AQR set 1

Ceiling function

In mathematics and computer science, the floor and ceiling functions map a real number to the largest previous or the smallest following integer, respectively. More precisely, floor(x) = is the largest integer less than or equal to x and ceiling(x) = is the smallest integer greater than or equal to x.

Cycle

A series of events that happen over and over again.

APY

APY refers to how much money you earn on a deposit over a year, taking into account compounding interest. For example, if you put $1,000 into an account for one year at 1.0% non-compounding, or simple interest, you will have $1,010 at the end of the year. The APY is 1.0%—the same as the interest rate.

absolute value function

An absolute value function is a function that contains an algebraic expression within absolute value symbols. Recall that the absolute value of a number is its distance from on the number line. The absolute value parent function, written as f ( x ) = | x | , is defined as.

APR

An annual percentage rate (APR) is the annual rate charged for borrowing or earned through an investment, and is expressed as a percentage that represents the actual yearly cost of funds over the term of a loan.

appreciate [ finance]

Appreciation is an increase in the value of an asset over time. The increase can occur for a number of reasons, including increased demand or weakening supply, or as a result of changes in inflation or interest rates. This is the opposite of depreciation, which is a decrease over time.

base-ten system

Base 10 is also called the decimal system or denary system. In base 10, each digit in a position of a number can have an integer value ranging from 0 to 9 (10 possibilities). The places or positions of the numbers are based on powers of ten (e.g., hundredths, tenths, tens, hundreds, thousands).

Cubic functions

Cubic Functions. A cubic function is one in the form f ( x ) = a x 3 + b x 2 + c x + d . ... The function of the coefficient in the general equation is to make the graph "wider" or "skinnier", or to reflect it (if negative): The constant in the equation is the -intercept of the graph.

Common ratio

For a geometric sequence or geometric series, the common ratio is the ratio of a term to the previous term. This ratio is usually indicated by the variable r. Example: The geometric series 3, 6, 12, 24, 48, . . . has common ratio r = 2.

categorical variable

places an individual into one of several groups or categories

binary

relating to, using, or expressed in a system of numerical notation that has 2 rather than 10 as a base.

amplitude

the angle between the real axis of an Argand diagram and a vector representing a complex number.

Combinatorics

the branch of mathematics dealing with combinations of objects belonging to a finite set in accordance with certain constraints, such as those of graph theory.

bearing

the direction or position of something, or the direction of movement, relative to a fixed point. It is typically measured in degrees, usually with magnetic north as zero.

Concavity

the state or quality of being concave

bin (of a histogram)

to construct a histogram, the first step is to "bin" the range of values—that is, divide the entire range of values into a series of intervals—and then count how many values fall into each interval. The bins are usually specified as consecutive, non-overlapping intervals of a variable.

Causation

A cause and effect relationship in which one variable controls the changes in another variable.

Census

A complete enumeration of a population.

Circle graph

A data display that uses pieces of a circle to show parts of a whole

arithmetic average

In mathematics and statistics, the arithmetic mean ( /ˌærɪθˈmɛtɪk ˈmiːn/, stress on third syllable of "arithmetic"), or simply the mean or average when the context is clear, is the sum of a collection of numbers divided by the number of numbers in the collection.[1] The collection is often a set of results of an experiment, or a set of results from a survey. The term "arithmetic mean" is preferred in some contexts in mathematics and statistics because it helps distinguish it from other means, such as the geometric mean and the harmonic mean.

arithmetic mean

In mathematics and statistics, the arithmetic mean ( /ˌærɪθˈmɛtɪk ˈmiːn/, stress on third syllable of "arithmetic"), or simply the mean or average when the context is clear, is the sum of a collection of numbers divided by the number of numbers in the collection.[1] The collection is often a set of results of an experiment, or a set of results from a survey. The term "arithmetic mean" is preferred in some contexts in mathematics and statistics because it helps distinguish it from other means, such as the geometric mean and the harmonic mean.

Constant function

In mathematics, a constant function is a function whose (output) value is the same for every input value. For example, the function is a constant function because the value of is 4 regardless of the input value

arithmetic sequence

In mathematics, an arithmetic progression (AP) or arithmetic sequence is a sequence of numbers such that the difference between the consecutive terms is constant. For instance, the sequence 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, . . . is an arithmetic progression with common difference of 2.

antipodal points

In mathematics, the antipodal point of a point on the surface of a sphere is the point which is diametrically opposite to it — so situated that a line drawn from the one to the other passes through the center of the sphere and forms a true diameter. This term applies to opposite points on a circle or any n-sphere.

Counting numbers

Natural numbers

Cluster sample

Obtained by selecting all individuals within a randomly selected collection or group of individuals

Class of histogram

Placing the limits of the class intervals midway between two numbers (e.g., 49.5) ensures that every score will fall in an interval rather than on the boundary between intervals. In a histogram, the class frequencies are represented by bars. The height of each bar corresponds to its class frequency.

Complement of an event

Probability: Complement. Complement of an Event: All outcomes that are NOT the event. So the Complement of an event is all the other outcomes (not the ones we want). And together the Event and its Complement make all possible outcomes.

bit

The bit (a portmanteau of binary digit)[1] is a basic unit of information used in computing and digital communications. A binary digit can have only one of two values, and may be physically represented with a two-state device. These state values are most commonly represented as either a 0or1.

box plot

The box plot (a.k.a. box and whisker diagram) is a standardized way of displaying the distribution of data based on the five number summary: minimum, first quartile, median, third quartile, and maximum.

Common difference

The difference between the successive terms of an arithmetic sequence

basis [finance]

The term basis has many meanings in finance. One definition is that basis is the variation between the spot price of a deliverable commodity and the relative price of the futures contract for the same actual that has the shortest duration until maturity.

box-and-whisker plot

To create a box-and-whisker plot, we start by ordering our data (that is, putting the values) in numerical order, if they aren't ordered already. Then we find the median of our data. The median divides the data into two halves.

Case

Two important statistical terms are "population" and "sample." A population is the set of all the possible objects or units which might have been included in the collection. The root of the word "population" refers to people, and often one works with data frames in which the cases are indeed individual people.

bias [statistics]

Types. A statistic is biased if it is calculated in such a way that it is systematically different from the population parameter being estimated. The following lists some types of biases, which can overlap. Selection bias involves individuals being more likely to be selected for study than others, biasing the sample.

bar graph

a diagram in which the numerical values of variables are represented by the height or length of lines or rectangles of equal width.

annuity

a fixed sum of money paid to someone each year, typically for the rest of their life.

byte

a group of binary digits or bits (usually eight) operated on as a unit. a byte considered as a unit of memory size.

Combination

a grouping of items in which order does not matter

common logarithm

a logarithm with base 10

Correlation

a mutual relationship or connection between two or more things.

Correlation coefficient

a number between −1 and +1 calculated so as to represent the linear dependence of two variables or sets of data.

arithmetic progression

a sequence of numbers in which each differs from the preceding by a constant quantity (e.g., 3, 6, 9, 12, etc.; 9, 7, 5, 3, etc.).

Circular function

another term for trigonometric function.

bar chart

bar graph

convenience sample

convenience sample is one of the main types of non-probability sampling methods. A convenience sample is made up of people who are easy to reach. Consider the following example. A pollster interviews shoppers at a local mall.