APUSH Unit 7B Study Guide

William Faulkner

Another vital figure of the Southern Renaissance who wrote Sartoris and The Sound and the Fury. His achievement was rooted in the coarsely textured social world that produced him. His novel was one of the triumphs of the modernist society.

Gertrude Stein

An early champion of modern art and a collector of works by Cezanne, matisse, and Picasso. She came to be recognized as one of the chief promoters of the modernist prose style, beginning with her book Three Lives.

Armory Show (1913)

An international art exhibit that the National Guard built in New York. It went on to Chicago, Philadelphia, and Boston and shocked traditionalists with its display of works by experimental and nonrepresentational artists like expressionists, primitives, and cubits. Pablo Picasso's work made its American debut here. The show was a huge success.

What effects did the Great Depression have on the American population?

13 million people were out of work. Those who kept their jobs had hours and wages reduced. Factories shut down, banks closed, farms went bankrupt, and millions of people became homeless.

H.L. Mencken

A Baltimore journalist who attacked what he called the "booboisie"

Margaret Sanger

A New York nurse and midwife in the working class tenements of Manhattan. Here she saw many struggling mothers who often did not have enough money to provide for their growing families. She saw unwanted pregnancies, tragic miscarriages, and amateur abortions. She began distributing birth-control information to working class women. She organized the American Birth Control League which eventually turned into Planned Parenthood.

Dust Bowl

A devastating drought that settled over the plains states between 1932 and 1935. It played a great role in reducing production and creating the dust-bowl migrations depicted in John Steinbeck's The Grapes or Wrath. Many migrant families had also been driven off the land by the AAA benefit programs.

"Bonus Expeditionary Force"

A group of unemployed veterans who converged on the nation's capital in 1932. Their goal was to get immediate payment of the bonuses to veterans of World War I that Congress had voted in 1924. The House approved a bonus bill but the Senate vetoed it and most of the veterans went home. The rest camped in vacant government buildings. Hoover wanted to disperse of them so he urged Congress to pay for their tickets home. Most left but some stayed after Congress adjourned hoping to meet with the president. In July, the buildings were ordered to be cleared. During this process, a policeman fired into the crowd and killed two veterans. Then soldiers entered and drove the rest away, injuring many and killing an 11 week old baby.

"Ohio gang"

A group with which Harding met in a house on K street to get away from the pressures of the White House.

Lost Generation

A term popularized by Hemingway to describe the generation that came of age during World War I. In Europe it was used to describe those that died during the war.

Birth of a Nation

A movie directed by D.W. Griffith that marked the arrival of the modern motion picture but at the same time perpetuated a grossly distorted image of Reconstruction. It was based on a book called The Clansman and featured stereotypes of villainous carpetbagger, sinister mulattos, blameless white southerners, and faithful "darkies". It was a blatantly racist film but grossed $18 million and revealed the movie industry's enormous potential as a social force

"new woman"

A new mindset in women who were eager to exercise new freedoms. They discarded corsets and wore bobbed hair, heavy makeup, and skirts above the ankle. They smoked, drank, and drove. Basically they defied Victorian expectations of womanly behavior

McNary-Haugen Bill

A plan to dump farmer's surpluses on the world market to raise prices in the home market. The goal was to achieve parity- to raise domestic farm prices to a point where they would have the same purchasing power relative to other prices they had had between 1909 and 1914 ( a time viewed as the golden age of American agriculture). It passed both houses but was vetoed by Coolidge. It was vetoed again in 1928. But the debates over it made the farm problem a national policy issue.

KKK

A result of the new nativist feelings. Devoted to 100% Americanism and restricted its membership to white, native-born Protestants. It was against not only blacks, but also Jews, Roman Catholics, and immigrants. Its leader was William J. Simmons. It was also no longer restricted to the South. Eventually died out after immigration law was passed.

Hundred Days

A session that lasted from March 9 to June 16 in which Congress received from the president 15 major proposals and enacted them with a speed unlike any ever seen before in America.

"the New Negro"

A term used during the Harlem Renaissance that described the new spirit of protest against racial segregation among blacks. One characteristic was increased political activity. It also found expression in something called Negro nationalism which exalted black cultural expression and exclusiveness.

F. Scott Fitgerald

A writer who named the Jazz Age and wrote the book This Side of Paradise.

Federal Emergency Relief Administration, Harry L. Hopkins

Addressed the broader problems of human distress. Harry L. Hopkins was the leader of the program. It expanded the assistance to the unemployed that had begun under Hoover's RFC. He pushed an immediate work instead of dole approach but state officials preferred the dole (direct cash payments) as a quicker way to help the needy. It was mostly unsuccessful but spawned the creation of other programs like the CWA

Gastonia Strike of 1929

After the war, textile owners closed mills, slashed wages, and raised production quotas. This eventually causes workers to rebel. Many join the AFL's Unite Textile Workers. Most strikes lasted less than a week but in 1929, there was a walkout at Loray Mill in Gastonia, NC. Local officials were shocked that the mill workers were collaborating with the Communist group, the National Textile Workers Union. They were also shocked by the large number of women in the strike. The mill owners refused to meet with the strikers and dispatched national guard units to break the strike. So vigilante groups attacked union headquarters and shot the police chief. Later vigilantes attacked again and Ella May Wiggins was killed. 7 strikers were convicted

Alice Paul- National Women's Party

Alice Paul was a Quaker social worker who became head of National American Woman Suffrage Association's Congressional Committee. She instructed female activists to picket state legislatures, target and punish politicians who failed to endorse suffrage, incite police to arrest them, and undertake hunger strikes. Her new party set a new feminist goal: an equal rights amendment to reduce legal distinctions between the sexes.

18th Amendment

Banned manufacture, sale, or transportation of intoxicating liquors

Fundamentalism

Based on the fear that modern ways of thinking about religion had infected schools and pulpits. Christians took on this militant fundamentalism that was distinguished less by a faith that many shared than by hostility towards any other beliefs.

United States v Butler

Declared the AAA's tax on food processors unconstitutional.

Glass-Steagall Act (1932)

Broadened the definition of commercial loans that the Federal Reserve would support. It also released about $750 million in gold formerly used to back the Federal Reserve notes, countering the effect of foreign withdrawals and domestic hoarding of gold at the same time that it enlarged the supply of credit.

What factors led to the stock market crash of 1929?

By 1929, the stock market was based purely on speculation. Hoover voiced concern over this but nothing came of it. Tuesday October 29 was the most devastating day in the market's history. Stocks fell by a total of 37%. The stock market crash did not cause the depression, it just revealed major structural flaws in the economy and in government policies. Too many businesses had maintained retail prices and taken large profits while holding down wages. So about a third of income went to only 5% of the population. Most profits went back into expansion instead of wage increases so the imbalance of wealth grew. The flow of capital abroad began to dry up when the stock market began to look better. High tariffs discouraged foreign trade and encouraged high prices, causing consumers to save more and lowering demand for consumer goods.

Farm Credit Administration

By executive decree, Roosevelt reorganized all federal farm credit agencies into the Farm Credit Administration. Through two more acts he also authorized extensive refinancing of farm mortgages at lower interest rates to stem the tide of foreclosures

Hawley-Smoot Tariff

Carried duties to an all time high. Rates went up on more than 70 farm products and more than 900 manufactured items. More than 1000 economists petitioned Hoover to veto the bill because they said it would raise prices paid by consumers, damage export trade, and hurt farmers. They ended up being right but Hoover felt he had to go with his party during election year

Reconstruction Finance Corporation (1932)

Congress set this up in 1932 with $500 million for emergency loans to banks, life-insurance companies, building and loan societies, farm mortgage associations, and railroads. It was run by former VP Charles G. Dawes. It staved off bankruptcies but Hoover's critics found it in favoritism to business.

Civil Works Administration

Created in 1933 when it became apparent that state sponsored programs through FERA were inadequate. It provided federal jobs and wages to those unable to find work that winter. During its 4 month existence it put to work over 4 million people. The workers made highway repairs, laid sewer lines, constructed airports, and provided teaching jobs. The programs costs however skyrocketed to over $1 billion, startling Roosevelt and causing him to order the CWA dissolved

Home Owners' Loan Corporation

Created through the Home Owners' Loan Act. it provided a similar service as the Farm Credit Administration to city dwellers. It refinanced mortgage loans at lower monthly payments for strapped homeowners, again helping to slow the rate of foreclosures.

Securities and Exchange Commission

Created to regulate the chaotic stock and bond markets.

Federal Home Loan Bank Act of 1932

Created with Hoover's blessing a series of discount banks for home mortgages. They provided to savings- and- loan and other mortgage agencies with a service much like the one that the Federal Reserve system provided to commercial banks.

Tennessee Valley Authority

Designed to bring electrical power and jobs to one of the poorest regions of the nation. By 1936 it had 6 dams completed or underway and a master plan to build 9 dams on the Tennessee River. It also opened rivers to navigation, fostered soil conservation and forestry, experimented with fertilizers, drew new industry to the region, encouraged formation of unions, improved schools, and sent cheap electric power through the valley for the first time. But the construction of dams also meant destruction of homes and communities.

Civilian Conservation Corps

Designed to give work to unemployed, unmarried men age 18-25. CCC workers built roads, bridges, campgrounds, and fish hatcheries. They also planted trees, taught farmers how to control soil erosion, and fought fires. They were paid a sum of $30 per month of which $25 went home to their families. They could also take education courses and earn high-school diplomas.

How did scientific discoveries impact Americans' understanding of the world in the 1920s?

Einstein's relativity theories challenged the view that the universe was governed by specific laws, which had bee held since the 18th century. The discoveries of radioactivity and the quantum theory also developed new views of the world and led people to deny the relevance of absolute values in any sphere of society. Prevalent scientists during this time were Einstein, Isaac Newton, Max Planck, and Werner Heisenberg.

Southern Renaissance

Emerged from the conflict between the dying world of tradition and the modern commercial world struggling to come to life after the war. In the South, this conflict of values aroused the KKK who tried to bring back the world of tradition. It also inspired the vitality and creativity of the South's young writers

"welfare capitalism"

Examples of welfare capitalism are profit sharing, bonuses, pension, health programs, recreational activities, and things like that. The benefits of these programs were extensive and were designed to suppress unions

Thomas Wolfe

One of two vital figures from the Southern Renaissance. He wrote Look Homeward, Angel

Emergency Banking Relief Act

Passed during the four day bank holiday. It allowed sound banks to reopen and provided managers for those that remained in trouble.

Public Works Administration

Granted $3.3 billion for public buildings, highway programs, flood control, and other improvements. It was under the direction of Interior Secretary Harold L. Ickes and indirectly served the purpose of work relief. Ickes focused it on well planned permanent improvements and he used private contractors rather than workers on the government payroll. PWA workers built Virginia's Skyline Drive and Chicago's subway system, among other things.

Economy Act

Granted the executive branch the power to cut government salaries, reduce payments to military veterans for non-service connected disabilities, and reorganize federal agencies in the interest of reducing federal expenses.

19th Amendment

Granted women's suffrage. This was one of the climactic achievements of the Progressive Era

Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation

Guaranteed personal bank deposits up to $5,000. To prevent speculative abuses, it separated investment and commercial banking corporations and extended the Federal Reserve Board's regulatory power over credit. This was created under the Banking Act

"return to normalcy"

Harding's promise during his campaign for the election of 1920. This reflected his conservative values and folksy personality.

Charles Lindbergh

He made the first solo transatlantic flight, traveling from NY to Paris in 33.5 hours. It won him $25,000 and gave a psychological boost to the growing aviation industry. The NYC parade in his honor surpassed even the celebration of the armistice.

Herbert Hoover and "associationalism"

Herbert Hoover served as secretary of commerce in the Harding and Coolidge cabinets. He developed a philosophy called cooperative individualism or associationalism. He promoted a kind of middle way between the regulatory and trust busting traditions, a way of voluntary cooperation among businesses. Under this philosophy, business leaders competing in a given industry would share information on everything. This allowed them to make plans with more confidence which would create more stable employment and wages. Sometimes this led to price fixing and other monopolistic practices though.

How did Hoover attempt to combat the Depression? How successful were those attempts?

Hoover thought the nation's fundamental business structure was sound and that the country's main need was confidence. He exhorted people to keep up hope and urged owners to keep shops and mills open, maintain wages, and spread out work. He ordered the commencement of government construction projects in order to provide jobs but state and local cutbacks more than offset new federal spending. The Federal Reserve returned to an easier credit policy and Congress passed a tax reduction. The Federal Farm Board stepped up its loans only to face bumper crops

"trickle-down" economics

Hoover's critics said that all these new measures reflected a dubious trickle down theory, which is favoritism of the wealthy or privileged. They thought if the government could help banks and railroads, it should be able to help everyone else in America who has been without wages, but the contraction of credit devastated debtors like farmers and those who held a balloon style mortgage.

How were workers and unions affected by American economic growth in the 1920s?

Organized labor didn't do any better than agriculture. Harding tried to reduce the 12 hour work day and the six day work week but he ran into opposition in Congress. Unions suffered a setback as more businesses practiced open-shop policy (discriminating against unions). Employers often made them sign yellow-dog contracts promising to stay out of a union.

Mass consumer culture

In the 1920s, more people had money and leisure to indulge in their consumer fancies. There was also a growing advertising industry that fueled the expanding middle class. Consumer goods industries fueled much of the economic boom of that decade.

Franklin Delano Roosevelt

In the 1932 election, Roosevelt was the Democratic nomination. He appeared in person to accept the nomination and pledged that the Americans would get a "New Deal". Roosevelt was born into a wealthy family and married a distant cousin, Eleanor Roosevelt. He was the running mate for James Cox in the 1920 election. He suffered an attack of polio that left him permanently disabled but his battle for recovery made him less arrogant and more focused. He went on a grueling campaign tour, blaming the Depression on Hoover. He wanted to balance the budget, he was evasive of the tariff, called for strict regulation of utilities, and promised to repeal the Prohibition amendment. Voters liked him because of his uplifting confidence and Roosevelt won the election.

How did voting rights impact the lives of American women?

It gave women the ability to participate more in politics and after the 19th amendment was passed, many more women were elected to office, although they had greater success in state level politics than in any national level positions.

How did the "noble experiment" of prohibition work itself out in practical terms?

It just motivated people to use illegal ways to get alcohol. Congress never supplied adequate enforcement. There was also a lot of profit to be made in bootlegging. In Detroit, the liquor industry was second only to the auto industry, Drinking by women increased along with the inventions of speakeasies, hip flasks, and cocktail parties. It also supplied criminals with new income which gave rise to gangs and gangsters like Al Capone.

Causes of the Great Depression

Lack of economic diversification, unequal distribution of wealth, weak consumer demand, overproduction, reduction in the workforce, unstable credit structure, decline in European demand for American goods, international debt structure, world agricultural depression of the 1920s, adherence to the gold standard

How did the changes in modern society result in tensions within Protestantism in the 1920s?

Many churches started to develop the idea that the Bible should be studied in the light of modern scholarship or that it could be reconciled with the theories of evolution. This angered those who wanted to adhere to strict, old-time religion. They saw the new views as a threat to a traditional way of life. This was a debate that continued for years

How did Secretary of the Treasury Andrew Mellon's policies impact the American economy and people?

Many considered him to be the greatest secretary of the Treasury since Alexander Hamilton. He reduced government spending and lowered taxes, but thought the tax cuts should go mainly to the rich. He thought having the wealth in the hands of the few would augment general welfare through increased capital investment. Like the Republicans, he favored a high tariff. During his time as secretary, government expenditures and the national debt fell. But the high tariffs made it hard for Europeans to pay back the money they owed the US

Modernism

Modernists viewed reality as something to be created rather than copied and expressed rather than reproduced. New technical features appeared such as abstract paintings, free verse, writers using new forms of language, and interior monologues in stories. The first major artistic bohemian were Chicago and Greenwich Village, in NY.

How did the Depression affect women and children?

Poverty led to increase of street-corner begging and prostitution. Divorce rate dropped only because couples could not afford to live separately or pay the fee to obtain a divorce. 1.5 million husbands left home, deserting their wives and children. Married couples often decided not to have children so the birthrate plummeted. In 1933, one out of every five children was not getting enough to ear. Parents often sent children to live with relatives or friends. 900,000 children left home and joined the army of homeless "tramps"

National Origins Act of 1924

Reduced the number of immigrants allowed to 2% based on the 1890 census, which included fewer of the "new immigrants". The purpose was to tilt the balance in favor of immigrants from northern and western Europe. It also completely excluded people from east Asia, which was an insult to the Japanese.

Agricultural Adjustment Act of 1938

Reestablished the earlier programs but left out the processing tax. Benefit payments would come from general federal funds. This time the law was upheld as a legitimate exercise of the power to regulate interstate commerce. So agriculture was now held to be in the stream of commerce

Federal Securities Act

Required full disclosure of information about new stock and bond issues through registration with the Securities and Exchange Commission

Emergency immigration act of 1921

Restricted new arrivals each year to 3% of the foreign born of any nationality as shown in the 1910 census.

Relief, recovery, and reform

Roosevelt's basic philosophy of Keynesian economics. Relief was immediate action taken to halt the economic deterioration. Recovery was temporary programs to restart the flow of consumer demand. Reform was permanent programs to avoid another depression.

Agricultural Marketing Act

Set up a Federal Farm Board to help farm cooperatives market the major commodities. It also provided a program in which the Farm Board could set up stabilization corporations empowered to buy surpluses.

Carrie Chapman Catt

She was the leader of the National Woman Suffrage Association

Agricultural Adjustment Act of 1933

Sought to control farm production by compensating farmers for voluntary cutbacks in production. Its goal was to raise farm prices by lowering supply. The money for these payments came from taxes on basic commodities like the cotton gin or flour mill. It was controversial because they sponsored a plow under program, destroying current crops. 6 million pigs were also slaughtered. It worked for a while to raise prices and farm income grew by 58%. But the AAA was only partially responsible for the decrease in production.

Teapot Dome

Teapot Dome was a naval oil reserve administered by the Department of the Interior under Andrew B. Fall. But once he was in control, he signed sweetheart contracts letting petroleum companies exploit the deposits. He argued that these contracts were in the government's interests but people got suspicious when his standard of living started rising. It turned out that he was taking bribes of $400,000. Harding avoided this public disgrace.

James Cox

The Democratic nominee in the 1920 election. The Democrats suffered from the conservative postwar mood and preferred Harding's return to normalcy

Al Smith

The Democratic nominee in the 1928 election. His platform was endorsing economic equality of agriculture with other industries. He promised to endorse the Volstead Act, which enforced prohibition.

W.E.B. DuBois---National Association for the Advancement of Colored People

The NAACP's goal was to focus on legal action to bring the 14th and 15th amendments back to life. They also had a campaign against lynching.

Warren G. Harding

The Republican candidate in the 1920 election. He was an Ohio senator. He was perceived as an old fashioned moralist but he was far from this in his personal life. He drank bootleg liquor, smoked, and had several affairs.

Calvin Coolidge

The Vice President under Hoover who became President when Hoover died in 1923. He was a man of strong principles and few words, earning him the nickname Silent Cal. He was more conservative than Harding and focused on industrial development. He strove to end government regulation of business and industry and reduce taxes as well as the national debt. He also successfully distanced himself from the scandals of the Harding administration. He won the 1924 election against John W. Davis and Robert M. La Follette.

Scopes trial (1925)-Clarence Darrow and William Jennings Bryan

The climax of the evolution debate in Tennessee. The state had passed a law tht outlawed the teaching of evolution in schools. The American Civil Liberties Union paid a high school teacher, John T. Scopes, to be in a test case over this law. Called the "monkey trial". William Jennings Bryan was the prosecutor and Clarence Darrow was the lawyer for Scopes. The trial ended up being based solely on whether or not Scopes had taught evolution, which he had. He was found guilty but his fine was overruled. Bryan died a few days after the trial closed

Henry Ford

The creator of the Ford automobile. He also developed the assembly line and the technique of mass production.

What were the effects of the massive internal migration sparked by the Depression and Dust Bowl?

The cycle of falling crop prices and rising debt led farmers to plant as much as they could and as often as they could. This led to over farming and overgrazing which disrupted the normal ecology of the plants. Constant plowing loosened huge amounts of dirt that were easily swept up during the drought. Farmers could not pay mortgages and foreclosures shot up. So did suicides and divorces. Millions of people abandoned their farms and went to the West coast (Okies). But when they arrived they could not afford to buy land and had to compete with Latinos and Asians for work. They also experienced social prejudice

How did the popularity of movies and radio transform American popular culture in the 1920s?

The first movie was shown in NY in 1896 and by this decade there were movie theaters all over the country. Hollywood became the center of movie production with movies by comedians like Charlie Chaplin. By the 1930s it was the nation's chief form of entertainment. It was made even more popular with the development of "talkies", movies with soundtracks. Radio broadcasting had even more amazing growth. Radio companies like NBC and CBS helped with this growth. In 1927, a Federal Radio Commission was created to regulate the growing industry. Calvin Coolidge was the first President to address the nation by radio, which he did monthly. It also paved the way for FDR's fireside chats

What fueled the growth of nativism in the 1920s?

The foreign connection of many political radicals strengthened the idea that sedition was foreign born. Many immigrants from central and eastern Europe worked in factories. Because socialism and anarchism were popular in those regions, it reinforced the idea that immigrants were suspicious. This fear caused new efforts to restrict immigration.

Ezra Pound

The foreign editor of Poetry, through which many American poets achieved publication.

The Crisis

The journal of the NAACP, edited by W.E.B. Du Bois

Marcus Garvey---Universal Negro Improvement Association

The leading spokesperson for the views of black nationalism. He started the UNIA which grew rapidly amid the racial tensions of postwar years. He wanted blacks to liberate themselves from surrounding white culture. He saw every white person as a potential Klansman. These views appalled people like W.E.B. Du Bois but appealed to many who had travelled north during the Great Migration. He thought the only solution was for blacks to flee and start their own republic in Africa. But he was arrested for fraudulent use of mail and was sent to prison until he was deported to Jamaica.

National Recovery Administration

The more controversial part of the National Industrial Recovery Act, headed by Hugh S. Johnson. Its purpose was to stabilize business by reducing chaotic competition through the implementation of industry wide codes that set wages and prices, and to generate more purchasing power for consumers by providing jobs, defining labor standards, and raising wages. The labor standards were 40 hour weeks and minimum wages of $13 a week. It also included a proviso against child labor under 16. It also guaranteed the right of workers to form unions. But it did not create adequate enforcement measures. At first it worked and provided an air of confidence but as soon as the economy started to recover it fell under harsh criticism. It died in 1935 when it was struck down by the Supreme Court

Al Capone

The most celebrated gangster of the 1920s. In 1927 his Chicago based bootlegging, prostitution, and gambling empire brought him an income of $60 million. He insisted he was providing the public with what it demanded. But he also bludgeoned several policemen and ordered the execution of dozens of rival criminals. Eventually Eliot Ness and the Federal Bureau of Investigation began to smash his operations and arrested him for tax evasion. He was sentenced to 11 years in prison

Great Migration

The movement of blacks to the North which began in 1915 when rapidly expanding war industries were experiencing a labor shortage and the war prevented replacement foreign immigrants. Legal restriction on immigration continued the movement in the 1920s. This created more black political influence in the north.

How did the proliferation of the automobile affect the economy and society of the 1920s?

The production of cars stimulated other industries by consuming large amounts of steel, rubber, glass, and textiles. It also gave rise to a huge market for oil products. It quickened the movement for good roads, encouraged suburban sprawl, and sparked a real estate boom in California and Florida. It had become a leading example of modern mass production techniques and efficiency. It was the beginning of the assembly line process.

Hoovervilles

The settlements that grew to house the destitute and homeless. The Hoover flag was an empty pocket turned inside out

Harlem Renaissance

The spirit of the new negro received cultural expression in this literary and artistic movement. It featured the rediscovery of black folk culture and a broader treatment of controversial topics. Prominent writers included Langston Hughes, Zora Neale Hurston, and James Weldon Johnson. But the most important creation of the time was Jean Toomer's novel, Cane.

What caused the agricultural depression of the 1920s?

The wartime boom lasted into 1920 but then commodity prices collapsed as production returned to prewar levels. Overproduction brought lower prices for crops which lasted til 1923. Foreclosures and bankruptcies spread in the south after a bumper cotton crop caused more price collapses in 1926.

Sacco and Venzetti

They were two Italian born anarchists who were arrested in 1920 for robbery and murder in South Braintree, MA. The judge was prejudiced against them going into the trial. Since then, many claimed that the were sentenced for their political ideas and ethnic origins rather than for a crime. There were public demonstrations around the world but they were convicted and sentenced to death in 1927.

"flapper"

This name is derived from the way fashionable women allowed their galoshes to flap around their ankles. Conservatives saw flappers as another example of a degenerating society but others saw an expression of individualism

Sinclair Lewis, Main Street

This novel portrayed the stifling, mean, cramped life of prairie towns.

Works Progress Administration

This replaced the FERA and was headed by Harry Hopkins. He was told to provide millions of jobs quickly so many of those jobs were criticized as mere "leaning on shovels". But before the WPA dissolved during World War II, it left permanent monuments in the form of buildings, bridges, hard-surfaced roads, airports, and schools. It also employed a wide range of talented Americans in programs like the Federal Writers, Art, Music, or Theatre projects. Critics said these programs were frivolous but Hopkins insisted they were beneficial. It employed about 3 million of the 10 million unemployed at the time

21st Amendment

Took back the 18th amendment by ending Prohibition

What strategies did the NAACP adopt to combat discrimination in the 1920s? How successful were those strategies?

Two court cases helped combat discrimination- Guinn v US struck down the grandfather clause in Oklahoma. Buchanan v Worley the court invalidated a residential segregation ordinance in Kentucky. They also had a bill to make mob murder a federal offense but it was defeated by a filibuster by southern senators.

Jazz Age

What F. Scott Fitzgerald dubbed the post-war era. In this time, daring young people were willing to experiment with new forms or recreation and sexuality. This new jazz music was a mix of African and European traditions characterized by "blue notes" and polyrhythm and was popular amongst rebellious young adults. It helped create carefree new dance steps like the Charleston and black bottom that shocked the generation or morality

Bank Holiday

When Hoover left office, 4/5 of the nation's banks were closed and the country was close to economic paralysis. On Roosevelt's second day in office he declared a four day bank holiday to allow the panic to subside. He passed the Emergency Banking Relief Act in 7 hours. Then he addressed the public in the first of his "fireside chats" and assured them that it was safe to keep their money in the banks. The next day, deposits in open banks exceeded withdrawals, meaning the banking crisis was over.

Describe the impact of advances in airplane technology in the 1920s.

Wilbur and Orville Wright built and flew the first airplane in 1903. But the use of planes advanced slowly until the war started in 1914 and Europeans rapidly developed planes as a military weapon. An American plane industry developed during the war but stalled in the postwar demobilization. But under the kelly Act of 1925, the federal government began to subsidize the industry through airmail contracts. The Air Commerce Act of 1926 provided federal funds to aid the advancement of air transportation and navigation, including the construction of airports.

Ernest Hemingway

Wrote The Sun Also Rises and A Farewell to Arms to depict the affairs of the "lost generation". The novels featured a frenetic, hard-drinking lifestyle, and the cult of athletic masculinity.

T.S. Eliot

Wrote a novel called The Waste Land, which made few concessions to its readers with arcane allusions, juxtaposition of metaphors, sense of postwar disillusionment and melancholy, and its suggestion of a burned out civilization