APUSH unit 7

Calvin Coolidge

(Republican) 1923-1929; before Hoover; good for businessmen, bad for poor people, farmers, and immigrants

Herbert Hoover

(Republican) 1929-1933; after Coolidge; good for businessmen, bad for poor people, farmers, and immigrants

How did Wilson promote his peace plan? Was it successful, why or why not?

14 Points to ensure world peace; no, but the Fourteen Points still stand as the most powerful expression of the idealist strain in United States diplomacy.

World War II's impact on the Homefront

A great war mobilization effort ended the Great Depression. The war created new opportunities for women and minorities and prompted debates about ending or continuing racial segregation, but also yielded restrictions like the Japanese internment camps.

Harlem Renaissance

African American pride and culture

Describe a connection between policies intended to address the Great Depression and earlier Progressive Era reform policies

Both sought to create a stronger financial regulatory system.

The creation of new manufacturing methods allowed factories to greatly increase production. What effects did this have?

Development of consumer culture

Negative aspects of urbanization

Economic instability, corruption, economic inequality, harsh working conditions, child labor, and dismal and dangerous living conditions. Example of instability: Great Depression (started with 1929's Great Crash).

What was the main cause of the Great Depression of the 1930s?

Episodes of credit and market instability undermined the financial system.

What is a similarity between the United States economy in the early 1900s depicted in the excerpt and the United States economy in the first half of the 1800s?

In both periods, new technology increasingly connected Americans to commerce and markets.

What was a factor that most directly prompted United States entry into the Second World War in 1941 ?

Japan attacked the United States naval base at Pearl Harbor.

Why did the United States enter World War I in Europe?

Lusitania; Zimmerman telegram; unrestricted submarine warfare

Positive aspects of urbanization

New technologies and production techniques resulted in improved living standards for some, more goods at lower costs, and greater mobility. African Americans moved North during the Great Migration escaping segregation and found new opportunities, but still encountered discrimination. Example of discrimination: Race riots (like the 1921 Tulsa Race Riot).

What were the major cultural changes of the 1930s?

Next to jazz, blues, gospel, and folk music, swing jazz became immensely popular in the 1930s. Radio, increasingly easily accessibly to most Americans, was the main source of entertainment, information, and political propaganda. Despite the Great Depression, Hollywood and popular film production flourished.

How successful was the New Deal in ending the Great Depression?

Not very. But it did leave a legacy of government intervention in the economy and moved many working-class African Americans and whites into identifying with and supporting the Democratic Party. Example: FDR's New Deal Coalition (city dwellers + factory workers + African-Americans + farmers).

1920s Red Scare

Palmer Raids against suspected communists

Explain changes in the federal government resulting from the Great Depression

Policymakers developed a limited welfare state to reduce the effects of mass unemployment and social upheavals.

Explain a long-term political change resulting from the New Deal

Political alignments shifted as African Americans came to support the Democratic Party.

Describe the United States foreign policy in the 1910s

Political leaders advocated applying democratic principles to relationships between countries

Big Stick Diplomacy

President Theodore Roosevelt's foreign policy: "speak softly and carry a big stick; you will go far."; carefully mediated negotiation ("speaking softly") supported by the unspoken threat of a powerful military; policy came to be known as the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine.

3 R's

Relief, Recovery, Reform

What were the main achievements of President Roosevelt and Taft's foreign policy?

Roosevelt: began construction of the Panama Canal. He modernized the U.S. Army and expanded the Navy. He sent the Great White Fleet on a world tour to project American naval power Taft: designed to encourage U.S. investments in South and Central American, the Caribbean, and the Far East.

Schenck v. United States

Schneck arrested on violation of espionage act; freedom of speech can be restricted if causes present and immediate harm or danger

Why did the Senate refuse to ratify the Treaty of Versailles? What was the purpose of the League of Nations?

Senators feared that U.S. involvement in the League of Nations would mean that American troops might be sent into Europe and settle European disputes; provide a forum for resolving international disputes.

Explain the policy of the United States toward Nazi Germany in the 1930s

Strong isolationist sentiments after the First World War left many Americans wary of involvement in another European conflict.

Explain changes in migration patterns in the United States in the 1930s and 1940s

The Great Depression of the 1930s and the increased demand for war production in the 1940s led many Americans to migrate to cities in search of economic opportunities.

How did the New Deal mark a departure from previous government practices?

The New Deal actively used government power to stimulate economic recovery.

How the United States look to engage in world affairs in the 1920s and 1930s, the decades immediately following the First World War?

The United States used peace treaties and select military intervention to promote international order

President Woodrow Wilson, speech in New York City at a campaign to encourage Americans to purchase war bonds during the First World War, 1918 can be used to describe what historical situations related to the First World War?

The changes in traditional ideas about United States noninvolvement in Europe

What happened to the middle class during the Gilded Age?

The middle class grew as a result of new job opportunities created by urbanization

Scopes Monkey Trial

Thomas Scopes, high school teacher, on trial for teaching about human evolution despite Tennessee's ban on teachings that contradict the ideas of the Bible in that all life comes from God, and forbidding the teachings of anything else, including scientific evolution of humans from monkeys

Americans were uncertain how to deal with the transition from an agricultural to an industrial economy. True or False

True

The US's involvement in WWI sparked debates over the proper role of the United States in the world. True or False

True

The United States experienced persistent racial violence throughout the early twentieth century. True or False

True

United States officials were motivated to manage the diplomatic problems that arose after the First World War such as decolonization and to outmaneuver the Soviet Union where possible. True or False and why

True The United States took a more assertive role in the negotiation of peace following the Second World War and the establishment of international organizations meant to secure that peace such as the United Nations.

Why did population growth in the South slow as many people moved to the North and West?

Urbanization created more job opportunities for African Americans

What effect did the shift from rural to urban areas have on American women?

Women who moved to urban areas in the 1920s experienced increased social and economic freedoms, which later led to increased calls to legally recognize women's rights.

What accounted for the nativism of the 1920s?

backlash against immigrants and modernism led to the original culture wars.

What were the immediate challenges facing F.D.R. in March 1933?

collapse of the US banking system which he had to try and repair

What did social changes in the 1920s, such as the increased urbanization of United States society, do for women?

created new economic opportunities for women, challenging traditional gender roles in the nation

What were the causes of the War of 1898? What did America gain from the war?

explosion of USS Maine; gained peace treaty that compelled the Spanish to relinquish claims on Cuba, and to cede sovereignty over Guam, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines to the United States. The United States also annexed the independent state of Hawaii during the conflict.

Works Progress Administration

hiring for large construction projects

What motivated America's "new imperialism"? What were the results?

involvement in WWI; straying from isolationism; tkaing on key roles in the war

What was modernism, and how did it influence American culture?

marked the beginning of American art as distinct and autonomous from European taste, by breaking artistic conventions that had been shaped after European traditions until then. American modernism benefited from the diversity of immigrant cultures.

Sacco and Vanzetti trial

presence of bias against immigrants; executed even though there was evidence that they were innocent

Civilian Conservation Corps

put unemployed to work on forest projects

Securities and Exchange Commission

regulate stock markets

Social Security Act

retirement saving for seniors

What efforts did the Allies make to shape the postwar world?

signed the Declaration of the UN. The Big Three -- FDR, Churchill, and Stalin -- meeting the Yalta in February 945, decided that Europe would be divided into occupation zones.