APUSH Unit 5 Test Review

Supreme Court ruling in Plessy v. Ferguson

Court validated separation of races- Plessy v Ferguson (1896) ruled separate accommodations did not deprive blacks of equal rights if accommodations were equal.

Provisions of the Kansas-Nebraska Act

Dividing Nebraska in two (Nebraska and Kansas) and each would decide slavery by "popular sovereignty" (state legislature), repealed Missouri Compromise entirely!!! -Kansas-Nebraska Act passed 1854 w/ Pres Pierce support.

Greatest accomplishment of Reconstruction

Education

Event most responsible for early secession of states between December 1860 and March 1861

Election of Lincoln

Crop lien system

Gains of blacks and poor whites overshadowed by ravages of crop-lien system. After war few credit institutions such as banks returned, new credit system centered on local country stores -Farmers did not have steady cash flow so relied on credit to buy what they needed. W/o competition stores charged incredibly high interest rates. Had to give lien (claim) on crops as collateral- bad years trapped them in debt cycle

Key to Ulysses Grant's election in 1868

Grant accepted Repub nomination for president in 1868 election. Had no political experience, apptd incompetent cabinet members, relied on party leaders and spoils system. Alienated Northerners disillusioned w/ Radical reconstruction and corruption

Lincoln's terms for surrender of Southern forces and end of Civil War

There were no terms because Lincoln did not want to recognize the CSA as legitimate

14th amendment

defined citizenship- anybody born in US or naturalized automatically a citizen + guaranteed all rights of Const. No other citizenship requirements allowed, penalties for restricting male suffrage. Former Confed members couldn't hold state or fed office unless pardoned by Congress

Politicians position on slavery in the 1850s

Politicians tried to remain removed from the topic of slavery in order to prevent the loss of voters or a creation of a war

Freedmen's Bureau

(March 1865) Congress created Freedmen's Bureau to distribute food, create schools, & help poor whites. Only a temporary solution, only operated for 1 yr

Event/development that led to formation of Republican Party

-Kansas-Nebraska Act passed 1854 w/ Pres Pierce support. Had immediate, sweeping consequences: divided and destroyed Whig Party (disappeared by 1856), divided northern Democrats (disagreed w/ repealing Miss. Comp) v)Ppl in both parties opposed to bill formed Republican Party 1854

Various responses by Northerners to the Fugitive Slave Act

-Mobs of Northerners to prevent enforcement of law -Several N. States passed their own laws barring the deportation of fugitive slaves NORTHERN DEFIANCE ANGER--> -Petitioning Congress

Wade-Davis bill

-Radicals unhappy with mild plan. Wade-Davis Bill 1864 proposed governor for each state, when majority of ppl took allegiance oath constitutional convention could be held w/ slavery abolished, former Confed leaders couldn't vote. After Congress would readmit to Union. Lincoln pocket vetoed

Compromise of 1877 (about 1876 election)

-Resolution result of compromises btwn Repubs w/ southern Dems- Hayes would withdraw last fed troops from S if Dems abandoned filibuster of bill -"Compromise of 1877" also involved more financial aid for railroads and internal improvements in S in order to help Dems grow business and industrialize, withdraw troops to rid S of last Repub state govt's

Significance of death toll in Civil War

-Southern Gender Imbalance -618,000 deaths -so much death

Pro-slavery arguments

-threat to social system -feared war btwn sections -influx of blacks to North

13th amendment

Abolition of slavery

15th amendment

Black suffrage

The way the Second Great Awakening influenced abolitionism

Blacks are people too -Christian Moralism

Ways Southerners deprived black Americans of civil rights and voting rights

By 1872 nearly all S whites regained suffrage, worked as majority to overthrow Repubs. In areas of black majority whites used intimidations and violence (Ku Klux Klan, ect.) to prevent blacks from political activity

Role of Democrats in the South after Reconstruction

By 1877 w/ final withdrawal of troops every southern state govt "redeemed" (white Dems held power). "Redeemers"/"Bourbons" members of powerful ruling elite, mostly new class of merchants, industrialists, financiers. Committed to "home rule", social conservatism, economic development ii)Dem govts lowered taxes, reduced services (incl. public education) iii)By 1870s dissenters protesting service cuts and Redeemer govt commitment to pay off prewar and Reconstruction debts (e.g. VA Readjuster movement)

Panic of 1873

Convinced people to stop worrying about Reconstruction

Results of technological advances of the Civil War

Death

Tenure of Office Act

Forbade President of removing civil officials w/o Senate consent -What Johnson's impeached for

Results of the Lincoln-Douglas debates

Lincoln gained fame

Lincoln's argument regarding slavery in the 1850s

Lincoln's attacks on slavery prominent- argued if nation didn't accept blacks had human rights then it could accept other groups such as immigrant laborers could be deprived of rights too. Also, extension of slavery in territories would lead to lost opportunity for betterment by poor white laborers iii)Lincoln opposed slavery but not abolitionist b/c did not see easy alternative to slavery in areas where it existed. Prevent spread of slavery to territories, trust institution would gradually die out in areas where it existed

Andrew Johnson's plans for Reconstruction

Plan offered amnesty to southerners taking allegiance oath, Confed officials + wealthy planters needed special presidential pardon. Like Wade-Davis Bill had provisional governors, constitutional convention had to revoke ordinance of secession, abolish slavery, ratify 13th Amdt. State govts, then readmission

Andrew Johnson's impeachment

Pres Johnson obstacle to Radical legislation, yet tasked with administering Reconstruction programs. 1868 Johnson impeached for violation of Tenure of Office Act for dismissing Sec of War Stanton- Sen acquitted by 1 vote

Purpose of Reconstruction from North's perspective

Prevent Rise of the South

Origin of the term "Bleeding Kansas"

Pro-slave forces burned down anti-slave govt, abolitionist John Brown then killed 5 pro-slave settlers (Pottawatomie Massacre). Led to armed warfare by armed bands, "Bleeding Kansas" became symbol of sectional controversy

Radical Republicans plans for Reconstruction

Radicals (led by Rep Thaddeus Stevens of PA + Sen Charles Sumner of MA) wanted Confed leaders punished, black legal rights protected, property confiscation -Radicals unhappy with mild plan.

Role of industry in South after Reconstruction

Railroad development increased dramatically, 1886 greater integration with rest of country when changed its gauge v)However, growth of South merely regained what it had done before war, average income in the South substantially lower than that of North vi)Manufacturing growth required industrial labor force. Most were women, wages much lower than in N. Mill towns restricted by company w/ labor unions suppressed, credit thru company- but led to sense of community

Most common type of work for Southern blacks and women by end of Reconstruction

Tenant Farming

Position of most white Southerners on slavery after 1830s

That they need to defend the institution i)Incompatible Southern ideology result of desire for security after Nat Turner 1831 uprising, lucrative nature of cotton economy into Deep South and expansion there, growth of Garrisonian abolition movement against S society ii)Intellectual defense of slavery begun by Professor Thomas Dew, others later gave ideology name The Pro-Slavery Argument- said that S should not apologize for slavery b/c was a good thing, slaved enjoyed better conditions than industrial workers in N, allowed for peace btwn races, helped nat'l econ iii)Also argued slavery good b/c basis of way S way of life, which was superior to any other. N greedy, destructive, factories horrific, cities crowded + immigrant filled- but S stable, orderly, protected worker welfare iv)Defense also on biological inferiority of blacks, inherently unfit to care for themselves and be citizens. Clergy also gave religious + biblical justification

Source of most Union men who served in army during Civil War

Volunteering

Radical Reconstruction

a)Military govts in South b)The 14th & 15th Amendment c)The Congressional Plan d)The Impeachment of President Johnson E.) Reconstruction Acts F.) Civil Rights Act

John Brown's Raid on Harper's Ferry

i)1859 antislavery zealot from KS John Brown led followers to capture fort in Harpers Ferry VA hoping to lead slave rebellion. Uprising never occurred, Brown surrendered, tried for treason by VA and hanged ii)Convinced white southerners that they could not live safely in Union, believed raid supported by Repub party and that North now wanted slave insurrection

Purpose of Black Codes and Republican response to them

i)1865 + 1866 S state legislatures passed laws known as Black Codes- gave whites power over former slaves, prevent farm ownership or certain jobs -B/c Johnson only made them abolish slavery ii)Congress reacted by widening powers of Freemen's Bureau to nullify agreements forced on blacks. 1866 passed first Civil Rights Act- made blacks US citizens, gave fed govt power to intervene to protect rights of citizens iii)Johnson vetoed both bills, but both were overridden

Lincoln's assassination and larger conspiracy

i)April 14, 1865 Lincoln assassinated by John Wilkes Booth ii)Hysteria in N w/ accusations of conspiracy (saying that S leaders were retaliating). Militant republicans exploited suspicions for months, ensured a mild plan would not come soon

Improvements sought by black Americans after emancipation

i)Freedom to blacks meant end to slavery, injustice, humiliation. Rights and protections of free men also desired ii)AAs differed over how to achieve freedom: some wanted economic redistribution including land, others wanted legal equality and opportunity. All wanted independence from white control

Democrats and the election of 1860

i)In Pres election of 1860 Dems torn btwn southerners (who demanded strong endorsement of slavery) & westerners (who supported popular sovereignty) ii)After popular sovereignty endorsed by convention southern states walked out, eventually nominated John Breckinridge of KY, rest chose Stephen Douglas -Election of Lincoln final signal for many southerners that their position in Union hopeless, within weeks process of disunion began

Lincoln's plan for Reconstruction

i)Lincoln proposed 1863 lenient Reconstruction plan- favored recruiting former Whigs to Repubs, amnesty to white Southerners other than high Confed officials. When 10% of ppl took loyalty oath state govt could be established. Questions of future of freedmen deferred for sake of rapid reunification ii)The occupied Louisiana, Arkansas, and Tennessee rejoined under plan in 1864

Supreme Court ruling in Dred Scott v. Sanford

i)March 1857 Supreme Court ruled in Dred Scott v Sandford- Scott was slave who after masters death sued widow for freedom on grounds that master had moved residence to a free state, but John Sanford (brother of deceased owner, Sup C. misspelled name) claimed ownership of Scott ii)Defeat for antislavery movement. Supreme Court had multiple decisions, Chief Justice Roger Taney: Scott could not bring suit in fed court b/c was not a citizen, blacks had virtually no rights under Const, slaves property & 5th Amendment forbid taking property w/o "due process" and therefore Congress had no authority to pass law depriving persons of slave property in territories (thereby ruling Missouri Compromise had been unconstitutional)

Manifest Destiny

i)Reflected pride of American nationalism + idealistic vision of social perfection that had fueled reform movements- US destined by God & history- to expand over a vast area that included North America. ii)Extend liberty + US political system to others, but also racist justifications- superiority of "American" race, ppl of territories unfit for republican system iii)By 1840s idea of Manifest Destiny had spread thru "penny press" (mass audience). Almost all but not everyone embraced- Henry Clay feared tension

Role of sea power in Civil War

i)Union had overwhelming naval advantage- used to enforce blockade of S coast, assisted Union army in field operations especially on large rivers ii)Blockade prevented most ships out of Confed ports. Confederates tried to break blockade w/ new weapons such as the ironclad warship the Merrimac, which the Union stopped with one of their ironclads the Monitor

William Lloyd Garrison and his views regarding slavery and racial equality

i)William Lloyd Garrison employed by antislavery newspaper (Genius of Universal Emancipation), but impatient w/ moderate tone + reform proposals ii)1831 founded his own Liberator, should look from black perspective, shouldn't talk in terms of damage to white society. Reject "gradualism", extend African Americans full rights of American citizens iii)Gained Northern following, founded New England Antislavery Society 1832, year later American Antislavery Society- membership grew rapidly iv)Growth b/c like other reform movements committed to unleashing individual human spirit, eliminate artificial social barriers