APWH Unit 3-4 FINAL

The painting above by the Italian artist Agostino Brunias of the "Linen Market" on the island of Dominca, Caribbean in the mid-eighteenth century supports which of the following conclusions about the new connections between the Eastern and Western hemispheres?

African, American, and European peoples mixed in the emerging Atlantic cultural system

The map above shows what significant fifteenth century exploration development?

Chinese naval voyages undertaken to enhance the prestige of the Ming Dynasty

"Snow is white, and lies in dikes, and every man lets it lie. Pepper is black, and has a good smack, and every man doth buys it." --Richard Hill, Commonplace Book, ca 1520 C.E. "Snow is white, and lies in dikes, and every man lets it lie. Pepper is black, and has a good smack, and every man doth buys it." --Richard Hill, Commonplace Book, ca 1520 C.E. The poem above reflects which of the following economic transformations were taking place in England by the sixteenth century?

English people's demand led their merchants to seek a steady supply of spices from Asia

The engraving above by the European artist Jan Collaert the Younger from 1599 best exemplifies which of the following historical processes?

European cartographic and navigation technologies that made transoceanic travel possible

Source: Decree on Serfs (Russia, 1767) "The Governing Senate. . . has deemed it necessary to make known that the landlords' serfs and peasants . . . owe their landlords proper submission and absolute obedience in all matters, according to the laws that have been enacted from time immemorial by the autocratic forefathers of Her Imperial Majesty and which have not been repealed, and which provide that all persons who dare to incite serfs and peasants to disobey their landlords shall be arrested and taken to the nearest government office, there to be punished forthwith as disturbers of the public tranquillity, according to the laws and without leniency." The Decree above most likely references the "forefathers of Her Imperial Majesty" to:

Give legitimacy to the decree being issued

This engraving by a German artist depicts a Ming Dynasty currency called a "tael" that was produced with metals acquired from newly opened Spanish colonial mines. The engraving best illustrates which of the following features of 18th century economic trade?

Global circulation of silver

The image above entitled "The Portuguese Armada" by an unknown Portuguese artist from 1507 illustrates innovations in ship design that allowed Portugal to participate in and disrupt which of the following regional trade networks through the creation of a trading post empire?

Indian Ocean routes

This image of Mughal Emperor Akbar greeting the young poet Abdul Rahim during the late sixteenth century is most comparable to which of the following methods used by rulers to legitimize their rule?

Patronage by European monarchs who sponsored court literature and Renaissance art

The map above BEST explains which of the following about global interaction in the transition from the fifteenth to the sixteenth centuries?

Previously established regional trading networks in the Indian Ocean were connected in new ways to emerging Eurasian markets

The "Monument of the Discoveries" designed for the 1940 World's Fair in Lisbon, Portugal shown in the picture above uses monumental architecture to reflect national pride in

Prince Henry's school of navigation that led to increased travel and trade in Africa.

The portrait above of Louis Francois Roger Armand Gatereau, a French newspaper editor, on the island of Saint Dominique would best be used by a historian to demonstrate which of the following changes caused by global interactions during the latter eighteenth century?

Restructuring of gender and racial relationships in elite society

The inhabitants are very rich, especially the strangers who have settled in the country; so much so that the current king has given two of his daughters in marriage to two brothers, both businessmen, on account of their wealth. There are many wells containing sweet water in Timbuktu; and in addition, when the Niger is in flood canals deliver the water to the city. Grain and animals are abundant, so that the consumption of milk and butter is considerable. But salt is in very short supply because it is carried here from Tegaza, some 500 miles from Timbuktu. I happened to be in this city at a time when a load of salt sold for eighty ducats. The king has a rich treasure of coins and gold ingots. One of these ingots weighs 970 pounds...Instead of coined money, pure gold nuggets are used; and for small purchases, cowrie shells which have been carried from Persia, and of which 400 equal a ducat. Six and two-thirds of their ducats equal one Roman gold ounce. Leo Africanus: Description of Timbuktu, 1526 The passage above indicates that:

Salt is a rare and precious commodity

Which of the following Western Hemisphere commodities allowed the above empire to participate in a global network of trade that linked Europe, the Americas, and China by the late 16th century?

Silver

Which of the following was most responsible for the growth of the above empire during the 15th-16th centuries?

Superior gunpowder technology

Which of the following historical cultural developments was a direct consequence of the trade networks seen in the map above?

Syncretic religions of the Caribbean

"We have been Kirishitans [Christians] for many years. But the more we learn of the Kirishitan doctrines the greater becomes our conviction that they are evil. We hereby present a statement in writing to you, worshipful Magistrate, as a testimony. Hereafter we shall not harbor any thought of the Kirishitan in our heart. [...] If any falsehood be noted in our declaration now or in the future, we shall be subject to divine punishment by Bonten, Taishaku, the four deva kings, the great or little gods in all the sixty or more provinces of Japan, especially our own family gods." In the above passage, the authors most likely are giving testimony because:

The Japanese government has cracked down on foreign influences in Japan

Which of the following about Afro-Eurasian trade is supported by the map above?

The Ottoman Empire continued to play a major role in trade between East and West.

Most High and Mighty Sovereigns, In the first place, as regards the Island of Espanola: Inasmuch as the number of colonists who desire to go thither amounts to two thousand, owing to the land being safer and better for farming and trading, and because it will serve as a place to which they can return and from which they can carry on trade with the neighboring islands: 1. That in the said island there shall be founded three or four towns, situated in the most convenient places. . . 2. That for the better and more speedy colonization of the said island, no one shall have liberty to collect gold in it except those who have taken out colonists' papers...4.That there shall be a church, and parish priests or friars to administer the sacraments, to perform divine worship, and for the conversion of the Indians. 5. That none of the colonists shall go to seek gold without a license from the governor... of the town where he lives; and that he must first take oath to return to the place whence he sets out, for the purpose of registering faithfully all the gold he may have found. . . to render account and show the quantity of said gold... 6. That all the gold thus brought in shall be smelted immediately, and stamped with some mark that shall distinguish each town; and that the portion which belongs to your Highnesses shall be weighed, and given and consigned to each governor in his own town. . . so that it shall not pass through the hands of only one person. . . and there shall he no opportunity to conceal the truth. 7. That all gold that may be found without the mark of one of the said towns in the possession of any one who has once registered in accordance with the above order shall be taken as forfeited, and that the accuser shall have one portion of it and your Highnesses the other... Columbus' Letter to the King and Queen of Spain, 1494 The passage from Columbus above suggests which of the following?

The Spanish were interested in the new world for its bullion

The image 18th c. above represents which of the following concepts?

The emergence of new racial and ethnic classifications in Latin America.

The map of Africa above best explains which of the following developments in African history?

The growth of coerced labor through chattel slavery

"Snow is white, and lies in dikes, and every man lets it lie. Pepper is black, and has a good smack, and every man doth buys it." --Richard Hill, Commonplace Book, ca 1520 C.E. "Snow is white, and lies in dikes, and every man lets it lie. Pepper is black, and has a good smack, and every man doth buys it." --Richard Hill, Commonplace Book, ca 1520 C.E. Which interpretation of the chart above would reflect the growing demand for sugar production in the Americas after 1450CE?

The larger percentage of Africans in Brazil

The products described in the networks depicted on this map illustrate which of the following features of mid-eighteenth century North Atlantic trade?

The links between Eastern and Western hemispheres in the Columbian Exchange

Chushingura, otherwise known as The Revenge of the 47 Samurai or The Tale of the 47 Ronin, tells the true story of the vendetta carried out in 1703 by 47 Ronin (masterless samurai). Upon finding that their master, in breach of the rule of the shogun, had been condemned to commit seppuku [ritual suicide] for drawing his sword in anger inside the palace, they exacted their revenge. Subsequently, they too committed seppuku. As there had been peace in Japan for almost a hundred years, this event captured the imagination of the populace to whom the samurai code of loyalty and resolute action seemed almost forgotten. The story, Chushingura, became widely popular and was performed in Kabuki Theaters over the next two hundred years. Because of the ban on the dramatization of current events that involved the nobility, the theatrical version was set in the 14th century with a change of names, and the location moving from Edo to Kamakura. From this description of the Kabuki play Chushingura it can be inferred that:

The play demonstrates the vibrancy of arts and leisure in the city of Edo

"The entire country will soon be in the hands of your master, Lord Ieyasu. Ifthis is so, the men who served him will no doubt hope to become daimyo byhis appointment. You should know that if such feelings arise, they are inevitably the beginning of the end of one's fortunes in the Way of the Warrior. Being affected by the avarice for office and rank, or wanting to become a daimyo and being eager for such things ... will not one then begin to value his life? And how can a man commit acts of martial valor if he values his life? A man who has been born into the house of a warrior and yet places no loyalty in his heart and thinks only of the fortune of his position will be flattering on the surface and construct schemes in his heart, will forsake righteousness and not reflect on his shame, and will stain thewarrior's name of his household to later generations. This is truly regrettable." -Torii Mototada (1539-1600) "Because of some business, Morooka Hikoemon was called upon to swear before the gods concerning the truth of a certain matter. But he said, 'A samurai's word is harder than metal. Since I have impressed this fact upon myself, what more can the gods and Buddhas do?' and the swearing was cancelled. It is bad when one thing becomes two. One should not look for anything else in the Way of the Samurai. It is the same for anything that is called a Way. Therefore, it is inconsistent to hear something of the Way of Confucius or the Way of the Buddha, and say that this is the Way of the Samurai. If one understands things in this manner, he should be able to hear about all says and be more and more in accord with his own. A person who is said to be proficient at the arts is like a fool. Because of his foolishness in concerning himself with just one thing, he thinks of nothing else and thus becomes proficient. He is a worthless person. -Tsunetomo Yamamoto (1659-1719) Comparing the two passages about the samurai shows that:

The position of samurai declined during the Tokugawa rule of Shogun Japan (1603-1867)

This road, known as the Tokaido , is the busiest thoroughfare in all of Japan. It is used not only by merchants and local villagers, but also by many pilgrims making the long trip from their homes in Edo to the most important temples and shrines in western Japan...The Shogun -- the military leader who rules Japan -- does his best to ensure that free travel is maintained throughout the country. However, although even the poorest peasant is allowed to travel about the country freely, all of the main roads in and out of Edo are guarded by seki (barriers), where guards stop all travelers to search for troublemakers and check everyone for weapons...All travelers who pass through a seki are stopped and questioned in detail by the commander of the guards. This way, the guards are able to collect a great deal of information which helps the government maintain its firm control over the country...The guards at the seki carefully check people for swords or other weapons. The only people who are allowed to enter Edo with weapons are samurai and a few others who have special permission to wear a sword... Adapted from the writings of Furukawa Kosho, 1750s. The image and passage above about the seki indicate that:

There was a strict class system imposed by the Shogun, seen in different rules for different classes, even including sumptuary laws

"We have been Kirishitans [Christians] for many years. But the more we learn of the Kirishitan doctrines the greater becomes our conviction that they are evil. We hereby present a statement in writing to you, worshipful Magistrate, as a testimony. Hereafter we shall not harbor any thought of the Kirishitan in our heart. [...] If any falsehood be noted in our declaration now or in the future, we shall be subject to divine punishment by Bonten, Taishaku, the four deva kings, the great or little gods in all the sixty or more provinces of Japan, especially our own family gods." The authors likely reference the "four deva kings" and "family gods" because:

They wish to emphasize that they have returned to more acceptable forms of worship

The image above depicting England's King Charles I from the late seventeenth century best exemplifies which of the following processes of establishing political authority?

Use of religious ideas such as a divine right to rule to legitimize a monarch's authority

She will endeavor to reform the administration of justice and to invigorate the laws; but her policies will be based on Machiavellianism; and I should not be surprised if in this field she rivals the king of Prussia. She will adopt the prejudices of her entourage regarding the superiority of her power and will endeavor to win respect not by the sincerity and probity [integrity] of her actions but also by an ostentatious display of her strength. Haughty as she is, she will stubbornly pursue her undertakings and will rarely retrace a false step. Cunning and falsity appear to be vices in her character; woe to him who puts too much trust in her. ~French diplomat writing home about Catherine the Great, 18th Century The tone of the diplomat's letter is:

Warning

Source: Ogier Chiselin be Busbecq, Ambassador from the Holy Roman Empire to the Ottoman Sultan, in a letter to the government of the Holy Roman Empire, 1555. "It is the patience, self-denial and thrift of the Turkish soldier that enable him to face the most trying circumstances and come safely out of the dangers that surround him. What a contrast to our men! Christian soldiers on a campaign refuse to put up with their ordinary food and call for thrushes [...] and suchlike dainty dishes! [...] It makes me shudder to think of what the result of a struggle between such different systems must be; one of us must prevail and the other be destroyed, at any rate we cannot both exist in safety." The author of the above passage is writing for the purpose of:

Warning his home country about a foreign nation

Source A: "...ascertaining the truth, which is the noblest aim of the human intellect. Therefore we associate at convenient seasons with learned men of all religions, thus deriving profit from their exquisite discourses and exalted aspirations." --Mughal Emperor Akbar, letter to Spanish Emperor Philip II, 1582 Source B: "His Majesty, eager to establish Islam, issued orders to the governors of all the provinces to demolish the schools and temples of the infidels, and, with the utmost urgency, put down the teaching and the public practice of the religion of these unbelievers." -- Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb, Temples Edict, April 9, 1669 Source A: "...ascertaining the truth, which is the noblest aim of the human intellect. Therefore we associate at convenient seasons with learned men of all religions, thus deriving profit from their exquisite discourses and exalted aspirations." --Mughal Emperor Akbar, letter to Spanish Emperor Philip II, 1582 Source B: "His Majesty, eager to establish Islam, issued orders to the governors of all the provinces to demolish the schools and temples of the infidels, and, with the utmost urgency, put down the teaching and the public practice of the religion of these unbelievers." -- Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb, Temples Edict, April 9, 1669 Based on these two sources, a historian could conclude that the Mughal Empire by the mid-seventeenth century had

forced strict Islamic sharia law on non-Muslims

This image by English engraver Edward Matthew Ward that depicts investors in the early eighteenth century "South Seas Company" of London could BEST be used by a historian as evidence of

how mercantilist joint-stock companies contributed to the formation of new economic elites as entrepreneurs rose to prominence in urban port cities

The chart to the right was used to determine

social privilege and rights based on race in Spanish America.

"The Imperial Ming Dynasty unifying seas and continents, surpassing the three dynasties even goes beyond the Han and Tang dynasties. The countries beyond the horizon and from the ends of the earth have all become subjects and to the most western of the western or the most northern of the northern countries, however far they may be, the distance and the routes may be calculated. Thus the barbarians from beyond the seas, though their countries are truly distant have come to audience bearing precious objects and presents. The Emperor, approving of their loyalty and sincerity, has ordered us, Zheng He, and others at the head of several tens of thousands of officers and flag-troops to ascend more than one hundred large ships to go and confer presents on them in order to make manifest the transforming power of the imperial virtue and to treat distant people with kindness." --Inscription on the Temple of the Celestial Goddess in Fujian, China, 1431 "The Imperial Ming Dynasty unifying seas and continents, surpassing the three dynasties even goes beyond the Han and Tang dynasties. The countries beyond the horizon and from the ends of the earth have all become subjects and to the most western of the western or the most northern of the northern countries, however far they may be, the distance and the routes may be calculated. Thus the barbarians from beyond the seas, though their countries are truly distant have come to audience bearing precious objects and presents. The Emperor, approving of their loyalty and sincerity, has ordered us, Zheng He, and others at the head of several tens of thousands of officers and flag-troops to ascend more than one hundred large ships to go and confer presents on them in order to make manifest the transforming power of the imperial virtue and to treat distant people with kindness." --Inscription on the Temple of the Celestial Goddess in Fujian, China, 1431

to enhance the prestige of the Chinese state