Aquatic Science Unit 10
How do fish farms cause pollution?
Pollution created by the fish farm, such as fish waste, is being passed on to water systems or land; by providing a higher number of fish; Pollution entering the farm is being passed on to fish.
What are some problems of fish farms?
Pollution; They offer a solution for only fish that can cope with overcrowded conditions; Disease spreads rapidly within the crowded conditions.
What is the leading cause of sickness and death around the world? Why? Select all that apply.
The leading cause of sickness and death on a global scale is diarrhea; This is due to a lack of clean sanitation facilities, as well as a lack of safe drinking water and available water for hygienic purposes.
In the last 100 years, how has the rate of water used increased compared to population growth?
The rate at which water use has increased is one fourth as much as the rate of the population increase(?)
What are some consequences of dams?
The water that flows downstream erodes away the banks; It can trigger earthquakes; It can displace people and animals.
What type of geological damage can dams cause?
They may cause the surface to cave in at its location; It can trigger earthquake; Large dams might have even changed the speed of earth's rotation and the tilt of its axis slightly.
What are hydropower plants?
They use water to generate electricity.
What is transboundary aquifer and how can it create a problem?
This means that nations share one aquifer, which can cause disputes over water usage and the rights to that water.
What is the largest hydroelectric powerplant in the world, and how many people did it displace?
Three Gorges Dam; over one million people
What government agency oversees freshwater fisheries?
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
Describe kinetic and potential energy as it relates to dams.
Water flowing through the pipes of the hydropower plant is called kinetic energy because it is on the move; Water while stored in the dam has potential or stored energy.
What predictions have been made about water to occur by the year 2025?
Water withdrawals will increase by 50% in developing countries and 18% in already developed countries; Almost two billion people will be living in regions with absolute water scarcity and up to two-thirds of the world's population may or may not be living under stressful conditions due to scarcity.
Why is water scarcity linked to poverty?
Without water, people cannot grow food, drink, cook, and maintain basic sanitation measures.
port
a harbor where ships can stop to load and unload their goods
What is the definition of a hatchery?
a place where fish are bred
What is the broadest definition of a fishery?
a place where fish are caught
What is the definition of a fish farm?
a place where fish are raised and caught
What is sewage sludge?
a product of wastewater treatment that is solid and highly toxic
harbor
a sheltered part of a coastline that allows ships to dock population to a dangerous level
projection
a special type of prediction where the number that is reached is based on certain assumptions
dam
a structure that keeps water from flowing
water scarcity
an imbalance in both the availability and demand of clean, freshwater
Define pathogens.
bacteria, viruses, protozoa, and parasitic worms that cause disease
Why is dredging an important process in harbors and ports?
because ships need to have waters that are deep enough to dock
What are some sources of nonpoint sources pollution?
chemicals that are added to roadways, such as salt and deicing agents, water that contains oil, gas, feces; pesticides, herbicides, and fertilizers ✓oil and gas leakage from jet skis, boats, and other personal watercrafts
Describe what happens in the transformer in a dam.
converts the AC made and turns it into the high-voltage electricity that powers a house
What is the number one threat to aquatic ecosystems?
cultural eutrophication
A prediction or projection is only as good as the ___________ you use.
data
What is hydroelectricity?
electricity generated through water
hydroelectricity
electricity generated through water
cultural eutrophication
eutrophication caused by humans
Describe what happens in the turbine in a dam.
fan like blades rotate as water enters with pressure
Why are sediments in ports normally contaminated?
from rivers that may have entered the water ✓from the oil and diesel of the ships
Describe the intake process in a dam.
gates hold back the water and when open, gravity pulls water though a pipe or penstock leading to a turbine
Describe what happens in the generator in a dam.
giant magnets and copper coil turn moving electrons creating AC
Define biodegradable.
has the ability to be broken down by living organisms
Define thermal pollutants.
hot wastewater from industrial processes
What is the definition of overfishing?
is the effect that occurs when a large amount of fish are harvested, or caught, and there are not enough fish left to replenish the stock
What is the maximum sustainable yield?
is the largest fish harvest that can be taken without reducing the population to a dangerous level
What is the Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Reauthorization Act?
law passed in 2006 to prevent overfishing
Define heavy metals.
lead, mercury, arsenic, and cadmium
What are some sources of point-sources pollution?
leaking septic tanks ✓ landfills that are not lined ✓ wastewater that is discharged into streams directly from industries
How many people do not have access to clean water?
more than one out of six
Which is harder to regulate: non-point source or point source pollution? Why?
non point-source pollution as the exact source of the pollution cannot be identified
How tall is a large dam?
over 45 feet
What are some organisms that can be harvested in fisheries?
oysters and shellfish; clams, lobsters, crabs
Define organic materials.
pesticides, fertilizers, detergents, gas, oil, and plastics
What is water scarcity?
refers to an imbalance in both the availability and demand of clean, freshwater
A dam creates a large ____________ or pool of water
reservoir
Define inorganic materials.
salts, acids, bases, and industrial chemicals from both point and nonpoint sources
Water scarcity most often refers to a(n) ___________ of water.
shortage
Define suspended solids.
soil and other particles floating in water
What are the three requirement that must be met in order to allow dredge?
testing must be done to make sure the dredged materials will not harm the environment in which it is placed; an analysis must be done of all the reasonable methods and places for disposing of dredged material; there must be a demonstrated need for dredging
► biodegradable
the ability to be broken down by living organisms
Describe what happens in the power lines.
the electricity is transferred from the hydropower plant to the outside world
aquaculture
the growing and harvesting of both freshwater and saltwater aquatic species, such as aquatic plants, algae, and animals
What is aquaculture?
the growing and harvesting of both freshwater or saltwater aquatic species, such as aquatic plants, algae, and animals
maximum sustainable yield
the largest fish harvest that can be taken without reducing the population to a dangerous level
Where does water scarcity come from?
the pollution of ground and surface water; conflicts between regions and countries that share the same water source
Define eutrophication.
the process of excess nutrients entering an aquatic ecosystem, causing excess plant and algae growth
eutrophication
the process of excess nutrients entering an aquatic ecosystem, causing excess plant and algae growth
Define cultural eutrophication.
the process of excess nutrients entering an aquatic ecosystem, causing excess plant and algae growth but that are the result of human activities
bioremediation
the process of using living organisms to remove contaminants from soil or water
Scientists analyze chemical compound in sewage for several reasons, some important ones being ____.
to see what types of drugs are bring used by a community and in what quantities ✓ based on the data collected, preventative methods for drug use can be implemented
point-source pollution
water pollution that can be attributed to a single source
Define point source pollution.
water pollution that can be attributed to a single source, or point
nonpoint-source pollution
water pollution that comes from many different sources
Define non-point source pollution.
water pollution that comes from many different sources and is difficult to attribute to an exact source
Define wastewater.
water that contains the waste from homes and industries
wastewater
water that contains the waste from homes and industries
Describe what happens with the outflow.
water used is returned to river by tailraces
overfishing
when a large amount of fish are harvested and there are not enough fish left to replenish the stock
What are water conflicts?
when two or more countries, regions, or tribes use and fight over the same water source
Hydropower plants create electricity for an estimated ________% of the world's population.
17
How much human waste enters our freshwater supply every day?
2 million tons
How much liquid freshwater does earth contain (volume)?
2,551,000 cubic miles of water
How much usable freshwater does earth contain (volume)?
22,339 cubic miles of of water
What is the volume of water on earth?
332,500,000 cubic miles of water
How much of the earth's wetlands have been lost and why is that important? Select all that apply.
50%; They filter pollutants out of the water supply.
What percentage of freshwater is currently being used by people?
54%
What percentage of freshwater is currently being used for irrigation purposes? Why?
70%, because it helps humans grow food
What percentage of freshwater is currently being used for sanitation purposes?
8%
The population of the earth is expected to reach _______ in the year 2100.
9.3 billion
What example(s) can you provide in which conflict arose due to shared water resources?
90 people were killed in 2005 when herders accused farmers of diverting the river water to their farms and depriving the herder's cattle of water downstream; 116 people were killed in Pakistan when two tribes fought over irrigation rights.
What is a dam?
A dam is a structure that keeps water from flowing. Generally, dams are built across rivers for several reasons, the main reason being to provide humans with electricity.
What is the difference between a port and a harbor?
A harbor is a sheltered part of a coastline that allows ships to dock; A port is where ships stop to dock.
What is the difference between a prediction and a projection?
A projection is a special type of prediction where the number that is reached (the prediction) is based on certain assumptions; Predictions are educated guesses that have a broader generalization and must be based on past data.
What is the equation that decides if a species of fish is being overfished?
B/Bmsy*100= the percentage of the fish population
Name and describe the types of fishing that occur in wild fisheries.
Commercial fishing occurs when fish are caught and sold for profit; Subsistence fishing is a type of fishing that occurs for the survival or the preservation of cultural practices; Recreational fishing is done as a hobby or for sport.
What is the difference between eutrophication and cultural eutrophication?
Eutrophication is the process of excess nutrients entering an aquatic ecosystem, causing excess plant and algae growth by natural reasons. Cultural eutrophication is eutrophication caused by humans.
Which type of water is more difficult to clean up, surface water or groundwater? Why?
Groundwater, because if the substrate becomes contaminated as well it also pollutes the clean water that infiltrates the aquifer.
What is the difference between a prediction and a hypothesis?
Hypotheses are educated guesses made for a specific experiment; Predictions are educated guesses about the outcome of certain events based on past data.
What are some creative solutions for dealing with sewage sludge?
If enough of the toxins are removed from the sludge, it could be used as fertilizer. ✓If enough toxins are removed from sludge, they could be combined with clay to make building bricks.
What example(s) can you provide in which water has been threatened or destroyed over conflict?
In 2000, French workers polluted a water supply when they were denied benefits; In 2008, the Taliban threatened to blow up the main water supply in Afghanistan as an act of war.
What is a port?
Is a harbor where ships can stop to load and unload their goods
What are some problems associated with sewage sludge?
It must be treated as hazardous waste and is often incinerated or burned. ✓It is solid and highly toxic; Getting rid of this sewage sludge can be very expensive.
What are some benefits of dams?
It provides relatively cheap and reliable electricity; It does not produce carbon dioxide as a waste; The lake or reservoir formed from the dam can be used in creating electricity and can also be used for recreational activities.
Why is the release of methane from hydroelectric power plants dangerous?
Methane can trap more than 23 times the amount of heat than carbon dioxide can, meaning that it doesn't take nearly as much to have an impact on the environment.
What government agency oversees saltwater fisheries?
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administratio
What is a benefit of fish farms?
Overfishing is not a problem because it is easy to control the breeding and harvesting of fish on fish farms.
