement so the prisoner could seek forgiveness and reflect but had to stop because high suicide rate - Auburn System: Rigid moral instruction and classes instead of isolating Poorhouses for poor women wihout husbands and money Mental Hospitals led by Dorothea Dix Schools for blind and deaf
Lochner vs NY (1905)
Pro business SCOTUS declares state max hour laws for men unconstitutional. So this issue lasts until the Great Depression however 2/3 states had worker compensation laws by 1916
What was the Lecompton Constitution?
Pro-slavery constitution in Kansas. It was rejected by the majority of Kansas, but the pro-slavery people still tried to get Congress to take Kansas as a slave state under this constitution. It was supported by Buchanan despie his previous support of popular sovereignty.
Executive Order #8802
Prohibited racial discrimination in national defense industry.
18th Amendment (1918)
Prohibited the manufacture, sale, and distribution of alcoholic beverages and the SCOTUS agreed.
Where was the transcontinental railroad completed?
Promontory Point, Utah in 1867
Consumer Advocacy
Protecting consumers from what they're buying. Good example was Florence Kelley and her white label.
PWA
Public Works Administration was a government spending program in the 2nd New Deal that helped hire people to build public projects like the Triborough Bridge in NY. Poorer people spend their paychecks because they have to in order to survive. This increased consumer spending from workers' buying and was an example of Bottom Up Economics.
William Randolph Hearst
Publisher of the New York Journal and a yellow journalist. Made up story of Evangelina Cisneros getting raped in Cuba. Also paid a spy to read the Spanish General's mail with one note suggesting McKinley was weak which sparked outrage. Also paid for drawings and pictures of the Spanish from people like Fredrick Remington to portray them badly
What was the Pullman Strike (1894 Chicago)?
Pullman cut his wages because of a depression in 1893 and instead of issuing real money, e gave Pullman bucks instead ("company scrip"). Eugene Debs, the head of the American Railway Union (ARU) reads about the Pullman strike in Terre Haute and leads a strike in sympathy (sympathy strike) and all railroads in Indiana shut down which showed working class solidarity. Grover Cleveland attached US Mail Cars to the trains and when the Working class flip it, it becomes a federal crime. He calls in he federal troops and gets a court injunction ordering all strikers to end strike. Debbs writes to SCOTUS about his rights being violated and in "In Re Debs" (1895) the SCOTUS rules against Debs and decision justifies Jail and injunctions.
Political transformation to Natives after European arrival?
Some tribes ally with the Europeans. - The Nahuas ally with the Spanish to conquer the Aztecs because the Nahuas had been under Aztec rule and they were being sacrificed by them
Liberty Party
Radical abolitionists who formed their own party. James G. Birney, a printer from Cincinatti, ran for President in 1840 and 1844
Mary Harris "Mother" Jones
Radical socialist and marxist who was the figurehead against child labor.
Who was John Rockefeller?
Ran Standard Oil and became very rich off of it because of his use of horizontal consolidation.
What was the Essence of Hoover's response to the Great Depression
Recovery plan he had was supply side and was to help businesses. This avoided welfare and also abandoned farmers.
FHA redlining
Redlined black neighborhoods, labeling them undesirable. So banks don't give loans to anyone to buy homes in these areas which makes it harder for black people to purchase homes in their own neighborhood and build generational wealth.
What type of Puritans were in Boston
Reformers that weren't as hardcore as Separtists. They wanted to be an example for England to follow. John Winthrop wanted Boston to be a "city upon a hill".
Bank Runs
Regular People Panic and try to withdraw savings from their accounts which causes more panic as more banks become more insolvent
Who was William Tecumseh Sherman?
Sherman was a Union general who led "the march to the sea," creating path of destruction of livestock, homes, and railroads (sherman neckties). He captures Savannah on Christmas 1864 then leads march through the Carolinas.
What Problem did Wilson face when he came back to the US with the Treaty of Versailles?
Republicans didn't support Article X of the charter of the League of Nations and he needed a 2/3 Senate vote to pass it. Wilson asked people to vote Democrat in 1918 midterms which backfired so republicans won the house and senate. The first time the treaty fails is because all Republicans vote against it because Article X. The Reservationists try to get it passed without Article X twice but Wilson tells the democrats to not vote for it out of protest. So it never passes and the US don't join the League of Nations.
What was Public Education like in the Progressive Era?
Required attendance to 14 years in Public Junior High Schools and High Schools. It also created Kindergarten which was pre-literacy and young learning schools. There was a boom in tax-supported high schools and 2x colleges were created (Harvard introduces electives). John Dewey's University of Chicago Lab school tells teachers to focus on personal development and not rote-learning.
McCarran Act (1950)
Requires "Communist Front" organizations to register with the US government. They revoked many passports
Article X of League of Nations Charter
Requires intervention of members when called on. Senate had a problem with this
RA
Resettlement Administration. Helped low income families resettle.
Northern Securities vs. US (1904)
Roosevelt busts JP Morgan's Railroad trust and was first anti-trust prosecution in US history
Neutrality Act of 1939
Response to invasion of Poland. It wasn't very neutral. Said British and France could buy arms on a cash and carry basis
Coercive Acts 1774
Response to the Boston tea Party from parliament. Called Intolerable Acts by colonists. BAMS Boston Port Bill - Closed Boston Harbor - Economic strangulation until someone pays back the money they lost Administration of Justice Act - Any British soldiers or authority would be tried in Britain. Massachusetts Government Act - Massachusetts Legislature dissolved indefinitely - Violation of English liberties - Other Colonies worried because wonder if this could happen to them Stronger Quartering Act - Was enforced more as it has started to be somewhat ignored
KKK Rally Washington DC (1928)
Resurgence of KKK in Midwest (Not South) with 5 million members by 1925. They targeted blacks, foreigners (especially new immigrants), Catholics, suspected communists, and Jews.
Nativists vs. New Immigrants
Resurgence of Nativism against new immigrants because scared of their ideas and scared could not assimilate the mass amount of immigrants.
Wha was the "Gospel of Wealth"?
Reverend Russell Cowell's "Acres of Diamonds" sermon was a good example. It was the idea that if God wants you to get rich and if you're rich it's because god favors and loves you. If you were poor it was said god didn't favor you.
Mass produced destroyers
Reverse Taylorism/Fordism used to mass produce ships. Workers move from ship to ship. Ex: Norfolk Virginia. - William Levi takes this idea to housing which causes Levittowns after the war
What was the Transportation Revolution (1800-1840)?
Revolution of transportation which solved the problem of only being able to go downstream down a river. - Steamboats are developed and use coal power - Canal Boom 1820-1840 - Macadam roads - roads for carriages in all weather - National Road from Baltimore to St. Louis - Railroads - Ocean shipping and Whaling Boom LINKS RURAL GROWERS (West) TO URBAN BUYERS (East) IN URBAN MARKETS
Fascist Movement
Rise of dictators who claimed they are the embodiment of their country in order to justify their dictaorship.
Who was Andrew Carnegie?
Robberbaron of Steel. He used vertical consolidation to become very profitable. He bought railroads from the Mesabi Range to Chicago and from WV and Pittsburg to Chicago
Roosevelt Corollary (1904)
Roosevelt's 1904 extension of the Monroe Doctrine, stating that the United States has the right to intervene in any nation in Western Hemisphere to forestall a European intervention.
What were other forms of slave resistance?
Runaways, Maroons (Those who ran and lived secretly in isolated communities such as in a swamp, Insubordination, Poisoning, Arson, Suicide, Infanticide
Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific Railroad Company v. Illinois
SCOTUS case in which it is ruled that State Granger Laws can't regulate long haul interstate trade prices for railroads
Munn vs. Illinois (1877)
SCOTUS rules that Granger Laws are legal because they regulate intrastate trade.
US vs. Thind (1923)
SCOTUS says says Bagat Singh Thind (Indian Sikh) was racially ineligible for US citizenship after he argued that his people were originally of Aryan descent which was European. SCOTUS said too much intermarriage had happened since the migration of Aryans to India. Shows the racial mindset of Americans of the time.
U.S. vs. Standard Oil of New Jersey (1911)
SCOTUS says that all state oil corporations in Rockefeller's Standard Oil Trust must become independent.
What was the San Francisco School Board Incident?
SF school board had banned Japanese students fro schools. Japanese emperor hears about this and threatens war which forces Teddy to tell the school board to get rid of this rule. Eli Root signs the "Gentlemen's Agreement" with Japanese minister as a result
The Urban League
Safety Net organization that helped black people on the national level especially during the Great Migration.
Our Country: Its Possible Future and Present Crisis - Josiah Strong
Said Anglo-Saxons had responsibility to spread Christianity and US civil liberties (Even though they didn't really). "Americans are divinely commissioned to be, in a peculiar sense, his brothers keeper"
Mother Ann Lee and Shakers?
Said problem with life was temptation and separates men and women in her Amana Colony in Iowa
Hawaiin Annexation (1898)
Sanford Dole and other business leaders makes deal with Hawaiian King (Kamehameha) to be able to grow Sugar and fruits in Hawaii. He dies un 1891 and Queen Liliuokalani becomes ruler. In 1893 the business leaders seize power and put her under house arrest. They founded the Republic of Hawaii with the president being Sanford Dole. They asked Grover Cleveland to annex them in 1894 to try and avoid import duties and a tariff on sugar. Cleveland denies annexation twice because of a moral issue. William McKinley eventually annexes Hawaii in 1898 because the Us would need a coaling station if they went to war with Spain which was looking likely.
wha was the Carlisle Industrial School in Pennsylvania?
School for Indian children to be culturally assimilated. to "stamp to wild out of the Indian". They were taken from their parents and sent here
What was John Dewey's university of Chicago "Lab" School
School that taught teachers to focus on personal development and not rote-learning.
1st Continental Congress
September 1774. Send Declaration of Rights and Grievances petition to king. Calls on all towns to enforce boycotts on loyalists. Enforced by the association. Call on all colonists to begin stockpiling weapons. Joseph Galloway Plan fails by 1 vote
Suez Crisis (1956)
Sec of Sate, JF Dulles, reneges on deal to help Egyptian President Gamel Nasser, so Nasser takes the Suez Canal from the British. Then Israel invades the Suez which makes Eisenhower very mad and the US orders the UK, France, and israel to pull out of Egypt
Where did Southern hate for reconstruction and black people funnel into?
Secret Organizations such as the KKK which was founded by CSA general Nathan Bedford Forrest
Teapot Dome Scandal
Secretary of Interior, Albert T. Fall is caught selling navies' strategic oil reserves on federal land in Wyoming because he was given bribes to sell the land. He is the first US cabinet official to go to jail.
Washington Naval Conference (1921)
Secretary of State, Charles Evans Hughes, organizes conference for 5 main powers for disarmament (Britain, Japan, Italy, France, US). Sign 3 Treaties - 5 Power Treaty - 4 Power treaty - 9 Power Treaty
SEC
Securities and Exchange Commission, an independent federal agency that oversees the exchange of securities to protect investors. It regulated the stock market and practically stopped "buying on margin"
What was Eugenics?
Selective breeding of humans to improve the human race by preventing the reproduction of "mentally defective, criminals, and inferiors."
Economic Motivations for Imperialism
Sell industrial and consumer products to the rest of the world with colonies being CAPTIVE markets
Censure (McCarthy)
Senate saying you did something wrong but he gets to remain a senator. People just stopped listening to his claims
Peace Corps/ Alliance for Progress 1961
Sent humanitarian aid to countries to try and gain satellites in a diplomatic and humanitarian way.
2nd Contiental Congress
Sep 1775. After the Battle of Lexington and Concord. Send Olive Branch Petition to King. King responds with prohibitory Act
Arbitration
Settling a dispute by agreeing to accept the decision of an impartial outsider. Example of when Roosevelt became a mediator in Anthracite coal strike.
Who was Florence Kelley?
She leads the National Consumers League and creates the White Label. This was to pressure owners like Phillip Armours disgusting factory conditions. It was effective until Roosevelt's creation of the FDA which would basically replace the white label's purpose.
Who was Margaret Sanger?
She was an advocate for birth control and Coined the term "birth control". She championed "voluntary motherhood" and contraception. Many saw her as a "radical" feminist. She also was a supporter of immigrant exclusion and mandatory sterilization for the "feeble-minded"
Who was Anne Hutchinson?
She was literate and so read bible and preached her interpretation of it (Antinomianism). She believed good faith and action was enough to enter heaven and didn't believe in predestination. She is banished to Rhode island in 1636. She later goes to long Island where she is hatcheted by Indians because they thought she was Dutch which the Indians were conflicting with
What was Florence Kelley's White Label?
She would inspect meat producer's factories and approve their processes and factories by putting her "White Label" on their cans to let consumers know it was safe to eat.
How did the Revolutionary War impact women?
Shift from political radicalism to "Republican Motherhood" - Mothers need to learn to read and teach sons to read so they become "informed citizens" - Also need to teach daughters for when they become mothers - It's political but their role is becoming domestic because its in the home
1st US Peacetime Draft (1940)
Showed that America believed that it may have to intervene in the war
Hitler invades the rest of Czechoslovakia (1939)
Shows the failure of Nevil Chamberlin and the problem of appeasement
Treaty of Paris
Signed in 1763. French government have to leave New France(Canada)
What was the Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo?
Signed in 1848 to end the Mexican-American War. It forced the sale of the Mexican Cession for $15 million. It gave the US land to the Rio Grande, Arizona, Utah, Nevada, and California
Decleration of Independence
Signed on July 4, 1776 declaring to the world the American colonists are separating from the British Crown. Thomas H=Jefferson wrote it and lifted most of it from John Locke's "natural rights" philosophy. It contains a huge list of King George's violations against the colonist's life, liberty, and property.
What were some Indian tribes that were forced onto reservations?
Sioux, Black Feet, Nez Perce, Apache, Cheyenne
What was chattel slavery?
Slaves were capital investments and VA begins to sell them "down the river" because their price went up because the end of the slave trade in 1808. Slaves were seen as "walking moneybags".
How was slavery part of the Market Revolution?
Slaves were shipped down the river to auctions where they would be sold for vast amounts of money. They were treated as chattel that could be liquidated into cash at any moment. These auctions separated families
Women during WWI
Some joined the work force. They led protests for voting rights and received the right to vote in 1919 in the 19th amendment which was passed as a "war measure"
SSA
Social Security Act: Relief passed in 1935 to provide Americans with retirement benefits. Mandated unemployment and disability insurance. Workers and employers pay into this fund.
Who were the purity crusaders?
Society for the suppression of Vice. Anthony Comstock Laws prohibited mailing of "obscene and lewd" materials. This mainly targets promoters of birth control because the middle class progressives were against family planning.
John C. Calhoun
South Carolina Senator - advocate for state's rights, limited government, and nullification. Believed slavery was a positive good and in paternalism
Anti-Labor legislation under Truman
Southern Dems and Republicans pass the Taft-Hartley Act which was drafted by the National Association of Manufacturers and given to the Republicans (NAM) despite Truman's vetoes
West Berlin Crisis
Soviets build Berlin Wall and want the West out so JFK goes to Berlin and gives the "Ich Bin ein Berliner" speech to reassure Berliners
Who dominates the 1500's
Spain and Portugal but primarily Spain
Depuy de Lome Letter (1898)
Spanish Letter that implied that McKinley was weak which riled up the US toward War with the Spanish
FDR's Quarantine the Aggressors speech (1937)
Speech that calls for action against the increased aggression in Germany and Europe. Sets up FDR vs. Isolationist Congress
Yalta Promises
Stalin disallows free elections in Poland by propping up the Lublin Government and ignoring he Polish government in exile in London. Breaks Yalta Promise. Rigs 1947 Polish election to make Poland a communist state
What was the Anthracite Coal Strike? (1902)
Starts in eastern Pennsylvania. Led by John Mitchell he waited until winter when coal was more in demand and important to go on strike. They wanted a modest pay raise and 140k workers go on strike. Teddy Roosevelt goes to the strike and sits with labor union leaders and factory owners to negotiate and mediate which was a major change.
How does the US respond to the invasion of China by the Japanese
Stimson Doctrine
What was William Dean Howells' "The Rise of the Silas Lapham"
Story in which a fictional Robber-Baron dies sad and lonely. It serves as a criticism.
What are strikes and why were they done?
Strikes would happen when owners would lower wages. Workers would just walk out of their jobs and walk in groups of protest. Many weren't effective because of the Scabs.
How did White southern progressives see blacks as?
Submissive children as opposed to the view of uncontrollable beasts by the KKK and redeemers.
What was the Brooks Sumner Affair?
Sumner who was against slavery gets beaten by Brooks who was for slavery with his cane on the Senate floor
Butler vs. US (1936)
Supreme court says AAA unconstitutional because the processing tax was deemed unconstitutional.
What was the Billion Dollar Congress (1888)?
The 51st Congress spent over 1 billion dollars for the first time mainly by granting vet pensions to Union soldiers. Democrats were obviously opposed. Was an example of another small issue being addressed.
What is an Honest Graft?
Taking money from the government by claiming you don't get paid enough and saying that it's not a lot of money you're taking anyway.
Details of the Anti-Divorce Movement?
Targeted toward the upper 10 because of their individualism. By 1915, all states had outlawed divorce except for Montana which became the "divorce mill"
Who were some Imperialists
Teddy Roosevelt John Hay (TR Sec of State) Henry Cabot Lodge (MA Senator) Albett Beveridge (IN Senator)
Who was the first progressive president and how did they assume power?
Teddy Roosevelt after William McKinley was assassinated by an anarchist named Leon Czolgosz
Treaty of Portsmouth (1905)
Teddy and the US mediate the Russo-Japanese War and sort out a treaty in New Hampshire.
Scopes "Monkey" Trial (1925)
Tennessee schoolteacher John Scopes was arrested for teaching the theory of evolution because of a state law banning it in Dayton, Tennessee. The legal battle was fought by Clarence Darrow (Evolution) and William Jennings Bryan (Creationism), two of the nation's most famous lawyers. Clarence Darrow made WJB look dumb.
Yellow Journalists
Term for the people who exaggerate social issues to make them seem more interesting (stretched the truth). Caused Jingoism
What was ironic about Japanese internment
That most Japanese were in Hawaii but they weren't interned because they needed their labor.
What is the most important thing to know about Native Americans of the new world?
That there was DIVERSITY among different groups across America. All tribes had agency and some tribes were allies and others were rivals. (Ex: Huron and Iriquois)
What was Harry Truman's Domestic Program
The "Fair Deal" - He wanted to expand on the New Deal but couldn't do much because Republicans won the 1946 Congressional election and controlled the House and Senate. - He also lost support from Southern Democrats because his support of African Americans
JFK Domestic Policy
The "New Frontier" - Had "Whiz kids" as his advisors - God support of blacks AND Solid South He Wanted..... - $$$ for Education - Care for elderly - Increase in minimum wage - Peace Corps. - Moon and Space program (NASA and space race he was slow on Civil Rights because he didn't want to lose the Solid South. Basically had to be forced into acting by protestors near the end of his shortened presidency.
Prohibitionists vs. Anti-Prohibitionists
The 18th Amendment (1918) allowed for the Volstead Act which banned the sale of alcohol. Wets vs. Drys. There were religious justifications for both sides. The blatant disregard for in cities is what defines the "Roaring 20's"
Sacco and Vanzetti Case (1923)
The 2 are wrongfully blamed for a bank robbery because a person happened to see one of them carrying a gun. They are convicted of robbery and murder by a WASP jury on no evidence. They were both executed in 1927. This shows Anti-Italian and Anti-Anarchist feelings amongst Americans.
North/South Korea emergence
The 38th parallel divided North and South Korea and Stalin props up communist leader, Kim Il-Sung in the north, and US props up capitalism in the South.
Harlem Hell Fighters
The African American infantry unit (396th Regiment) that fought with the French Army in World War I. 1st to win French Croix de Gueme by a US Unit. Had the most casualties of any US unit (1500) and most days in trench combat (191). None were captured. They were motivated because of the thought of returning to the US as equals and respected and some were motivated by their hatred of white people.
What does John Adams pass in 1798 that the Jeff Reps were not rockin with⁉️
The Alien and Sedition Acs (NASA) - It's why he is not reelected and is to shut up Jeff Reps and limit their political power.
What was the Battle of Yorktown (1781)?
The Battles of the Virginia Capes of the French navy fighting the British navy delays the pick up of Cornwollis and his British troops. Lafayette and Washington lay siege of Yorktown and Cornwollis is forced to surrender after 2 months because they're running out of food. leads to Treaty of Paris in 1783
Return of Religious Conservatism during the 1950's
The Culture War of the 1920's never really died. "Under God" was added to the pledge of allegiance to show weren't communist because communists were atheist. People like Billy graham sold out stadiums to give religious speeches
Tehran Conference (1943)
The Big 3 (Churchill, FDR, Stalin) meet in Tehran and discuss the "Europe First strategy'. This was the allies opening up a 2nd front in Europe to knock out the Germans. Stalin was angered about why it was taking so long and thought it was because the US and England wanted to delay their attack so the Russians would be attacked even more so that the England and US would ave an upper hand in the post war world
Yalta Conference (1945)
The Big 3 meet again and agree that each side will have German occupation zones after the war. Stalin agrees to allow free elections in Poland, but this never happens.
How did Public Opinion influence the US's choice to enter WWI
The British controlled the Transatlantic cable and so the US heard stories about the "evil Germans" and the "rape of Belgium" which shifted public opinion.
What laws restricted the right of Chinese immigrants that stayed in the US after building the railroad?
The Chinese Exclusion Act (1882) and other California state laws that restricted their employment and rights
What did the Chinese Exclusion Act (1882) and other California State laws against Chinese do?
The Chinese Exclusion Act restricted Chinese immigration. Other State laws deprived them citizenship and, so they couldn't vote. Also they restricted their employment so the only businesses they could run were Laundry and restaurants because these were feminized jobs.
What 2 things does Congress pass in 1866 as a response to the Black Codes and riots?
The Civil Right Act of 1866 and more funding for the Freedmen's bureau. President Johnson of course vetoed these both and the vetoes were overturned in congress.
What was the Hayes-Tilden compromise?
The Compromise of 1877 that basically ended reconstruction efforts in the South. Democrats agreed to let Rutherford B. Hayes beat Samuel Tilden in the election if Hayes agrees to remove troops from the South which would stop the enforcement of reconstruction and stuff like the 14th and 15th amendments.
What did the South call themselves when they seceded? What was their capital?
The Confederate States of America (CSA). Richmond was the capital
What were English thoughts on intermarriage due to lack of English women?
The English did not rock with intermarriage
What was Roanoke Island?
The English's first attempt at a colony in the New World in 1586. When supply ships returned in 1589, the 300 people of the colony had all disappeared. This scares the English until 1607 and the establishment of Jamestown
FHA
The Federal Housing Administration gave both the construction industry and homeowners a boost by insuring bank loans for building new houses and repairing old ones
Why and how does the child labor movement fail at the federal level?
The Federal government tries the Keating-Owen Child Labor Act (1916) but it is declared unconstitutional in Hammer vs. Dagenhart by pro business SCOTUS
Why is the technical difference between the Immigration Acts of 1921 and 1924 important.
The Immigration Act of 1921 used a 3% quota based off a 1910 census of where Americans said their parents were born. The Immigration Act of 1924 used a 2% quota based off of the 1890 census. This was important because in 1890 most immigrants were Irish and western European as opposed to Eastern "new immigrants".
What were the difference between motives for change between the MC/Upper class and the Socialists.
The MC and Upper class progressives want reform to "Save the system" while socialists wanted systemic changes so that radical reform could begin.
Who led the Progressive Movement?
The Middle Class
What was the Anaconda Plan?
The North's Plan to defeat the South with 3 parts. 1. Naval Blockade to cut off cotton exports 2. To take control of the Mississippi River 3. Take Richmond
Who were the "Upper Ten" during the Gilded Age?
The Robber-Barons and their families. It was actually more like the upper 1-2% of Americans who were mainly WASP/NE Elites. The middle class believed that they devalued work because of the fact that they didn't really work. They prioritized social formality and were socially, economically, and culturally isolated from the rest of America.
How is New Amsterdam started?
The Royal Dutch West India Company sends ships in 1624 because jealous of French fur trade. They establish New Amsterdam at the mouth of the Hudson River and trade for land from the Manhatta Indians to build fort. They continue to sail north up the Hudson and establish forts
Muller vs. Oregon (1908)
The SCOTUS validates state laws limiting Women's working hours to 10 hrs a day. However the only reason they did this was because they thought women were naturally weaker and their only purpose was to give birth.
What world power was in decline during the US rise to imperialism
The Spanish and so their colonies of Cuba, Puerto Rico, and Guam were vulnerable.
Cultural transformation to Natives after European arrival?
The Spanish bring the Inquisition to the New World. Natives were forced to convert but many would BACKSLIDE. This also caused SYNCRETISM.
What did Grover Cleveland devote his entire term to?
The Tariff. The Republicans wanted a slightly higher tariff than the democrats. It was an example of the government avoiding real, big issues and arguing over small issues.
TVA
The Tennessee Valley Authority federation was created in 1933 in order to provide navigation, flood control, electricity generation, fertilizer manufacturing, and economic development in the Tennessee Valley, a region particularly impacted by the Great Depression
What was the US's main strategy against the Indians?
The US cavalry would often destroy Indian tribes and villages and kill their source of food (buffalo). By killing their food, they would be forced to come into reservations for survival. By 1890 basically all were subdued or forced onto reservations
Explosion of USS Maine (Feb 1898)
The USS Maine explodes in Havana Harbor due to some technological error and 260 US sailors die. The US blames it on the Spanish and McKinley feels obligated to go to war. "Remember the Maine, To hell with Spain"
Berlin Crisis and Airlift (1948)
The USSR see the world trying to undermine their economic security by trying to unite Wes and East Germany economically, so they blockade West Berlin from West Germany. This caused the Berlin Airlift in which US and British planes would fly into Berlin to bring the Berliners food for the next year. Some of these planes were "candy bombers" and this was the first confrontation of the cold war.
What is the main takeaway of Bacon's Rebellion
The Wealthy elite learn that the poor are getting powerful. They realize that they need to stop indentured servitude. This is when the transition to African slave labor begins and by the 1700's the # of slaves had surpassed the # of indentures on Virginia plantations.
What was the Wilmot Proviso?
The Wilmot Proviso proposed that no slavery in any land taken from Mexico if they go to war. Passes twice in house but fails in senate. Causes slave power conspiracy.
Syncretism
The blending and mixing of cultures. - Ex: pouring cacao ritual
Chiliasm
The creation of new sects and Chiliastic preachers during the 2nd Great Awakening.
Why are the 1920's called the Roaring Twenties?
The decades prosperity, technological advances and cultural changes. People were consumer crazy and the disregard for the law in urban cities (18th amendment)
What was the Railroad Boom in the Gilded Age?
The expansion and construction of railroads across America much larger than that if the transportation revolution. Was built during Gilded Age but Pacific Railway Act passed during Civil War.
Baby Boom (1945-1960)
The explosion of marriages and births due tto post war prosperity after WWII.
Why was the 1800 Election called the Revolution of 1800?
The federalists accepted their loss and gave up power PEACEFULLY
What was the House of Burgesses?
The first legislative body in English America established in 1619 in Virginia.
Vertical Consolidation
The goal is to keep total costs low so that you can charge lower prices and drive others out of business. his is done by buying all levels of production in this method. A good example was Philip Armour's meat packing business and Carnegie's steel business.
What were lynchings?
The hanging of black people. They would be tortured and hanged on tree branches. It was done for "crossing the color line", trying to vote, or because of rape accusations that were usually untrue.
Social Darwinism in the Gilded Age
The idea that poverty was the poor's "unfitness" to survive and that weeding out the weak will benefit he human race. William Graham Sumner (President of Yale) popularized this in the US.
Manifest Destiny
The idea that the US had a divine mission to extend "civilization" across the continent.
What impact did industrialization have on farming?
The invention of Mechanized Reapers by mcCormick led to huge yields and lower prices. This made farmers make less money despite being new technology. The land given by the Homestead Act wasn't enough to make a profit and so Homestead Act failures and bank foreclosures lead to Corporate farms buying up land.
How was the stock market a short term cause of the Depression
The market had been declining for a month before crashing on "Black Tuesday". Over-speculation and Buying Stock on Margin was very risky and in 1829 $850 million in loans were used to buy stock on margin and prices tripled from 1928-1929. These overpriced stocks didn't reflect their real value and eventually the market crashed
What was the Philadelphia Convention?
The meeting of 55 delegates in Philadelphia, May 1787. They met to try and work toward the approval of a constitution to replace the AOC. Federalists vs. Anti-federalists
What was a Robberbaron
The negative word for a captain of industry. It's when a single company/person controls a market so much that it can exploit prices and consumers.
What was the difference between the "new" women's movement and the "old" women's movement?
The new movement was FEMINISM 1. Equal Rights 2. Economic and Sexual Independence 3. Less stress on domesticity and female innocence As opposed to the old movement that stressed moral purity and duties to the family.
What was the Market Revolution (1800-1850)?
The start of Capitalism. - Early manufacturing factories and the Lowell System begin to be used. - A push for federal and state internal improvements o pay money for public works like roads and canals. - Henry Clay's American System - Proliferation of local banks and bank notes - King Cotton begins to dominate southern economy - Chattel Slavery and slave auctions - Transportation Revolution
5-Power, 4-Power, 9-Power Treaties
The three major treaties emerging from the Washington Conference. 5-Power: Naval disarmament ratios 4-Power: France, GB, US, Japan agree to respect each others Pacific Possessions 9-Power: All respect Open Door Policy in China and Chinese territorial integrity
Dollar Diplomacy (Taft)
The use of a country's financial power to extend its international influence. Was an addition to gunboat diplomacy what promoted US business interests abroad, especially in Latin America. It allowed corporations to dominate Latin American nations to build infrastructure like Railroads. American Bankers propped up governments that were friendly to US business interests
What was a Scab?
The workers who replaced those who went on strike. They were usually new immigrants (Italians, Eastern Europeans, etc.) or African-Americans who were willing to work for a lower wage. They made many strikes ineffective
How were farmers similar/different to the upper 10 and industrial workers?
Their precarious economic situation and family economy were just above the poverty line so they were kind of like the working class but had no contact with them. They were individualistic and lords of small domain so in this sense they were kind of like the upper 29. Their status was a tension between the upper 10 and working class.
What were the Fourier Phalanxes?
Theories of French socialist Charles Fourier attracted interest in many Americans; advocated that people share work and housing communities.
What were religious justifications for slavery
There are slaves in the Old Testament. Jesus never condemned slavery in the new testament Son of Ham story where Ham disobeyed Noah so god condemned his sons to hard labor. Southerners said Ham must've been of darker skin. Methodists and Baptists split over the issue of slavery
Okinawa and Iwo Jima
These two islands were close enough to Japan so that, after the U.S. took both islands, it could set up air bases and start bombing Japan on a regular basis
Jim Fisk and Jay Gould
These two men devised a plot to drastically raise the price of the gold market in 1869; On "Black Friday," September 24, 1869, the two bought a large amount of gold, planning to sell it for a profit; in order to lower the high price of gold, the Treasury was forced to sell gold from its reserves
How did the US respond to the Cuban taxes.
They Embargo all Cuban Goods. The CIA fails the "Bay of Pigs" invasion of Cuba and as a result the Soviets sneak nuclear missiles into Cuba. The CIA also tried to assassinate Castro numerous times
What were Dutch relations with Natives?
They ally with the Iroquois and profit from the fur trade. They recognized Indian sovereignty over the land and would buy it from them.
What was the Middle Class position on organized labor?
They create the National Civic Foundation (NCF) to try and help mediate between owners and working class but are ignored by owners. Teddy Roosevelt describes good and bad unions.
How do Railroad Barons respond to Granger Laws?
They just raise the rates on Long Haul interstate railroad lines which would require federal government intervention to lower prices.
Who were Independent farmers?
They made up roughly 1/2 of the working class. They are not "organized labor" because they were self-employed, had no boss, and did not make wages.
How does Congress initially try to stop monopolies?
They realized monopolies stared influencing government so they passed the Sherman Anti-Trust Act in 1890
How was middle class ideology in between the Working class and upper 10?
They said each class was defective because the MC was threatened by both the individualism of the upper 10 and the mutualism of the working class.
How did the USSR view US backed efforts to promote free markets, regulate international currency, and lower tariffs.
They saw it as economic warfare because they were exclude. Many argue the reason for the Cold War was because the Soviets were excluded from the Global Market
How did Americans view Truman's approach to Communism
They supported this hard line containment approach. Intensifying the Cold War became a political strategy in the USA and fed anti-communist hysteria. Republicans blamed Truman for losing China
Why was Marxism against religion?
They thought religion was a fraud because if someone believes that they will have a good afterlife in heaven, then they have no motivation to try and change their lifestyle in the current life.
How do states respond to Railroad barons raising long haul prices?
They try to pass more state Granger Laws to regulate these but in Wabash, St. Louis, and Pacific Railway vs. Illinois, the SCOTUS backs railroads and denies the states the right to regulate these prices.
What was the Employer "open shop" push
They wanted not all workers to need to be in a union. the National Association of Manufacturers (NAM) was a crusade for individual contract rights. Taylorism and scientific management still made unions not as effective and scab labor continued to divide ethnic and racial groups.
What were Eugenics leaders attitudes toward Jews?
They wanted them to be sterilized but they did not publicly express this opinion
What was life like for Irish Immigrants during the Civil War?
They were discriminated against by WASP nativists because a lot came to the US in the 50's because they didn't want to suffer another potato crisis like that of 1847. - The were drafted in large numbers but didn't want to fight for black freedom and were opposed to the Emancipation Proclamation - They attacked free blacks because of job competition and to solidify racial superiority
How did the Revolutionary War impact loyalists?
They were exiled to Canada or London and their property was seized. Many were beaten or assaulted
How did the Revolutionary War impact lower classes, poor, veteran soldiers?
They were fighting for "no taxing" as a whole and were paid in Paper Continentals. They needed to feed themselves so couldn't wait until end of war to redeem their value. They sold them to wealthy speculators for money during the war in order to feed themselves. After the war Congress allows for Continentals to be redeemed at face value which enrage these soldiers and poor men. Western farmers were also still in debt to landlords, broke, and refused to pay state taxes. This all leads to Daniel Shay's Rebellion (1786)
How do farmers address the initial high Short haul prices?
They were getting charged unfair prices and so they get State Legislatures to try and regulate these prices with Granger Laws. In Munn vs. Illinois this is deemed legal and the short haul prices are lowered for farmers.
What happened to people who didn't follow boycotts
They were intimidated by groups such as the Sons of Liberty. Were usually intimated and warned, and if they still didn't follow then they would be physically attacked.
What was a "Flapper " in the 1920's?
They were women who cut their hair, wore shorter dresser, drank in public, and went against the norm of society. NOT ALL NEW WOMEN WERE FLAPPERS
How is Connecticut founded?
Thomas Hooker and John Davenport search for better land and Hooker founds Hartford and Davenport founds New Haven. These cities link/connect and form Connecticut. They also have the 1st written constitution in the colonies in 1639: The Fundamental Orders of Connecticut.
Ration Stamps
Ticket seller had to accept in order to make a sale. it was NOT to save stuff for soldiers. Rather, it was used to stop war profiteering, reselling, and tiny monopolies from forming.
What was the initial purposes of colleges such as Harvard and William and Mary.
To train Calvanist ministers
Herbert Hoover in the Depression
Took a laissez faire approach and 32% unemployment in 1932. Is not reelected because of his failure to address the problem
What was the US Sanitary Commission?
Traveled with soldiers as tent followed and credited with saving thousands of lives. They provided soap, bedding, medicine, amputations, etc. Were led by Mary Ann Bickerdyke and was an advantage the North had over the South.
Executive Order 9981
Truman Desegregated the army and the secretary of the army (Kenneth Claiborne) was was forced to resign after he wouldn't enforce it.
Election of 1948
Truman pulled off a surprise victory over Dewey even though his own party was divided
What was the Populist Platform and who was it written by?
Tthe Omaha Platform becomes the Populist Platform in 1892 and was written by Ignatius Donnelly. They vote for James Weaver and he gets 22 million votes and 22 electoral votes which the Republicans and Democrats saw as a threat to their power despite him losing.
Who won the 1868 election and what did it allow for?
Ulysses S.Grant. Republicans now have total control and pass the 15th Amendment.
what are wildcat strikes?
Unannounced strikes
Who was George McClellan?
Union general appointed and fired by Lincoln twice. Runs agains Lincoln in the 1864 election.
Who was Ulysses S. Grant?
Union general who found great sucess in the West. Lincoln made him in charge of the army in the East which allowed them to win the war
What was the source of progressive power?
Use of state power and associationism.
Kitchen Debate (1959)
VP Nixon and Nikita Khrushchev meet at Moscow as the US showcases a kitchen exhibit to show off their homes and consumer products. Nixon and Khrushchev start arguing over it and have to be separated. was an example of tension over everything with the Soviets
What was the Niagra Movement (1905)?
WEB Dubois founds the NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored Peoples). Ida Wells leads the Chicago branch. It was an anti-lynching campaign in the north.
The US Homefront (1917-1918)
War Industries Board Fuel Administration National War Labor Relations Board Food Administration George Creel Committee
War Bonds and the Payroll savings plan
War bonds raised money for the war with the promise of interest after the war. Payroll savings plan took money automatically from one's paycheck to put in these bonds unless you wrote a letter to say otherwise which would look bad.
What was the populist movement?
Was made up of disaffected farmers of the American South and West in the 1880s and 1890s. They were angry with business practices and developments in the American economy that were adversely affecting them.
Washington's Proclamation of neutrality (1793)
Washington declares United States neutrality in the face of emerging European conflicts leading to a strong sense of isolationism kept the US from being drawn into constant European wars that might threaten the existence of the young fragile nation
Mexica-Americans during the Great Depression
Waves of white people come into the west through Route 66 because of the Dust Bowl, so they are replaced by these Okies. This led to them along with African Americans to be the "last hired and first fired". Many migrate back to Mexico because more opportunities in fruit picking and migrant work there.
USSR tes 1st nuclear weapon (1949)
Way sooner than expected and scares the US because they no longer have a nuclear monopoly. Causes the 2nd Red Scare
African American Soldiers after the war
Wearing the uniform in public was "crossing the color line" and many were lynched. Anti-black race riots in 26 US cities after the war. One was Chicago in 1919 which was known as he Red Summer. Another was the Tulsa, OK "race riot" of 1921
How did Hamilton justify the National Bank
With the Elastic clause (necessary and proper). Loose interpretation of constitution and causes conflict with Jefferson.
What was the Era of the Common Man (1820-1840)?
Went on during the same time as the Age of Jackson and 2nd Great Awakening. It was the spread of voting, franchise, and suffrage. 1. All States end property qualifications by 1840 - universal white male suffrage 2. Many states allow popular elections of U.S. president instead of the legislatures picking. Due to the proliferation of newspapers 3. National party nominating conventions to replace secret meetings that nominated party canidate 4. Birth of trade unions for 'mechanics' and Workingmen's party in NYC (1830's). - workers make their own party 5. Proliferation of newspapers lead to more people reading, becoming educated, and voting 6. "Rotation in Office" - the spoils system
Who was Jay Gould?
Western Railroad Baron. He was hated by Western farmers for watering Stock. He would buy a Railroad and say it was doing well with fake accounting books and then sell his shares high due to the fake information. this made him one of the most hated men in America
Virtual Representation
What the King responds with to taxation without representation in the Stamp Act Congress. The King says that he virtually represents the colonies in parliament.
Example of use of the Roosevelt Corollary
When Europeans threatened to invade the Dominican Republic because of their debt the US intervenes and stops it from happening. Also justified the invasions in Nicaragua, Haiti, and Guatemala (1904-1916)
How did the Mexican-American War begin?
When Mexico doesn't agree to Polk's offer to buy land to Rio Grande in 1846, Polk sends troops to the disputed area at the north bank of the Rio Grande. Mexico responds by sending troops to the south side and eventually a fight breaks out. This gave Polk a reason to ask Congress to declare war which they eventually did.
Chicago 1919: Red Summer
When a black child drifts into the whites only part of the beach, someone throws a stone at him which knocked him unconscious and he drowned. The police did nothing about it and this led to tension between whites and blacks. Whites attacked blacks and burnt down some black buildings in the Red Summer
Horizontal Consolidation
When a company starts bigger so it lowers its prices (Predatory pricing). This causes other businesses to go out of business or have to sell to the bigger company. When the smaller companies are gone, he bigger company can higher their price, and the can make back the money they lost in the short run and even more in the long run. Was done by Standard Oil and John Rockerfeller
How does the federal government respond to the high long haul prices?
With the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC)
What was evidence of FDR supporting unions
When he hung up on the owner of GM during the GM Sit down strike and told GM to handle the problem themselves which forced them to negotiate.
Battle of Manila Bay
Where US sinks half the Spanish Fleet
Gary Powers U2 Spy Plane Incident
While Eisenhower meeting with Nikita Khrushchev in Paris for Peace talks, US spy plane shot down and so all peace talks are destroyed because Eisenhower lied about not spying on Russia.
What was the Socialist movement?
While in jail, Eugene Debbs reads Das Kapital and becomes marxist-like. He founds the Socialist Party and runs for president in 1900, 1912, and 1920. he wanted public ownership of oil and steel but public utilities was as radical cities would go. Old populists, union men, and immigrant intellectuals make up the party.
Racism in Westward Expansion
White Anglo-Saxon Protestants (WASP) believed they were superior to Mexicans and Indians. They thought God intended for the land to be farmed and civilized (even though some Indians were farming)
Details of the Anti-Prostitution Movement?
White Slave Traffic Act (Mann Act) prohibited interstate traffic of a woman for immoral purposes. By 1915 all states had outlawed brothels.
What is a Scalawag?
White Southerners who did not fight in the war and took the loyalty oath. They viewed the CSA as a lost cause and the CSA looked at them as traitors.
Who were the Middle Class during the Gilded Age?
White collar managers whho didn't actually do pysical labor
What is a carpetbagger?
White northerners who went south after the Civil War.
Who led the IWW
William "Big Bill" Haywood
What was the outcome of the 1896 election?
William Bryan Jennings runs against Republican, William McKinley. Bryan had support of the populists and democrats. McKinley wins the election because on his campaign manager, Mark Hanna. McKinley wins in a close election.
Who were some Anti-Imperialists
William Jennings Bryan Most Major Progressives (Jane Adams, Muckrakers) Organized Labor (Samuel Gompers, Eugene Debs) Andrew Carnegie Mark Twain
Imperial Presidents
William McKiinley - Reluctant Teddy Roosevelt - Outgoing William Howard Taft - Continues Teddy's policies and uses Dollar Diplomacy.g
How do the British win the French Indian War
William Pitt funds a massive invasion force which costs a lot of money. British go down the St. Lawrence River and take over Quebec in Sep. 1759. Burn Montreal a year later in 1760. Treaty of Paris signed in 1763
Purchase of Alaska (1867)
William Seward buys Alaska form Russia in 1867. People nicknamed it "Seward's Icebox" and Seward's Folly". Gold would be late discovered in the 1890's and oil right before WWII. It also become a major fishing area.
Daughters of Liberty
Women who were a very crucial part in protestingBritish laws and Acts. Pushed for homespun clothing and herbal root tea as replacements for British goods. Women control household consumption which meant they had a big influence.
What was the WCTU?
Women's Christian Temperance Union led by Francis Willard. Was created in 1873
What was the Seneca Falls Convention (1848)?
Women's Rights convention that sought greater equality such as suffrage and legal and property rights (attended by men too such as Frederick Douglas)
19th Amendment (1920)
Women's suffrage guaranteed in every state. Woodrow Wilson supports it as a "war measure" during WWI to help defeat the Germans. Men were fearful "purity" laws would start to be passed as a result but not much changed because women did not vote as a bloc. Rather, they voted the same as their husband so they did not affect the parties and politics too much.
What was the closest ties between the free b lack community and abolitionists in the north?
Women, especially white women. This is an example of Quasi-political because slavery was a moral issue. omen argued to have a voice on the issue because they were morally superior than men. Lucrietta Mott and the Grimke Sisters made alliances with black women such as Sojourner Truth. This all leads to the Anti-Slavery Convention of American Women in 1837
Who was the Real and most progressive president?
Woodrow Wilson (1912-1920)
WPA
Work Progress Administration: Massive work relief program funded projects ranging from construction to acting and the arts; disbanded by FDR during WWII
What was the Most common form of Slave resistance?
Work Slowdown because it's hard to punish and tell when it's happening
Examples of slave resistance
Working slowly, pretending to be sick or injured, and breaking tools and equipment. Also Yamasee and Stono Rebellions In South Carolina.
Who was Booker T. Washington?
Writes book "Up from Slavery" in which he says Black Americans should become skilled workers/tradesmen as a PREREQUISITE to achieving civil rights. He says that they need to "pull themselves up by their own bootstrap" and founds the Tuskgee Institute which was a trade school in Alabama. He gave this viewpoint in his famous Atlanta Exposition Speech as well.
What was Henry George's "Progress and Poverty"?
Writing that said that land = wealth so therefore government should tax land.
Who wrote the Wizard of Oz and how is it a political allegory.
Written by Frank Baum in 1898. Gold Standard = Yellow Brick Road Silver Coinage = Silver shoes William Bryan Jennings = Cowardly Lion Tin man = Factory Workers Scarecrow = Farmers McKinley and Mark Hanna = Wizard of Oz Jay Gould = Wicked Witch of the West Oz = Ounce in referral to gold
What are the underlying tensions of the 5 culture wars of the 1920's?
Young vs. Old Urban vs. Rural Modern vs. Traditional the culture wars mark the birth of the Modern Era and its opps
What was Eli Whitney's Cotton Gin?
an invention in the 1790's that made cotton production much easier than before. It made slavery pay for the south and cotton becomes the #1 export by 1810. Also gradualism dies away because of this new profitability.
What was the National Women's Party (NWP)?
it was led by Alice Paul who had broken away from the NAWSA. They focused on the federal government and wanted an amendment for women's suffrage. Their tactics were influenced by the "radical" British women and they used marches, protests, and hunger strikes in jail. They were seen as radical and even protested a sitting president during wartime (WWI)
John L. Lewis (United Mine Workers)
led a series of unsuccessful strikes in KY, PA, and WV.
Quasi-political
participating in public power but not voting
What was the dagger that caused the US to go to war with the Spanish in 1898??
the USS Maine explodes in Havana Harbor
Financial Panic of 1819
the country's first major economic depression, produced political divisions, and calls for democratization of state constitutions and an end to imprisonment for debt. It's caused by overspeculation of western land and causes banks to tighten credit and forclose on debtors.
Cronyism
the practice of favoring one's friends, especially in political appointments