APUSH Vocab All

James K Polk 1844-48

"Dark Horse" Dem candidate that became pres. Avid believer in manifest destiny/TX annexation/oregon. Settled Oregon boundary dispute. Polk in office during MX-American War, when Slidell's mission to MX failed ordered Taylor across the border.

Repeal of the Townshend Acts, except tax on tea, 1770

1770 - Prime Minister Lord North repealed the Townshend Acts, except for the tax on tea.

Ex parte Milligan

1866 - Supreme Court ruled that military trials of civilians were illegal unless the civil courts are inoperative or the region is under martial law.

Transcendentalism 1830s-40s

19th century intellectual movement that humans must look within for truth and guidance rather than conforming to formal religion. Incorporated the idea that minds went beyond matter, intuition was valuable, that each soul was part of the Great Spirit, and that each person was part of a reality where only the invisible was truly real. Promoted individualism/self-reliance/freedom An exaggerated form of the individualism of the age Saw organized religion as reactionary and an obstacle to self-expression. Some formed coop communities such as Brook Farm.

Bicameral

2 houses. Suggested by John Adams. Different qualifications, term lengths, procedures, and means of election differentiate them. Each piece of legislation was debated by two people.

Stono Rebellion, 1739

20 black slaves bet near Stono River SC to plan their escape. They stole guns and headed south; others joined them. Slave owners caught on and battle ensued. 20 whites were killed and twice as many blacks. Lead to SC passing harsher slave laws.

Stamp Act Congress, 1765

27 delegates from 9 colonies met from October 7-24, 1765, and drew up a list of declarations and petitions against the new taxes imposed on the colonies. The Stamp Act taxed all paper used for colonial documents, such as wills, newspapers, and pamphlets. The Congress argued colonies could only be taxed through their colonial assemblies.

Election of 1824/"Corrupt Bargain" 1824

4 candidates for President and none had a majority in the electoral college. 1) Jackson won 42% of the popular vote, JQ Adams took 32%, Crawford was ill and no longer running b the time it went to the House, and Clay came in last 2) Clay used influence in Senate to get JQ Adams elected and he made Clay Secretary of State 3) Jackson thought he'd been cheated of the presidency due to a "corrupt bargain"

Benevolent Empire 1820s

A broad ranging campaign of moral institutions reform inspired by evangelical Christian ideals and created by middle class men and women. Benevolence became a key concept in American spiritual thinking during the Second Great Awakening. Promoters of benevolent reform suggested that people who had experienced God's saving grace should provide charity to the less fortunate.

Grandfather Clause 1877-99

A devise to exempt whites from the poll tax or literacy test by exempting all citizens whose ancestors had voted before 1867 from these new requirements

Sam Adams

A Massachusetts politician who was a radical fighter for colonial independence. Helped organize the Sons of Liberty and the Non-Importation Commission, which protested the Townshend Acts, and is believed to have led the Boston Tea Party. He served in the Continental Congress throughout the Revolution, and served as Governor of Massachusetts from 1794-1797.

William Bradford, 1621-1657

A Pilgrim, he brought settlers over on the "Mayflower." He was the second governor of the Plymouth Colony, under Bradford's leadership Plymouth developed private land ownership and the colony got out of debt. He helped the colony survive droughts, crop failures, and Indian attacks.

William Tennant

A Presbyterian minister and leader in the Great Awakening. Founded a college ("Log College") in 1735 to train the youth. Graduates founded other schools along the frontier. Princeton is a successor to the "log college"

Church of England aka Anglican Church, 1534

A Protestant Church created by Henry VIII to replace the Roman Catholic Church. Henry was at odds with both Catholics, who wanted to return the Church of England to the Pope, and Protestant Puritans, who wanted to reform the church. After much waxing and waning under Henry's successors, Protestantism won out in England but never to the Puritans' liking. Many Puritans departed for America in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries to found communities devoted to their religious ideals. The mainstream Church of England also took root in America, particularly in the southern colonies. It separated rom the Church of England following the Revolutionary War (1775-1783) and changed its name to the Episcopal Church.

Ann Bradstreet, 1612-1672

A Puritan and the first colonial poet to be published. The primary subjects of her poetry were family, home, and religion.

Connecticut / Thomas Hooker, 1635

A Puritan clergyman and one of the founders of the Hartford colony in Connecticut. Thomas Hooker was called the "Father of American democracy" because he said that people have a right to choose their magistrates.

Halfway Covenant, 1662

A Puritan compromise that allowed the unconverted children of Puritans who had fallen away from the church to become halfway members of the church. The Covenant allowed these halfway members to baptize their own children even though they themselves were not full members of the church because they had not experienced full conversion. Massachusetts ministers accepted this compromise and it signified a drop in the religious zeal or mission that had characterized Massachusetts in its change in the religious character of New England Society.

Plessy v Ferguson 1896

A S Ct case that established the doctrine of separate but equal and upheld a LA law requiring blacks and whites to occupy different rail cars. The doctrine made segregation constitutional and not overturned until Brown vs Board of Education of Topeka in 1854.

Don Juan de Onate y Salazar (Juan de Onate)

A Spanish conquistador, explorer, and colonial governor of the Santa Fe de Nuevo Mexico province in the Viceroyalty of New Spain. He led early Spanish expeditions to the Great Plains and Lower Colorado River Valley, encountering numerous indigenous tribes in their homelands there. He forded the Rio Grande River in 1598, claiming all land north of the river for the Spanish Empire. He founded numerous settlements as he explored these Southwestern regions.

Juan de Sepulveda

A Spanish humanist, philosopher and theologian. The adversary of Bartolome de las Casas concerning the justification of the Spanish Conquest of the Indies. Sepulveda was the defender of the right of conquest, of colonization, and of evangelization in the New World. He defended the position of the colonists, although he had never been to America, claiming the Amerindians were "natural slaves" and should be treated as such. Las Casas thought the Indians should be governed just like any other people in Spain, while Sepulveda thought they should become slaves. De Las Casas believed that Christianity should be presented to the native peoples as an option, not as an obligation.

The Trent Affair 1861

A Union ship w/o authorization stopped a Brit steamer and took off 2 confederate ambassadors to Brit. This caused an international incident. Lincoln played for time and released them after it blew over. Could've been a disaster if LIncoln handled it badly.

Deism, 1700s

A belief associated with the age of reason and the enlightenment in which god didn't interfere with peoples lives. Deists rejected the bible and relied on "natural reason" to make a moral code.

Petition of Right, 1628

A document drawn up by Parliament's House of Commons that listed grievances against King Charles I and extended Parliament's powers while limiting the king's. It gave Parliament authority over taxation, declared that free citizens could not be arrested without cause, declared that soldiers could not be quartered in private homes without compensation, and said that martial law cannot be declared during peacetime.

Stalwarts 1868

A faction in the Reps that worked to shift Party concerns from reconstruction and the freedmen to industrial concerns and econ interests of northern capitalists.

Republicanism

A form of government in which the supreme power resides in the hands of voting citizens and is exercised by a representative government answerable to these voters. In revolutionary America it became a social philosophy that reacted against European style monarchy.

Harriet Tubman

A former escaped slave and one of the shrewdest conductors of the underground railroad and lead 300 slaves to freedom.

Marquis de Lafayette

A french major general who added the colonies in the Revolution. he and Baron von Stuenben (a Prussian general) were the two major foreign military experts who helped train the colonial armies.

Credit Mobilier Scandal 1872

A french owned construction company that helped build the Union Pacific RR. The company bribed members of Congress w/ stock to prevent them investigating profits (as high as 324% from gov subsidies)

Radical Republicans 1861-77

A group in Congress who believed in harsh punishment for the South and Lincoln was too compassionate. Headed by Thaddeus Stevens and Charles Sumner. Insisted on black suffrage and protection of their civil rights. When radicals gained control, they required the ratification of the 14th amendment for admission to the Union.

Kitchen Cabinet, 1829-1837

A group of Jackson's friends and advisors who were especially influential in the firs years of his presidency. Conferred with them instead of regular cabinet but may didn't like him ignoring official procedures and called it the "Kitchen Cabinet"

Boston Associates 1814

A group of businessmen who built the first power loom. Opened a factory run by Lowell in 1814/Waltham Mass. Made cloth so cheaply people bought it instead of making clothes.

Civil Rights CAses aka Slaughterhouse Cases 1883

A group of cases where the S Ct rule that the 14th amndmnt barred state goc from discriminating on race by not private individuals or organizations from doing so. Dealt first big blow to Reps earlier efforts to provide protection for blacks.

"Ten Nights in a Barroom" Timothy Shay Arthur 1856

A melodramatic story which became a favorite of temperance advocates. In it, a traveller visits the town of Cedarville occasionally for ten years and notes people's changing fortunes and blames saloons.

William Lloyd Garrison/The Liberator 1831-1865

A militant abolitionist who became editor of The Liberator. Under his leadership, it gained national fame and notoriety due to his quotable and inflammatory language, attacking everything from slaveholders to moderate abolitionists advocating for northern secession.

New England Confederation, 1643

A military alliance of four colonies: Plymouth, Massachusetts Bay, Connecticut, and New Haven. The purpose of the Confederation was to protect themselves from Indians. This was the first step in cooperation among the colonies, although the confederation ended in 1684.

Elijah Lovejoy 1837

A minister who was an abolitionist and editor. After threats from pro-slavery forces moved from St Louis to Illinois. His presses were destroyed three times afterwards and where he tried to stop a fourth he was killed by a mob. Demonstrated the hatred of abolitionism Became a martyr

Allen Richard

A minister, educator, writer, and one of America's most active and influential black leaders. Founded the African Episcopal Church, the first independent black denomination. He opened the first AME church in 194 in Philadelphia.

Paxton Boys Uprising, 1763

A mob of western Pennsylvania frontiersmen who came to Philadelphia ti demand cuts in colonial but not British taxes and financial aid to fight the Indians. The Pennsylvanian government did make some concessions to avoid bloodshed, Shows tensions between eastern establishment and western backcountry.

Fourierism/phalanxes 1840s

A movement based on the ideas of Charles Fourier, a french social theorist who advocated cooperation, not competition. Fourierists communities,called phalanxes, sprang up in the northern U. Phalanxes were utopian cooperative work groups in which all members were shareholders in a community as an alternative to wage labor. Mort didn't las more than two years.

Young America 1840s-early 50s

A movement in the Dems that focused on expanding democracy throughout the world. Hoped this would become a diversion from slavery.

Tariff of 1832

A new tariff which lowered the tariff of 1828 to 35%, Southerners were angered because wanted it even lower. SC nullified and didn't collect the tariff. Jackson's response was a public support of the force bill and Clay started work on a compromise bill.

James Fenimore Cooper 1820s

A novelist who wrote the Leatherstocking Tales, a series of novels about the frontier. Cooper emphasized independence if individuals and the importance of a stable social order in LAst of the Mohicans, one of his most famous books. It concerned the clash between growing civilization and untamed wilderness. His and Irvine's work laid the foundation for distinct American literature.

Prigg v Pennsylvania 1842

A slave had escaped from Maryland to PEnnsylvania where a federal agent captured him and returned him to his owner. Pennsylvania indicted the agent for kidnapping under the fugitive slave laws. SCt ruled it was unconstitutional for bounty hunters or anyone but the owner of an escaped slave to apprehend that slave, weakening fugitive slave laws.

Anthony Burns

A slave who fled from VA to Boston in 54. Attempts to return him lead to thousands of bostonians marching and soldiers had to escort him to the naval ship to transport him south. Illustrates N bitterness at fugitive slave act.

Faction

A small political group or alliance organized around a single issue or person. Factions often became the basis for political parties. In the eighteenth century, many considered factions dangerous because they were thought to undermine the stability of a community or nation.

Scalawag 1865-77

A southern white who joined the Reps during Reconstruction and was seen as a traitor. Included wealthy ex-whigs and yeoman farmers who believed allying w/ the North would attract capital and strengthen the econ.

Alamo 1836

A spanish mission converted to enforce MX laws in TX. Besieged in 1836, the TX garrison held for thirteen days but killed by large MX force. "Remember the Alamo" battle cry.

Republic

A state without a monarch and with a representative form of government. Revolutionary leaders saw it as a solution to corruption in the British monarchy.

Battle of San Jacinto 1836

A surprise attack by TX forces 's camp. They were taken by surprise and overrun. Santa Anna was captured and signed an armistice securing TX independence.

Democracy

A system of gov't where people have the power to rule, either directly or through reps. The framers thought direct democracy was dangerous and so they placed a check on it using the senate. Also, by the three branches of govt.

Task System

A system where slaves were assigned a daily task to complete and did what they want after it was finished. Used throughout the South before the cvil war but most common in rice growing areas of SC and smaller farms.

Conquistador, 1500s-1600s

A term used to identify the Spanish conquerors who came to the New World and explored the lands, treated the natives harshly and brought diseases that wiped out many.

Henry David Thoreau 1817-1862/Walden/"On Civil Disobedience"

A trancentalist and friend of Emerson. Lived alone with only $8/year and wrote about it in Walden. In Civil Disobedience, he inspired social and political reform because refused to pay a poll tax in protest of slavery and the Mexican American War. Extremely individualist advised people to protest by not obeying laws.

Ralph Waldo Emerson 1803-82

A transcendentalist, essayist, and poet, emphasizes freedom and self-reliance. Still important. Had an international reputation. Spoke and wrote many times on behalf of abolitionists. Most famous work is Self-Reliances

Pinckney's Treaty aka Treaty of San Lorenzo, 1795

A treaty between the U.S. and Spain that contained the following provisions. Gave the U.S. the right to transport goods on the Mississippi river and to deposit goods in New Orleans without paying duties. A secure southern border on the 31st parallel (northern boundary of Florida), and a promise to stay out of Indian affairs. The Spanish offered these generous provisions because they wrongly assumed Britain and the U.S. had formed an alliance to strip Spain of its North American territory. (Treaty is named for the special envoy to Spain, Thomas Pinckney)`

Caravel, 1400s

A type of small, agile sailing ship that became common in Spain and Portugal in the fifitenth century. Caravels allowed the Spanish and Portuguese to explore distant continents, including North and South America.

New Harmony 1825-1827

A utopian settlement in Indiana established by Robert Owens. Had 1000 settlers but racked by internal dissention and broke up shortly after it was founded.

Mercantilism

A set of policies that regulated colonial commerce and manufacturing for the benefit of the mother country. They resulted in the colonies producing agricultural goods/raw materials which increased Britain's wealth through reexport as finished goods.

Mercantilism, 1650s-1776

A set of policies that regulated colonial commerce and manufacturing for the benefit of the mother country. Mercantilist policies resulted in the American colonies in the mid-seventeenth century producing agricultural goods and raw materials that were shipped to Britain, where they increased the wealth of Britain through exportation or manufacture into finished goods that were sold to the colonies or other countries.

Catherine Beecher 1823

A writer and lecturer, worked on behalf of household arts and edu of the young. Beecher came from a famous family. Father and brother were fell known ministers and educators. Her sister was Harriet Beecher Stowe. Founded the Hartford Female Seminary which offered a challenging higher edu for women. Opposed women's suffrage but worked to expand roles for women in teaching and more edu.

Senator Thomas Hart Benton 1820s-50s

A zealous supporter of western interests. Advocated gov't support of exploration in his term. From MO but opposed slavery.

Calvinism, 1500s-1700s

A religious doctrine of which the primary tenet was that a person's salvation was predestined by God. Founded by John Calvin of Geneva, Switzerland, during the Protestant Reformation, Calvinism required its adherents to live according to a strict religious and moral code. The Puritans who settled in colonial New England were devout Calvinists.

Overland Trail 1840s-90s

A route taken by thousands of travelers from the Miss. Valley to the Pacific Coast in the last half of the 1800s. Very long and difficult. Contrast to the idea of the lone settler was a cooperative effort.

Sons of Liberty, 1765-1775

A secret group which carefully directed groups of protesters that sought to channel popular discontent against British rule. They terrorized local British officials and other symbols of colonial authority in the decade of hostilities leading up to the American Revolution. They fought acts that imposed unfair taxes on colonists and were the primary participants in the Boston Tea Party.

Society of the Cincinnati, 1783

A secret society formed by the officers of the Continental Army to promote union, national honor, maintain wartime friendships and look after members in need. Washington was the first president and many who signed the Declaration were in the group.

Frederick Douglass

A self-educated slave who escaped in 1838, Douglass became the best-known abolitionist speaker. His 1845 book Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglas painted a stark picture of the horrors of slavery. Douglas also edited the North Star.

National Republicans

After election of 1824, the anti Jackson part of the Dem-Reps. Favored nationalist measures. Supported by NW and weren't very successful. Conservatives alarmed by Jackson. Joined Whigs in 1830's.

Boston Tea Party, 1773

British ships carrying tea sailed into Boston Harbor and refused to leave until the colonials took their tea. Boston was boycotting the tea in protest of the Tea Act and would not let the ships bring the tea ashore. Finally, on the night of December 16, 1773, colonials disguised as Indians boarded the ships and threw the tea overboard. They did so because they were afraid that Governor Hutchinson would secretly unload the tea because he owned a share in the cargo. The British response to the Tea Party was the passage of the Coercive Acts.

Differences between British and French Colonization

British: along coast where they stared farms and towns with little interaction with Natives and whole families emigrated. French: Colonized the interior, fur trade, most immigrants were single men, few towns, lots of contact with Natives

12th Amendment 1804

Brought about by Burr/Jefferson tie in 1800 states that the pres and VP are on the same ticked eliminating potential problems. Prior, all ran against and second got VP.

12th Amendment, 1804

Brought about by the Jefferson/Burr tie in the presidential election of 1800. This Amendment stated that presidential and vice-presidential nominees would run on the same party ticket, thus eliminating potential political problems. Before the passage of the 12th amendment, all of the candidates ran against each other, with the winner becoming president and second-place becoming vice-president.

Election of 1856

Buchanan v Fillmore v Fremont The dems chose a reliable party man (Buchanan). Reps ran Freemont as their first candidate. Buchanan won by a narrow margin. Demonstrated the appeal of the Reps in the north because Fremont got hardly any southern votes but more than a third overall.

Vice-President Aaron Burr, 1800-1804

Burr was a leading Democratic-Republican in New York and served as a U.S. Senator from New York from 1791- 1797. He was the principal opponent of Alexander Hamilton's Federalist policies. In the election of 1800, Burr tied with Jefferson in the Electoral College. The Federalist House of Representatives awarded the Presidency to Jefferson and made Burr Vice-President

Dartmouth College v Woodward 1819

Case involved NH changing Dartmouth from a private college to public. The S Ct struck down the law on the grounds that contracts can't be changed w/o the consent of both parties. Reaffirmed sanctity of contracts and limited the power of state gov't to control corporations, freeing them from the states that created them.

Protestantism, 1500s

Christian movement that separated from the Roman Catholic Church in sixteenth century Europe during the Reformation. Protestants believed that only Jesus Christ could be the intermediary between God and human beings and they criticized the Catholic practice of following the pope and praying to saints. They supported a return to simpler church services, and more emphasis on the teachings of the Bible. Some of the first English settlers of the United States were Protestants escaping religious persecution.

The Reformation, 1517

Christian reform movement that started in 1517 with Martin Luther's criticisms of the Roman Catholic Church. The movement led to the establishment of a new Christian sect called Protestantism. The English Reformation began in 1534 when Henry VIII broke with the Catholic Church. The Church of England became the official English church, from which many American denominations descended.

Separatists, 1620

Christian religious group that wanted separation from the Church of England. The Pilgrims were a separatist group who founded Plymouth Colony in 1620. In contrast to the Puritans, Separatists held the Church of England was so corrupt it was beyond reform. Consequently, they formally separated from it, which brought persecution and the decision to leave England.

Peitism, mid 1600s

Christian revival movement stressing Bible study, conversion, and devout life. Started as a reformation of German Lutheranism in the mid seventeenth century. It played a large role in religious revivalism in the 18th century. Similar beliefs to Methodists.

Quakers, 1650s

Christian sect also called the Society of Friends that originated in mid-seventeenth century England. Quakers believed in the guidance of an inner light from God and rejected formal theology. They believed all human beings were capable of achieving salvation. They upheld the principles of social equality and pacifism and played an active role in American reform movements, especially abolition.

Puritans, 1600s

Christian sect in post-Reformation England who wanted to purify the Church of England by abolishing Catholic elements from it. They did not want to separate from the Church of England, but reform it from within. Many Puritans came to the New World in the seventeenth century to found purified religious communities and were instrumental in founding Massachusetts and Connecticut. They believed in the Calvinist doctrine of predestination and tight-knit conformity.

Praying Towns, 1600s-1700s

Christianized Native American settlements that were supervised by New England Puritans in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries.

Militia

Citizens trained as soldiers that didn't serve in the regular army but were called upon to assist in emergencies. All of the colonies required citizens to enroll in militias. Over half the colonial army in the revolutionary war were militia men.

United States Sanitary Commission

Civil volunteers headed by Dorothea Dix. The commission put female nurses in field hospitals and by the end of the war, despite opposition, women were the majority of nurses.

Stephen Kearny 1846

Commander of the Army in the West in the MX and marched to CA securing NM and then completed conquest of CA by 1846.

General Zachary Taylor 1846

Commander of the Army of the Occupation of the Texas Border. Went to the disputed area on Polkes orders and built a fort. When MX tried attacked there were a series of engagements that lead to the MX American War. Victories made him a nat'l hero. Whigs ran him as nominee and elected in 1848.

Lewis and Clark Expedition 1804-1806

Commissioned by Jefferson to map/explore the LA purchase region. Started at St. Louis and travelled up the Missouri R to the Great Divide. The down the Columbia R to the Pacific. Produced extensive maps and many scientific discoveries helping latter settlement.

Perry and Japan 1853

Commodore Perry went to Japan to open trade between it and the US, In 1853 his squadron anchored in Tokyo Bay, where the Japanese signed the Treaty of Kanagania in 1854, which opened Japanese ports to American trade.

Boston Massacre, 1770

Competition over jobs brought frequent clashes between dockworkers ("liberty boys") and British soldiers stationed in Boston. On March 4, 1770, a mob of dockworkers started baiting the soldiers by throwing rocks and snowballs at sentries: the soldiers panicked and fired their muskets, killing a few colonials. The incident outraged the colonists and increased anti-British sentiment.

Chivalry

Complicated code of honor among white males. Must avenge andy insult one one's character. Related to ethical conduct and bravery as well as the need to preserve dignity and authority. Sometimes lead to duels and particularly concerned with insulted women.

MO Compromise 1820

Compromise put together by Henry Clay to solve the deadlock between the North and the South over the admittance of MO to the Union 1) MO admitted as slave state 2) Maine entered as free state 3) Slavery banned in the rest above 36 30 latitude

Civic Humanism, 1700s

Concept that stressed service to the state and government to promote the good of the community. During the European Renaissance of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, a period of renewed interest in learning and the arts, this idea of selfless service was thought to be critical in a republic where control was vested in a politically active and committed citizenry. The concept was poplar among the Founding Fathers and was an important ideology underlying the American constitutional government.

Sectionalism

Concern for the interest of only one party of the country. Growing sectionalism between the North and South over economic issues and slavery.

George III

Crowned King of England in 1760, and reigned during the American Revolution. For much of the period between 1763-1776 the colonists saw George III as a good monarch who had been misled about the true nature of the colonial grievances by his ministers. That attitude shifted by July 1776 when the Declaration of Independence was published and contained a blistering indictment of George III's colonial policies.

Gettysburg July 1-3, 1863

Crucial battle in the war (90,000 Union soldiers under Meade vs 75,000 under Lee). A northern victory that left 1/3 of Lee's men dead, wounded, or missing. Lee's intent of invading PA to relieve pressure on Richmond. Lee retreated to VA and was never able to invade the North. Vicksburg fell to Union forces the same week as Gettysburg.

Jefferson Davis, Alexander Stephens

Davis was chosen as Pres of the Confederacy in 1861. He lacked Lincoln's political skills and dept dabbling in battle plans of his generals. Stephens of GA was his VP.

Iron Act, 1750

Declared no new iron forges or mills could be made in the colonies.

Woolens Act, 1699

Declared wool from the colonies could only be shipped to Britain.

Berlin Decree 1806

Decree by France which started the Continental System to stop Brit trading w/ Euro. The decree declared Brit to be under blockade and banned neutral vessels from entering French ports if stopped at Brit ports.

Pro-Slavery Argument

Defenders of slavery argued that it helped stop extreme poverty found in northern cities. Better than wage slavery. And protected blacks from bad things. Ex: George Fitzhugh

Thomas Jefferson

Delegate from Va to Second Continental Congress and wrote the Declaration of Independence. Also, third president of the US.

Robert Morris

Delegate to the second Continental Congress. Didn't believe in independence and argued against the declaration.

Nashville Convention 1850

Delegates from 9 slave states to consider a course of action on compromise measures. Southerners who urged secession if slavery was restricted were overruled by the moderates. Denounced the omnibus bill and reaffirmed constitutionality of slavery. Agreed to a "concession" that the geographic line dividing the MO compromise be extended to the Pacific. Demonstrated the moderates were still in control.

Stephen Doulass 1850s-60s

Dem senator from Illinois who introduced the KA-NA Act and popularized po sov. Won a watched senate race against Lincoln. KA-NA Act split the Dems and created the Reps.

Election of 1860

Dems split over slavery when the southern delegates walk out of the convention in charleston. Remaining delegates agree to meet in June at Baltimore. Northern Dems- Douglas Southern Dems- John Breckenridge Republicans- Lincoln Constitutional Union Party- John Bell Republican platform- internal improvements, homestead bill, and RR. Don't interfere w/ slavery in any state but stop its extension. Lincoln won majority of the electoral vote but only 2/5 of the popular vote. Southerners regarded it as a sectional victory that threatened slavery even though they didn't have congress or the S Ct South threatened secession in the event of a Rep victory and carried through in the interim before Lincoln's inauguration.

Robert Fulton 1807

Designed and built the US's first steam boat, the Clermont, in 1807. Made upstream travel practical.

Canals 1820s-30s

Dev't as an alt to slow overland and expensive steamboat. Most were by states and the most important is the Erie Canal. Superseded by railroads in the 1840s.

Santa Anna 1836

Dictator of MX and determined to enforce MX laws in TX. After the declaration of independence, he lead the attack on the Alamo and was defeated at San Jacinto.

Mayflower Compact, 1620

Document signed by the Pilgrims who came over on the "Mayflower" which established a civil government and proclaimed their allegiance to the King. The Compact was notable for being one of the earliest examples of self- government in the English colonies.

Kansas-Nebraska Act 1854

Douglas introduced this bill that repealed the MO compromise and established the doctrine of non-intervention in the territories. Pop sov would determine KA and NA. Douglas wrote the bill to get Southern support for his bill to organize NA which he needed if he wanted to get a northern route for the transcontinental RR. Caused protest among northerners because destroyed MO and 1850 compromises.

Freeport Doctrine 1858

Douglas said that Congress couldn't force a territory to become a slave state against its will. Enraged the South because he was saying despite Dred Scott, states didn't have to tolerate slavery. There were methods around it like not passing slave codes to protect it.

John Dickinson, Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania, 1767

Drafted a declaration of colonial rights and grievances, and also wrote the series of "Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania" in 1767 to protest the Townshend Acts. Although an outspoken critic of British policies towards the colonies, Dickinson opposed the Revolution, and, as a delegate to the Continental Congress in 1776, refused to sign the Declaration of Independence.

English Bill of Rights, 1689

Drawn up by Parliament and presented to King William II and Queen Mary, it listed certain rights of the British people. It also limited the king's powers in taxing and prohibited the maintenance of a standing army in peacetime. This was a defining moment in British constitutional history since it clearly limited the rights and privileges of the monarch.

Washington's Farewell Address, 1796

During his Farewell Address to the nation, which was printed newspapers, outgoing Washington warned against the dangers of political parties and "entangling" foreign alliances. Washington's advice to steer clear of foreign alliances became a cornerstone of American diplomacy.

Genêt Affair, 1793

Edmond Charles Genêt. A French diplomat who came to the U.S. in 1793 to ask the American government to send money and troops to aid the revolutionaries in the French Revolution. President Washington asked France to recall Genêt after Genêt began recruiting men and arming ships in U.S. ports. However, Washington later relented and allowed Genêt U.S. citizenship upon learning that the new French government planned to arrest Genêt

Radical Whigs, 1700s

Eighteenth century opposition party in Parliament that opposed the cost of growing the empire and demanded more reps of the propertied classes. These opinions were welcomed by the colonists who opposed taxes.

Burr Expedition, treason trial, 1807

After the duel, Burr fled NY and joined mercenaries in southern LA. The US arrested them as they moved towards Mexico. Burr claimed thy intended to attack Mexico but the US believed they were trying to get Mexican aid to start a secession movement. Burr was tried for treason and even though Jefferson was for punishment the supreme court acquitted.

Freedmen's Bureau 1865-72

Agency set up by Congress to provide freedmen w/ shelter, food, medicine, set up schools, and work. Disolved in 1872

Webster-Ashburn Treaty of 1842

Agreement w/ GB that resolved the dispute between Maine and New Brunswick setting the northeastern border of the US.

Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679)

English philosopher who believed people were motivated by greed and needed a strong government to enforce contracts. Developed divine right theory.

Oregon Treaty/49th Parallel 1846

Established a US-Canada border along this parallel from the Rocky Mntns to the Pacific.

Relocation of the nation's capital in Washington, D.C.

Alexander Hamilton received Jefferson and his supporters' agreement that the United States pay off the national debt at face value and assume the war debts of the states. In return, Hamilton agreed to Jefferson's proposal to establish the nation's capital in the South along the Potomac River. This area was, after George Washington's death, named Washington, D.C.

Second Continental Congress, 1775

All colonies except Georgia sent delegates met 3 weeks after Lexington and Concord. Took the following actions: Members agreed to support the war, approved The Olive Branch Petition, passed the Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms, appointed George Washington commander in chief of the new colonial army.

John Locke, Second Treatise of Government, 1690

All humans have the right to life, liberty, and property. Government exists to protect those rights. If it failed the people had the right to rebel. Had a great deal of influence with the founding fathers.

Coercive Acts / Intolerable Acts / Repressive Acts, 1774

All of these names refer to the same acts, passed in response to the Boston Tea Party. The Acts included: Boston Port Act - Closed Boston Harbor until the city repaid the East India Company for the tea. Massachusetts Government Act - Disbanded the Boston Assembly (but it soon reinstated itself). The Massachusetts assembly would no longer be elected, but instead would be appointed by the king. In response, the colonists elected their own legislature which met in the interior of the colony. Quartering Act - Required the colony to provide provisions for British soldiers Administration of Justice Act - Removed the power of colonial courts to arrest royal officers and provided for royal officers to be tried in England.

Yale University, 1701

Established by clergymen in New Haven Conn. to preserve the idea of a European liberal education.

Marbury v Madison 1806

Established judicial review. Decision involved midnight judges . Some commissions including Marbury's were made in the last hours and hadn't been delivered when Jefferson took office. Infuriated, Jefferson refused to send the undelivered commissions and Marbury decided to sue. Court ruled that the Court wouldn't compel Jefferson to deliver the commission because the Judiciary Act of 18789 was in conflict w/ the constitution.

President George Washington

Established many precedents, including limited terms. He was against political parties, and strove for political balance by appointing adversaries to gov positions.

Democrats 1828

Established to back Jackson. Majority rule and equality among people. Opposed privilege for corporations and elite.

The Enlightenment, mid-1700s

European cultural movement that reached America that emphasized rational scientific thinking. Followers believed humans had the capability to analyze and affect the natural world, had to govern themselves, and societies couldn't be changed by god but through education and action.

Panic of 1853

European demand for US ag declined at the end of the Crimean War. The depression affected the industrial east and wheat belt more than the south. Strengthened the Reps in N because depression blamed on the Southern administration's economic policies.

New World, 1492-1600

European name for North America, South America, and the islands of the Western Hemisphere during the Age of Exploration and the following period of European colonization.

Maximilian in MX 1862-67

European prince appointed by Napoleon III of France to lead the new gov't of MX. After the Civil War, the US invaded and he was executed, a demonstration of enforcement of the Monroe Doctrine.

Albany Plan of Union, Ben Franklin, 1754

Faced with the French and Indian War, Franklin proposed a unified colonial government which would handle relations with the indians, and operate under British authority. No one approved because of the issue of taxation.

Whiskey Rebellion, 1794

Farmers in Pennsylvania rebelled against Hamilton's excise tax on whiskey, and several federal officers were killed in the riots caused by their attempts to serve arrest warrants on the offenders. In October 1794, the army, led by Washington, put down the rebellion. The incident showed that the new government under the Constitution could react swiftly and effectively to such a problem, in contrast to the inability of the government under the Articles of Confederation to deal with Shay's Rebellion.

Middle Colonies (econ)

Farms were larger and more fertile than in NE. The primary crops were wheat and corn. Philadelphia and NY were the major commercial centers.

New England (econ)

Farms were small and the economy was more diversified than in the South. Fishing, logging and shipbuilding industries as well as profits from trade.

Civil Rights Act of 1875

Federal law that prohibits discrimination in public transport. One of the last efforts by the fed gov to enforce civil rights.

Appomattox April 9, 1865

Final battle of the war. Lee's surrender of the Army of Northern VA to grant effectively ended the civil war.

Joint-stock company, 1600s

Financial method created by the British to facilitate the colonization of the New World in the seventeenth century. Joint-stock agreements banded merchants together as stockholders, and allowed them to raise large amounts of money and share the risks and profits in proportion to their part of the total investment.

Command of the Union Army

Finding competent command for the Army of the Potomac was a problem that plagued Lincoln in the first years of the war. Winfield Scott- Aging hero of the MX War. Too old and gives it up in Nov 1861 George McClellan- Young general who looked good and good at organizing and training but lacked the resolve to use the army effectively. Given command twice and was nominated by the Dems as pres candidate in 1864. Ulysses Grant- Western general who was given command in Mar 1864. grant wanted to go after armies not territories and wasn't afraid of high casualties.

Phyllis Wheatly, 1754-1784

First African-American first slave, and third woman in the US to publish a book of poems. It became known internationally.

1rst BUS 1791-1811/2nd BUS 1816-1836

First BUS charter was allowed to expire in 1811 in part due to the fact that half the stock was owned by foreigners and also over 80 state banks were opposed to its existence. Due to the bank's reputation for financial stability the public preferred its notes and state banks couldn't compete.

Liberty Party 1839

First anti-slavery party formed in the US. Broke away from the militant anti-slavery party. Nominated Birney in 1840, 44, and eventually merged to become the Free Soil Party. In 1844 split the vote w/ Clay so Polk was elected.

Liberty Party 1839

First anti-slavery party. Formed by a group that broke away militant American Anti-Slavery Party. Nominated James Birney for President in 1840. Ran again in 1844 and split whig vote so that Dem Polk was elected. Liberty party merged with the anti-slavery whigs and democrats in 1848 to form the free soil party.

Reasons for Westward Expansion

America more than doubled in size. Revolution in transportation, communication, growing population, and booming economy. The cost was wars with the natives and Spanish and expansion of slavery.

John Bartram, 1699-1777

America's first botanist

Gilbert Stuart 1785-1828

American Artist who portrayed most of the outstanding people of the Federal Period. Known for painting the portrait of Washington on the one dollar bill.

Actual representation

American colorists rejected the British argument, and insisted that political representatives derived authority only from explicit citizens' consent indicated by elections, and those members of a distant government body were incapable of adequately representing their interests. This theory was in contrast to that held by the colonists that true representation occurred only when a representative was elected by his constituents. According to the actual representation argument colonists could get adequate and fair representation only through their colonial assemblies.

Charle Wilson Peale (1741-1827)

American naturalist painter and student of Benjamin West. Also, an inventor. His paintings influenced generations of American artists and his love of natural history lead him to the idea of an American natural history museum founded in Philadelphia in 1786.

Gilbert Stuart (1755-1828)

American painter, most famous painting was a portrait of Washington copied to the one dollar bill.

George Rogers Clark, 1778

American revolutionary generals who conquered the Old Northwest. In 1778 Clark took an expedition to Illinois county and took some British held settlements. Clark hoped to take Detroit but never received adequate supplies.

Bear Flag Revolution 1846

American settlers under Fremont and the US Navy attempted to overthrow the MX gov't in CA. When Kearny joined they were successful.

Monitor (U) vs the Merrimac (CSA) 1862

First engagement between to ironsides. The ships battled in a portion of the Chesapeake known as Hampton roads for five hours ending in a draw. The battle signaled a change in the near future in naval tech.

National Road/Cumberland Road 1811-30s

First highway built by fed gov. Maryland to Illinois. Major overland shipping route and important connection between the North and West.

Panic of 1819

First major depression in the US since constitution Causes 1) Over production and decreased demand after war of 1812 2) Over speculation in the West 3) Second BUS tightened credit to control inflation Lead to the bank foreclosing large amounts of Western farm land and changed the political outlook of many westerners who now wanted land reform and opposed debtors prison and the nat's bank.

French colonization of Canada, 1608

First permanent settlement at Quebec in 1608. Canada had a smaller population than the English colonies, but had closer ties with Native Americans. Trade and military centers were established at Quebec, Montreal, and agricultural estates along the St. Lawrence River.

Tarif of 1816

First protective tariff that raised the average rates to about 20% and helped american industry. Brit goods cheaper and higher quality.

Bill of Rights adopted 1791

First ten amendments to the constitution and many states made it a condition of ratification. 1rst- Freedom of speech, religion, the press, assembly, and petition. Establishes separation of church and state. 2nd- Right to keep and bare arms in the state militia 3rd- No quartering soldiers in peacetime 4th- No unreasonable search and seizure 5th- Due process, no self incrimination or tried for the same crime twice 6th- Speedy and public trial and right to call and question witnesses 7th- In most civil cases, trial by jury 8th- protected against excessive bail/fines and cruel and unusual punishment 9th- A right not mentioned in the Constitution doesn't mean it isn't a right 10th- All powers not to fed goes to states or people

"Aroostook War" 1838

Americans and Canadians moved into the disputed Aroostook R region. The boundary of Canada and Maine had been in dispute since the treaty of 1783. Violence broke out between the two groups and the dispute was resolved w/ the Webster-Ashburn Treaty of 1842.

Charles Wilson Peale (1741-1827)

An American naturalist painter who was the preeminent painter of his generation. He was known especially for his portraits of Washington.

James Otis

An American orator and member of the Virginia House of Burgesses who gave speeches against the British government and its policies urging the colonies to fight for independence. In connection with a petition to declare a "state of defense" in Virginia in 1775, he gave his most famous speech which ends with the words, "Give me liberty or give me death." Henry served as Governor of Virginia from 1776-1779 and 1784-1786, and was instrumental in causing the Bill of Rights to be adopted as part of the U.S. Constitution.

Coverture

An English common-law doctrine adopted by the U.S. that incorporated women's civil, political, and economic rights into those of their husbands, leaving wives with no individual rights of their own. State-specific limitations to coverture began in the mid-nineteenth century, but until the twentieth century, most American women, along with their property and children, were largely under the legal control of their husbands

Magna Carta, 1215

An English document drawn up by nobles under King John that limited the power of the king. Its limitation of government power influenced later constitutional documents in Britain and America.

Pontiac's Rebellion, 1763

An Indian uprising after the French and Indian War, led by an Ottawa chief named Pontiac. They opposed British expansion into the western Ohio Valley and began destroying British forts in the area. The attacks ended when Pontiac was killed. The Rebellion was influential in the British decision to issue the Proclamation of 1763 forbidding colonial settlement west of the Appalachian Mountains.

Procedure for amendments

An amendment may be proposed if 2/3 of Congress or 2/3 of state legislatures vote for it. The amendment may then be added by a 3/4 vote of state legislatures or state conventions. The intent was to make it feasible but not easy.

American Peace Society 1828

Founded by William Laddit, The Society formally condemned all wars though it supported the US gov't in the civil war, WWI, and WWII. Dissolved after the UN was formed in 1945.

Harvard University, 1636

Founded from a grant by the Mass. general court. Followed Puritan beliefs and was originally to train ministers.

Mormons/Joseph Smith 1830

Founded in NY. The 1843 announcement that God supported polygamy split the church. Shunned various places because of beliefs. Smith died a hero and leadership was passed to Brigham Young. Eventually formed a community near Great Salt Lake that became Utah.

Stephen F Austin (1793-1836)

Founded the first settlement of Americans in Texas. Was sent by the colonists to the MX gov't to negotiate independence but was jailed. When he returned he became the commander of the settlers' army in the Rev.

Horace Greeley

Founder and editor of the NY Tribune. Popularized the saying " Go West, young man" and said people who were struggling in the east could make fortunes by going west.

Hudson River School of Art 1820s

Group of landscape painters who were influenced by European Romanticism. The School emphasized romantic and majestic landscapes such as Niagara Falls, the Catskills, and the Hudson R Valley. Part of rising US nationalism which followed the War of 1812. Artists included Thomas Cole, SFB Morse, and Thomas Doughty.

Greenville's Program, 1764-1765

He passed the Sugar and Stamp Acts to help finance the cost of maintaining troops in the colonies. Believed in reducing financial burdens of British by taxing the colonies.

Crispus Attucks (1723-1770)

He was one of the colonials involved in the Boston Massacre, and when the shooting started, Attucks was the first man to die and became a martyr. Attucks was probably the first lack man to die in the struggle for American independence.

Sack of Lawrence, Kansas 1855

In response to voter fraud where MO people crossed to KA and elected a pro-slavery legislature, free staters elected their own gov't and set up headquarters in Lawrence. In retaliation, pro-slavery leaders took a band of MO people and looted the town. Sparked John Brown's massacre at Pottawatomie.

Cavaliers, 1642-1647

In the English Civil War, these were the troops loyal to Charles ll. Their opponents were the Roundheads, loyal to

Stanley Elkins 1959

Influenced by studying concentration camps. argued slavery had the same effect on slaves. Argued the institution reduced them to childlike personalities.

Henry Wadsworth Longfellow 1807-82

Internationally recognized poet who wrote The Song of Hiawatha and Paul Revere's Ride. Wrote sentimental poetry that emphasized the value of tradition and the impact of the past on the present and his writings were immensely popular during his lifetime.

Conway Cabal, 1777

Intrigue to replace George Washington with Gates. Washington was being criticized for his losses at Brandywine and Germantown while Gates had just won Saratoga. Gates publicly supported Washington and the efforts to replace him came to an end. This reminds us that Washington came under his share of criticism.

Irish, German Immigration 1830s-50s

Irish arrived because of the potato famine. Extremely poor and became man power for canals. Germans came because econ but had more resources. Could generally buy farms and many settled in the NW.

Specie Circular 1836

Jackson issued the Specie Circular in an effort to stop land speculation by states printing paper money w/o backing. Required that public lands be bought w/ specie. Did stop speculation and sales declined sharply. Created the Panic of 1837 in the early months of Van Buren's presidency along with the withdrawal of deposits from the BUS.

Jacksonian Revolution of 1828

Jackson started humbly and people thought he would make the American dream come true. He appealed to the "common man" 1) His emphasis on farmers welfare gave way to appeals to city workers small business people and farmers 2) First non-aristocrat and American who lived West of Mississippi to be elected president

Election of 1832/Anti-Masonic Party 1831

Jackson vs Henry Clay and the Anti-masonic party candidate William Writ. Primary issue was the BUS. First election w/ national nominating conventions. Jackson won. Masons = secret society devoted to libertarian principles which most elites belonged. Party started as response to elitism.

Age of the Common Man, 1829-1837

Jackson's presidency. He thought cog;t should be run by the common people- a democracy based on a self=sufficient middle class with ideals formed by liberal education and free press. All white men could vote and increased voting rights let Jackson get elected.

Democrats 1828

Jackson's supporters Platform was opposing privilege and more opportunity regardless of class

Henry Clay, Recharter bill, 1832, Nicholas Biddle

Jacksons rivals supported a bill to recharter the BUS for four more years. Clay wanted it to be an issue in the upcoming election Jackson vetoed the bill which increased his popularity. Unwilling to wait for the current charter to expire, withdrew federal deposits and put them in "pet banks".

The Glorious Revolution, 1688

King James II's policies (converting to Catholicism, repressive trials, and maintaining a standing army) outraged the people so much that parliament asked him to resign and invited King William of the Netherlands (William II) to take over. James left peacefully after his troops deserted him and William II and Mary II (wife) took the throne without bloodshed making the revolution "glorious."

Quasi War / Undeclared naval war with France , 1798-1800

Late 1790s - Beginning in 1794, the French had begun seizing American vessels in retaliation for Jay's Treaty, so Congress responded by ordering the navy to attack any French ships on the American coast. The conflict became especially violent after the X,Y, Z Affair. A peace convention in 1800 with the newly installed dictator, Napoleon, ended the conflict.

Segregation/Jim Crow Laws 1877-1964

Laws enacted by states to segregate blacks and whites in public facilities, transport, schools etc. They become common in the South after Reconstruction.

Personal-Liberty Laws 1850s

Laws passed by some northern legislatures in the 1850s to challenge the fugitive slave act. These diverse laws included measures such as non-cooperation and prohibition of using state officials to catch runaways.

Thaddeus Stevens/Charles Sumner 1861-67

Leaders of the radical Reps who believed in harsh punishments for the South. Stevens was a PS Congressmen and Sumner a MA senator, who formulated suicide theory. He was an outspoken radical Rep involved in Andrew Jackson's impeachment.

Walt Whitman Leaves of Grass 1855

Leaves of Grass was his first volume of poetry. Broke away from traditional forms and content of NE poetry by describing life of working AMericans and using words like I reccon. He loved people and expressed the new democracy of the nation finding itself. Had radical ideas and abolitionist views. Leaves of Grass considered immoral for many years

Toussaint L'Overture, 1803

Led a slave revolt in Haiti. Led to Napoleon thinking New world wasn't worth it and LA purchase.

Culpeper's Rebellion, 1677-1679

Led by John Culpeper, the Appalachian section of Carolina rebelled when the governor tried to enforce the Navigation Acts. The rebellion was crushed, but Culpeper was acquitted.

General Winfield Scott

Led the US forces' march to MX city. His army transported by navy to VEra Cruz and once he took the city he led a skilled campaign w/ few casualties. Taking MX city ended the war.

Robert E Lee

Lee is eventually given command of the Army of Northern VA. Lincoln offered command of the Union army in 1861 but Lee turned it down on the grounds that he couldn't take up arms against VA. He is viewed as one of the outstanding generals of the war.

Dower Right

Legal right originating in medieval Europe and carried to the colonies that extended the widow 1/3 of the family's land and goods during her lifetime.

Loose vs. Strict Interpretation of the Constitution

Loose interpretation lets the gov do anything that isn't forbidden while a strict one forbids it from doing anything unless specifically empowered to do so.

Factory girls/"Lowell Girls" 1820s and 30s

Lowell opened a boarding house for girls who worked in his factory. Hired girls because cheaper and only unmarried because needed more money and wouldn't be distracted by other concerns.

War of 1812- Casues

Madison = reluctant but pressure (war hawks) made him. Reasons: impressment, seizure of merchant ships, brit aid to indians, and desire for NW ports and Sp florida. Maybe even Canada.

Puritan Migration aka Great Migration, 1630s-1640s

Many Puritans migrated from England to America in the 1630's and l640's. Dining this period, the population of the Massachusetts Bay Colony grew to ten times its earlier population.

Oregon Fever 1840s

Many people in the east and midwest were dissatisfied and began moving up the Oregon Trail. Soon outnumber the Brits and were urging the US to take possession of the disputed territory.

Cession of Western Land Claims

Many states claimed the Western lands and lead to competing claims. The Continental Congress was trying to get the states to ratify the Article but Maryland refused until all states gave up their western land claims.

Act for the Gradual Abolition of Slavery in Pennsylvania

March 1, 1780. One of the first attempts by a government in the Western Hemisphere to begin an abolition of slavery. The act prohibited further importation of slaves, required slaveholders to register slaves, and established that all children were born free.

Martin v Hunter Lessee 1816

Martin was a loyalist whose land was confiscated during the revolution and sued VS to get land back. VS Cts refused but the S. Ct. reversed the decision. Established its authority to reverse state court decisions.

Commonwealth v Hunt 1842

Mass Supreme Court case which ruled that unions aren't illegal. First judgement that recognized that the conspiracy law was inapplicable to unions and that strikes for a closed shop are legal. Also, unions not responsible for illegal acts of members.

John Brown/Harper's Ferry 1859

Militant abolitionist John Brown seized the US arsenal in Harper's Ferry trying to end slavery by massacring slave owners and starting a slave revolt. Convinced southerners that they couldn't safely stay in the Union. Brown was captured and executed.

Sidell's Mission 1845

Mission to MX to pay for disputed California and TX lands (NM, AZ, CA, TX, and parts of CO). However, the MX gov't was still angry about the annexation of TX and said no.

Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts (SPG) 1701

Missionary organization of the Church of England to strengthen anglicanism in america. The SPG sent missionaries and teachers to serve the colonists. The first missionary arrived in 1702 and soon expanded their mission to include Natives and slaves.

Denmark Vesey 1822

Mulatto who inspired a group of slaves to seize Charleston W. Betrayed by one of his followers and was hanged with his followers before the revolt happened.

NY and Philadelphia as urban centers

NY became and urban center due to harbors and rivers which made it important for trade. Philadelphia was a center for trade and crafts, and attracted a lot of immigrants. It was the capital of Penn from 1682-1799, both were important in Independence.

Gibbons v Ogden 1824

NY gave Gibbons a monopoly to operate a steamboat between NY and NJ, Ogden got the same one from Congress, Ruled NY monopoly was unconstitutional because only congress could regulate interstate commerce, including navigation so the decision strengthened the fed gov'ts right to regulate commerce.

John Peter Zenger, 1735

NY publisher charged with libel of a gov't official. The court ruled that it wasn't libel if true, in contrast to England where any printed attack on gov't officials was libel. Paved the way for freedom of the press.

Vinland, 1000 AD

Name given by Vikings to an area of North America coast between Newfoundland and Cape Cod. The Vikings were the first Europeans to reach North America, five hundred years before Columbus' voyages.

Copperheads

Name given to Northern Democrats suspected of being indifferent or hostile to the Union cause in the Civil War. Pres Lincoln suspended habeas corpus and transferred cases of disloyalty to military jurisdiction in cases involving Copperheads.

Carpet Baggers 1865-77

Name given to Northerners who moved South in reconstruction to help dev'p the region's econ and stabilize the politics. Included former soldiers and educated professionals. Former confederates hated them and saw them as exploiters.Though played an important role, natives regained control in the 1870's.

Greenback Question 1870s

Name given to paper money issued in the Civil War, called so because the back was printed w/ green ink. Not redeemable for gold but lots were issued anyway. Farmers hit by the depression wanted inflate notes to cover losses, but Grant vetoed an inflation bill and greenbacks were added to permanent circulation. In 1879, the fed gov't finally made them redeemable for gold.

Restoration, 1660

Name given to the reign of Charles ll, king of England whom Parliament crowned in 1660 after a decade of Puritan rule under Oliver Cromwell. Many Puritan followers of Cromwell immigrated to the New World after Charles took the throne.

Sojourner Truth

Name used by Isabelle Baumfree, one of the best-known abolitionists of here day. First black woman orator to speak out against slavery.

Bacon's Rebellion, 1667

Nathaniel Bacon, impoverished farmer, led an uprising against Governor William Berkeley of Virginia because he had not protected frontiers from Indians and angered Virginians who protested much of what Berkeley was doing. Bacon died of the natural causes, the Rebellion failed and Berkeley took revenge on the protestors. Many former indentured servants, who could not afford to buy desirable farmland, were followers of Bacon. The near success of Bacon's Rebellion led Virginia planters to think twice about the dangers of a large white landless group of young men as a labor source (former indentured servants who could not afford to buy land) vs. using African slaves.

Western Confederacy

Native Americans formed theis with the goal of keeping the OH RIver as a boundary between Natives and the US. Little Turtle was one of the leaders.

"Know Nothing"/American Party 1850s

Nativist political party w/ brief popularity before civil war. Drew on anti-Catholic and anti-immigrant sentiment. Nickname because when members were questioned on party rituals responded "I know nothing." Some had success in state or local elections however sectionalism was a stronger force than nativism.

John Paul Jones

Naval officer. his ship was crippled in battle with the British Serapis but when the British asked him to surrender her responded he hadn't begun to fight. He then went on to win the battle. Most famous naval leader.

Napoleon III 1862

Nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte, and elected emperor of France from 1852-70, he invaded MX when they couldn't pay off their debt. He sent in the army and set up a new gov't under Maximilian. Refused LIncoln's request to withdraw. Sent the army after the Civil War and France withdrew.

Old Lights, New Lights

New Lights were religious movements founded in the great awakening and broke away from the Congregational Church in NE. Old Lights were the established Congregational church.

New York Colony, Peter Stuyvesant, 1664

New York belonged to the Dutch, but King Charles 11 gave the land to his brother, James the Duke of York in 1664. When the British came to take the colony, the Dutch, who hated their Governor, Peter Stuyvesant, quickly surrendered to them. The Dutch retook the colony in 1673, but the British regained it in 1674.

Fifteenth Amendment 1870

No one could be denied the right to vote bec of race, color, or having been a slave. The purpose was to prevent states amending constitutions to deny black suffrage (basically gave them the vote). Women's suffrage bitter that rep's didn't include women.

Contrast of Pilgrims and Puritans

Non-separatists: Puritans were Calvinists who clamored for reform in the Church of England; they wanted to purify it. Separatists: Pilgrims were Puritan Separatists who thought the church was too corrupt to reform and so they wanted to "separate" from it, they left England in search of religious freedom.

Financing the war by North and South

North: Richer, financed through loans, treasury notes,( greenbacks), taxes, and duties on imported goods. South: Had financial problems because they printed their Confederate notes w/o backing and suffered rampant inflation.

Antifederalists, 1787-1789

Opponents of the Constitution. Believed the Constitution would diminish the power of the states, create a new merchant-based aristocracy, and threaten personal liberties. Believed republican institutions would bot function in a territory as large as the US.

Whigs 1834

Opponents to Jackson (thought he was like a king), conservative and popular w/ pro-bank plantation owners, mainly took from nat'l reps, supported industry, tariffs and Clay's American System, upper class, supported federal power m mostly ended up in the Republican Party.

National Republicans 1828

Opposed Jackson 1) Nationalist measures 2) Mainly NW and not very successful 3) Alarmed by Jackson's radicalism 4) Joined by Whigs in 1830

Slave Resistance

Oppression depends on master. Most receive adequate housing and diet Strict slave codes limited movement = no working revolt Quiet resistance, sabotaged work ares, slowed down, ridiculed owners.

Maryland Act of Toleration, 1649

Ordered by Lord Baltimore, after a Protestant was made governor because of the large Protestant population. It assured religious freedom for all Christians.

Cabinet, 1789

Organization of bureaucratic departments to carry out the work of the executive branch and appointed secretaries to run them. Those secretaries formed the cabinet. State- Jefferson Treasury- Hamilton War- Knox Attorney General- Randolph

Nathaniel Hawthorne, The Scarlet Letter, 1850

Originally a transcendentalist but later rejected them and became a leading anti-transcendentalist. Descendent of one of the judges in the Salem witch trials and his themes were sin, punishment, and atonement. Most famous work was about NE puritans. The Scarlet Letter about emotional rebellion from the hypocritical and intolerant Puritan Society.

54°40' or Fight

Originally part of the LA purchase but in the war of 1812 Brit basically took over. This was an aggressive slogan over the boundary dispute. This was where the Dems wanted the line drawn. Settled for 49° because the US was already fighting MX. Land returned to the US with the Oregon Treaty of 1846, supported by Polk.

Democratic-Republicans

Origins - Many of the Democratic-Republicans had earlier been members of the Antifederalists, which had never organized into a formal political party. Beliefs - Republicans advocated states' rights, strict interpretation of the Constitution, friendship with France, and wanted a nation of independent yeomen farmers rather than an industrial nation and the accompanying social ills they saw in countries such as Britain. Policies - They opposed the National Bank and taxes to support the growth of industry, instead favoring state banks and little industry. Leading Democratic- Republicans - Thomas Jefferson and James Madison.

Federalists

Origins - The Federalist Party grew out of a fundamental disagreement at the Constitutional Convention as to how to structure the new country's govt. Beliefs - The Federalists advocated a strong national govt., arguing that a large polity checked by a balance of power would best protect against the tyranny of a minority over the interest of the majority. Their opponents, the Antifederalists, feared that a centralized govt. would erode local political participation and encourage corruption. The Federalist plan won out and was enshrined in the Constitution. Policies - In the late 18th and early 19th centuries, the Federalists advocated conservative policies designed to encourage economic growth and consolidate elite power, such as the establishment of a national bank, protective tariffs, friendship with Britain, and condemnation of the radical egalitarianism of the French Revolution. Leading Federalists - Alexander Hamilton and John Adams.

Compromise of 1850

Over CA joining drafted. Stephen Douglass got 5 separate bills through congress. Adjust TX border. CA comes in free. Rest of MX cession split into NM and UT and popular sovereignty. Abolish slave trade in DC. Tougher fugitive slave laws. Temporarily resolved the crisis but couldn't be got through congress a single package.

Planters

Owned at least forty of fifty slaves and 800 acres of more. Likened to European aristocracy but were mostly first generation settlers. Often in competitive and profitable business`. A lot of political and econ power Overall, 2-3% of people owned half of the slaves and 3/4 had no slaves.

Freehold, 1600s-1700s

Ownership of land and possession of the title or deed. Freeholders had the legal right to improve, transfer, or sell their property. Used in New England in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries because founders wanted to avoid the majority of land being held by an elite, which had been the case in England

Robert Walpole, early 1700s

PM of Britain for the first half of the 1700s. His position towards the colonies was statutory neglect.

French and Indian War 1754-1763

Part of the Seven Years War, fought over the OH River Valley. The Algonquins and Mohawks allied with the French and the rest of the Iroquois allied with the English. Britain won and gained control over French Canada, India. Spain ceded Florida to Britain, but got Louisiana. The British also ended Salutary Neglect.

Fugitive Slave Act of 1850

Part of the compromise of 1850. Created a commissioners who could pursue runaway slaves in any state. Made it easier for slave owners to recapture slaves, but also for kidnappers to take free blacks because denied due process. Increased N/S divide and caused some N states to pass personal-liberty laws.

Indentured Servitude, 1600s

Passage for poor people paid and in return they worked for a set number of years (usually 5-7) after which they gained freedom. Indenture = the type of contract. They were the primary source of labor in the colonies in the early years.

Declaratory Act, 1766

Passed at the same time that the Stamp Act was repealed, the Act declared that Parliament had the power to tax the colonies both internally and externally, and had absolute power over the colonial legislatures. The colonists paid little attention to the passage of the Declaratory Act since, in their view, the more vital fact was Parliament had repealed the hated Stamp Act.

Civil Rights Act 1866

Passed in reaction to black codes, it prevented abridgement of the rights of blacks or other citizens.

Lowell Factory 1813

Paternalistic factory system and a model of it's time. Wages and conditions decline in the 1830s and 40s as it faced increased compet.

Virginia Resolves, 1765

Patrick Henry's speech which condemned the British taxes and other policies. He proposed 7 resolves to show Va's resistance 5 of which were adopted. Eight other colonies followed suit by 1765.

Treaty of Ghent December 24, 1815

Peace treaty that ended the war of 1812. Everything returned to squo and set up a commission to determine the disputed Canadian/American border

Events of the War of 1812: Perry, Lake Erie, DC, New ORleans

Perry led a 1812 naval victory vs Brit on lake Erie DC captured by Brit in 1814 Battle of New Orleans was a great victory for US and tok place after the Treaty of Ghent

Election of 1852

Pierce v Scott Both endorse the Compromise of 1850 and select uncontroversial candidates. The whigs lose members because their attempts the straddle the slavery issue helping Peirce win.

Henry Clay's American System 1816-1817

Plan to increase econ 1) Protective tariff to increase manu and raise revenue to build TI 2) Nat'l bank to keep plan on even keel and nat'l currency 3)Internal improvements 1 and two already in place. Both presidents Madison and Monroe thought internal improvements unconstitutional.

Town Meeting, 1600s-present

Political process used in New England to govern towns. A town's inhabitants and freemen elected selectmen and other town officials to handle local affairs. In the seventeenth century, town meetings offered a striking level of popular participation. Nearly every adult male could speak and vote, although women were denied this privilege. This was the most direct form of democracy in America and town meetings are still held in some New England towns today.

Conscience Whigs 1846-48

Politicians who opposed the MX-US war on moral grounds. Argued the purpose was to gain land for the expansion of slavery. believed more slave states would destroy yeomen society and put slaveholders in control of the gov't.

Election of 1844

Polk vs Clay vs Birney Dealt w/ manifest destiny- annexation of TX and occupation of Oregon. Polk was pro-TX and the reoccupation of Oregon. LIberty party had a big impact and drew enough votes from Clay to get Polk to win.

Klu Klux Klan 1865

Post Civil War, white supremacist group. Sought to intimidate blacks who claimed equality. The gov't intervened in the 1870's by passing the Ku Klux Klan Acts, but it was revived in 1920's because of nativist sentiment.

Lord North, 1770-1782

Prime Minister of England from 1770 to 1782. Although he repealed the Townshend Acts, he generally went along with King George III's repressive policies towards the colonies even though he personally considered them wrong. He hoped for an early peace during the Revolutionary War and resigned after Cornwallis' surrender in 1781.

Benjamin Franklin, 1706-1790

Printer author, statesman, and Founding father. one of the few Americans highly respected in Europe primarily due to his discoveries in the field of electricity.

Headright System, 1617

Program started by the Virginia Company that granted every head of a household fifty acres for himself and fifty additional acres for every adult member of his family or servant brought into the colony of Virginia. Adopted in Maryland and Virginia because of labor shortages.

Neal Dow

Prohibitionist mayor of Portland Maine. Sponsored the Maine Law of 1851 and known as "the Father of Prohibition"

David Walker "Appeal to the Colored Citizens" 1829

Prominent militant black abolitionist whose pamphlet Appeal advised slaves to cut their master's throat.

NEw England Emigrant Aid Company 1855-56

Promoted anti-slavery immigration to KA. The effort illustrated the determination of both sides to make KA a proving ground for their ideas.

Federalist #10 1788

Proposed setting up a republic to solve the problems of a large democracy.

Cotton Mather, 1720s

Puritan theologian who urged inoculation of Bostonians during a pox epidemic in the 1720s. There was a lot of controversy but it was effective.

Radical Reconstruction/The Reconstruction Acts of 1867

Pushed through Congress over Johnson's veto. Gave the radical Rep complete mil control over the S and divided it into 5 districts, each headed by a general w/ absolute power. They required states to guarantee black male suffrage and the 14th amndmnt for readmission to the Union.

Dorr's Rebellion 1842

RI was governed by a 1663 charter which said that only property holders and their eldest sons could vote (1/2 of population). Thomas Dorr lead a group of rebels who wrote a new constitution and elected him governor in 1842. The state militia was called in to stop the rebellion and Dorr was sentenced to life in prison. Caused conservatives to realize the need for reform. A new RI constitution in 1843 gave nearly all white men the right to vote.

Locofocos 1835

Radical wing of the Dems made up of working men small businessmen and professionals in the NE who wanted to reform and opposed tariffs banks monopolies and other places of privledge.

Ulysses S Grant 1868-76

Ran for and was elected pres on his war record. Although was a mil hero, he led a corrupt gv that consisted of friends and relatives. Even though personally honest and moral, his administration is one of the most corrupt and he was ill-equipped to handle the problems of the era.

Sex Ratios in the Colonies

Ratio of men to women was much higher in the early years of settlement, over 75% of the white population in the Chesapeake were men and even in New England over 60% of the white population were men. By late seventeenth century, the ratio was becoming more balanced, but it was the early eighteenth century before it matched England.

Underground Railroad, 1840s-60s

Referred to the regional semi-secret networks organized by abolitionists to aid slaves in their attempts to escape slavery in the North or Canada. Aided about 1000 slaves per year. Raised awareness about slavery in the North and forced the South ro defensive measures such as the highly controversial fugitive slave laws.

Beeding Kansas 1855-56

Referred to the violence in KA over slavery. The KA-Na act let the settlers decide on the issue and proslavery and abolitionist groups across the country battled over KA as a symbol of America's future.

Abolitionism 1830s

Reform movement to end slavery and the slave trade. Held a variety of positions from sending ex-slaves to Africa or canada or a racially integrated society. Roots in the North in the 17002 became major issue in the 1830s with the rise of anti-slavery societies and newspapers in the north Geographic expansion in the 1840s gave them a chance to link activism to a goal, limiting the expansion of slavery. The movement entered politics the liberty party which opposed expansion of slavery into western territories.

John Blassingame 1973

Refuted Elkins and argued that despite restrictions slaves could retain their culture.

Great American Desert 1820-1850

Regions between MO R and the Rocky Mnts. Cast domain became accessible to Americans who wanted to settle. The region called this in atlases and many people were convinced the land was a Sahara habitable only by Indians. Phrase coined by Major Long during his exploration of the LA purchase.

Statutory Neglect, 1714-1763

Relaxed royal supervision of internal matters and a major contribution towards the rise of self government

Eli Whitney Cotton Gin 1793

Removed seed from the flax. Revolutionized cotton production. Size of the cotton crop increased eight times as a result increased slavery.

Sugar Act, 1764

Repealed the Molasses act and lowered the tax on sugar and molasses but ensured the act was enforced setting up vice-admiralty courts and made it illegal to buy goods from non-British Caribbean colonies.

Non-intercourse Act of 1809

Replaced embargo act. Only forbade trade w/ FR and Brit. Didn't succeed in changing policies latter replaced by Macon's bill #2.

Ben Franklin

Represented the US in France and worked to get the French to recognize and ally with the US. His popularity in France helped the American Cause.

Colonial agents, 1600s-1700s

Reps sent to England by colonial leaders. They served as the link between England and the colonies.

Literacy Test 1877-99

Required voters to demonstrate they were literate before voting. Typically something complicated chosen for blacks but easy for whites.

Pol Tax 1977-99

Required voters to pay a tax before they could vote, eliminating poor blacks

Lyceum Movement 1800s

Response to growing interest in higher edu. Associations formed in nearly every state to give lectures concerts debates scientific demonstrations and entertainment.

The Carolinas, 1663

Restoration colonies; founded during the Restoration in England; as a reward for helping him regain the throne, Charles II granted this land to 8 nobles in 1663. The southern region of the Carolinas grew rich off its ties to the sugar islands, while the poorer northern region was composed mainly of farmers. The conflicts between the regions eventually led in 1729 to the two Carolinas being formed, North and South.

Pottawatomie Massacre 1855

Retribution for the sack of Lawrence. John Brown led six people and killed/mutilated 5 proslavery men. This escalated the violence in KA and helped make the KA border war a nat'l issue.

Judicial Reveiw 1806

Right of courts to judge the constitutionality of laws passed by Congress and the state legislatures. This is implicit in the Constitution and first practiced in Marbury v Madison.

Rise of the Second Party System

Rivalry between Dems and National Republicans/whigs. Ended in the 1850's w/ the death of the Whigs and rise of the Republicans.

Ex parte Milligan, 1866

S Ct ruled that mil trials of civilians were illegal unless no civilian cts or the region's under martial law. No effect because after the end of the War.

Nat Turner's Rebellion 1831

Salve uprising where sixty slaves killed almost sixty whites in VA. Led to a manhunt where 100 blacks were killed. Turner thought he was a divine instrument sent to free the slaves. Lead to harsher slave laws and more united in support of fugitive slave laws.

Republic of TX 1836

Sam Houston requested both Jackson and Van Buren to recognize TX as a state and both refused due to fear a new slave state would be formed and upset the balance. Huge public debt, internal conflicts, and threats from MX led TX to a second successful attempt to join the US.

Implied Powers, Elastic Clause, Necessary and Proper Clause

Section 8 of Article 1 contains a long list of power s granted to Congress and ends with the statement the Congress shall have the power to "make all laws necessary and proper for carrying into execution the foregoing of powers." These are Congress' implied powers. There has been a long debate about how much power this grants Congress.

Andrew Jackson/Florida 1818

Seminoles in Florida launched raids into the US, Monroe ordered Jackson to stop the raids. Jacksons successful attacks convinced the Spanish they couldn't defend Florida and they decided to sell it to the US.

Webster-Hayne Debate 1830

Senators, Hayne form SC and Webster from Mass. Started over sale of public lands and followed the Tariff Abominations incident. Webster showed the danger of the stats' rights doctrine claiming it would lead to civil war. The central issue was the basis of constitutional authority, was the union based on an agreement of states or people. Showed sectional tensions

Nicholas Trist 1847

Sent as a special envoy to negotiate the end MX-American war. Even though he had obtained the presidents original demands, Polk was unhappy about the treaty because some now wanted all of MX. Still, submitted to the treaty to squelch growing debate that acquiring all of MX would expand slavery.

Emancipation Proclamation 1862-63

Sept 22, 1862, in the preliminary Emancipation Proclamation (the permanent one was issued Jan 1863) Lincoln freed all slaves in the states that had seceded, after the Northern victory at Antietam. Lincoln had no power to enforce the law, but significance lies in the shift of direction of war aims (though presented as a military necessity) The proclamation created a passionate response in the North (from elation to disgust)

Lincoln-Douglas Debatse 1858

Series of 7 debates. Argued important issues like pop sov, the lecompton constitution, and the Dred Scott decision. Douglas won but he loses southern support and lincoln's position in the debates helped him beat douglas in the 1860 election.

Second Great Awakening 1800

Series of Protestant religious revivals that began out of concern over the spread of "infidelity" (non-protestants) and began in 1797 and lasted to the 1830s. Stressed salvation through deeds and tolerance for all protestantism.

Second Great Awakening 1800

Series of Protestant revivals that began out of concern of evangelical Christians over the spread of "infidelity" ( the spread of any non evangelical religion like catholicism) The revival began in 1797 and lasted into the 1830s. They stressed a religious philosophy of salvation through good works and tolerance of all Protestant sets.

Beaver Wars, mid 17th century (1650s) aka the Iroquois wars

Series of conflict in the Northeast. The Iroquois wanted to expand and monopolize the fur trade between European markets and the tribes. They were encouraged and armed by the Dutch and the British. They succeeded in enlarging their territory and destroyed some native confederacies while others were pushed west of the Mississippi. They were very brutal and bloody. The Iroquois became trading partners with the British and their alliance was key to British expansion.

Tripolitan/Barbary War 1801-1805

Series of naval engagements by Jefferson to stop piracy on American ships from barbary pirates. War = inconclusive and the us paid a tribute to protect.

Convention of 1818

Settled dispute between US and Canada dating to the treaty of 1783 1) Set border at 49th parallel 2) Affirmed US right to fisheries along Newfoundland 3) Joint occupation of Oregon for 10 years

Salem Witch Trials, 1692

Several accusations lead to sensationalism in Salem, Mass. where Cotton Mather presided as chief judge. 19 people were hanged and one pressed to death as witches. After, most involved admitted the trials were a terrible mistake.

Course of the War of 1812

Several sea battles and frontier skirmishes. US troops led by Andrew Jackson took Fl. Brit burn DC. Treaty of Ghent = return status quo & return Fl. Jackson's troops won at the Battle of New Orleans after the treaty had been signed. War -> American nationalism and industry growth. Called "Second War of Independence".

Elias Howe, Sewing Machine, 1846

Sewing faster and more efficient. Soon used to manu ready made clothing.

Miscegenation

Sexual mixing of races, especially between a white man and a black woman. It was common in slave states for slave masters to engage in liaisons with their female slaves despite the social stigma and laws against interracial sex. Laws against miscegenation were kept in many states until the l950's.

Tecumseh 1813

Shawnee chief who along w/ his brother the prophet, worked to unite NW the natives against the white settlements. League of tribes defeat by an american army led by William Henry Harrison in the Battle of Tippecanoe. Tecumseh killed in the fighting for british at the battle of the thames.

Margaret Fuller 1840

Social reformer and leader in women;s movement and transcendentalist. Edited The Dial which was the transcendentalist publication. Appealed to people who wanted perfect freed, progress in philosophy and theology, and hope the future won't be the past.

Peggy Eaton Affair, 1829-1931

Social scandal involving John Eaton, the Secretary of War, and his wife Peggy who was accused of having and affair with him before her first husband died. Many cabinet members snubbed her. Jackson sided with the Eaton's and helped to split the cabinet. Jackson eventually asked for resignations.

Fire-eaters 1850-61

Southern proslavery extremists who wanted secession. Backed down because of lack of support and the promise of moderate backing if congress tried to outlaw slavery.

George Fitzhugh

Southerner who defended slavery by arguing that wage slavery was worse. Whites protecting slaves from competitive world where slaves wouldn't survive.

West Florida 1810

Spanish Fl was threat to the south because slaves ran to that area and indians raided. Southern settlers seized the area in 1810 and started thinking about how to get the rest of Fl. Since Spain was a Brit ally this was another reason for war of 1812.

Requerimiento, 1514

Spanish colonial document that conquistadors were required to read, rom 1514 onward, to all native peoples. The document offered peace and freedom to Indians if they converted to Christianity and war and enslavement if they refused. Since Indians could not understand a document read in Spanish even if they wanted to convert, the Requerimiemo was used as a justification for conquest.

Missions, 1500s-1800s

Spanish colonial settlements in the New World maimed by priests and soldiers. Missions were set up by the Spanish in North and South America to lay claim to the areas and convert native peoples to Catholicism. French Jesuits and English Protestants also set up missions in North America.

Latin American Events 1812-1823

Spanish empire coming apart 1) Built trade relations with LA and was second only to GB as trade partner 2) in 1815, announced neutrality in conflict between Spain and colonizes trying to gain independence 3) In 1822, Monroe established relations with 5 newly independent nations, this was the context of the Monroe Doctrine.

Mestizo, 1500s

Spanish for "mixed", the offspring of white European and native people, usually a white man and an Indian woman. Almost 90% of Spanish settlers in sixteenth-century Mesoamerica were white men who took Indian women as wives or mistresses creating a substantial mixed-race population.

Tobacco, 1612

Staple crop of the southern American colonies that was first commercially produced in Virginia in 1612. Tobacco was vital to the economy of the British empire and to the success of Virginia. Tobacco flourished despite the fact that it was a luxury item and many saw it as harmful to health and family life. Production and distribution expanded quickly, this ultimately led to a drop in price and profits by the l640's. After the l640's colonists continued to grow tobacco, but also added other crops such as cotton, rice, and sugar.

Committees of Correspondence, 1764-1775

Started as groups of private citizens in Mass, RI, and NY to circulate info about opposition to British trade measures. First in Mass in 1764. Other colonies created their own. Became active after the Gaspee incident.

Northern Blockade 1862-65

Starting in 1862, the North began to blockade the Southern coast in an attempt to force the South to surrender. The southern coast was so long that it couldn't be completely blocked.

Pet banks

State banks where Jackson put federal deposits after he took them from the BUS. They were given this name because people thought the banks were chosen as political battle grounds.

Richard Henry Lee's Resolution of June 7,1776

Stated the colonies should be independent and sever all political ties with Britain. Adopted and was the first step towards independence.

Border States 1861-65

States bordering the North. DE, MD, KT, and MO. They were slave states that didn't secede and Lincoln used every method at his disposal to keep them, especially MO and KT, in the Union.

Compromise of 1877

Struck ducing contested election of 1877, in which Dems attempted the election of the REp in return for withdrawal of fed troops from the south and ending Reconstruction. This was the formal end to Reconstruction but really ended much earlier.

Federalists, 1787-1789

Supporters of the Constitution who supported the new gov't. Believed in a strong national gov and dev't of the national econ. Also wanted the new gov to be strong enough to move against threats to order and stability.

Slave Power 1850s

Suspected conspiracy that southern politicians and northern business allied to expand slavery to the territories. Anti-slavery advocates popularized the theory in the 1850s northerners to believe their liberty was in danger.

Outwork, 1700s

System of manufacturing used by the English woolen industry; also called "putting out." In the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, merchants bought wool and employed landless peasants to spin and weave it into cloth which was then sold in English and foreign markets.

Encomienda, 1500s-1600s

System of tributary land use and ownership used by the Spanish in the New World. It gave those who obtained licenses the right to exact labor and tribute (payment) from the natives in specific areas. Settlers did not receive actual land grants, but control of the labor in the territory in effect gave them control of the lands.

Rio Grande, Nueces R, disputed territory 1845-46

TX claimed southern border at Rio Grande, MX wanted the border to be the Nueces. MX and US agreed not to send troops to disputed area. Polk reneged to (some say) start a war w/ MX.

Molasses Act, 1733

Taxed all molasses rum and sugar that the colonies imported from non-Britain. Angered New England. Difficulty enforcing the tax.

Molasses Act, 1733

Taxed all molasses, rum, and sugar imported from countries other than Britain. Angered NE which imported molasses from the Caribbean as part of the triangular trade. British had difficulty enforcing it and most colonial merchants ignored it.

External taxes, 1763-1775

Taxes based on activities that originated outside of the colonies, such as customs duties. The Sugar Act was considered an external tax, because it only operated on goods imported into the colonies from overseas. Many colonists who objected to Parliament's "internal" taxes on the colonies felt that Parliament had the authority to levy external taxes on imported goods.

Internal taxes, 1763-1775

Taxes which arose out of activities that occurred "internally" within the colonies. The Stamp Act was considered an internal tax, because it taxed the colonists on legal transactions they undertook locally. Many colonists and Englishmen felt that Parliament did not have the authority to levy internal taxes on the colonies, and that such tax should only be levied by the colonial assemblies. The dispute over this was a fundamental source of contention between Britain and the colonies between 1763-1775.

Election of 1848

Taylor vs Lewis vs Van Buren Both parties avoided the issue of slavery. Opponents of slavery don't like either and vote Van Buren. Van Buren doesn't win any states but takes enough votes from Cass to let Taylor win.

Temperance Movement , early 1800s

Temperance- moderation or abstention of alcohol Gained many supporters, grew out of the Second Great Awakening Became powerful socially and politically

"The Burned Over District" 18oos

Term applied to Western NY along the Erie Canal because of the religious fervor of its inhabitants. Farmers extremely susceptible to revivals and tent rallies. Charles Finney first to preach near Erie Canal.

Northwest Passage, late 1400s-early 1600s

Term given to a rumored route rom Europe to the Indies by way of the North Atlantic. European monarchs during the late fifitenth to the early seventeenth century sent explorers to discover such a route. The explorers landed at various areas of the North and South America coastlines and mistakenly thought they were India.

Middle Passage, 1700s-1800s

Terrible sea voyage from Africa to the US. 1 million Africans died on the passage with average mortality rates of 15% and sometimes as high as 50%.

Oregon Territory

Territory comprised of what's now Oregon, Washington and part of British Columbia. This was claimed by both the US and GB and jointly held by under the Convention of 1818.

Treaty of Greenville, 1795

The Miami Indians signed this treaty with the United States a year after their defeat at Fallen Timbers. The tribe relinquished land in the Northwest Territory in return for the federal government's recognition of their sovereignty over lands that remained under their control. This marked the first time the new federal govt. recognized the sovereignty of the tribes over Indian lands.

Johnathan Edwards

The Northampton, Mass. Puritan minister. Maybe finest theological mind from America. Edwards was a learned orthodox preacher. Gave sermons about sin and the torments of hell. "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God"

Cambridge Agreement, 1629

The Puritan stockholders of the Massachusetts Bay Company agreed to immigrate to New England on the condition that they would have control of the government of the colony. This gave Massachusetts an advantage over Virginia because the stockholders had a direct stake in the success of the colony. penalties on judges who refused to issue a writ of habeas corpus when there was good cause, and on officers who refused to comply with the writ. This began the protection of citizens against arbitrary arrest without just cause.

"Waving the Bloody Shirt" 1865-1900

The Rep practice of reminding voters during campaigns that they were the party that fought the civil war and saved the union from the traitorous dems.

Cherokee Nation v Georgia 1831

The Supreme Court refused to hear a suit filed by the Cherokee against a GA law abolishing tribal legislature. The court said they weren't foreign nations and the US had broad powers over the tribes but a responsibility for their welfare.

Tea Act, East India Company, 1773

The Tea Act gave the East India Company a monopoly on the trade in tea, made it illegal for the colonies to buy non-British tea, and forced the colonies to pay the tea tax of 3 cents per pound. The British believed the colonists would welcome the new act because by removing the middlemen it would actually lower the price of tea. Instead, it angered American merchants who were fearful of monopolies and the colonists viewed it as another unconstitutional tax so they responded by boycotting tea.

House of Burgesses, 1619

The Virginia House of Burgesses was formed in I619. This was the first representative government group in the colonies.

Elect

The belief that God had decided or "predestined" the fates of all people before they were born and chosen a few "elect" men and women for salvation and condemned the rest to damnation.

"Call of the True Womanhood"/"Cult of Domesticity"/Separate Spheres 1800s

The belief the women's place was the home, where they should create a have for harried men who worked in the outside world. Made possible by the separation of the workplace and the home as a result of the Indus Rev and used to sentimentalize the home and the woman's role in it.

Olive Branch Petition, 1775

The colonies made a final peace offer, agreeing to be loyal if their grievances were addressed (repealed Coercive Acts, ended taxation without representation). Rejected by Parliament which passed the American Prohibitory Act forbidding all trade with the colonies.

French Alliance of 1778/Franco-American Alliance

The colonies needed help from Europe ad France wanted to weaken Britain. The french were already giving secret financial aid, but Saratoga persuaded the French to openly ally.

Non-Importation, 1765-1775

The colonist boycotted imported goods from Britain to protest the stamp act. There tactics were used throughout the tension preceding the American revolution

The Colony of Virginia: purpose, problems, failures, successes, 1607

The colony was formed by the Virginia Company as a profit-earning venture. Starvation was the major problem; a majority of the colonists died the first year, many of the survivors left, and the company had trouble attracting new colonists. They offered private land ownership in the colony to attract settlers, but the Virginia Company eventually went bankrupt and the colony went to the Crown. Virginia did not become a successful colony until the colonists started raising and exporting tobacco.

Companionate Marriage 1800s

The concept of marriage as a union of lobing partners instead of a political or economic arrangement where men held all power. Empowered by republican ideals women demanded legal equality in matrimony. Even though husbands retained significant power, wives began to be viewed as life companions rather than inferior or dependents.

Conquered Territory Theory

The conquered Southern states weren't part of the Union but conquered territory the North could do what they wanted with.

Electoral College

The constitution provides for the president to be elected indirectly through the Electoral College. A group of electors, chosen state by state is appointed to vote for president and VP according to majority vote cast in the state. Gave states a greater role choosing the president.

Panic of 1873/Cornering the Gold Market

The crash was sparked by gold speculators who attempted to corner the gold market. The attempt failed an the gold market collapsed, causing stock market to plummet. Overspeculation by financiers and overbuilding by industry brought businesses to failure.

Crop Lien System 1865-onwards

The credit system in the rural south where merchants assumed ownership of a borrowers crops as collateral for loans. Both black and white sharecroppers were forced to give merchants a lien. They often charged high interest rates, trapping clients in a cycle of debt and preventing econ diversification.

July 4th 1776 and the Declaration of Independence

The declaration was signed on July Fourth. Dissolved the colonies' ties with Britain, listed grievances against the King, and declared the colonies and independent nation.

The Iroquois aka the League of Five Nations, late 1500s — 1700s

The federation of tribes occupying northern New York: the Mohawk, the Oneida, the Seneca, the Onondaga, and the Cayuga. The federation was also known as the "Iroquois," or the League of Five Nations, although in about 1720 the Tuscarora tribe was added as a sixth member. It was the most powerful and efficient North American Indian organization during the 1700s. Some of the ideas from its constitution were used in the Constitution of the United States.

Federalist Party vs. Democratic-Republicans, 1793

The first party system in the United States.

New State Constitutions during and after the Revolution

The first set of constitutions drafted by individual states placed most of the power in the legislature and almost none in the executive to promote democracy and avoid tyranny. However, without leadership the legislatures couldn't do anything. After the constitution was written the states abandoned these and wrote knew ones with balanced powers.

Election of 1796: President Adams, Vice-president Jefferson

The first true election (when Washington ran, there was never any question that he would be elected). Federalist John Adams vs. Democratic-Republican Thomas Jefferson. Adams won by just three electoral votes. Jefferson became vice president since the Constitution stipulated the candidate that received the second highest number of votes would become the vice-president. This method of selecting a vice-president was changed by the Twelfth Amendment in 1804.

Manumission

The freeing of slaves by their master. Virginia passed a law In 1782 legalizing manumission and assorted anti- slavery societies gained momentum in the l780's and 1790's. The majority of slave owners, however, did not free their slaves.

New Free vs New Slave States

The gov't tried to maintain slave free balance. New states: Indiana (1816 free), Mississippi (1817 slave), Illinois (1818 free), Alabama (1819 slave), Maine (1820 free), Missouri (1820 slave), Arkansas (1836 slave), and Michigan (1837 free).

Nullification 1828

The idea a state convention could declare federal laws unconstitutional if seen to overstep Congressional powers. SW politicians supported this idea in response to the "Tariff of Abominations" which hurt its cotton industry.

Republican Motherhood, early 1800's

The idea that American women's moral superiority gave them a special role to play in the new political and social system. In the early to mid-nineteenth century, republican mothers were to instill the values of patriotic duty and republican virtue in their children and mold them into outstanding American citizens with moral and religious education.

Popular Sovereignty 1848

The idea that residents of a territory should decide whether to allow slavery. Introduced by MI senator Lewis Cass but popularized by Douglas who used it in the KA-NA Act of 1854.

Great Basin

The largest area of contiguous endorheic watersheds in North America. It includes part of the Colorado River watershed, the Las Vegas metropolitan area, and comer of Arizona. It features the Continental Divide of the Americas, the Great Divide Basin and the Gulf of California. Paleo-Indian habitation began here as early as 10,000 B.C.. Exploration of this area occurred during the 18"' century Spanish colonization of the Americas. The first American to cross the Great Basin {tom the Siena Nevada was Jedediah Strong Smith in 1827, followed by a continuing stream of exploration. In 1869, the First Transcontinental Railroad was completed at Promontory Summit in the Great Basin. (See map in Unit I Materials packet.)

Cortez, 1521

The most brutal of the conquistadors. In 1518, led a military expedition of 600 men into Mexico searching for gold; unleashed smallpox epidemic on the Aztecs; treated the natives brutally. Cortez conquered the Aztec empire in 1521.

King Philip's War, 1675

The most prolonged and deadly war between whites and Indians along the Eastern seaboard. A series of battles in New Hampshire in 1675 between the colonists and the Wampanoag, led by chief Metacom or "King Philip." The war was started when the Massachusetts government tried to assert court jurisdiction over the local Indians. The colonists won this war with the help of the Mohawks. The victory opened up additional Indian lands for white expansion, and inflicted a lasting defeat on New England's Indians.

Catholicism, 1500s-17005

The religion professed by members of the Roman Catholic Church. The Catholic Church had a hierarchical structure that placed the Pope at the head of the church. It emphasized obedience to church superiors and absolution from sin through confession. Most of the first European immigrants to the New World were Protestants who believed the Pope to be an unnecessary intermediary between God and His chosen; these believers demonized Catholics as papist enemies.

Habeas Corpus 1861-65

The right that protects citizens from arbitrary arbitrary arrest and detention. In the war, Lincoln suspended it to stop protests against the draft and other disloyal activities. Due to fear of Southern sympathizers trying to take their states out of the Union, it was originally only suspended in the border states. Beginning in 1862, Lincoln announced that anyone who discouraged enlistment/was disloyal was subject to martial law (case became mil instead of civil) because afraid local juries would be too lenient Clement L Vallandigham, and OH rep, was seized and exiled to the Confederacy after an anti-war speech. Although the S Ct ordered Lincoln to release a MD secessionist in 1861 in Ex parte Marryman, LIncoln just ignored the order and the S Ct ruled in Ex parte Milligan that mil trials in areas where civilian cts are functionings are unconstitutional. Lincoln's imposition of martial law remains one of the most controversial aspects of his presidency.

Ben Franklin, Roger Sherman, Robert Livingston

These men, along with John Adams and Thomas Jefferson, made up the Committee of Five which drafted the declaration.

Pennsylvania, Maryland, Rhode Island

These three colonies provided protections for various persecuted religions. Pennsylvania that was founded by William Penn, a Quaker, provided protection for Quakers. Maryland, which was founded by Lord Baltimore, was a colony where Catholics were free from persecution. Rhode Island, which was founded by Roger Williams, was a haven for all persecuted religions, including all Christian denominations and Jews.

The Treaty of Paris, 1783

The treaty ended the Revolutionary War and had the following provisions: Britain recognized America's independence, The Mississippi would be America's western boundary, America would have fishing rights off the coast of Canada, Americans would pay off debts owned to British merchants and Loyalists for confiscated territory, the British would abandon forts on the NW territories, and set the boundaries as being the Southern border of Canada, The Northern border of Florida, the Atlantic, and the Pacific.

Election of 1800 aka The Revolution of 1800

The two Democratic-Republicans Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr defeated Federalist John Adams, but tied with each other. The final decision went to the House of Representatives, where there was another tie. After a long series of ties in the House, Jefferson was finally chosen as president. Burr became vice-president. This led to the 12th Amendment, which requires the president and vice-president of the same party to run on the same ticket. Thomas Jefferson's election changed the direction of the government from Federalist to Democratic-Republican, so it was called a "revolution." Federalists lost the Presidency and control of Congress and this was the first instance where political power was transferred from one party to the another party. However, the transfer of power from one political party to the other was peaceful in nature.

Social Impact of the War

The war saw the emergence of the first anti-slavery groups and many of the Northern States abolished slavery. Women gained small status increase for their efforts but primarily valued as mothers of future patriots.

Slavery, 1619

The first African slaves in America arrived in the Virginia colony.

Roanoke, 1587

The first attempt at permanent English settlement established in what is now North Carolina, known as the "Lost Colony" because all colonists had disappeared three years later when supplies were brought in from England.

Portugese Exploration

There was intensive maritime exploration by the Portuguese during the 15th and 16th centuries. Portuguese sailors were at the vanguard of European overseas exploration, discovering and mapping the coasts of Africa, Asia, and Brazil, in what became known as the Age of Discovery. Methodical expeditions started in 1419 along West Afirica's coast under the sponsorship of Prince Henry the Navigator, with Bartolomeu Dias reaching the Cape of Good Hope and entering the Indian Ocean in 1488. Ten years later, Vasco da Gama led the first fleet around Afirica to India, arriving in Calicut and starting a maritime route from Portugal to India. Soon, after reaching Brazil, explorations proceed to southeast Asia, having reached Japan in I542. The Treaty of Tordesillas in 1493 limited exploration of Portugal in the Americas.

NAtional Bank Acts of 1863,1864

These acts created a new nat'l banking system. Banks could join if they had enough capital and would invest a third in gov securities. In return, they could issue US Treasury notes as currency. Did away with a lot of the chaos and lack of certainty in currency and created a uniform system of bank notes.

VA Plan, NJ Plan, Conn Plan

VA- James Madison, strong executive, bicameral, rep based on pop NJ- unicameral with every state having equal rep Conn- Roger Sherman, called for a bicameral congress with 1 house rep based on pop and 1 with every state equal.

Election of 1836: Van Buren v WH Harrison, Hugh White, and Daniel Webster

Van Buren (Dem) vs WH Harrison, Hugh White, and Daniel Webster (Whigs). Whigs couldn't pick a single candidate so they ran 3 candidates in the hopes it would stop Van Buren getting a majority of the electoral vote. Failed.

Van Buren, The Albany Regency, 1832-1837

Van Buren, a dem-rep senator from NY, rallied the factory workers in support of Jackson and became his VP after Calhoun resigned. NY politics at the time was controlled by a clique of wealthy land owners known as the Albany regency and Van buren became their leader.

Jean Jacques Rousseau, The Social Contract, 1762

Very influential. Thought humans were born in a state of perfect freedom but only by giving up some freedoms and joining together could they retain this freedom. Also, sovereignty in the hands of the people.

Election of 1828 Jackson vs JQ Adams

Viscous on both sides mudslinging Jackson got 56% of the popular vote and 178 of the electoral vote to Adams 83.

Andrew Johnson 1865-68

War Dem from TN. Became pres after Lincoln died. Opposed radical Reps. First pres impeached, but survived the senate trial by 1 vote. Weak pres w/ little political skill.

"Two term tradition"

Washington chose not to run for a third presidential term and thus created a "two-term tradition" followed by American presidents until Franklin Roosevelt broke that tradition by running for a third term in 1940. The 22nd amendment passed in 1951 limits presidents to two elected terms.

Booker T Washington / Tuskegee Institue

Washington founded Tuskegee Institute to train black women and men in vocational areas. BEcame a spokesman for his race and advocated industrial edu for blacks, and in the short term, concentrated on self-improvement and raising their econ status.

Neutrality Proclamation, 1793

Washington's declaration that the U.S. would not take sides after the French Revolution touched off a war between France and a coalition consisting primarily of England, Austria and Prussia. The Proclamation was technically a violation of the Franco-American Treaty of 1778. Washington's position was the Alliance between the French and Americans had been signed with the French monarch and since Revolutionary France had overthrown the king and it was now a republic, the Alliance was no longer binding.

"Mad" Anthony Wayne, Battle of Fallen Timbers, 1794

Wayne had been one of the leading generals of the Continental Army, and had played a crucial role in the defeat of Cornwallis at Yorktown. In the early 1790's, the British held trading posts in the Ohio Valley and encouraged the local Indian tribes to attack the Americans. Led by Wayne, the Americans defeated the Miami Indians in the Battle of Fallen Timbers on August 20, 1794, near what is today Toledo, Ohio. This paved the way for American settlement of the Ohio Valley.

Articles of confederation: powers, weaknesses, successes

Weakness: to little power so it couldn't keep the county united. The articles major successes were that they settled western land claims with the Northwest Ordinance. Government under the articles: Unicameral, one vote per state, 2/3 needed pass legislation, and Unanimous vote needed to amend. Weaknesses: No executive, judiciary, power of taxation, raise an army, or regulate trade. Problems: Currency Problem: Many states printed their own and the national currency became worthless. Interstate Commerce: states placed tariffs on each other's goods. This and the currency problems led to a decline in trade. Foreign Trade: Countries placed trade restrictions on US goods and the US was unable to reciprocate. Also, pirates. Foreign Affairs: The inability of the government to raise an army left the US vulnerable Ex: British continued to occupy forts in the NW territory.

The Grimke Sisters 1820s-30s

Wealth sisters from SC who wrote and lectured on reform causes such as prison, temperance, and abolition. Some of the first women to publicly lecture in the US.

Theodore Weld 1830s-50s

Weld was devoted to the abolitionist movement. Advised the breakaway from the whigs in Congress and his anonymous tract "American Slavery as It Is" was the inspiration for Uncle Toms Cabin.

Carolina Regulators, 1768

Western frontiersmen rebelled against high taxes from eastern colonial government in North Carolina. Crushed by military force by governor Tryon in 177. In South Carolina, Regulators were vigilantes who fought outlaw bands along the frontier and disbanded regular courts. East vs West tension

Free Labor 1854-61

Work conducted free from constraint with the laborer's personal inclinations and will. Became the ideal championed by the Republicans to articulate individuals' right to work how and where they wished. Lay at the heart of the Free soil movement.

Poor whites ("Poor white trash," "crackers," and "clay eaters")

Worked in abject poverty and squalor, worse than slaves. No workable land and worked as laborers. Dietary deficiencies and diseases.

House Servants

Worked in the household. Less arduous but had less privacy and under constant scrutiny. Mainly females and were at more risk of sexual exploitation.

Panic of 1837

Worst depression yet, lasted 5 years Causes: Boom due to Whig surplus funding going to states, Specie Circular, W. Europe's own Panic's, crop failures, failed railroad/canal projects, increased unemployment. Van Buren/Dems blamed for the depression.

Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions, 1798

Written anonymously by Jefferson and Madison in response to the Alien and Sedition Acts. They declared that states could nullify federal laws that the states considered unconstitutional. Southern states used these as the foundation for the secession theory crafted during the debate over slavery in the 1800's.

Poor Richard's Almanac, 1732

Written b Ben Franklin, filled with witty insightful and funny bits of observation and common sense. Popular throughout the colonies.

Disestablishment, Virginia Statute of Religious Freedom, 1779

Written by Thomas Jefferson, this statute outlawed and established church and called for separation of church and state.

Ostend Manifesto 1854

Written by officials in a secret memo in 1854, urged Cuba be acquired by any means necessary. When became public, Northerners claimed it was a plot to extend slavery and was disavowed.

Herman Melville, Moby Dick, 1851

Wrote Moby Dick about Captain Ahab who seeks revenge on the white whale that crippled him but ends up losing his life, ship, and crew. Not popular at the time but later highly regarded. Rejected optimism of the transcendentalists and felt that man faced a tragic destiny. His views were not popular but accepted by later generations.

Harriet Beecher Stowe 1852

Wrote Uncle Tom's Cabin a melodramatic novel about the dehumanizing effects of slavery upon a slave family. Helped crystallize the North South Rift. Called the greatest American propaganda novel ever written. Famous characters Uncle Tom- saintly slave Simon Legree- evil overseer

Edgar Allen Poe 1809-49

Wrote many poems and short stories including The Raven. Originator of the detective story and had major influence on symbolism and surrealism. Best known for macabre stories.

Zebulon Pike/Major Long 1805-1807

Zebulon Pike- explored Minnesota ant the SW, mapped the region and spied on the Spanish if he went in their territory. Eventually captured but the US arranged for release. Major Long- explored the middle of the LA purchase and concluded it was worthless "Great American Desert"

War Hawks, 1811-1812

congressional leaders who wanted war w/ Brit because they hoped to acquire British ports and Spanish Fl or maybe Canada. Felt brit were aiding indians and encouraging them to attack. Lead by Henry Clay (KT) and John C Calhoun (SC). Also, war to defend national honor and neutrality rights. Primarily young southern and western members of Congress.

Urban Slavery 1800-1861

given less direct supervision. Majority were women/domestic servants but also slaves on contract and skilled workers. Biggest southern fear was that slaves could see free blacks in cities and also slave revolts leading to males being sold to rural areas.

Rush-Bagot Treaty/Great Lakes 1817

Treaty between US and GB 1) Mutual disarmament of the great lakes 2) Expanded to an unarmed Canada US border

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo 1848

Treaty that ended the MX American war. MX recognize Rio Grande border and cede the American Southwest. US gave MX $15 mil in exchange so it didn't look like blatant conquest. Called Mexican Cession.

Vice-Admiralty Courts, 1764-1775

Tribunals of only a judge created by the sugar act provoking opposition from smugglers used to acquittal from friendly juries.

Primogeniture/Entail

Two British legal doctrines governing inheritance of property. Primogeniture required the man's real property was all passed to the oldest son. Entail required that property could only go to direct descendants (usually sons).

Annexation of TX, Joint Resolution under President Tyler 1845

US made TX a state in 1845, the method was a joint resolution. Both houses of Congress supported annexation under Tyler and signed right before leaving office. This was the second attempt to annex TX and done y a simple majority. The difficulty shows growing sectional tensions over slavery.

LA purchase. 1803

US purchased land for the Mississippi to the Rocky Mountains from Napoleon for fifteen million dollars. Jefferson wanted it cause control of the Miss R and New Orleans. Napoleon wanted money for Euro campaigns and because Haiti put him off the New World. Constitutional issues so signed as treaty & loose interp.

Harriet Beecher Stowe

Uncle Tom's Cabin- crystalized rift between North and south. One of the best propaganda things ever written. Uncle tom- slave, Simon Legree- evil overseer.

National Trade Unions 1834

Unions formed by groups of skilled craftsmen w/ delegates from six cities. Failed to make real headway because courts viewed unions and strikes as illegal until Commonwealth v Hunt.

Theodore Parker 1830s-50s

Unitarian minister and a leading transcendentalist radical known as "the keeper of the public's conscience" and supported prison reform and prominent abolitionist.

Ten Hour Movement 1840s

Unsuccessful worker movement to make the work day ten hours. Two states passed laws but employers had the option to ask workers to stay longer and the employer had all the economic power.

Congressional Caucus System/ National Party Conventions, 1832

Until 1831, presidential candidates were nominated by the congressional caucus of their party, a small secretive group and the public had little say. In 1832m the modern practice of a national party conventions nominating candidates took hold. Seen ads a victory for democracy.

McCulloch v Maryland 1819

Upheld the power of congress to create the BUS and denied the states the power to tax it. Supported implied powers broad interp of constitution and supremacy of the fed gov.

Booker T Washington/Atlanta Compromise, 1895/WEB DuBois/The Souls of Black Folks 1903

Tn a speech in Atlanta, Washington advocated blacks temporarily forgo agitation about political segregatio nand instead concern themselves w/ edu and econ improvement. WEB DuBois, and Ivy League educated PhD, opposed his gradualist views. HE argued blacks needed to work for an immediate end to segregation and for political rights. Also demanded at least the "talented tenth" of blacks be college educated so they could provide leadership.

Triangular Trade

Trade route between Europe, Africa, and the Americas. Ex: NE rum -> Africa for slaves -> Caribbean for sugar cane -> NE for rum etc. Very profitable.

Ex parte Merryman

-1861 Chief Justice Taney ruled that Lincoln had exceeded his authority in suspending the writ habeas corpus in Maryland. -Lincoln ignored Taney's ruling, argued that the constitution allowed this suspension in a time of rebellion

Brook Farm, 1841-47

A coop community in Mass founded by Transcendentalists. Members were to where in the work profits, and social and educational opportunities of the 200 acre farm. Many leaders such as Emerson, Fuller, Parker, and Hawthorne participated, When a farm building was burned the Farm dissolved.

Justice Samuel Chase 1805

A Federalist judge appointed to the Supreme court by Washington. Jefferson disagreed with his rulings and attempted to have him impeached for criticizing his administration. House voted for articles of impeachment but he was acquitted by the Senate. Impeachment must be for a crime.

Federalist papers. 1788

85 essays. Pen name Publius really by Madison and Hamilton. Outlined reasons for a strong fed gov. Originally in newspapers to convince NY to ratify the Constitution. #10 is the most famous.

John Adams

A Massachusetts attorney and politician who was a strong believer in colonial independence. He argued against the Stamp Act and was a delegate to the First and Second Continental Congress. At the Second Continental Congress he urged that the colonies declare independence. He helped draft and pass the Declaration of Independence. Adams later served as the second President of the United States.

"City on a Hill," 1630

A Biblical phrase from the New Testament of the Bible used by Puritan leader John Winthrop to articulate his vision for the Puritans' Massachusetts settlement. Winthrop wanted the emigrants to found an exemplary Christian community, a "city on a hill"- that would serve as a beacon for the Church of England, which they sought to reform from within.

Governor Thomas Hutchinson of Massachusetts, 1771-1774

A Boston-born merchant who served as the Royal Governor of Massachusetts. Even before becoming Governor, Hutchinson had been a supporter of Parliament's right to tax the colonies, and his home had been burned by a mob during the Stamp Acts riots in 1765. In 1773 his refusal to comply with demands to prohibit an East India Company ship from unloading its cargo precipitated the Boston Tea Party. He fled to England in 1774, where he spent the remainder of his life.

Clement L Vallandigham

A Congressional anti-war democrat who criticized Lincoln as a dictator, calling him "King Abraham", and was arrested and exiled to the South.

Convention of 1800

A conference between the U.S. and France which ended the naval hostilities. This formally ended the Franco-American Alliance of 1778 and it was almost 150 years before the U.S. entered into another formal alliance.

Edmond Burke (1729-1797)

A conservative British politician who was sympathetic to the colonies and gelt Britain's colonial policies were misguided.

Hartford Convention 1814

A convention of NE federalist who met in Hartford in December of 1814 to protest the war of 1813 which hurt commercial interests in the north. Proposed a constitutional amendment to prevent declaring war w/o 2/3 congressional majority. Also, talked about seceding if desires ignored. This turned the public against them and was the death of the party.

Jacksonian Democracy, 1820s-1830s

A historian's term for the political culture of white mail citizens in this time. Celebrated the "self made man" and rejected the idea that leaders should come from the elite. Jackson the first "people's president". Included many reformsL free public schools. better working conditions, and the rise of the Abolitionist movement.

Anaconda Plan 1861-65

A key point in the Union's war strat was encircling the South as an anaconda squeezed its prey. This plan entailed a naval blockade and the capture of the MS R.

Battle of New Orleans, Andrew Jackson, 1815

A large invasion force was repelled by Jackson at NO. Jackson had been given the Brit battle plans by a french pirate, Jean Lafayette. During the battle, 2500 brits captured or killed and 8 american casualties. Neither side knew the treaty of ghent had ended the war and this victory lead to nationalism,

Thomas Jefferson Secretary of State

A leading Democratic-Republican, who served as Secretary of State under Washington. He opposed Hamilton's (Washington's Secretary of the Treasury) economic plan and other ideas. Washington tended to side with Hamilton, so Jefferson eventually resigned when Washington issued the Proclamation of Neutrality in 1793 that stated the United States was not going to fight in the European war with France since the Alliance had been made with the French monarchy rather than the French Republic.

Massachusetts Circular Letter aka M.A. 1768

A letter written in Boston and circulated through the colonies in February, 1768, which urged the colonies not to import goods taxed by the Townshend Acts. Boston, New York, and Philadelphia agreed to non-importation. It was followed by the Virginia Circular Letter in May, 1768. Parliament ordered all colonial legislatures which did not rescind the circular letters dissolved

Land Ordinance of 1785

A major success of the Articles. Provided for the orderly surveying of the NW territory, It provided funding for public schools in every township by setting aside proceeds form one section. Land divided into sections consisted of 640 acres at $1 per acre. The minimum purchase price of $640 benefited land speculators because lay people couldn't afford it.

Northwest Ordinance, 1787

A major success of the Articles. The ordinance set up a framework of government of the Northwest territory. The Ordinance provided that the territory would be divided into 3-5 states, outlawed slavey in the Territory, and set 60,000 as the minimum population for statehood.

Antinomian

A person who does not obey societal or religious law. In colonial Massachusetts, Puritan authorities labeled Anne Hutchinson an antinomian, accusing her of believing that Christians did not necessarily need to act in accordance with God's law or the laws of the Massachusetts Bay Colony but could achieve salvation by faith alone.

Samuel Slater 1791

A pioneer in the factory system in America. Knowledgable about textile machinery. Brit prohibited textile workers from leaving the country and the US offered bounties. Slater disguised himself and emigrated to the US and brought over the machinery,

Elizabeth Cady Stanton 1848

A pioneer in women's suffrage movement, helped organized the first women's rights convention in Seneca Falls, NY. Helped edit the militant feminist magazine Revolution from 1868-1870.

Liberalism

A political and social doctrine holding that govt. rests on the consent of the governed and has a duty to protect the freedom and property of the individual. Economic liberals believe that the govt. should regulate the economy and protect individual rights. Social liberals believe that the govt. should ensure the material well-being and general welfare of all people, and cultural liberals support multiculturalism and tolerance.

Conservatism

A political and social doctrine, stressing stability and adherence to tradition, dating back to Alexander Hamilton's belief of a strong central govt. resting on a solid banking foundation. Economic conservatives place a high value on low taxes and minimal govt. interference in the economy. Social conservatives champion military preparedness, family values, and religious morality.

Federalism

A political system in which power is divided between a national government and smaller subunits. Ex: US. Constitution defines powers of the federal and state governments.

Covenant, Covenant theology, 1630s-late 1600s

A politically or religiously based agreement or pact. The Pilgrims used this term in the Mayflower Compact to refer to the agreement among themselves to establish a law-abiding community in which all members would work together for the common good. Later, New England Puritans used this term to refer to the agreement they made with God and each other to live according to God's will as revealed through Scripture. Early New England settlers saw their occupation of new lands as a religious pilgrimage ordained by God. Puritan teachings emphasized the biblical covenants: God's covenants with Adam and with Noah, and the covenant of grace between God and man through Christ.

Dorothea Dix 1820s

A prison reformer and pioneer in the movement to treat the insane as mentally ill. Starting in the 1820s she was responsible for improving conditions in jails, poorhouses, and insane asylums throughout the US Canada. She succeeded in persuading many states to assume responsibility for the care of the mentally ill. also served as Superintendent for the Union Army during the civil war.

Gag Rule 1836-44

A procedure in the HOuse by which anti-slavery petitions were automatically tabled when they were received so they couldn't become the subject of debate. Signifies the divisiveness of slavery.

Tariff of 1842

A protective tariff signed by Tyler that raised duties to 25%-30% which was where they were before the compromise tariff of 1833.

Lincoln's Ten Percent Plan 1863

A quick way to readmit the former Confederate states. Full pardon for all Southerners except for leaders and readmission after 19% of its voters in 1860 swore loyalty and the state abolished slavery.

Zambo

A racial term used in the Spanish and Portuguese Empires and occasionally today to identify individuals in the Americas who are of mixed Afirican and Amerindian ancestry. It became a racial slur used in the Caribbean islands when the Afirican slaves began mixing with indigenous people from the beginning of their importation into Hispaniola in the early sixteenth century.

Perfectionism 1830s

Believed people could achieve moral perfection in their lives because the Second Coming of Christ had already occurred. Attracted many followers especially in NE and NY.

John Wilkes Booth

Actor who planned w/ six others to abduct lincoln at the beginning of the war, but lincoln didn't arrive at the scheduled location. Shot Lincoln and yelled "Sic Semper Tyrannis". When he jumped onto the stage, his spur caught in the flag and broke his leg. Escaped on a waiting horse and fled town. Sound several days later. Refused to come out and the barn was set on fire. Booth was shot, (unknown if self inflicted), 8 co conspirators were tried and hung.

Midnight Judges 1801

Adams appointed new Federalist judges in last days of pres to maintain Federalist control. Called midnight because stayed up till midnight signing appointments. Led to Marbury cvs Madison

Hamilton-Burr Duel 1804

After Burr lost to Jefferson, he switched to a Federalist and ran for governor in NY. When he lost he blamed Hamilton of making defamatory remarks that cost him the election. Burr challenged him to a duel in which Hamilton was killed.

Articles of Confederation 1781-1789

Adopted in 1777 which articulated the powers of the Second Continental Congress. Preserved states rights while authorized limited central government (the congress) with some power to defend the union and foreign affairs. Since there was no taxation, executive, or judiciary, the articles left Congress too weak to carry out even limited duties. Replaced by constitution in 1789.

Board of Trade aka the Privy Council, 1600s-1700s

Advisors to the king who regulated British trade during the 16005 and 1700s.

Board of Trade aka the Privy Council, 1600s-1700s

Advisors to the king who regulated British trade during the 1600s and 1700s.

Herbert Gutman 1976

Argued slavery didn't weaken or destroy black families but they survived with the family structure intact.

Battle of the Alamance, 1771

Army recruited by the NC government put down the rebellion of the Carolina Regulators at Alamance Creek. Their leaders were executed

Nativism 1840s-50s

Anti-immigrant, anti-Catholic feeling that arose in this time in response to the influx of Catholics.

Black Legend / Las Casas, 1552

Bartolome de Las Casas, formerly Bishop of Chiapas, began what became known as the "Black Legend" by publishing a powerful indictment of Spanish behavior toward Indians in the New World.

TX War for Independence 1836

After a few skirmishes in 35, organized a temp gov't. The Alamo. Lead to Declaration of Independence. Santa Anna tried to quickly put down the rebellion but was surprised at San Jacinto and forced to sign a treaty granting independence.

Vicksburg July 4, 1863

After a siege of six weeks, the starving citizens of the city surrendered. This gave the Union control of the MS R and split the Confederacy in half. This was a double blow since it happened the same week as Gettysburg.

Clara Barton

Barton helped control and distribute medical supplies for the Union cause and treated the wounded in the field. She launched the American Red Cross in 1861.

President Thomas Jefferson

Believed in less aristocratic presidency. Reduce fed spending and gov interference. Dem-Rep-> strict interp but also pragmatic and did what he thought necessary (LA purchase)

Jackson's removal of deposits/Pet banks 1833

Angry because Biddle used the Bank's funds to support anti-Jackson candidates Jackson removed federal deposits form the Bank. Fired the Secretaries of the Treasury who wouldn't do it. Roger Taney agreed to and was awarded the job and later became the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court. Jackson's opponents accused him of abuse of power.

Hinton Helper/The Impending Crisis of the South 1857

Anti-slavery book that argued that the slave owners had hurt small farmers rendering it impossible for them to compete. Compared the prosperity of the north to the poverty of the south. Argued return the slaves to Africa.

Townshend Acts, 1767

Another series of revenue measures, passed by Townshend as Chancellor of the Exchequer in 1767. The acts taxed quasi-luxury items imported into the colonies, including paper, lead, tea, and paint. The colonial reaction was outrage because they contended the real purpose of the Acts was to raise revenue rather than regulate trade and therefore they were invalid. In reaction, the colonies instituted another movement to stop importing British goods.

American Colonization Society 1817

Abolitionist minded society which purchased land in Liberia for the purpose of returning former slaves to their homeland. Limited because never a feasible reform effort to abolish slavery.

Chesapeake-Leopard Affair 1807

About 10 mi off Va the US frigate Chesapeake refused the demands of the Brit Leopard to board and look for deserters. In response the Leopard fired killing 3 americans and wounding 18. The ship limped to port. This led to the US expelling all Brit ships from US waters until Brit apologized.

Currency Act, 1751

Applied only to Mass. Banned production of paper money but was defeated in Parliament.

Free Blacks 1860

About 25000. 50% lived in VA or Maryland. Some (mostly urban) found a way to earn money and but their family's freedom. Others were freed (usually after their master's death). Fear of revolt lead to laws making manumission difficult.

Beaver Wars

AKA the Iroquois wars and the French and Iroquois Wars. Encouraged by the Dutch and English trading partners, The Iroquois sought the expand their territory and monopolize fur trade between European markets and tribes. These were brutal wars. The iIroquois succeeded and destroyed several tribes. The Iroquois became trading partners with the English and this alliance became crucial in English expansion.

Thirteenth Amendment 1865

Abolished slavery in the US

Fourteenth Amendment 1868

African Americans became citizens and no state could deny life, liberty, or property w/o due process of law. (Due process of law as a means for various groups in society to combat discrimination grows in importance through the 20th century).

Embargo Act of 1807

Act by Jefferson which forbade American trading ships leading the US. Meant to force Brit and Fr to change policies by was difficult to enforce because it was opposed by merchants and also hurt the nat econ. Replaced by the nonintercourse act.

Morrill Land Grant Act of 1862

Act gave stage govs substantial grants of public land to sell and use the proceeds for edu. This act resulted in many state colleges, land grant colleges.

The Homestead Act of 1862

Act granting 160 acres of land to anyone who paid a $10 fee and pledged to live on and farm it for five years. There was a lot of fraud, but still encouraged migration West. 600,000 families claimed homesteads between 1862-100.

Currency Act, 1764

Applied to all the colonies, banned production of paper money. It was to combat the inflation caused by VA's decision to get out of debt by issuing paper money.

Caucus

An informal meeting of politicians held by political parties to make majority decisions and enforce party discipline. Until the advent of conventions, party candidates were often selected by caucus method.

Anne Hutchinson, antinomianism, 16303

An intelligent, charismatic woman from a substantial Boston family; Hutchinson preached against many clergy; led a large group of supporters; and finally expelled from Massachusetts Bay, went to Rhode Island. Antinomianism was the name given to her teachings, from the Greek "hostile to the law: Hutchinson said people should be ruled by conscious.

Tredegar Iron Works 1861-65

An iron mill in Richmond that was run by skilled slave labor and among the best in the nation. kept the Confederacy alive until 1861 as it was the only supplier of cannons. Major munitions supplier of the South.

Barbados

An island in the southern Caribbean visited by Spanish navigators in the late 15th century and claimed for Spain. Appears on a Spanish map in 1511. The British arrived in Barbados in 1624 and took possession of it in the name of King James I. In 1627, the first permanent settlers arrived from England and it became an English and later British colony. African slaves provided the work force for a plantation economy that produced tobacco, cotton, ginger and indigo.

Wendell Phillips

An orator and disciple of Garrison, PHillips was an influential abolitionist lecturer who criticized the Constitution for condoning slavery. Called for the dissolution of the Union instead of remain with slave states.

Paleo-Indians, 15,000-13,000 BC (Archaic America)

Ancestors of modern American Indians. Paleo-Indians began migrating to North and Central America between 15,000 and 13,000 BC. It is believed by many archeologists that they migrated from Asia by crossing a land bridge called Beringia that once connected Siberia and Alaska.

Secretary of War Stanton

As Sec of War, edwin M Stanton acted as a spy for the Radicals in cabinet meetings. Johnson asked him to resign in 1867.. The dismissal of Stanton led to the impeachment of Johnson bec had broken the Tenure of Office Act.

Caste system

As a result of the conquest of Mexico and other Latin American countries by the Spaniards, a European style caste system was imposed on the culture. The conquest produced four overall racial categories: Europeans (Spaniards), Spanish parents born in the New World - who were referred to a Creoles.

Jefferson Day Dinner: toasts and quotes, 1830

At the Jefferson anniversary dinner, Jackson toasted "Our federal union! It must and shall be preserved!" making it clear he would resist nullification. Calhoun's response was "The union, next to our liberty, most dear..." Calhoun wanted Jackson to side with him.

Battle of Bunker Hill (Breed's Hill) 1775

At the beginning of the war when British troops were based in Boston. The British began to fortify Dorchester Heights near Boston and so the Continental Army fortified Breeds hill. The British General Gage led two unsuccessful attempts to take the hill before taking it on the third. Lead to loss of any hope of taking the colonies quickly.

Crittenden Compromise proposal 1860

Attempt to resolve the crisis during the interim by John Crittenden. The bill offered non-interference by Congress with existing slavery, and compensation to the owners of fugitive slaves, by, chief provision was the proposal to extend MO Compromise line west to the Pacific. Reps defeated it and the South would've rejected anyway.

George Mason 1788

Author of the VA declaration of rights. Fought against constitution because had no bill of rights. Leader of the antifederalists and led to the first ten amendments.

Force Bill 1833

Authorized Jackson to use the army and navy to collect duties on the Tariffs of 1829 and 1832. SC ordinance of nullification had declared these tariffs void and SC wouldn't collect them. Was never invoked because passed same day as compromise tariff. Attempt to have the last word in the nullification issue.

Currency Act, 1764

Banned colonial paper money to combat inflation caused by Va printing money to get out of debt. Currency shortage was a chronic problem so the colonists got angry,

Confederate States of America (CSA) 1861-65

Because of Lincoln's election and the perceived threat to slavery, eleven states left the union. SC seceded first. Then MS, FL, AL, GA, LA, TX, VA, AR, TN, and NC. Four states in the Upper South didn't. MO, KT, MD, and DE.

Yorktown, Lord Cornwallis, 1781

Because of lack of success in the Northern colonies the British switched their strategy and undertook campaigns in the southern colonies. This was unsuccessful and the British decided to their main headquarters in NYC. Marching from Va. to NY commander Lord Cornwallis became trapped in Yorktown on Chesapeake Bay. His troops fortified the town and waited for reinforcements but the French navy blocked their attempts. After a series of battles Cornwallis surrendered October 19, 1781 which ended all major fighting in the Revolution.

Antebellum

Before the war. Generally the civil war.

Queen Anne's War 1702-1713

Began out of unresolved issues from King William's War. The French and their Algonquin allies staged raids in western New England. The British captured Port Royal in French Arcadia (Nova Scotia) and St. Augustine in Florida (Spain was a French ally).

Prison reform/Penn System 1790/Auburn 1816

Began w/ the Penn system in 1790 which was based on the concept of solitary confinement would induce meditation and moral reform. This led to many mental breakdowns among inmates. The Auburn System sought to remedy this by allowing the congregation of prisoners during the day.

Washington Irvine 1782-1852

Best known writer of his time in the US. One of the first to gain recognition in Europe. His stories illustrated the growing American nationalism since they were set in America. Legend of Sleepy Hollow.

Wade-Davis Bill/Lincoln's Veto/Wade-Davis Manifesto, July 1864

Bill passed by the radicals and sut much tougher criteria to reiner (majority must take oath and the constitutional convention delegate had to sign the "Ironclad Oath" that they never fought against the US.) Lincoln pocket vetoed it and the Manifesto said he was acting like a dictator. Lincoln realized he would have to accommodate some of the Radical's demands.

Election of 1840: WH Harrison vs Van Buren vs James Birney

Birney = Liberty Party. Panic of 1837 -> Van Buren not elected. Whigs rejected Clay and nominated war hero WH Harrison w/ Tyler as VP. Significance of election is the first in which both parties use techniques of mass voter appeals and depicting candidates as "men of the people."

Antietam, Sept 1862

Bloodiest single day of the civil war. Two important things from the Union victory. First, gave the victory that allowed Lincoln to give the Emancipation Proclamation. Second, Brit was close to recognizing the Confederacy but the lose convinced them not to. They never again came this close to recognition.

Ableman v Booth 1859

Booth sent to prison for assisting a fugitive slave's rescue. he was released by the Wisconsin S Ct because the Fugitive Slave Act was unconstitutional but this was overturned by S Ct.

Military Draft/Conscription 1863

Both sides Union- Started Spring 1862 and applied to all young males. However, could hire a sub or pay $200 to be exempted. Less than 50,000 were drafted but many enlisted to avoid the draft. Strong opposition among laborers, immigrants, and Peace Dems. This opposition lead to the NYC Draft Riots. CSA- A conscription act was passed in April 1862 which applied to white males aged 18-35. Could hire a sub and didn't apply if owned more than 20 slaves. Opposition from poor whites to the sub provision so repealed in 1863. the other exemption drew more criticism. More Southerners exempted than Northerners.

Orders in council 1807

Brit laws which which permitted impressment of sailors and forbade neutral ships from visiting ports from which Britain was excluded unless thy went to Brit first and traded. -> 1812

Battle of Saratoga, 1777

British General John Burgoyne attacked southward form Canada along the Hudson River hoping to link up with general Howe in NYC cutting the colonies in half. He was defeated by Gates on October 17, 1777 surrendering the British Army of the North. Convinced the French to make an open alliance.

Navigation Acts, 1650-1775

British acts of 1650, 1651, 1660, that along with the Staple Act of 1663 created three primary regulations to govern colonial trade. They provided that 1) all colonial goods imported into England had to be transported on English ships using largely English crews. 2) Specific colonial goods could only be shipped to England or another English colony. 3) The Staple Act stated all enumerated goods imported into the colonies had to pass through England. The Navigation Act of 1660 also explicitly taxed colonial tobacco two pence on every pound and these tobacco taxes made up about 25% of all English customs revenues in the l660's. The Navigation Acts created tension between the colonies and monarchy in the decades leading up to the American Revolution.

Navigation Acts, 1650-1773

British acts that along with the Staple Act of 1663 created three primary regulations to govern colonial trade. 1) All imported goods must be transported on English ships with English crews, 2) Specific enumerated goods(tobacco, sugar, etc) could only be shipped to England, 3)all imported goods must go through England. Tobacco taxes made up 25% of the tax revenue in the 1660's. The acts lead to tension.

Salutary neglect, 1714-1763

British colonial policy during the reigns of George I (r. 1714 -1727) and George II (r. 1727-1760) that relaxed supervision of internal colonial affairs, and contributed significantly to the rise of American self-government.

British withdrawal from the Northwest forts, 1794

British fur-trading forts in the Northwest Territory. The British had not turned the forts over to the U.S. as specified in the Treaty of Paris of 1783 because they argued the U.S. had failed to honor the treaty's provision of seeing that debts to British merchants were paid and Loyalists compensated for confiscated or destroyed property. Their presence in the U.S. led to continued British-American conflicts.

Northwest Posts

British fur-trading posts in the Northwest Territory. Their presence in the US led to continued American-British conflict.

Wolfe, Montcalm, Quebec, 1759

British general James Wolfe lead an attack on Quebec. The French under Marquis de Montcalm fought off the initial attack but the British recovered and took Quebec by surprise attack in September 1759

Habeas Corpus Act, 1679

British law had traditionally provided a procedure that allowed a person who had been arrested to challenge the legality of his arrest or confinement, called the Writ of Habeas Corpus, or the Great Writ. The Act imposed strict

William Pitt, 1754-1763

British secretary of state during the French and Indian War. brought the army under tight control and started drafting colonists which lead to riots. He then relaxed British control which lessened tensions and increased cooperation.

Free Soil Party/Ideology 1848

COngress should prohibit slavery in the western territories because hurt republican institutions and yeoman farming. 1848 ran Van Buren. Most became Reps. It's founding showed the growing strength of the movement to limit slavery.

Nullification 1832-1833

Calhoun anonymously published "South Carolina Exposition and Protest" (1828) which proposed that each state counter the tyranny of the majority by asserting the right to nullify. SC threatened to secede if tariff wan't revoked. Calhoun suggested nullification as a more peaceful solution.

Calhoun resigns as VP 1832

Calhoun resigned because views disagreed w/ Jackson's and was appointed a Senator by SC.

California Applies for admission as a state 1850

California was so eager to join that they created and ratified a constitution and elected a leader before approval from congress. Split down middle by MO compromise so there was lots of conflict over free or slave. Lead to Compromise of 1850.

Alexis de Tocquecille/Democracy in America, 1835-1840

Came from France to the US in 1831. Observed democracy and its effects in the gov and society. His book discussed the advs and consequences of the majorities unlimited power. First to raise the topics of American practicality over theory, the industrial aristocracy, and the conflict between masses and individuals. Valued as an outside opinion on the Jacksonian era.

Transcontinental Treaty/Adams-Onis Treaty 1819

Caused by Jacksons raid on Florida. 1) Gave the US Eastern Florida and Western Florida 2) US assumed the $5 million in claims by americans against Spain 3) Spain surrendered claim to Oregon 4) US gave up claim to TX

1780's Depression

Caused by post-war decrease in production and increase in unemployment, and also caused tough interstate commerce rules which decreased trade.

MX War

Causes- annexing TX, diplomatic ineptness, US troops crossing Rio Grande. Course- first half fought in northern MX near the TX border and lead by Taylor. the second half in central MX after US troops seized Vera Cruz. Lead by Winfield Scott. Then Captured MX city.

Sumner-Brooks Affair 1856

Charles Sumner gave a 2 day speech on the senate floor where he denounced Southern crimes against KA and singled out Sen Andrew Butler of SC. Butler's nephew, Preston Brook/member of the House of Reps, beat Sumner w/ his cane crippling him. Sumner became a martyr for the North and Brooks a hero for the south. Show the divide between N and S.

Roger Taney

Chief justice of the S Ct who wrote the decision in the Dred Scott case. Upheld the police power of states and asserted the principle of social responsibility of private property. Southerner and upheld fugitive slave laws.

Little Turtle

Chief of Miami people. Lead his followers in several major victories against the US forces in the 17902 during the NW Indian Wars.

Chinook

Chinook people include several groups of Native Americans in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States, along the lower and middle Columbia river in present-day Oregon and Washington. The Chinook tribes were encountered by the Lewis and Clark Expedition in 1805, particularly the Clatsop Tribe along the coast.

Predestination

Christian belief that God possessed total knowledge of the future, including who would and would not be saved. Predestination was a fundamental belief of Puritan theology and held the idea that salvation could be gained by good works was invalid.

Oneida Community 1848

Christian community in NY founded by John Humphrey Noyes. Notorious for endorsement of equal rights of men and women, "complex marriage", and al children being raised by the community.

Henry Clay/ Compromise Tariff of 1833

Clay devised it to gradually reduce the rates levied under the Tariff of 1828 and 32. Caused SC to withdraw ordinance of nullification and both sides accepted it.

Democratic societies / Jacobean clubs, 1789

Clubs which met for discussion, designed to keep alive the philosophies of the American Revolution. They were sometimes called Jacobean clubs because they also supported the French Revolution.

Black Codes 1865-66

Codes that restricted the rights and movements of freedmen. Blacks couldn't own or rent land, and were forced to sign work contracts. Prohibited from entering professions and couldn't testify in white courts. The codes convinced the N the S hadn't changed and a stronger method of reconstruction was needed.

Manifest Destiny

Coined by John O'Sullivan in 1845 to express the belief that the US was destined to expand to the Pacific and had the God given right and responsibility to do so.

"Era of Good Feeling" 1817-1823

Coined by newspaper editor to describe the non-partisan political atmosphere during Monroe's presidency 1) Strong nationalism, econ growth and territorial expansion 2) Dem-Reps the dominant pary since Federalist Decline after the War of 1812 3) Beginning of tension over slavery

Benedict Arnold, 1780

Colonel in the Conn militia. Became a general. Won key victories in the battles in upstate NY. Key to Gate's victory at Saratoga. After becoming Commander of Philadelphia he went into debt and was caught plotting to surrender West Point to the British in exchange for a commission in the royal army.

Mutiny Act, 1765

Colonists required to supply and maintain the British army. Mass and NY refused to vote the required supplies to troops.

Force Acts 1870-71

Congress attacked the KKK w/ three Enforcement of "force" acts in 1870-71. Designed to protect black voters, the laws placed state elections under fed jurisdiction and imposed fines and imprisonment for interfering w/ the right to vote.

Spot Resolutions 1846

Congressman Lincoln supported a proposition to find the exact spot where the troops were fired upon since some Whigs suspected they had illegally gone onto MX's territory. The resolution showed opposition to the war.

Emma Willard 1818

Early supporter of women's education. Published Plan for Improving Female Education in 1818. This became the basis for edu of women in NY. n 1821, Willard opened her own girls' school, the Troy Female Seminary.

Interstate Slave Trade 1800s

Continued after Atlantic Salve Trade Abolished in 1808. Slaves were sold from Upper to Lower South because moved undesirables to harder labor further from escape. Broke up a ton of families.

Robert Fogel, Stanley Engerman, Time on the Cross, 1974

Controversial and criticized because portrayed slavery as a humane labor system. Argued slaves were better treated than northern factory workers in the same period.

Jay's Treaty, 1794

Controversial treaty with Britain negotiated by Chief Justice John Jay in 1794 to settle American grievances and prevent war. Though the British agreed to surrender the Northwest posts, the treaty failed to attain the key diplomatic goal of stopping British attacks on neutral American merchant ships. It created a storm of protest in America because it didn't address this issue and the British restrictions on the rights of neutrals remained intact.

Philadelphia/Constitutional Convention May-September 1787

Convention to revise the Articles of Confederation, recommended by the Annapolis Convention, held in Philadelphia. All of the states except RI sent delegates and George Washington served as the president. The convention lasted 16 weeks and produced the constitution which was largely written by Madison.

Cohen v VA 1821

Convicted the Cohens of selling DC lottery tickets authorized by Congress in VA. Ct upheld the decision. Upheld the S Ct's jurisdiction to review a state court's decision where the case involved federal laws.

Dominion of New England / Sir Edmund Andros, 1686

Created in 1686 by King James II; the Dominion combined the government of Massachusetts with the governments of the rest of New England colonies, and in 1688 with those of New York and New Jersey. The purpose was to streamline effective govt. and punish the area, especially Massachusetts, for excising too much autonomy. Sir Edmund Andros was appointed as the single commander of the Dominion. Andros was overthrown in 1689 after the Glorious Revolution in England.

Judiciary Act of 1789

Created the federal court system. A supreme court with three justices and 5 associates. And established Attorney General and district and circuit courts.

Whiskey Ring 1875

During the Grant Administration, a group of federal revenue agents conspired with the liquor industry to cheat the federal gov out of millions.

"Beecher Bibles" 1855-56

During the Kansas border war, the NE Emigrant Aid Co sent rifles to the radicale like preacher Henry Beecher.

Spain's Empire, late 1500s

Early colonists settled on Caribbean islands. By the end of the sixteenth century, their empire included the Caribbean islands, Mexico, and southern North America. It also encompassed what is now Chile, Argentina, and Peru, and in 1580, Brazil as well.

Shakers 1840

Early communal movement. Had about 6000 members by the 1840s and died out by the mid-1900s. Millennial group which supported celibacy, gender equality, and communal leadership. Known for their emotional style of worship.

Lucretia Mott 1848

Early feminist who worked with her husband in liberal causes, particularly slavery abolition and suffrage. Home was a station on the underground railroad. Worked w/ Elizabeth Cady Stanton to help organize the Seneca Falls Convention in 1848.

Kenneth Stampp, The Peculiar Institution 1956

Emphasized the harshness of the system and damage to families.

Tenure of Office Act 1867

Enacted by radical reps, it forbade the pres from removing civil officer's w/o consent of the Senate. Used to prevent him from removing radicals from office. He fired Sec of War Edwin Stanton anyway to test the law. He was impeached by the House for this.

Treaty of Ryswick, 1697

Ended King Williams War. Returned territories to the original owners and reestablished the prewar status quo.

Peace of Utrecht, 1713

Ended Queen Anne's war. Undermined France in North America because it gave the British Hudson Bay, Newfoundland, and Nova Scotia.

Treaty of Paris, 1763

Ended the Seven Years war. France lost Canada, the land East of the Mississippi, some Caribbean, and India to Britain. France gave New Orleans and the land west of the Mississippi to Spain, to compensate for it ceding Florida to the British.

Slaves

Grew rapidly. Cotton growing depended on slavery while the upper South moved away from agriculture. Treatment depended on master but fixed on physical coercion and no legal rights.

Missionaries, 1500s-1800s

Europeans or Americans of European descent who wanted to convert Native Americans to Christianity. Jesuit priests from France and Franciscan monks from Spain brought Catholicism to North America. San Diego, California and San Antonio, Texas were two cities that originated as Spanish missions. Puritans rom England created "praying towns" to teach Protestant theology to Native Americans.

Old Deluder Act/Mass School Law of 1647

Every town in Mass with 50 families must have a teacher and 100 families must have a school. Shows the importance of literacy to Puritans.

Redeemers 1865-77

Ex-confederates who sought to return to control of the South to the white Southerners after the Civil War. Believed the Union support of freedmen deprived the south of self-gov't and organized secret societies of campaign of terror to regain it, leading to the undoing of reconstruction.

Secretary of State William Seward

Expansionist, supporter of the AK purchase and negotiator of the deal (sometimes called "Seward's' Folly bec many though it was unfit for settlement or farming)

Federalist #51 1788

Explains the virtues of separation of powers and checks an balances.

Doctrine of Nullification, 1798

Expressed in the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions, it said that states could nullify federal laws because the states remained supreme to the national government as part of their original compact.

Sam Houston

Former TN governor settled in TX after being sent there by Jackson to negociate w/ local indians. Appointed commander of the TX army and lead them at San Jacinto. Pres for 2 terms and advocated joining the union. Was later a senator and governor by removed for refusing to join the confederacy.

First Battle of Bull Run/Manassas, July 21, 1861

First test of both armies. At Bull Run Creek, Confederate soldiers charged Union men who were en route to besiege Richmond. Union troops fled to DC in a panicked retreat. Confederates didn't realize their victory in time to follow up. First major battle of the Civil war, both sides were ill-preped and shared the delusion of a "six month war"

Seneca Falls 1848

First women's rights convention held in Seneca Falls, NY and sponsored by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott. Drafted the "Declaration of Rights and Sentiments" patterned after the Declaration of Independence. Called for women's suffrage and rejected separate spheres.

Gold Rush 1849

Fist strikes in Sierra Nevada, lead to a mining boom that shaped the dev't of the west and set the pattern for strikes in other regions. Sped up CA's timetable to apply for statehood creating the crisis in 1850.

Millennialism/Millerites 1840s

Followers of William Miller. Believed the Second Coming would be October 21, 1844. Sold belongings and waited. When the day came became the seventh day adventists.

Macon's Bill #2, 1810

Forbade trade w/ Brit or Fr but would resume with whoever lifted neutral restrictions first. Fr quickly changed policies so the US started trade w/ the m again.

Impressment, early 1800's

Forcible unwilling draft into military service. The Brit navy forced US merchant sailors into service for years preceding the war of 1812 greatly increasing tensions.

Republican Party 1854

Formed after the Kansas Nebraska Act to oppose extension of Slavery. Included former Fre Soil, Know- Nothing, and northern Whigs. First candidate Fremont in 1854. Lincoln first rep elected pres and created the constitutional crisis that caused the civil war.

Free Soil Party 1848

Formed in 1847-48, this party was dedicated to opposing slavery in new territories such as Oregon and the Mexican territory. Its candidate in 1848 was Van Buren. Most members became Reps. Demonstrates growing strength of the movement to keep new territories free.

Alien and Sedition Acts, 1798

Four laws passed by the Federalist Congress and signed by Adams in 1798. The first 3 were enacted in response to the XYZ Affair, and were aimed at French and Irish immigrants, who were considered subversive. The Sedition Act was an attempt to stifle Democratic-Republican opposition, although only 25 people were ever arrested, and only 10 convicted, under the law. The Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions, which initiated the concept of "nullification" of federal laws were written in response to the Acts. Naturalization Act increased the waiting period for an immigrant to become a citizen from 5 to 14 years. Alien Act empowered the president to arrest and deport dangerous aliens. Alien Enemy Act allowed for the arrest and deportation of citizens of countries at war with the US. Sedition Act made it illegal to publish defamatory statements about the federal government or its officials

Treaty of Alliance aka Franco-American Treaty, 1778

France aided the U.S. in the American Revolution, and the U.S. agreed to aid France if the need ever arose. Although France could have used American aid during the French Revolution, the U.S. did not do anything to help. The U.S. did not fulfill their part of the agreement until World War I (see Neutrality Proclamation, 1793).

Franchise Extended, Spoils System. Rotation in Office, 1829-1837

Franchise extended- more people given the right to vote, universal white male suffrage Spoils System- the winner of the election can do what ever with gov' jobs and replace people with supporters Rotation in office- Jackson believed officeholders should be rotated with every election so more people had the opportunity to serve.

Fort McHenry, Francis Scott Key, Star Spangled Banner, 1814

Francis Scott Key saw fort McHenry withstand a naval bombardment through the night. He was inspired to write a poem about the flag still flying in the morning which was latter set to the tune of an old English drinking song.

Lecompton Constitution 1857

Fraudulently elected group of pro-slavery delegates met in Lecompton KA and drafted a state constitution. After bitter debate, Congress denied KA's entry into the union under this constitution.

Huguenots, late 1700s

French Protestants. The Edict of Nantes in 1598 had freed them from persecution in France, but when that was revoked in the late 1700s, hundreds of thousands of Huguenots fled to other countries, including America.

Montesquieu, The Spirit of the Laws, 1748

French philosopher who believed the government should have several branches and also be close to the people and the laws reflect the will of the people. His writings influenced the constitutional convention.

Flecher v Peck 1810

Georgia had issued land grants in a corrupt deal. Another legislature repealed the action because of the corruption. The S.Ct ruled the original contract despite corruption was valid. The first time ruled state law unconstitutional and reaffirmed the sanctity of contracts

Constitution, adopted by Constitutional Convention September 17, 1787; Ratification completed, June 21, 1781

Fundamental document establishing the rules of a society, the US constitution, signed 1787 set forth the form of Americas federal gov't and defines the rights and liberties of the people. Gave more more cohesiveness to the national gov't.

Eleventh Amendment, 1798

Gave states protection from lawsuits from citizens, states, and foreign governments

Battle of Fallen Timbers, 1794

General Antony Wayne gained control of the OH River valley when he defeated the Miami Indians in the Battle of fallen Timbers. The victory ended fighting between natives and whites over settlements in the OH Rivers valley.

Lexington and Concord, April 19, 1774

General Gage, stationed in Boston, was ordered by King George III to arrest Samuel Adams and John Hancock. The British marched on Lexington, where they believed the colonials had a cache of weapons. The colonial militias, warned beforehand by Paul Revere and William Dawes, attempted to block the progress of the troops and were fired on by the British at Lexington. The British continued to Concord, where they believed Adams and Hancock were hiding, and they were again attacked by the colonial militia. As the British retreated to Boston, the colonials continued to shoot at them from behind cover on the sides of the road. This was the start of the Revolutionary War

Stonewall Jackson

General Thomas "Stonewall" Jackson was a Confederate general who led infantry and Lee considered him his "right arm." His nickname came from the Battle of Bull run "there stands Jackson like a stonewall."

Georgia /James Oglethorpe, 1733

Georgia was founded as a buffer between the Carolinas and Spanish-held Florida. It was a military-style colony, but also served as a haven for the poor, criminals, and persecuted Protestants. The founder and governor of the Georgia colony was James Oglethorpe. He ran a tightly disciplined, military—like colony. Slaves, alcohol, and Catholicism were forbidden in his colony. Many colonists felt that Oglethorpe was a dictator and that along with the colonists' dissatisfaction over not being allowed to own slaves caused the colony to break down and Oglethorpe to lose his position as governor.

Amana Community 1843

German pietists set up this community in Iowa in 1855. They wanted to create a socialist society to fulfill Christian ideals. Abandoned communalism in 1932 and continues today, owning and managing 26000 acres of land. Most widely known business to emerge was Amana Refrigeration.

Election of 1872

Grant (R) vs Greeley (Liberal Reps and Dems) Liberal Reps and Dems sought an honest gov. the Dems also chose Greeley. The regular Reps chose Grant. The Reps controlled enough of the black vote to get Grant reelected.

Election of 1868

Grant (R) vs Seymour (D). Bitter campaign bec Dems ran on opposition to Reconstruction and defense of white supremacy. Northern capitalists played a large role in the election. grant couldn't run on either ticket but accepted Rep nomination because thought their policies were more aligned w/ public opinion. Grant's (popular) victory was narrow and only one because of the black vote in the south.

Constitutional Compromises

Great Compromise/Conn Compromise- larger states vs smaller states, settled the issue of representation 3/5ths Compromise- slave trade guaranteed at least 20 years after ratification slaves = 3/5 of a person. Commercial Compromise- Regulate taxes and interstate commerce, could tax imports not exports

Hamilton's Financial Program

Hamilton created the following comprehensive financial program while serving as Washington's Secretary of the Treasury. It included the following provisions. National debt, state debt, foreign debt - The U.S.'s national debt included domestic debt owed to soldiers and others who had not yet been paid for their Revolutionary War services, plus foreign debt to other countries which had helped the U.S. The federal government also assumed all the debts incurred by the states during the war. Hamilton's program paid off these debts. Assumption - Alexander Hamilton wanted the federal govt. to take over the war debts of the states and states' creditors. By doing so, the national govt. quickly increased its national debt while relieving the state govts. of their debts. Hamilton's purpose was to create reputable credit for the new nation and to tie wealthy landowners to the new govt. High tariffs to protect new and developing industries. - The Tariff of 1789 was a tax of about 5% on imports. This was intended to raise revenue for the federal government and it was successful in that. Bank of the United States- This was a bank funded in part by the federal govt. It would be where the majority of the govt's. surplus ewould be stored and it could issue currency acceptable in payment of federal taxes.

Fundamental Orders of Connecticut, 1639

Hartford settlers drew up this first written constitution in American history that established a representative government made up of a legislature elected by popular vote and a governor chosen by the legislature.

Cyrus McCormick/Mechanical Reaper 1834

Harvested crops more efficiently and profitably. One reaper = 5 men with sickles. Farmers could increase acreage and also made corporate farming possible.

Hat Act, 1732

Hats from the colonies couldn't be exported.

Election of 1876

Hayes (R) v Tilden (D). Hayes = former Civil War general, received only 165 votes and Tilden got the popular vote but only 184 of the 185 needed electoral votes. 20 were disputed and an electoral commission decided hayes was the winner. Fraud was suspected.

John Winthrop, 1630

He became the first governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony and served in that capacity from 1630-1649. A Puritan with strong religious beliefs, Winthrop opposed total democracy because he believed the colony was best governed by a small group of skillful leaders. He helped organize the New England Confederation in 1643 and served as its first president. (See "City on a Hill" below)

Charles G Finney 1851

Immensely successful revivalist of the 1800s and helped establish the "Oberlin Theology." Emphasis on "disinterested benevolence" shaped the charitable enterprises of the time.

"Tariff of Abominations"/Tariff of 1828

High protective tariff of 45% passed because NE mills charged the Brit were selling textiles at below market prices to drive them out of business. Southern planters feared the tariff would raise the cost of everything. Opponents of the tariff added even higher duties hoping to make it so unpopular it would be defeated in Congress but their strat failed.

James Madison, "Father of the Constitution"

His proposal to the Constitutional convention became the VA plan. Drafted most of the language in the Constitution, contributor to The Federalist Papers, and wrote the bill of rights.

Utopian Communities 1830s-50s

Hopes of perfection were widespread among evangelical christians. Utopian Communities were attempts by cooperative communities to improve life in the face if industrialization. Practiced social experiments such as sexual equality, racial equality, and socialism.

Paternalism 1800s

Idea that slavery was a set of reciprocal obligations between master and slave. Slaves give labor and master gives care and guidance. Denied exploitation of slavery. Provided some protection against brutality but didn't guarantee good conditions and was used to justify slavery.

George Whitefield

Important in the Great Awakening and a leader of the "new lights," he became a sensation throughout England. In 1738 he made the first of seven visits to America. His preaching tour 1739-1741 was the high point of the great awakening.

Samuel FB Morse, Telegraph, 1844

Improved communications, facilitated business and connected the nation. By 1860 over 50000 mi of wire.

Massachusetts Bay Colony, 1630

In 1629, King Charles gave the Puritans the right to settle and govern a colony in the Massachusetts Bay area. In 1630, about a thousand Puritans led by John Winthrop sailed for Massachusetts, founded Boston, and surrounding towns. The colony established political freedom and a representative government.

Enclosure Movement, 1700s

In England, landowners evicted serfs and rent-paying tenants from the land so they could raise sheep since the wool prices were high; these evicted tenants roamed the countryside with nowhere to go and many came to the Chesapeake colonies as indentured servants.

Franco-British Wars, 1689-1763

In about 80 years the French and Britain fought four major wars to achieve world dominance. They all had a colonial counterpart. King Williams War 1689-1697, Queen Anne's War 1702-1713, King George's War 1744-1748, and the French and Indian War/Seven Years War 1754-1763.

Lincoln's "House Divided" speech 1858

In his acceptance speech paraphrased the bible and continued saying he didn't believe the country could continue as half slave half free. Epitomized the divisive effect of slavery.

Elizabeth Fox-Genovese 1988

In opposition to some other feminist historians said that black women retained loyalty to the slave community instead of identifying more with white women.

Cherokee Indian removal/"Trail of Tears" 1838-1839

In the winter the Cherokee were forced to evacuate their Georgian land and travel under military guard to Oklahoma. Due to exposure and disease about a quarter died and the suffering lead to the term trail of tears.

Monroe Doctrine 1823

Issued by Monroe written by JQ Adams 1) Europe shouldn't interfere with affairs in the Western Hemisphere 2) Any new world colony that gained independence couldn't be recolonized Only England supported and more respect given to Brit navy than US. First major US foreign policy although no major impact until later in the century.

Buchanan and The Secession Crisis Nov. 1860- Mar. 1861

James Buchanan, at the time a lame duck president, did nothing to met the crisis of the Lower South seceding in the interim before Lincoln was inaugurated.

Gadsden Purchase 1853

Jefferson Davis (Peirce's secretary of war) send James Gadsden to offer MX $10 mil for a strip of land in Modern Day AZ and NM. Southerners wanted it for a proposed southern transcontinental RR. Added fuel to sectional debate.

Second Bank of the US, 1816

Jefferson was opposed to the nat bank. The first bank went out of existence when the charter wasn't renewed. The second bank established in 1816 was given more authority and loans were used to finance the American industrial revolution in the period after the war of 1812.

Separation of Powers

John Adam's plan called for three branches: executive, legislative, and judicial. Dispersed authority and checks and balances.

Abigail Adams

John Adam's wife, wrote letters to her husband in the war describing life on the home front. She urged her husband to "Remember the Ladies"

Maize

Known in some English-speaking countries as corn, maize is a large grain plant domesticated by indigenous peoples in Mesoamerica in prehistoric times. Most historians believe maize was domesticated in the Tehuacan Valley in Mexico, and then spread throughout the Americas. European explorers carried maize back to Europe and introduced it to other countries.

Rise of Labor Leaders 1830s

Labor unions became more and more common. Leaders sought unions goal through political action. Goals were reduction of word day universal edu free land for settlers and abolition of monopolies. Result of growth of factories.

South's advantages in the Civil War 1861-65

Land areas with long coasts. Could afford to lose battles. Could export cotton for money. WEre fighting a defensive war. Had the nation's best leaders and most of the existing equipment. Also, thought they could get Brit or Fr to recognize them.

War of Jenkins' Ear, 1739-1743

Land squabble between Britain and Spain over Georgia and trading rights. Took place in the Caribbean and the Florida-Georgia border. Name comes from a British captain whose ear was cut off.

Marriage Portion

Land, livestock, farm equipment, or household goods given as marriage gifts to children by parents in the 18th century. This was to help children start a life of their own and was repaid by children caring for the parents in their old age.

Southern Colonies (econ)

Large plantations using slave labor grew cash crops. Tobacco, rice and indigo.

Revival Meetings

Large scale outdoor religious gatherings. Important for the first great awakening. During these meetings, sinners professed conversions and preachers stirred up faith with fervid sermons.

North's Advantages in the Civil War 1861-65

Larger numbers of troops, superior navy, better transport (esp. RR), overwhelming financial and industrial reserves, and bigger population, all of which eventually outstripped the South's initial advantages.

Yeomen "Plain Folk"

Largest group in the South. Worked small farms (sometimes with slave) to produce their own food such as corn.

Gang Labor System

Less freedom because slaves worded set hours under supervision. Used on large farms and plantations (cotton sugar, and tobacco)

Transcontinental RR, 1862-69

Lincoln signed the Pacific RR Act in 1862, which outlined the plan. Two companies were hired, the Union Pacific and the Central Pacific, completed the line into Promontory, Utah. The RR aided the dev't of the Great Plains and integrate Western territories into the Union.

Election of 1864

Lincoln vs McClellan. The election was a referendum on the war which was clearly going in the Union's favor. Lincoln won 212 electoral votes but the popular vote was much closer. (Lincoln had fired McClellan from his position in the military)

Natural Rights Philosophy / "Social Contract" / John Locke (1632-1704)

Locke was a English political philosopher whose ideas inspired the American revolution. He wrote that all human beings have a right to life, liberty, and property, and that governments exist to protect those rights. Locke rejected the Divine Right theory of monarchy and held that government was based upon an unwritten "social contract" that existed between the rulers and their people. If the government failed to uphold its end of the contract, the people had a right to rebel and institute a new government.

Clipper Ships late 1840s-50s

Long narrow wooden ships with big masts and sails. Fast and used for trade esp. for perishable goods from far away. Capable of avg 300 mi/day, as fast as steam ships.

Charles River Bridge Decision, 1837

Modified Marshall's ruling in the Dartmouth College case of 1819 which said a state couldn't infringe on charters of private organizations. The Charles R Bridge Co. protested when the Warren Bridge Co. was authorized to build a free bridge where they operated. The court ruled that the Charles R company wasn't granted a monopoly right in their charter and the Warren Co could build its bridge. Taney ruled a contract given by a state to a company could be broken to benefit the general welfare of the public. Began legal concept private Co can't hurt general welfare.

Corporations 1830s

Most common for m of businesses were individual ownership or limited partnerships. Dominated by merchant capitalists. Corps created because offered the adv of combining resources of a large number of shareholders. States began changing laws so that corps no longer needed a special act of the state legislature.

Rise of the Lower House, 1600s-1700s

Most of the colonial legislatures had an elected lower house and an upper house appointed by the governor. Over time the lower house gained power because it was the will of the people while the upper house was a figure head.

Unitarianism, 1700s-1800s

Movement that discounted Calvinism (inherent sinfulness) and rejected the trinity. Believed in the oneness of god. Began in America in 1700s with congregational churches. Officially split of in 1852 with the formation of the Unitarian Universalist Association.

Oberlin 1833/Mt. Holyoke 1836

Oberlin founded in Ohio by New England Congregationalist. First coed facility at college and in 1835 first college to enroll blacks. Center of abolitionist activity. Mt. Holyoke in Mass became model for liberal arts for women.

Shay's Rebellion, Winter of 1786-1787

Occurred under the Articles of Confederation, poor indebted landowners in Mass blocked access to courts and prevented the government from arresting or repossessing the property of those in debt. The federal government was to weak to help a sign the Articles of Confederation were ineffective.

Purchase of Alaska 1866

Offered to buy AK from Russ and they were eager to give it up bec had no more fur resources and they expected trouble w/ the Brits/ Called "Seward's Folly" the purchase was made for $7,200,000 and gave the US AK's resources of fish timber oil and gold.

Erie Canal 1825

Opened as a toll waterway connecting NY to the Great Lakes. Construction started in 1817 and its completion linked the NE and NW.

Unicameral

One house assembly with reps elected by the population. Considered efficient and democratic. This was the type of gov't in PA during the revolution.

House of Representatives

One of the 2 parts of Congress, considered the lower house. Elected every two years by the people. Number determined by pop.

"Join or Die" Cartoon, 1754

One of the First American political cartoons, showed a snake cut into pieces representing different colonies with the caption Join or Die. Purpose was to generate support for union and the Albany Plan of Union.

John Smith /John Rolfe

One of the leaders of Jamestown; Smith led the colony through starvation. Fellow settler John Rolfe played a crucial role when he helped start the colony growing tobacco and it became the cash crop of Virginia. Rolfe also married the Indian princess Pocahontas.

Fort Pitt, Fort Duquesne

One of the principle French outposts in the northern OH river valley. In 1754 the French troops destroyed the nearby British fort, Fort Necessity, after Washington and the colonial army surrendered to them. The British rebuilt it as Fort Pitt in 1758.

Metis

One of the recognized Aboriginal peoples in Canada. They trace their descent to mixed First Nations and European heritage. The term was historically the offspring of any such group , but became a distinct group with formal recognition equal to that of the Inuit and First Nations. During the height of the North American fur trade in the 18th and 19th centuries, many British and French Canadian fur traders married First Nations and Inuit women. Therefore, their children, the Metis, were exposed to both the Catholic and indigenous belief systems, thus creating a new distinct aboriginal people in North America

Pilgrims, 1620

One of the first Protestant groups to come to America. They desired separation from the Church of England. In 1620, Pilgrims founded Plymouth, the first permanent community in New England.

King Williams War 1689-1697

Only a few battles occurred in northern New England and none were decisive. The major issue at stake was the fur trade.

Annapolis Convention 1786

Precursor to the Constitutional Convention. A dozen commissioners from NY, NJ, PA, DE, and VA met to discuss reform of interstate commerce regulations, design currency standards and find a way for the federal gov't to repay its debts to veterans. Nothing was accomplished but they agreed to meet again in a year in what would become the Constitutional Convention.

XYZ Affair, Talleyrand (1798)

President John Adams sent commissioners to France to negotiate an end to French seizure of American ships and impressment of American sailors. A diplomatic incident followed in which the American peace commissioners were insulted with bribe demands from their French counterparts, dubbed X,Y, and Z in American newspapers. The incident intensified war fever against France.

Proprietary, Charter, and Royal colonies, 1607-1775

Proprietary colonies were created through a grant of land by the English monarch to a person or group, who then organized a from of government largely independent from the monarch's control. Maryland, the Carolinas, New Jersey, New York, and Pennsylvania were all proprietary colonies. Charter colonies were founded by a government charter granted to a company or a group of people. Virginia and Massachusetts Bay Colony were charter colonies. The British government had some control over charter colonies. Royal colonies were formed by the king, so the government had total control over them and by 1700, the majority of proprietary colonies had become royal colonies.

Presbyterianism

Protestant denomination where elected officials "presbyteries" ran the church rather than the congregation in Congregationalism or bishops in Episcopalianism. Followed Calvinist beliefs and the main difference was governance structure.

Thomas Paine: Common Sense, 1776

Published January 1, encouraged colonies to seek independence. Spoke out against unfair treatment and was instrumental in turning public opinion.

Pueblo Revolt, 1680

Pueblos revolted in the Southwest when Spaniards tried to suppress native religious rituals. The revolt was¶ successful; they captured Santa Fe and drove Spaniards from the region. Spaniards reconquered the Pueblos twelve years later and put down a second revolt in 1696. The consequence of the two revolts was the realization by Spaniards that colonial policies had to be changed to stop ongoing conflict with the Pueblos. They then allowed Pueblos to own land, stopped forced Indian labor, and tolerated native religious rituals.

Prigg v Pennsylvania

S Ct ruled that it was unconstitutional for bounty hunters or anyone but the slave owner to apprehend an escaped slave.

McGuffey's Reader 1836

School books widely used throughout the country in the 19th century. Emphasized morality, the value of work, religious values, and patriotism.

Dred Scott v Sanford 1857

Scott sued because living in free state. Ct ruled that no black person (free or slave) could claim citizen rights. Also congress couldn't prohibit slavery in territories and MO compromise was unconstitutional. Highly controversial and helped lead to the Civil war.

Adam Smith/The Wealth of Nations 1776

Scottish philosopher whose writings created capitalism and attacked mercantilism. Argued invisible market forces and supply and demand determined prices. Profit motive the driver of the economy and the gov't should stay out of the economy.

Writs of Assistance, 1767

Search warrants issued by the British government. They allowed officials to search houses and ships for smuggled goods, and to enlist colonials to help them search. The writs could be used anywhere, anytime, as often as desired. The officials did not need to prove that there was reasonable cause to believe that the person subject to the search had committed a crime or might have possession of contraband (such as smuggled French goods) before getting a writ or searching a house. The writs were protested by the colonies.

Horace Mann 1837

Secretary of the new MAss Board of Edu, created a public school system that became the model for the nation. Started the first american public schools using European schools as a model. Introduced reforms such as mandatory attendance, teacher training, and the elimination of corporal punishment.

Sherman's March to the Sea/"Total War" 1864-65

Sherman's troops marched from Atlanta to SC. His troops lived off the land and cut a sixty mile wide path of destruction. His purpose was to wage total war so towns and plantations were burnt to break the will of the people. One of the first modern instances of total war directed at civilians as well as the military.

Southern Defense of Slavery 1790s-1860s

Shifted from necessary evil to being a good thing. As conflict grew so did instance it was good. Used racism, the bible and historical examples.

Coffin Ships 1840s-50s

Ships brought a huge influx of Irish immigrants. Malnourished Irish and crowded disease ridden quarters = many died. Those who survived = large part of the industrial working class.

Railroads 1820s-30s

Short lines were being built. Most connected water routes. Safety concerns because wrecks common. Compet w/ canals. Secondary in this time period.

Wilmot Proviso 1846

Shortly after the outbreak of the MX-American war, David Wilmot tried to attach a rider to an appropriations bill saying no slavery in territory acquired from MX. Never adopted and south hated Wilmot. Provoked one of the first slavery debates at the federal level. Became the core of the Free Soil and Rep party.

Assassination of Lincoln April 14, 1865

Shot in Ford's theater by John Wilkes Booth days after the end of the Civil War. Shocked the North who blamed the South. It also put Jackson in charge, a worse politician.

King Cotton 1812-1861

Showed the dominance of cotton in the antebellum South. The demand form Britain enriched plantation owners and determined the course of economic and social development. Encouraged western expansion.

Ft. Sumpter 1861

Site of the opening engagement of the Civil War. SC had seceded and demanded all federal prop. be surrendered to state authorities. Major Robert Anderson concentrated his units at Ft. Sumpter, and, when Lincoln took office, Sumpter was one of only 2 forts still under Union control. Learning Lincoln planned to send supplies to the Ft Confederate General Beauregard demanded Anderson's surrender, which was refused. On April 12, 1861, the Confederate Army began bombarding the fort, which surrendered the 14th.

Joint Committee on Reconstruction (Committee of 15)

Six senators and 9 Reps drafted the 14th amndmnt and the Reconstruction acts. Purpose was to set the pace of reconstruction. Most were Radicals.

Ulrich Philips 1918

Slavery = benign where kind masters looked after childlike slaves.

Slavery in West Africa / Trade Slaves, early 1500s

Slavery had existed in West Arica for many centuries, but the majority of slaves were considered members of the society that had enslaved them and many slaves had the right to marry and their children were often free. Within West African slaves, a small group were "trade slaves" who were not seen as members of the society that had enslaved them and who were sold from one Afirican kingdom to another. In the early sixteenth century, European demand for trade slaves changed the nature of slavery in Africa as Afirican princes and warlords sought more and more captives to sell to European traders.

Essex Junto 1814

Small independent faction of prominent educated men but developed into a strong section of the federalist party. Advocated acceptance of the Constitution and Hamilton financial policies Opposed Jeffersonian ideologies and the embargo act which lead to its repeal Opposed the war of 1812 Convened Hartford convention in 1814 which ended up being a bunch of grievances but no serious solution

Visible Saints

The "elect" men and women God had "predestined" for salvation and who were members of the church.

Excise taxes, 1793

The 1789 tax revenue was not enough so taxes were placed on goods and products manufactured within the nation. The excise tax on whiskey helped raise revenue for Hamilton's economic program, but it also brought great controversy and caused the Whiskey Rebellion.

Quebec Act, 1774

The Act, passed by Parliament, alarmed the colonies because it recognized the Roman-Catholic Church in Quebec. Some colonials took it as a sign that Britain was planning to impose Catholicism upon the colonies.

The Alabama 1861-65

The Alabama was a Brit made vessel and fought for the Confederacy, destroying over 61 Northern ships in 22 months. The ship and others like he were the subject of postwar litigation between the US and Brit.

The Treaty of Paris, Benjamin Franklin, John Adams, John Jay, 1783

The American delegates who signed the Treaty of Paris. They made the decision to start negotiations without the french and sign a preliminary treaty in 1782, and the final settlement in 1783.

Gaspée Affair, 1772

The British customs ship Gaspée ran aground off the colonial coast. When the British went ashore for help, colonials boarded the ship and burned it. They were sent to Britain for trial. Colonial outrage led to the widespread formation of Committees of Correspondence

The Stamp Act, 1765

The British law of 1765 that taxed all paper used for colonial documents, such as wills, newspapers, and pamphlets. The Stamp Act was designed simply to raise money for the king and affected nearly everyone, falling hardest on businesses and lawyers. It required that a special stamp be affixed to colonial documents to prove the tax had been paid. Many colonists objected strenuously to the Stamp Act, and protest erupted through the colonies. Parliament rescinded the Stamp Act in 1766 due to economic considerations but followed it with the Declaratory Act, which asserted that Parliament had a right to legislate for the colonies "in all cases whatsoever."

Land Claims and Squabbles in North America

The Brits controlled the east coast and the french had Canada and the OH River Valley region. The last of the Franco-British wars (The French and Indian War) began over the OH River Valley

The Frame of Government, 1701

The Charter of Liberties set up the government for the Pennsylvania colony. It established representative government and allowed counties to from their own colonies.

Atlantic Seaboard

The East Coast of the United States is the easternmost coast of the United States along the Atlantic Ocean. Twelve of the original thirteen colonies lay in this area. It is primarily bounded on the east by the Ocean and on the west by the Appalachian Mountains.

Chesapeake, 1600s-1700s

The English colonies and later states of Maryland and Virginia, on the Chesapeake Bay.

First Continental Congress, May 1774

The First Continental Congress met to discuss their concerns over the Intolerable Acts: Parliament's dissolutions of the New York (for refusing to pay to quarter troops), Massachusetts (for the Boston Tea Party), and Virginia Assemblies. They took the following actions: Rejected the Galloway Plan which was a proposal to create an American parliament appointed by colonial legislatures. Stated grievances against the crown called the Declaration of Rights that demanded all oppressive legislation passed since 1763 be repealed. Approved the Suffolk Resolves ( originally passed and adopted by Suffolk county, Massachusetts). The resolves nullified the Coercive Acts, closed royal courts, ordered taxes to be paid to colonial governments instead of the royal government, and prepared local militias. Created the Continental Association to enforce a new non-importation agreement through Committees of Vigilance. Agreed the Congress would meet again in the spring of 1775

Great Plains

The Great Plains is the broad expanse of flat land, much of it covered in prairie, steppe and grassland, that lies west of the Mississippi River and east of the Rocky Mountains in the United States and Canada.

Andrew Johnson's Impeachment 1868

The House of Reps voted for impeachment (or bringing charges against a public official). Johnson was impeached but saved from conviction by 1 vote.

Growth of industry in NE/textiles early 1800s

The Industrial Revolution had occurred in Brit but not until after War of 1812 that the US began. NE emerged as manu center because more river and better TI. First industry was textiles.

Voting granted to church members, 1631,

The Massachusetts general court passed an act to limit voting rights to church members. This was a prime example of the influence welded by the Puritan church on the political leadership of the colony.

Maysville Road Veto, 1830

The Maysville Road Bill proposed to build a road in KY at federal expense. Jackson vetoed because he didn't like Clay and Van Buren pointed out that NY and PA used state money. Jackson applied strict interp by saying that the fed gov couldn't pay for internal improvements.

Treaty of Greenville, 1795

The Miami Indians signed this treaty with the US after The Battle of Fallen Timbers,. The tribe relinquished control of the NW territory in return for the federal governments recognition of sovereignty over land that remainder under their control. Marked first time the new federal government recognized Native's sovereignty.

Barbary pirates 1801

The name given to renegade countries on N African coast who demanded tribute to stop piracy. Paid until 1801 then Jefferson stopped and fought the Barbary/Tripolitan war wars. War = inconclusive and went back to paying tribute.

Virtual representation

The notion propounded by the British Parliament in the eighteenth century that the House of Commons represented all British subjects, wherever they lived and regardless of whether they had directly voted for their representatives. Prime Minister George Greenville used this idea to argue that the Stamp Act (1765) and other parliamentary taxes on colonists did not constitute taxation without representation.

Newburgh Conspiracy, December 1782-March 1783

The officers of the Continental army had gone a long tie without pay and met in Newburgh NY to address Congress about their pay. However , the government had little money. They considered staging a coup but the plotting ceased when Washington refused to support the plan.

Mulatto, 1700s-1800s

The offspring of whites and blacks. Relationships between white male slave masters and black female slaves often produced mulatto children in the eighteenth and nineteenth century South.

Senate

The other house of Congress, the upper house.Senators originally appointed by the state legislatures but now elected but the people. Each state has two and elected every six years.

Iroquois Confederation 1750s-60s

The other primary power in North America. There was a fragile balance of power between them. All three wanted control of the OH river valley which started the French and Indian War. The Iroquois sided with the British.

Treaty of Tordesillas, 1494

The treaty by which the Pope in 1493 drew a line down the map of the world to divide the New World between Spain and Portugal. Spain received the lands west of the line; Portugal received lands to the east. The line of demarcation north to south through the Atlantic Ocean . . . . crossing the tip of Brazil.

Bering Land Bridge, 33,000-8000 BC

The piece of land now under water that connected Asia with North America exposed many thousands of years ago during a global ice age. The bridge enabled nomadic hunters and gathers to make their way into the previously uninhabited continent of North America. These settlers were the ancestors of the American Indians.

New York City Draft Riots, July 11-13, 1863

The poor were drafted disproportionately, and in NYC they rioted killing at least 73 people. Irish blamed blacks for the war and the Irish lead riots. Homes and businesses of free blacks were burned and a number were lynched. City was only brought to order when five regiments were sent there. Demonstrated racial and social tensions in the North over the war.

Anglicization (anglicisation)

The process of converting anything to more "English" norms, particularly as it related to Anglicizing the British Colonies in the New World.

Apportionment

The process of dividing up the number of seats in the House of Reps done based on the census every 10 years.

Indian Removal 1820's-1830's/Indian Removal Act of 1830

The process of forcibly removing natives from their land and moving them west of the Mississippi (Oklahoma). Largely under Jackson's leadership.

Internal Improvements 1820s

The program for building roads, canals, bridges, and railroads in and between states. Constitutional dispute over fed gov build,

Independent Treasury Act 1840

The purpose was to keep the gov out of banikng issues. Vaults were to be constructed in cities to collect and expand gov funds in gold and silver. Proposed after nat bank was destroyed to maintain gov funds w/ min risk. Harrison opposed and repealed in 1841.

French Revolution, 1789

The second great democratic revolution, taking place in the 1790s, after the American Revolution had been proven to be a success. The French people overthrew the king and his government, and then instituted a series of unsuccessful democratic governments until Napoleon took over, as dictator in 1799. The United States did nothing to aid either side. The Democratic-Republicans were sympathetic toward the French Revolution while the Federalists saw it as rampant radicalism. This becomes another issue that divides the Federalists and Democratic-Republicans

Atlantic World

The society created by political, cultural, and economic exchanges between people in Europe, Africa , and the Americas during the colonial period. In recent years, historians have emphasized the importance of trans-Atlantic connections in understanding colonial societies.

State Suicide Theory

The southern states relinquished rights when they seceded. Used to justify taking mil control of the South. Written by Sumner.

Worcester v Georgia 1832

The supreme court ruled that indians weren't independent nations but domestic ones that could be regulated by the fed gov't. Expanded tribal authority by declaring them sovereign entities like states with exclusive authority within their boundaries. Jackson and the state of GA ignored the ruling and the Cherokee were removed any way.

Solid South 1865-1960

The tendency of Southern states to vote overwhelmingly for Dems after the Civil War until the 1960s, when opposition to Dem civil rights measures prompted them to switch to the Reps.

Columbian Exchange, 1492 onward

The transatlantic exchange of goods, peoples, and ideas that began when Columbus arrived in the Caribbean, ending the age-old separation of the hemispheres. (See Columbian Exchange sheet for additional specifics)

Paul Revere, William Dawes

They rode through the countryside warning local militias of the approach of the British troops prior to the Battles of Lexington and Concord, although Revere was detained by the British shortly after setting out, and never completed his portion of the planned ride. Thanks to the advance warning, the militias were able to take the British by surprise.

Interchangeable parts 1799-1800

Whitney dev't a manu system standardized parts that could be interchanged. Before, if a single thing broke the whole device had to be replaced.Originally for muskets.

"Great Triumvirate" 1830'2-1850'2

Three leaders of the Whig party who had a substantial number of followers. Clay, Webster and Calhoun. Never had a leader who could command the loyalty of the party the way Jackson did the democrats.

Conversion

When God infused a soul with grace, the person was "born again" and knew salvation was at hand.

Leisler's Rebellion, 1689

When King James II was dethroned and replaced by King William and Mary of the Netherlands, the colonists of New York rebelled and made Jacob Leisler, a militia officer, governor of New York. Leisler was hanged for treason when royal authority was reinstated in 1691, but the representative assembly that he founded remained part of the government of New York.

Missouri: Tallmadge amendment, Thomas Amendment, 1819

When MO applied for statehood there was dispute over as a slave or free state. Power in senate evenly divided. 1) Tallmadge amendment: forbid new slaves in MO and gradual emancipation of the pop already there 2) Thomas amendment: MO admitted as slave state but no slave states above 36 30 latitude in the LA purchase. Neither put into effect but showed emerging sectionalism over slavery

1828 Nullification Crisis/South Carolina Exposition and Protest, 1828

When faced with the Tariff of 1828, Calhoun presented a theory in the SC exposition and protest that tariffs could be declared void by individual states and they could refuse to enforce them. SC called a convention and the revised tariff became the Tariff of 1832 which was lowered to 35% and passed an ordinance forbidding collection of duties in the state. Protested a lot by Jackson.

Second BUS 1816-1836

When the first bank's charter expired prices and inflation rose leading to the call for another nat'l bank. This lead to the second BUS which existed until Andrew Jackson vetoed recharter.

Valley Forge, 1777-78

Where the Continental Army camped during the winter of 1777-78 after the defeats at Brandywine and Germantown. The Army suffered casualties due to cold and disease. The site was chosen because it allowed him to defend the Continental Congress, meeting in York, PA.

The Great Awakening 1730s-1740s

Widespread religious revival that stressed faith and personal choice. Characterized by large open-air meetings where itinerant preachers who gave emotional sermons. Sometimes called the 1rst Great Awakening so its not confused with the second one 1820s-1830s.

James Wilkinson, 1806 (Burr Conspiracy)

Wilkinson had been an officer in the army and had some other positions. One of the Commissioners to receive the LA purchase from the French and served as governor of LA. Informed Jefferson of Burr's conspiracy to take over LA and the primary witness against Burr at the trial even though he was implicated in the plot.

William Penn

William Penn was a Quaker who founded the colony of Pennsylvania to provide refuge to Quakers and other persecuted people, to promote liberal ideas and to make profit. He himself came to the colony to supervise its building.

Holy Experiment

William Penn's term for the government of Pennsylvania, which was supposed to serve everyone and provide freedom for all.

Rhode Island, Roger Williams, 1631

Williams, a respected Puritan minister; believed an individual's conscience was beyond control of any civil or church authority. William was banished from the Massachusetts Bay Colony and then founded Providence and Rhode Island that allowed complete religious freedom.

Rhode Island, Roger Williams, 1631

Williams, a respected Puritan minister; believed an individual's conscience was beyond control of any civil or church authority. William was banished fi'0IIl the Massachusetts Bay Colony and then founded Providence and Rhode Island that allowed complete religious freedom.