Apush Unit 7

Emilio Aguinaldo

Fought alongside the U.S during the Spanish-American War, but after the Treaty of Paris, he led bands of guerilla fighters in a war against the U.S control It took three years for the U.S to defeat the insurrection and the conflict resulted in 5,000 American deaths and several hundred thousand Filipino deaths

Seventeenth Amendment

(1913) provided that the U.S senators be chosen by popular vote rather than by state legislatures by the widespread adoption of the popular election of judges, and by the use of primary elections among party members to select candidates for office

Federal Trade Commission

(FTC) established by Congress in 1914 to investigate and prohibit "unfair" business activities such as price-fixing and monopolistic practices

A. Phillip Randolph

Head of the Railroad Porters Union Threatened a march on Wahington to demand equal job opportunities for African Americans Convinced FDR to set up a Fair Employment Practices Committee to assist minorities in gaining jobs in defense industries

Food Administration

Managed by Herbert Hoover, a distinguished engineer Encouraged American households to peat less meat and bread so that more food could be shipped abroad for the French and British troops The Conservation drive paid off, in two years U.S shipment of food overseas triples

Modernism

A range of influences, including the changing role of women, the Social Gospel movement, and the scientific knowledge, caused large numbers of Protestants to define their faith in new ways Modernists took a historical and critical view of certain passages in the Bible and believed they could accept Darwin's theory of evolution without abandoning their religious faith

Confederate Monuments

1900-the 1920s A resurgence of public monuments honoring Jefferson Davis and top confederate generals throughout the South Many African Americans and human rights reformers believe that, unlike earlier memorials in cemeteries to veterans, these were built to glorify traditions of the "Lost Cause" interpretation of the Confederacy, which included defending White supremacy and enslavement.

Fourteen Points

1918, Wilson presented to Congress a detailed list of war aims known as the Fourteen points, designed to address the causes of WWI and prevent another world war Several of the points related to specific territorial questions Wilson called on Germany to return the regions of Alsace and Lorraine to France and to evacuate Belgium in the west and Romania and Serbia in the east Broad Principles for securing a lasting peace Recognition of freedom of the seas An end to the practice of making secret treaties Reduction of national armaments An "impartial adjustment to all colonial claims" Self-determination of the various nationalities Removal of trade barriers "A general association of nations... for the purpose of affording mutual guarantees of political independence and territorial integrity too great and small states alike" The international peace association that he envisioned would soon be named the League of Nations

Indian Reorganization Act

1934, dramatically changed federal policies towards Native Americans First repealed the Daws Act of 1887 and replaced it with a new act that returned former reservation lands to the control of tribes Also encouraged tribal organization and supported the preservation of Native American cultures

Collective bargaining

A series of mass strikes among immigrant workers placed labor's demand for the right of collective bargaining at the forefront of the reform agenda The strikes demonstrated that although ethnic divisions among workers impeded labor solidarity, ethnic cohesiveness could also be a basis of unity, so long as strikes were organized on a democratic basis The IWW organizers printed leaflets, posters, and banners in multiple languages and insisted that each nationality enjoy representation on the committee coordination a walkout

Wall Street Crash/Buying on Margin

A "boom" in the world economy in that late 1920s with evident and the ever-rising stock prices had become a symbol and source of wealth On the stock exchange on Wall Street in New York City, stock prices went up for 18 months and an average investor who bought $1,000 worth of such stocks at the time of Hoover's election (1928) would have doubled his or her money in less than a year Millions of people invested in the booming market and therefore millions lost their money in October 1929, when it collapsed Black Thursday: October 24, 1929, an unprecedented volume of selling on Wall Street, caused stock prices to plunge Buying on a margin: instead of investing money in order to share in the earnings of a company, people were speculating that the price of a stock would go up and that they could sell it for a quick profit Allowed people to borrow most of the costs of the stock, making down payments as low as 10 percent and then depended on the price of the stock increasing so that they could repay the loan When stock prices dropped, the market collapsed, and many lost everything they had borrowed and invested

"Gentlemen's Agreement"

A major cause of conflict between Japan and the U.S was that Japanese children were segregated in schools, and Japan took this as an insult In 1908, Roosevelt arranged a compromise by means of an informal understanding, the "Gentlemen's agreement" The Japanese government agreed secretly to restrict the emigration of Japanese workers to the U.S in return for Roosevelt persuading California to repeal its discriminatory laws

The Palmer Raids

A series of unexplained bombings caused Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer to establish a special office under J. Edgar Hoover to gather information on radicals Palmer ordered mass arrests of anarchists, socialist, and labor agitators From November 1919 through January 1920, more than 6000 people were arrested based on limited criminal evidence Most were foreign-born and 500 of them were deported Palmer warned of huge riots on May Day, 1920, but his loss of credibility, coupled with raisins concerns about civil liberties, caused the hysteria to recede

Dust Bowl Farmers/"Okies"

A severe drought in the early 1930s ruined crops in the Great Plains and the region became a dust bowl as poor farming practices coupled with high winds blew away millions of tons of dried topsoil Thousands of Okies from Oklahoma and their surrounding states migrated westward to California in search of farm or factory work that often could not be found

Charles Lindbergh

A young aviator who thrilled the entire world by flying nonstop across the Atlantic from Long Island to Paris in 1927 Americans listened to the radio for news of his flight and welcomed his return to the United States with ticker-tape parades larger than the welcome given to the returning soldiers of WWI

Yellow Press

Actively promoted war fever in the United States Sensationalistic reporting that featured bold and lurid headlines of crime, disaster, and scandal Papers printed exaggerated and false accounts of Spanish atrocities in Cuba therefore leading Americans to support and argue for the U.S to intervene in Cuba

Pancho Villa and the U.S. Expeditionary Force

After the fall of General Victoriano Huerta in Mexico, a moor democratic regime led by Venustiano Carranza was also immediately challenged by a band of rebels loyal to Pancho Villa Villa led raids across the U.S-Mexican border and murdered several people in Texas and New Mexico In March 1916, President Wilson ordered General John J. Pershing and an "expeditionary force" to pursue Villa into Northern Mexico In January 1917, the growing possibility of U.S entry into World War I caused Wilson to withdraw Pershing's troops

Jingoism

An intense form of nationalism calling for an aggressive foreign policy Demanded that the U.S. take its place with imperialist nations of Europe as a world power Led to overwhelming popular demand for war against Spain

The Great Migration

At the close of the 19th century, about 90% of African Americans lived in southern states The migration began between 1910 and 1930 when about 1 million people traveled north to seek jobs in cities Motives: Deteriorating race relations marked by segregation and racial violence Destruction of their cotton crops by the boll weevil Limited economic opportunities Migration slowed down in the 1930s during the Great Depression but resumed between 1940 and 1970 when over 4 million African Americans moved north. They still faced racial tension and discrimination

Sixteenth Amendment

Authorized Congress to enact a graduated income tax (one whose rate of taxation is higher for wealthier citizens) Enacted shortly before Taft left office The income tax provided a reliable and flexible source of revenue

Movie industry/Hollywood

Became a big business in the 1920s when going to the movies became a national habit in cities, suburbs, and small towns Movie stars like Greta Garbo and Rudolf Valentino were idolized by millions Elaborate movie theater "palaces" were built for the general public With the introduction of talking pictures in 1927, the movie industry reached new heights, by 1929 more than 80 million tickers to Hollywood movies were sold weekly

Theodore Roosevelt's "Big Stick" Policy

Became president after McKinley was shot and his motto towards foreign policy was to "speak softly and carry a big stick" Acted boldly and decisively in a number of situations, Roosevelt attempted to build the reputation of the U.S as a world power Imperialists applauded his every move, but critics disliked breaking the tradition of nonentanglement in global politics *See what he did below

Helen Keller

Born in Alabama and lost her sight and hearing Became known throughout the world as the author of numerous articles and books, especially an autobiography She became a leading advocate for persons with disabilities and was also a supporter of socialism, women suffrage, the rights of laborers, and world peace, and a longtime member of the IWW

The Red Scare

Caused by a volatile combination of unhappiness with the peace process, fears of communism fueled by the Communist takeover in Russia, and worries about labor unrest at home The Anti-German hysteria of the war years turned quickly into anti-communist hysteria known as the Red Scare. Fueled xenophobia that resulted in restrictions on immigration in the 1920s

CCC

Civilian Conservation Corps Employed young men on projects on federal lands and paid their families small monthly sums

Aimee Semple McPherson

Condemned the twin evils of communism and jazz music from her pulpit in Los Angeles

Quota Laws

Congress passed two laws that severely limited immigrated by setting quotas based on nationality 1st (1921): limited immigration to 3 percent of the number of foreign-born persons from a given nation counted in the 1910 Census (a maximum of 357,000) 2nd (1924): quota of 2 percent on the Census of 1890 (before the arrival of most of the "new" immigrants. By 1927, the quotas for all Asians and eastern and southern Europeans has been limited to 150,000 with all Japanese immigrants barred, with these acts, the traditional U.S policy of unlimited immigration ended. Canadians and Latin Americans were exempt from restrictions and almost 500,000 Mexicans migrated legally to the SouthWest during the 1920s

Social Security Act

Created a federal insurance program based upon the automatic collection of payments from employees and employers throughout people's working careers The Social Security Trust Fund would then be used to make monthly payments to retired persons over the age of 65 Workers who lost their jobs were given unemployment compensation Also helped persons who were blind or otherwise disabled and dependent children and their mothers.

New Nationalism

Created by Roosevelt; his program of 1912 Insisted that only the "controlling and directing power of the government" could restore "the liberty of the oppressed" He called for heavy taxes on personal and corporate fortunes and federal regulation of industries, including railroads, mining, and oil

Industrial Workers of the World (IWW)

Created in 1905 by a group of unionists who rejected the AFL's exclusionary politics Part trade union, pard advocate oof a workers' revolution that would seize the means of production and abolish the state, the IWW made solidarity its guiding principle Sought to mobilize those excluded from the AFL: the immigrant factory labor force, migrant timber and agricultural workers, women, Black people, and the Chinese on the West Coast

Demagogues (of the Depression-era)

Critics who played upon the American people's desperate need for immediate solutions to their problems Using the radio to reach a mass audience, they proposed simplistic schemes foreboding "evil conspiracies"(Father Charles E. Coughlin), guaranteeing economic security for the elderly (Dr. Francis E. Townsend), and redistributing wealth (Huey Long) Coughlin: founded the National Union for Social Justices, which called for issuing an inflated currency and nationalizing all banks but his attacks on the New Deal became Anti)Semitic and fascist and the Catholic Church ordered him to stop his broadcasts Townshend: argued for a 2 percent federal sales tax be used to create a special fund, from which every retired person over 60 years old would receive $200 a month which inspired the Social Security system Long: "Share our Wealth" program that promised a minimum annual income of $5,000 for every American family to be paid for by taxing the wealthy

New Freedom

Democratic Candidate for the 1912 election was strongly influenced by Louis D. Brandeis Insisted that democracy must be reinvigorated by restoring market competition and freeing government from domination by big business. The New Freedom envisioned the federal government strengthening antitrust laws, protecting the right of workers to unionize, and actively encouraging small businesses Creating the conditions for renewal of economic competition without increasing government regulation of the economy

Second New Deal

Democratic victories in the congressional elections of 1934 gave FDR the popular mandate he needed to seek another round of laws and programs In the summer of 1935, he launched the Second New Deal which concentrated on relief and reform

Mexican American "repatriation" (forced/coerced deportations) [also see Foner 661]

During the depression, high unemployment and drought in the Plains and the Midwest caused a dramatic growth in White migrant workers who pushed west in search of work New Deal programs and competition for jobs forced many thousands of Mexican Americans to return to Mexico in the 1930s

Race riots; Tulsa Massacre of 1921 [also see Foner p. 596]

During the war, race riots had erupted, the largest in East St.Louis, Illinois, in 1917 In 1919 racial tensions led to violence in many cities; In Chicago, 40 people were killed and 500 were injured in a riot that started over the use of the beach The Tulsa Race Massacre began after African Americans thwarted the lunching of a Black man White mobs destroyed more than 1,000 Black-owned homes and businesses in the neighborhood known for its prosperity as the Black Wall Street and killed 50-300 people The man whose lynching was prevented was later exonerated

Repeal of Prohibition

FDR kept a campaign promise to repeal Prohibition First had Congress pass the Beer-Wine revenue Act, which legalized the sale of beer and wine, as a means of raising needed tax money Later in 1933, the ratification of the 21st amendment repealed the 18th amendment, bringing prohibition to an end.

Fireside Chats

FDR went on the radio on March 12, 1933, to present the first of many fireside chats to the American people He assured his listeners that the banks which reopened after the bank holiday were safe The public responded as hoped, and the money deposited in the reopened banks exceeded the money withdrawn

Sinking of the Maine

February 15, 1898, the U.S battleship USS Maine was in the harbor of Havana, Cuba when it suddenly exploded, killing 360 Americans on board The yellow press accused Spain of deliberately blowing up the ship; however, experts late concluded that the explosion was probably an accident

FDIC

Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation Guaranteed individual bank deposits

FHA & Redlining

Federal Housing Administration Gave both the building industry and homeowners a boost by insuring bank loans for building, repairing, and purchasing houses Provided many families their first chance to buy a home and build wealth that they could pass on to their first children The FHA used redlining to define neighborhoods where African Americans lived, and did not make loans in those areas Nearly all FHA loans made during the first thirty years of the program went to White applicants

Phonographs

Made jazz ( a symbol of the "new and "modern" culture of cities) available to a huge and youthful public)

Initiative, Referendum & Recall

Founded by William U'Ren (was called the Oregon System) Initiative (a.k.a direct legislation): enabled citizens to propose and vote directly on laws, bypassing state legislatures Referendum: provided for popular votes on public policies Recall: allowed for the removal of public officials by popular vote All these reforms sought to weaken the power of political bosses and transfer it to ordinary citizens. Using the initiative, progressives won the bote for Women in the state, and the neighbors California and Washington later adopted the initiative and referendum and approved women suffrage Became chaotic as there were more and more law proposals

Socialist Party

Founded in 1901, called for immediate reforms such as free college education, legislation to improve the condition of laborers, and, as an ultimate goal, democratic control over the economy through public ownership of railroads and factories By 1912, the party claimed 150,000 members, published hundreds of newspapers, enjoyed substantial support in the American Federation of Labor, and had elected scores of local officials

Herbert Hoover

Had served three presidents (Wilson, Harding, and Coolidge) in administrative roles but had never before campaigned for elective office until 1928 when he was made the Republican nominee for president Republicans boasted of "Coolidge prosperity", which Hoover promised to extend and even suggested that poverty would soon be ended altogether His dreams to end poverty quickly proved bitterly ironic as he entered his presidency with the emergence of the Great Depression

Sacco and Vanzetti

In 1921 Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti were convicted in a Massachusetts cohort of committing robbery and murder Liberals protested that the two men had not received a fair trial and that they had been accused, convicted, and sentenced to die simply because they were poor Italian and anarchists. After 6 years of appeals and national and international debates over the conduct of their trial, Sacco, and Vanzetti were executed in 1927

Teapot Dome [see also Foner 615]

In 1924, Congress discovered that Albert B. Fall (Warren Harding's appointed Secretary of Interior) had accepted bribes for granting oil leases near Teapot Dome, Wyoming

Marcus Garvey

In 196, Garvey (a charismatic immigrant) brought the United Negro Improvement Association (UNIA) to Harlem from Jamaica Advocated individual and racial pride for African Americans and developed the political idea of Black nationalism Established an organization for Black separatism, economic self-sufficiency, and a back-to-Africa movement His sale of stock in the Black Star Steamship line led to a federal charge of fraud and in 1925 he was tried, convicted, and jailed later he was deported to oJamiace and his movement collapsed. W.E.B. Du Bois and other African American leaders disagreed with Garvey's back-to-African idea but endorsed his emphasis on racial pride and self-respect In the 1960s Garvey's thinking helped to inspire a later generation to embrace the cause of Black pride and nationalism

Muckraking

In a definition: the use of journalistic skills to expose the underside of American life A new generation of journalists writing for mass-circulation national magazines exposed the fields of industrial and urban life The Shame of the Cities" (1904) by Lincoln Steffens showed how party bosses and business leaders profited from political corruption Lewis Hine photographed child laborers to draw attention to persistent social inequality Upton Sinclair's The Jungle (1906) stirred public outrage and led directly to the passage of the Pure Food and Drug Act and the Mear INspection Act of 1906

New Deal/three Rs

In his (FDR) acceptance speech at the Democratic convention in 1932 he pledged that he would have a "new deal" for the American people The new Deak programs were to serve the three R's Three r's: Relief for the people out of work. Recovery for business and the economy as a whole. Reform of American economic institutions.

Conservation movement

In the 1890s, Congress authorized the president to withdraw "forest reserves" from greater economic development, a restriction on economic freedom in the name of a greater social good Roosevelt moved to preserve parts of the natural environment from economic exploitation He ordered that millions of acres be set aside as wildlife preserves and encouraged Congress to create new national parks The aim was less to end the economic utilization of natural resources than to develop responsible, scientific plans for their use John Muir = preservationist (don't touch it and don't lumber) Gifford Pinchot = conservationist (lumber to a certain extent, conserve it for future generations)

Glass-Steagall Act (see also Foner 641)

Increased regulation of the banks and limited how banks could invest customers' money

Art Deco

Influenced by Art Deco and streamlining styles, industrial designers created functional products front toasters to locomotives that have aesthetic appeal Many skyscrapers such as the Chrysler and Empire State were built in the Art Deco Style Art Deco: captured modernist simplification of forms while using machine age materials

Zimmerman Telegram

Intercepted by British intelligence, a telegram to Mexico from German Foreign Minister Arthur Zimmerman proposed that Mexico ally itself with Germany in return for Germany's pledge to help Mexico to recover lost territories (Texas, Arizona, and New Mexico) Mexico never considered accepting the offer but the telegram aroused nationalist anger of the American people and convinced Wilson that Germany fully expected a war with the U.S.

Treaty of Versailles

January 1919, every nation that had fought on the allied side was represented Great Britain, France, and Italy wanted revenge on Germany on did not agree with Wilson's idealism and his "peace without victory" so Wilson as forced to compromise on some of his fourteen points as long as the other delegations accepted his plan for a League of Nations Terms: Germany was disarmed and stripped of its colonies in Asia and Africa and forced to admit guilt for the war, accept French occupation of the Rhineland for 15 years, and pay a huge sum of money in reparations to Great Britain and France To apply the principle of self-determination, territories once controlled by Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Russia were taken by the Allies, independence was granted to Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Finland, and Poland; the new nations of Czechslovakia and Yugoslavia were established Signers of the treaty joined an international peacekeeping organization, the League of Nations; article X of the covenant/charter of the League called on each member nation to stand ready to protect the independence and territorial integrity of other nations The U.S never ratified the Versailles Treaty nor joined the League of Nations

Hawley-Smooth Tariff

June 1930, President Hoover signed into law a schedule of tariff rates that was the highest in history Passed by the Republican Congress, the tariff set tax increases ranging from 31% to 49% on foreign imports In retaliation, European countries enacted higher tariffs on their own against U.S goods. Made the decline in international trade even sharper and Economies around the world sank further into depression

"Open shop"

Keeping jobs open to nonunion workers Membership in unions declined 20 percent in the 1920s because companies insisted on an "open shop"

Fair Labor Standards Act (1938)

Last major reform of the New Deal in 1938 Established several regulations on businesses in interstate commerce A minimum wage initially fixed at 40 cents an hour A maximum standard workweek of 40 hours, with extra pay ("time and a half") for overtime Child labor restriction on hiring people under 16 years ol

Pragmatism

Late 19th century Strongly influenced progressive thinkers One of the most important philosophical movements ever to emerge in the U.S stated that experience was more important than doctrine. It encouraged an experimental approach to social problems

Maternalist reform

Laws providing for mothers; pensions (state aid to mothers of young children who lacked male support The reforms rested on the assumption at the government should encourage women's capacity for bearing and raising children, and enable them to be economically independent at the same time Both feminists and believers in conventional domestic roles supported the reforms for the formers hoped that these laws would subvert women's dependence on men, and the latter that they would strengthen traditional families and the mother-child bond

Anti-Imperialist League (also see Foner)

Led by William Jennings Bryan Rallied opposition to further acts of expansion in the Pacific

Ellis Island

Located in New York Harbor, became, in 1892, the nation's main facility for processing immigrants

Muller v. Oregon

Louis D. Brandeis filed a brief citing scientific and sociological studies to demonstrate that because women had less strength and endurance than men, long hours of labor were dangerous for women, while women's unique ability to bear children gave the government a legitimate interest in their working conditions. The Supreme Court unanimously upheld the constitutionality of an Oregon law setting maximum working hours for women The result solidified the view of women workers as weak, dependent, and incapable of enjoying the same economic rights as men By 1917, thirty states had enacted laws limiting the hours of labor of female workers

Committee of Public Information

Managed by Journalist George Creel A propaganda agency that enlisted the voluntary services of artists, writers, vaudeville performers, ad movies stars to depict the heroism of the U.S. soldiers and the villainy of the kaiser Created films, posters, and pamphlets and organized volunteer speakers - alluring Americans to watch out for German spies and to "do your bit" for the wa

Pure Food and Drug Act (find out more)

Many businessmen supported these measures, recognizing that they would benefit from greater public confidence in the quality and safety of their products Roosevelt was pushed into it

Margaret Sanger

Margaret Sanger placed the birth control movement at the heart of the new feminism and had a sex education column in The Call, a New York socialist newspaper called "What Every Girl Should Know" She openly advertised birth-control devices in her own journal The Woman Rebel and believed that every woman deserved control over her body and decide when to be a mother She opened a clinic in 1916 that distributed contraceptive devices to poor Jewish and Italian women, and activities for which she was sentenced to a month in prison

1918 Pandemic

Most severe influenza outbreak of the 20th century Infected around 500 million people worldwide and claimed an estimated 50 million lives First discovered in crowded military camps in the spring of 1918 Highest mortality rates among 20-40-year-olds and there were no effective drugs t treat the virus and around 500,000-675,000 Americans died Underreported in American media and lack of government efforts to keep up morale during wartime

NRA

National Recovery Administration Directed by Hugh Johnson, was an attempt to guarantee reasonable profits for businesses and fair wages and hours of labor Antitrust laws were temporarily suspended so, therefore, the NRA could help each industry (such as steel, oil, and paper)set codes for wages, hours of work, levels ofo production, and prices of finished goods The law creating the NRA also gave workers the right to organize and bargain collectively The complex program operated with limited success for two years before the Supreme Court declared the NRA unconstitutional in 1935

Fundamentalism

Protest preachers, mostly in rural areas, condemned the modernists and taught that every word in the Bible was true literally Key belief: Creationism; the belief that God had created the universe in seven days, as stated in the bible Fundamentalists blamed modernists for causing a decline in morals

Scientific management

Pioneered by an efficiency expert, Frederick W.Taylor Through scientific study, Taylor believed the "one best way" of producing goods could be determined and implemented The role of workers was t obey the detailed instructions of supervisors Many skilled workers saw the erosion of their traditional influence ver the work process as a loss of freedom

Barred Zone Act (Immigration Act of 1917)

Prohibited anyone residing in a region from the Middle East to southeast Adia from entering the U.S Included a literacy test designed to prevent immigration from southern and easter Europe Seet the stage for sharp restriction on immigration in the 1920s

Treaty of Paris of 1898

Provided for: Recognition of Cuban independence, U.S acquisition of two Spanish islands: Puerto Rico in the Caribbean and Guam in the Pacific U. S control of the Philippines in retire for $20 million payment to Spain Anti-imperialists were against taking over the Philippines because they thought that Filipinos had the right to "life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness" and also thought it was too much work and money for the U.S, but the ⅔ vote needed to pass the treaty was accomplished and the U.S took control of the islands

Wagner Act (1935)

Replaced the labor provisions of the National Industrial Recovery Act after the law was declared unconstitutional Guaranteed a worker's right to join a union and a union's right to bargain collectively Outlawed business practices that were unfair to labor A new industry, the National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) was empowered to enforce the law and make sure that worker's rights were protected

The Platt Amendment

Resented by Cuban nationalists because it required Cuba to agree To never sign a treaty with a foreign power that impaired its independence To permit the United States to intervene in Cuva's affairs to preserve its independence and maintain law and order To allow the U.S to maintain naval bases in Cuba, including one permanent base at Guantanamo Bay

Josiah Strong

Reverend who wrote, Our Country: Its Possible Future and Present Crisis (1885) Wrote that people of Anglo-Saxon stock were "the fittest to survive" Believed that Protest Americans had a religious duty to colonize other lands in order to spread Christianity and the benefits of their "superior" civilization (medicine, science, and technology)

Court Reorganization Plan ("Court-packing" bill)

Roosevelt hoped to remove the Court as an obstacle to the New Deal by proposing a judicial-reorganization bill in 1937 Proposed that the president be authorized to appoint to the Supreme Court an additional justice for each current justice who was older than 70.5 years. Both democrats and Republicans accused FDR of wanting to give himself the powers of a dictator, (calling it a "Court-packing" bill) and FDR did not back down The majority of both parties voted against the bill

Panama Canal

Roosevelt was eager to begin the construction of a canal through the narrow but rugged terrain of the isthmus of Panama to connect the U.S to connect the Atlantic and Pacific Ocean Roosevelt was able to obtain control of the area from Colombia after a successful rebellion and the Panama signage of the Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty Starting in 1904 and finished in 1914, hundreds of laborers lost their lives Congress finally voted to pay Colombia an indemnity of $25million for its loss os Panama and the Canal Zone was returned to the Republic of Panama in 1999

"Lost generation"

Scorning religion as hypocritical and bitterly condemning the sacrifices of wartime as a fraud perpetrated by money interests were two dominant themes of the leading writers of the postwar decade This disillusionment caused the writer Gertrude Stein to call these writers the "lost generation" The novels of F.Scott Fitzgerald, Ernest Hemingway, and Sinclair Lewis; the poems of Ezra Pound and T.S Eliot; and the plays of Eugene O'Neill expressed disillusionment with the ideals of an earlier time and with the materialism of a business-oriented culture

Washington Conference (1921)

Secretary of State Charles Evans Hughes initiated talks on naval disarmament, hoping to stabilize the size of the U.S. Native relative to that of other powers and to resolve conflicts in the Pacific Representatives to the conference came from Belgium, China, France, Great Britain, Italy, Japan, the Netherlands, and Portugal Three agreements to relieve tensions: Five-Power Treaty: Nations with the five largest navies agreed to maintain the following ratio with respect to their largest warships or battleships: The U.S and Great Britain, 5; Japan 3; France, 1.67; Italy 1.67. Britain and the U.S also agreed not to fortify their possessions in the Pacific, while no limit was placed on the Japanese Four-Power Treaty: The U.S, Britain, Japan, and France agreed to respect one another's territory in the Pacific Nine-Power Treaty: All nine nations represent4ed at the conference agreed to respect the Open Door Policy by guaranteeing the territorial integrity of China

Bonus March

Summer of 1932, a thousand unemployed WWI veterans marched to Washington D.C to demand immediate payment of the bonuses promised that at a later date (1945) Eventually joined by thousands of other veterans who brought their wives and children and camped in improvised shacks near the Capital Congress failed to pass the bonus bill and after two veterans were killed in a clash with police, General Douglas MacArthur (army's chief of staff) used tanks and tear gas to destroy the shantytown and drive the veterans from Wahington The Incident caused many Americans to regard Hoover as heartless and uncaring.

Scopes trial

Tennessee outlawed the teaching of Darwin's theory of evolution in public schools and to challenge the constitutionality of these laws, the American Civil Liberties Union persuaded Tennessee biology teacher John Scopes to teach the theory to his high school class, and by doing so he got arrested The entire nation followed the Scopes trial both in newspapers and by radio Clarence Darrow a famous Lawyer from Chicago defended Scopes Representing the fundamentalists was William Jennings Bryan who testified as an expert on the Bible Scopes was convicted, but the conviction was later overturned on a technicality Laws banning the teaching of evolution remained on the books food year, although they were rarely enforced

AAA

The Agricultural Adjustment Administration Encouraged farmers to reduce production ( and thereby boost prices) by offering to pay government subsidies for every acre they plowed under Met the same fate as the NRA with the same court decision in 1935

Birth-control movement

The growing presence of women in the labor market reinforced demands for access to birth control, an issue that gave political expression to changing sexual behavior Slowly laws banning birth control began to change but since access was determined by individual states, even when some liberalized their laws, bitch control remained unavailable to many others

Fordism

The economic system based on mass production and mass consumption Henry Ford developed the techniques of production and marketing that brought it within the reach of ordinary Americans, the main one being the moving assembly line in which car frames were brought to workers on a continuously moving conveyor belt The process helped him expand output by greatly reducing the time it took to produce each car and in 1914 he raised wages at his factory to the unheard-of level of five dollars per day Ford thought that workers must be able to afford the goods being turned out by American factories

Jane Addams

The era's most prominent female reformer, born in 1860 In 1889 she founded the Hull House in Chicago, a settlement house devoted to improving the lives of the immigrant poor (the house moved into poor neighborhoods) The house built kindergartens and playgrounds for children, established employment bureaus and health clinics, and showed female victims of domestic abuse how to gain legal protection By 1910, more than 400 settlement houses had been established in the cities throughout the country Hull House inspired an array of reforms in Chicago soon adopted elsewhere, including stronger buildings and sanitation codes, shorter working hours, safer labor conditions, and the right of labor to organize

Lusitania

The first major crisis challenging U.S. neutrality occurred May 7, 1915, when Germany torpedoes hit and sank a British passenger liner, the Lusitania Most passengers drowned - including 128 Americans Wilson sent Germany a strongly worded diplomatic message warning that Germany would be held to strict Accountability - if it continued its policy of sinking unarmed ships William Jennings Bryan objected to this message as too warlike and resigned from the president's cabinet

Treaty of Portsmouth

The imperialist rivalry between Russia and Japan led to a war in 1904 that Japan was winning until the U.S held a diplomatic conference between the two foes at Portsmouth, New Hampshire Both countries agreed to the Treaty of Portsmouth, but Japanese nationalists blamed the U.S for not giving their country all that they believed they deserved from Russia

"Harlem Renaissance"

The largest African American community developed in the Harlem section of New York City With a population of 200,000 by 1930, Harlem became famous in the 1920s for its concentration of talented actors, artists, musicians, and writers Because of the artistic achievements, this period is known as the Harlem Renaissance The leading Harlem poets commented on African American heritage, and their poems expressed a range of emotions, from bitterness and resentment to joy and hope African American jass musicians such as Duke Ellington and Louis Armstrong was so popular among people of all races that the 1920s is often called the Jazz Age

Ku Klux Klan/Birth of a Nation

The most extreme expression of nativism in the 1920s was founded (the new one) in 1915 with support from both the Midwest and the South The Klan attracted new members because of the popular silent film Birth of a nation which portrayed the KKK during Reconstruction as the heroes, and the White backlash to the race riots of 1919 Used modern advertising techniques to grow to 5 million members by 1925 and drew most of its support from the lower-middle class White protestants in small cities and towns The revival directed hostility to African Americans, Catholics, Jews, foreigners, and suspected Communists Dressed in white hoods to disguise their identity and burned courses and applied vigilante justice, punishing their victims with whips, tar and feathers, and lunching The majority of those who were killed were African American men Its support became crucial for candidates hoping to win elections to state and local offices in Indiana and Texas In 1925, the leader of Indiana's Klan Grand Dragon David Stephenson was convicted of murder after investigative reports in the northern press revealed that fraud and corruption in the KKK were rife The KK and other White nationalist groups continued to exist and advocate for Ehithe supremacy into the 21st century

Alfred T. Mahan, The Influence of Sea Power Upon History (1890)

U.S Navy Captain that shaped the debate over the need for naval bases with his book The Influence of Sea Power Upon History (1890) Argued that a strong navy was crucial to a country's ambitions of securing foreign markets and becoming a world power A.k.a was in favor of imperialism Using his book, U.S naval strategists persuaded Congress to finance the construction of modern steel ships and encouraged the acquisition of the oversea islands of Samoa and others in the Pacific Ocean

Mass media

The radio appeared in the 1920s appeared when the first commercial radio station went on the air in 1920 and broadcasted music to just a few thousand listeners By 1930 there were more than 800 stations broadcasting to 10 million radios National Broadcasting Company (NBC 1924) and the Columbia Broadcasting System (CBS 1927) provided networks of radio stations that enabled people from coast to coast to listen to the same programs News broadcasts, sporting events, soap operas, quiz shows, and comedies

Progressivism

The word "Progressive" came into use around 1910 to describe a broad, loosely defined political movement of individuals and groups who hoped to bring about significant change in American social and political life Included forward-looking businessmen who realized that workers must be accorded a voice in economic decision making, and labor activists bent on empowering industrial workers Other members were members of female reform organizations who hoped to protect women and children from exploitation, social scientists who believed that academic research would help solve social problems, and members of an anxious middle class who feared that their status was threatened by the rise of big business The era saw the expansion of political and economic freedom through the reinvigoration of the movement for women's suffrage, the use of political power to expand workers' rights, and the effort to improve democratic government by weakening the power of the city bosses and giving ordinary citizens more influence on legislation. At the same time, many Progressives supported efforts to limit the full enjoyment of freedom to those deemed fit to exercise it properly a.k.a celebrated white supremacy

Great White Fleet

To demonstrate U.S naval power to Japan and other nations, Roosevelt sent a fleet of battleships on an around-the-world cruise (1907-1909) The great white ships made an impressive sight, and the Japanese government warmly welcomed their arrival in Tokyo Bay

Open Door Policy

To prevent the United States from losing access to the China trade, John Hay (McKinley's Secretary of State) dispatched a diplomatic note in 1899 to nations controlling spheres of influence asking them to accept the concept of an Open Door policy Open door policy = all nations would have equal trading privileges in China The replies to the note were evasive, but no one rejected the concept and therefore it was put in place

Welfare capitalism

Voluntarily offering their employees improved benefits and higher wages in order to reduce their interest in organizing unions

Prohibition

Wartime concerns to conserve grain and maintain a sober workforce moved Congress to pass the 18th amendment which strictly prohibited the manufacture and sale of alcoholic beverages, including liquors, wines, and beets (ratified in 1919) Prohibition did not stop people from drinking alcohol either in public places or at home Especially in the cities where it became fashionable to defy the law by going to clubs or bars known as speakeasies where bootleg liquor was sold. Most Republicans publicly supported Prohibition (although they drank in private_ and Democrats were divided on the issue, with southerners supporting it and northern city politicians calling for repeal With the coming of the Great Depression, economic arguments for repeal were added to the others and in 1933, the 21s amendment which repealed the 18th amendment was ratified and million celebrated the new year by toasting the end of prohibition

Society of American Indians

Was a reform organization typical of the era Brought together indigenous intellectuals to promote discussion of the plight of Native Americans in the hope of pubic exposure would be the first step toward remedying injustice

Progressive Party

When Taft fired Gifford Pinchot (the head of the U.S Forest Service) after he accused Richard A. Ballinger of colluding with business interests and repudiating the environmental goals of the Roosevelt administration, the breach with party Progressives became irreparable. In 1912, Roosevelt challenged Taft for the Republican nomination and lost As a result, Roosevelt launched an independent campaign as the head of the new Progressive Party Offered numerous proposals to promote social justice such as settlement-house activists, labor reformers, and social scientists. Platform laid out a blueprint for a modern, democratic welfare state, complete with woman suffrage, federal supervision of corporate enterprise, national labor, and health legislation for women and children, an eight hour day and "living wage" for all workers, and a national system for social insurance covering unemployment, medical care, and old age

Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine

When the British dispatched warships to Venezuela to force that country to pay its debts and European power stood ready to intervene in Santo Domingo (Dominican Republic) for the same Reason, Roosevelt declared in December 1904 that the U.S would intervene instead, whenever necessary due to the Monroe Doctrine Meant that the U.S would send gunboats to a Latin American country that was delinquent in paying its debts and U.S. sailors and marines would then occupy the country's major ports to manage the collection of customs taxes until European debts were satisfied U.S presidents used this to justify sending U.S forces into Haiti, Honduras, the D.R, and Nicaragua, and led to poor U.S relations with the entire region of Latin America

"Dollar diplomacy"

William Howard Taft (President after T.Roosevelt from 1909-1913) had a policy of promoting the U.S. trade by supporting American enterprises abroad was known as "Dollar diplomacy"

WPA

Works Progress Administration Spend billions of dollars between 1935 and 1940 to provide people with jobs After its first year of operation (under Harry Hopkins) it employed 3.4 million people who had formerly been on relief rolls of state and local governments and paid them to double the relief rate but less than the going wage for regular workers Most WPA workers were put to work constructing new bridges, roads, airports, and public buildings Unemployed artists, writers, actors, and photographers were paid by the WPA to paint murals, write histories, and perform in plays National Youth Administration (NYA) provided part-time jobs to help young people stay in high school and college or until they could get a job with a private employer