APUSH Unit 4 a Review

Why in 1860 did white southerners remain committed to the institution of slavery and its expansion?

Because cotton had become such a commodity in the south, it became a very profitable institution, making white southerners who owned slaves very rich and also making slaves more valuable.

The Second Great Awakening was most directly related to which of the following other historical developments of the early nineteenth century?

Challenges to Enlightenment views of rationalism

(Walter Johnson, historian, River of Dark Dreams: Slavery and Empire in the Cotton Kingdom, 2013)Which of the following most directly contributed to the development described in the excerpt?

A belief by southern businessmen that the southern economy should focus on the export of select agricultural products

(William Cullen Bryant, book review in the North American Review, 1818)

A common national culture was developing.

(Walter Johnson, historian, River of Dark Dreams: Slavery and Empire in the Cotton Kingdom, 2013) In the first half of the 1800s, which of the following resulted from the debates about the cotton economy described in the excerpt?

A distinct Southern economic and cultural identity emerged.

Changes in ideas about men's and women's gender roles in the family, resulting from the market revolution, most directly contributed to which of the following shifts in American social practices during the same period?

A new emphasis on the separation between the public and private spheres

Innovations in shipping and the growth of commercial networks were most directly related to which of the following other developments of the first half of the nineteenth century?

An increase in the number of Americans moving west of the Appalachian Mountains

(Sean Wilentz, historian, The Rise of American Democracy: Jefferson to Lincoln, published in 2005) Which of the following claims is supported by the author's main argument in the excerpt?

Andrew Jackson can be blamed for the unintended effects of Indian removal.

Analyze the relationship between religion and reform in the decades from 1800-1860

Between 1800 and 1860, there were widespread arguments about the morality and validity of slavery. The 2nd Great Awakening filled a greater Protestant religion into American society and culture. Religions people were successful in imposing reforms in society in the form of abolitionism, women's rights, and the reform of prostitution and alcoholism.

(Stephanie M. H. Camp, historian, Closer to Freedom: Enslaved Women and Everyday Resistance in the Plantation South, 2004) Which of the following could best be used as evidence to support the argument in the third paragraph of the excerpt that enslaved people engaged in oppositional activities?

Enslaved African Americans routinely caused tools to break or worked more slowly as means of resistance.

(William Cullen Bryant, book review in the North American Review, 1818) Which of the following can be concluded about the relationship between the United States and Europe based on the situation described in the excerpt?

European styles continued to influence American society.

(President Thomas Jefferson, first inaugural address, 1801) Which of the following best describes Jefferson's point of view about government as expressed in the excerpt?

Government should limit interference in the lives of its citizens.

(Sean Wilentz, historian, The Rise of American Democracy: Jefferson to Lincoln, published in 2005) Which of the following pieces of evidence would help modify an argument in the excerpt about President Jackson's intentions toward American Indians?

Jackson had led United States armies that conquered American Indian peoples in the Southeast and forced land cessions.

The growth of manufacturing in the United States from 1800 to 1850 was most directly connected to which of the following broader historical processes?

Large numbers of international migrants moving to northern cities

(Stephanie M. H. Camp, historian, Closer to Freedom: Enslaved Women and Everyday Resistance in the Plantation South, 2004) Which of the following pieces of evidence could best be used to modify the argument in the excerpt that many enslaved people engaged in oppositional activities?

Large-scale rebellions by enslaved African Americans in the first half of the 1800s were largely unsuccessful.

(Sean Wilentz, historian, The Rise of American Democracy: Jefferson to Lincoln, published in 2005) Which of the following describes a context that most influenced the implementation of the government policy discussed in the excerpt?

Many Americans desired the United States to expand its western land claims.

(Daniel Walker Howe, historian, What Hath God Wrought: The Transformation of America, 1815-1848, published in 2007) Which of the following is a piece of evidence used by Howe to support his claim in the third paragraph of the excerpt about religious organizations in the early nineteenth century?

Members of the Evangelical United Front employed more people than the Post Office did.

(President Thomas Jefferson, first inaugural address, 1801) Which of the following best describes the context from which the ideas expressed in the excerpt emerged?

Political leaders sought to encourage domestic economic development.

(Sean Wilentz, historian, The Rise of American Democracy: Jefferson to Lincoln, published in 2005) Which of the following pieces of evidence would best refute Jackson's claim about his predecessors' policies toward American Indians, as described in the first paragraph of the excerpt?

President George Washington enforced treaties guaranteeing American Indians in New York rights to their land.

(The Chesapeake and Delaware Canal Company, petition to the United States Congress, 1809) The claims in the excerpt were most likely interpreted as opposing which of the following existing federal government policies at the time?

Promoting economic development through foreign trade

(Red Jacket, Iroquois American Indian chief in New York, speech to a missionary from Massachusetts and a United States diplomat, 1805) Which of the following best explains how the purpose of the speech in the excerpt was interpreted by federal officials?

Red Jacket sought to protect Iroquois independence from the United States.

Which of the following most directly led to the expansion of participatory democracy in the first half of the nineteenth century?

Reduction of property ownership requirements for voting

What different type of reform movements arose during this time period, and what types of change did they advocate? What strategies did they use, and how successful were they in their efforts?

Several different reform movements arose during this time period. The Benevolent Empire, led by Congregationalists and Presbyterians sought to help the lower classes by curbing consumption of alcohol and other vices through large-scale organizations working to improve society. Charles Grandison Finney conducted revival meetings stressing conversion over doctrine and preached that God would welcome any sinner who submitted to the Holy Spirit, accelerating the Second Great Awakening. The American Temperance Society sought to curb the consumption of alcoholic beverages and was very successful. The nativist movements condemned immigration and asserted Protestant authority.

(Stephanie M. H. Camp, historian, Closer to Freedom: Enslaved Women and Everyday Resistance in the Plantation South, 2004) Which of the following does the author use as evidence to support her argument that slaveholders were "keen to master their slaves' senses of pleasure"?

Slaveholders held parties to encourage the loyalty of the enslaved.

(The Chesapeake and Delaware Canal Company, petition to the United States Congress, 1809) Which of the following best describes a historian's likely interpretation of the situation in which the excerpt was produced in the early 1800s?

Some Americans promoted international strength through a unified national economy.

(Walter Johnson, historian, River of Dark Dreams: Slavery and Empire in the Cotton Kingdom, 2013) Which of the following resulted from the mass production of cotton described in the excerpt?

Some southerners relocated their plantations to the west of the Appalachian Mountains.

(Stephanie M. H. Camp, historian, Closer to Freedom: Enslaved Women and Everyday Resistance in the Plantation South, 2004) Which of the following best describes a context in the first half of the 1800s that influenced the development of slavery as described in the excerpt?

Southern planters used enslaved people to produce cotton for international markets.

(President Thomas Jefferson, first inaugural address, 1801) Which of the following best describes the political situation in which Jefferson gave the address in the excerpt?

The Democratic-Republican Party had won the presidency for the first time.

Did the Industrial and Market revolutions make America a more "republican" society? Or did they undermine republicanism?

The Industrial and Market revolutions largely undermined republicanism. Republicanism is based on equality, and the Industrial and Market Revolution created disparate economic classes ranging from the business elite to the penniless urban workers. The economic and social differences between the classes undermined the sense of equality necessary for a republic. A republic also relies on strong government, and the rise of economic independence reduced the influence of government. As people became more independent, they had less need for the republican government.

What was the apparent conflict among reform, social order, and Liberty?

The conflict amond them was that the reform increased the extent of social and cultural freedom because the North realized that slavery was bad. Many women were against slavery and were also fighting for freedom and equality.

(William Cullen Bryant, book review in the North American Review, 1818) The excerpt best serves as evidence of which of the following developments?

The creation of a unique American culture

What was the impact of the economic revolution on the various social groups and classes?

The economic revolution increased the middle class. Because of the many factories, there were many job opportunities which increased the social mobility and the middle class.

The expansion of suffrage to most adult White men in the early nineteenth century most directly resulted in which of the following?

The growth of new political parties

(The Chesapeake and Delaware Canal Company, petition to the United States Congress, 1809) The petition could best be used as evidence by historians studying which of the following?

The ideas that led some Americans to advocate for improved transportation

Which of the following best explains a major reason for the emergence of the Second Great Awakening in the United States?

The rise of individualistic and evangelical spiritual beliefs inspired religious conversion.

What different type of cities emerged between 1820 and 1860, and what caused their growth?

There were Western commercial cities such as Pittsburgh and New Orleans that expanded as regional centers for shipping goods to the West. As a result of industrial growth, large urban Atlantic coastal cities like New York grew as ports for shipping and finance and the arrival of new immigrants. Small internal cities also grew as regional centers for local farmers. Some cities grew large because of their placement on water routes such as the Erie Canal.

(Daniel Walker Howe, historian, What Hath God Wrought: The Transformation of America, 1815-1848, published in 2007) Which of the following describes a piece of evidence used by Howe to support his overall argument about the motivations of religious reformers?

They desired to teach people personal autonomy.

(President Thomas Jefferson, first inaugural address, 1801) Which of the following was most likely a main purpose of Jefferson's inaugural address?

To summarize his beliefs about the ideal political system

The expansion of suffrage to most adult White men by the 1820s and 1830s most directly contributed to the

emergence of political rallies and events to encourage people to vote for particular parties

The expansion of participatory democracy in the Jacksonian era most likely influenced the Second Great Awakening by

giving rise to individualistic beliefs

(Daniel Walker Howe, historian, What Hath God Wrought: The Transformation of America, 1815-1848, published in 2007) A piece of evidence used by Howe in the second paragraph of the excerpt to support his argument about the goals of prison reform was that prison reformers

intended to use prisons to rehabilitate criminals

(The Chesapeake and Delaware Canal Company, petition to the United States Congress, 1809)At the time the petition was produced, Congress most likely interpreted the petition's purpose as

requesting federal funding for transportation construction projects

(Red Jacket, Iroquois American Indian chief in New York, speech to a missionary from Massachusetts and a United States diplomat, 1805) The excerpt could best be used by historians studying the

resistance against the expansion of United States influence