apwh chapter 31 multiple choice

Self-Strengthening Movement

(1860-1895) government reform program, leaders of it sought to blend Chinese cultural values with European industrial technology

the People's Will

A faction of Land and Freedom that assassinated Tsar Alexander II

The Ottoman military had declined by the nineteenth century because

All these answers are correct

serfdom

Bondage of peasant workers to the land they worked on under fuedalism, condition of bondage or modified slavery

The Russian empire was defeated in the Crimean War because

Britain and France joined forces to prevent Russian expansion into the Ottoman empire

Janissaries

Elite Ottoman soldiers in decline, protested the sultan's military reforms but were massacred in 1826 for their protests

Which of the following was NOT a provision of the Treaty of Nanjing in 1842?

Japan gained control of the island of Taiwan

the Diet

Japan's bicameral legislature composed of a lower house, called the House of Representatives, and an upper house, called the House of Councillors

Balkan Nationalism

Movements to create independent states and reunite ethnic groups in the Balkans; provoked crises within the European alliance system and caused turmoil in the Ottoman Empire

Treaty of ___________ in 1842 provided that Britain gained control of the island of Hong Kong, British merchants gained the right to conduct the opium trade unimpeded, Chinese ports were open to foreign trade and residence, and Christian missionaries were permitted to come into China.

Nanjing

The Taiping rebellion was defeated when

Nanjing was defeated by a combined force of imperial and European soldiers.

Which of the Young Turk proposals caused the most dissension in the empire?

Turkish as the official language

Which of the Young Turk proposals caused the most dissension in the empire?

Turkish as the official language of the empire

The most significant achievement of Sultan Mahmud II was the

creation of a modern army

The success of the Meiji restoration depended on destroying the power of the __________ and ___________ classes.

daimyo, samurai

zemstovs

government created elected district assemblies created to deal with local issues of health, education, and wefare in the wake of serf emancipation but remained subordinate to Tsarist authority

Kang and Liang

leading figures of the Hundred Days of Reforms movement of 1898 who published a series of treatises reinterpreting Confucian thought in a way that justified radical changes in the imperial system

In China, a _____________ ______ ______________ was a district in which a foreign power had exclusive trade, transportation, and mineral rights.

sphere of influence

The success of the Meiji restoration depended on destroying the power of

the daimyo and samurai classes

Cixi

(1835-1908) Chinese Empress Dowager, a former imperial concubine who established herself as an effective ruler in the last 50 years of the Qing dynasty

Opium War

(1839-1842) war that began when enraged British commerical agents pressed their government into a military retaliation designed to reopen the opium trade; ended with a humilating victory over China

Tanzimat

(1839-1876) "reorganization" era when reform increased rapidly, drew inspiration from Enlighenment targeted army, educational, legal reforms; attacked Ottoman law, wanted capitulations lifted and Ottoman sovereignty restored, safeguard rights; legal reform undermined ulama, increased state power; religious equality; large educational reforms

Crimean War

(1853-1856) military conflict that arose when Russia tried to exert power over Ottomans to take over their Balkan provinces threatening to upset the balance of power in Europe leading to interference by a coalition including Britain, France, kingdom of Sardinia, and Ottoman Empire that revealed Russia's weak military when they suffered humiliating defeats causing them to begin Russian restructuring

Treaty of Nanjing

1842 treaty following the Opium War which ceded Hong Kong Islands in perpetuity to Britian, opened five Chinese ports to commerce and residence, compelled the Wong government to extend most favored-nation status to Britian, granted extraterritoriality to British subjects

Open Door Policy

A policy proposed by the US in 1899, under which all nations would have equal opportunities to trade in China

The emancipation of Russian serfs in 1861

All these answers are correct

Which of the following could be considered a contributing cause of the Russian revoltution of 1905?

All these answers are correct

Matthew Perry

American commander who arrived in Japan in 1853 with a naval squadron, guns pointed at Edo and demanded a treaty for diplomatic and commercial relations and to sign a treaty of friendship

By 1913, all of the following provinces gained either independence or autonomy from Ottoman control EXCEPT

Anatolia

By 1913, all of the following provinces gained either independence or autonomy from Ottoman control EXCEPT: Anatolia, Egypt, Greece, or Serbia

Anatolia

Qing Dynasty

Chinese dynasty created when the Manchu's overthrew the Ming dynasty

1911 Rebellion

Chinese rebellion that forced the last Qing emperor forced to abdicate his throne in 1912

Russo-Japanese War

Clashes when expanding eastward led to this conflict, began in 1904 with a Japanese surprise attack on a Russian naval squad and ended in 1905 with destruction of the Russian navy

The Tokugawa shogunate was overthrown because the Japanese were outraged by the unequal treaty forced on them by __________ ___________.

Commodore Perry

The Russian empire was defeated in the ____________ _________ because Britain and France joined forces to prevent Russian expansion into the Ottoman empire.

Crimean War

Young Ottomans

Group calling for individual freedom, local autonomy, politcal descentralization, establishment of constitutional government

Bloody Sunday

Massacre of a group of workers who marched on the tsar's winter palace in St. Petersburg to petition Nicholas for a popularly elected assembly

The __________ military had declined by the nineteenth century because the Janissary corps was more interested in palace intrigues than in military training, the Janissaries resisted all efforts to modernize the army, many provincial rulers had private mercenary armies, and this empire's forces carried outmoded equipment.

Ottoman

Young Turks

Party founed in Paris in 1889 by exiled Ottomans, promoted reform, used newspapers to spread message; wanted universal suffrage, equality before law, freedom of religion, free public education, secularization of the state, emancipation of women

Fukuzawa Yukichi

Prominent Meiji-era traveler who was a member of the Japanese mission to the US, traveled Europe, reported observations in a series of popular publications; studied foreign constitutions and legal systems, argued strongly for equality before law in Japan

Mehmed V Rashid

Puppet sultan established after a coup inspired by the Young Turks forced Abdul Maid to restore the constitution and dethroned him

Land and Freedom Party

Radical political party that in 1876 began promoting assassination of prominent officials as a means to pressure the government into political reforms and assassinated Tsar Alexander II in 1881 after several other attempts

Trans-Siberian Railway

Railroad created by Witte linking the Russian Empire and stimulating the development of industries, opened Siberia to large-scale settlement, exploitation, and industrialization

Taiping Rebellion

Rebellion that took Nanjing as the capital of their "Great Peace" Kingdom but was stopped by the Qing government

Duma

Russia's first parliamentary instituion created by the Tsar to stop revolutionary activity but did not stop revolutionary unrest

Causes of the _________ revolution of 1905 include the lack of a representative legislative body, the defeat of Russia in the Russo-Japanese War, the Bloody Sunday massacre, and the government's failure to address the inequities of land ownership.

Russian

Mizuno Tadakuni

Shogun's chief advisor who initiated measures so stem growing social and economic decline and to shore up the Tokugawa government from 1841-1843, strong opposition drove him from office

cohongs

Specialy licensed Chinese firms which bought and sold goods at set prices and operated under strict regulations established by the Chinese government

The __________ rebellion was defeated when Nanjing was defeated by a combined force of imperial and European soldiers.

Taiping

Which of the following was NOT a provision of the Meiji constitution?

The lower classes were represented in the lower chamber of the Diet.

Whose policy of industrialization included construction of the trans-Siberian railroad, banking reform to encourage domestic savings and investment, protective tariffs to support emerging Russian industries, and promotion of foreign investment in Russian industry?

Witte

polyglot

a person who speaks more than one language

unequal treaties

a series of treaties following the Opium War which curtailed China's sovereignty

capitulations

agreements that exempted European visitors from Ottoman law and provided European powers with extraterritoriality dating back to the 16th century

pogroms

anti-Jewish protests that caused many Jews to flee Russia

spheres of influence

areas carved by foreign powers throughout China by 1898, in these areas these foreign powers were granted exclusive rights to railway and mineral development by the Wing government in these areas, only their distrust of each other prevented them from destroying China

The ____________ were humiliating concessions to the west that held European citizens exempt from Ottoman laws and taxes.

capitulations

The ____________ of Russian serfs in 1861 was achieved at the tsar's insistence, was intended to avert a revolution, brought freedom but few political rights for the peasants, and did not significantly increase agricultural production.

emancipation

The "capitulations" were humiliating concessions to the west that

held European citizens exempt from Ottoman laws and taxes

Lin Zexu

incorruptible commissioner assigned to halt opium trade by the Chinese government in 1839, destroyed some 20,000 chests of opium ignighting a war with Britain

The Russian ___________ promoted terrorism as a strategy for political reform because their attempts at more peaceful reform were crushed by the tsarist authorities.

intelligentsia

The British insisted on their right to trade opium with China because

it was the only trade good that they could sell in China at a profit

The capital for the early industrialization of Meiji Japan came primarily from _________ taxes.

land

The capital for the early industrialization of Meiji Japan came primarily from

land taxes

Which of the following was NOT part of Witte's policy of industrialization?

nationalization of key industries such as coal and steel

The British insisted on their right to trade _________ with China because it was the only trade good that they could sell in China at a profit.

opium

The Tokugawa shogunate was overthrown because

the Japanese were outraged by the unequal treaty forced on them by Commodore Perry.

The Russian intelligentsia promoted terrorism as a strategy for political reform because

their attempts at more peaceful reform were crushed by the tsarist authorities

Ito Hirobumi

traveled to Great Britain, France, Germany, and the United States to study their government systems. Helped with the development of the Meiji Constitution.

the Boxer Rebellion

violent anti-foreign movement supported by Cixi that went on a rampage thru out N. China killing foreigners in 1899, but thinking weapons could not harm them were crushed by heavily armed foreign troop; sparked other rebellions, increased foreign influence in China, after she died last Qing emperor forced to abdicate his throne in 1912 after revolution broke out autumn 1911

At the end of the nineteenth century, the Ottoman empire, Russian empire, Qing dynasty, and Tokugawa Japan were "societies at crossroads" because they discovered through wars and confrontations that they were militarily much __________ than the western powers.

weaker

Tanzimat legal reforms included all of the following rights EXCEPT

women's right to sue for divorce

Treaty of Kanagawa

(?) 1854 treaty between Japan and the US. Japan agreed to open two ports to American ships

Guangzhou

(?) city in China that was the only port that Europeans could trade through

Alexander III

(?) son of Alexander II who was czar of Russia (1845-1894)

Meiji Restoration

(?) the political program that followed the destruction of the Tokugawa Shogunate in 1868, in which a collection of young leaders set Japan on the path of centralization, industrialization, and imperialism.

Selim III

(r. 1789-1807) Ottoman sultan who continued reform efforts, program to model army along the lines of European threatening the Janissaries and causing revolt that killed him

Muhammad Ali

(r. 1805-1848) Ottoman General who ruled Egypt; built a powerful army modeled on European forces, drafted peasants to serve in his infantry and hired French and Italian officers to train his troops; launched industrialization movement; invaded Syria and Anatolia threatening the Ottomans

Madmud II

(r. 1808-1839) Ottoman sultan who instituted military reforms sparking protest among Janissaries whom he massacred in 1826; reformed military to be like European armies, tried to transfer power from traditional elites to the sultan and his cabinet by taxing rural land, abolishing land grants, undermining the ulama; established European-style ministries, built roads an telegraph lines, formed a postal service

Alexander II

(r. 1855-1881) Russian Tsar most famous for empanipating the serfs after signing the treaty of Paris ending the Crimean War, assassinated by the Land and Freedom Party

Abdul Hamid II

(r. 1876-1909) Ottoman sultan installed by radical bureaucratic Ottomans in a coup, instituted a constitution only to repeal it, exile liberals, rule autocratically to "rescue" the Empire; oversaw formation of police force, educational reforms, economic development, railroad construction

Nicholas II

(r. 1894-1917) Tsar who took the throne after Alexander II's assassination, a weak ruler who used expansionist ventures to delfect attention fro domestic issues and neutralize revolutionary movements

The most significant achievement of Sultan ___________ was the creation of a modern army.

Mahmud II

Provisions of the _________ constitution included: Japan became a constitutional monarchy, the right to vote was based on property qualifications, The emperor could disregard the recommendations of the Diet, and Individual rights were affirmed but made secondary to the needs of the state.

Meiji

Hundred Days Reforms

Reform movement of 1898 led by Kang and Laing, wanted to turn China into a modern industrial power and caused young and open-minded Emperor Guangxu who launched a sweeping reform program

Taiping Program

Reform program established by village school teacher Hong Xiuquan containing many radical features that appealed to discontented subjects, including abolition of private property, creation of communal wealth to be shared according to needed, prohibition of foot-binding and concubinage, free public education, simplification of written language, literacy for the mases, decreed equality of the sexes

___________ legal reforms included equality before the law for all subjects , public trial in civil courts, and the right to privacy.

Tanzimat

At the end of the nineteenth century, the Ottoman empire, Russian empire, Qing dynasty, and Tokugawa Japan were "societies at crossroads" because they

discovered through wars and confrontations that they were military much weaker than the western powers

In China, a "sphere of influence" was a

district in which a foreign power had exclusive trade, transportation, and mineral rights.

Sergei Witte

prime mover behind Russian industrialization, minister of finance from 1892-1903; implemented policies designed to stimulate economic development and created the ambitious Trans-Siberian Railway