APUSH Unit 4

Cherokee Nation v. Georgia

(1831) Marshall rules the Cherokee have an unquestionable right to their lands until voluntary cession.

Worcester v. Georgia

(1832) GA law has no force, essentially stopping Indian removal. Jackson: "Marshall has made his decision, now let him enforce it."

What was the Panic of 1837 and what happened to prices and economic growth?

-A drop in the price of cotton caused English investors to cut back commitments in America + a failed wheat crop collapsed U.S. financial system. -Government lost $9 million in deposits in pet banks. 1/3 unemployed, wages fell 30-50%, prices for necessities soared.

Nullification Crisis

-The Webster/Hayne debate in Congress put forth the main positions: -Webster: Sovereignty resides in the people, the colonies/states were united, and therefore no state could nullify laws. If so, the union would be a rope of sand. -Hayne: VA/Kentucky Resolutions, Hartford Convention: The federal government cannot be the judge of its own powers, or else that power is unlimited -Tariff war, Clay's Compromise -The answer: State nullification was dealt a very large blow. The Supreme Court would be seen as the arbiter of laws.

What was the main point of debate between Daniel Webster & Robert Hayne? Which side did each take?

-Webster: Sovereignty resides in the people, the colonies/states were united, and therefore no state could nullify laws. If so, the union would be a rope of sand. -Hayne: VA/Kentucky Resolutions, Hartford Convention: The federal government cannot be the judge of its own powers, or else that power is unlimited

According to Webster, New England did all of the following for the West

-give it lands -ban slavery in its territory -give it a rational system of land sales

All of the following were reasons for South Carolina's opposition to the Tariff of 1828

-it was not enacted to regulate commerce but to prohibit foreign trade -the tariff is an abuse of power -the power to protect manufacturing is not Constitutional

Approximately how many people died in the "Trail of Tears?"

4,000

Henry Clay

An opponent of Jackson, ran against him, opposed him in the bank war, etc.

Jackson's relationship with Nicholas Biddle

BUS director Nicholas Biddle pushed for recertification prior to 1832 election, supported by Clay/Webster. Handed a popular issue to Jackson, who opposed it (vetoed recharter in 1832).

South Carolina claimed the tariff of 1828 was unconstitutional because

Congress cannot enact tariffs that are higher than necessary

All Cherokee were evicted from their ancestral lands moved to present-day Oklahoma after the Indian Removal Act.

False

Jackson pulling deposits out of the national bank and putting them in "pet banks"

Jackson began removing government deposits from the BUS in 1832 and put them in 23 "pet" state banks. Jackson's challengers lost their jobs, Biddle tried to bring about depression, which led to economic panic in 1834.

Martin Van Buren

Jackson's hand-picked successor, 8th president, inherited an economic mess

John Marshall

Jackson's opponent in the Indian Removal Act

Nicholas Biddle

Jackson's opponent in the bank war, took the blame.

John Calhoun

MVB's VP, an opponent of Jackson's during the nullification crisis

Webster claimed which region was the true friend of the West?

New England

Formation of the Democrat and Whig parties

Opponents put together a coalition united chiefly by their hostility and opposition to Jackson, whom they called King Andrew I. Opponents of the king called Whigs.

President Jackson's Indian policy resulted in what?

The removal of the Cherokee from the Southeast to lands west of the Mississippi River

Andrew Jackson

Tried to democratize economic opportunity and political participation, but ended up largely centralizing power in his administration and fought wars against political and personal enemies throughout his tenure.

The ___ party laid the foundation for the first modern American political party when it prepared for its successful victory in the election of 1828.

democrat

According to South Carolina, the Tariff of 1828 will do what to the state's economy?

destroy it due to its reliance on foreign trade

The nullification controversy was significant, in part, because it

enhanced Andrew Jackson's reputation as a strong president

An important consequence of the Tariff of 1828 was that it led to the

enunciation of the doctrine of nullification

President Jackson agreed with the decision in Worcester v. Georgia?

false

Jackson believed government should stand for all of the following EXCEPT

for elevating the state governments ahead of the national

Why did white settlers want Cherokee land?

gold was discovered in northern Georgia

What did Jackson do after the Supreme Court ruled in Worcester v. Georgia?

he defied the decision to nullify the Indian Removal Act, and carried it out anyway

All of the following were reasons for Jackson's bank bill veto EXCEPT

its powers exist because of the elastic clause

What did South Carolina eventually do with the tariff of 1828?

nullify it and make it a crime to collect the tariff in South Carolina

Jacksonian Democracy was distinguished by the belief that

political participation by the common man should be increased

Where were the Cherokee moved to?

present-day Oklahoma

Tariffs were part of the American System for what reason?

protect American industry and provide money for government

According to Webster, New England did not ________________________ for the West

provide roads and canals

Jackson said "it is to be regretted that the ____ too often bend the acts of government to their selfish purposes."

rich and powerful

Jackson's policy of giving government jobs to friends and supporters was known as the

spoils system

Hayne's first speech claimed "the land problem" and opposition to the tariff was an issue of

state sovereignty

The Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions, the Hartford Convention and the South Carolina Exposition and Protest were similar in all involved a defense of

states rights

What did the U.S. government use as its reasoning to justify the removal of the Cherokee?

the 1835 Treaty of New Echota

Jackson's main argument for challenging the national bank was that

the bank was a monopoly that benefited only a few owners

What precedent do the Cherokee believe President Jackson's actions in the wake of Worcester v. Georgia set?

the federal government's future removal of Native Americans from their homelands

Which of the following resulted from the policies of the Jackson administration?

the number of banks, each issuing its own paper currency, increased

Andrew Jackson did not support ________________________________

the right of state nullification

According to South Carolina's Exposition and Protest and the state's actions, who - in its mind - had the right to nullify federal laws?

the states

All of the following were reasons for South Carolina's opposition to the Tariff of 1828 EXCEPT that

the tariff is part of Congress' power to tax

South Carolina Exposition and Protest

the union could be preserved by protecting the minority rights of the south. A state could declare a federal law null and void between its borders because it violated the Constitution.

What happened to many of the Cherokee leaders who signed the treaty ceding land to the U.S. government?

they were killed by their own leaders