Architecture (2/3)

First gathering of the CIAM Modernist architects and designers Switzerland, 1928

What is the downfall of the Modernist movement at end of WWI? All had separate visions, fell apart, for all intensive purposes, at second WW

Melnikov House Konstantine Melnikov Moscow, Russia 1927

cylinder with pointed windows at different heights; debacle over his private house -- Communist Russia means no private property but built anyway thanks to political connections

Walter Gropius

founded the Bauhaus in 1919 and moved school to Dessau in 1925; left Bauhaus in 1928 and fled to Britain in 1934; emigrated to US in 1937 and taught at Harvard Graduate School of Design

Cathedral of Lights Albert Speer Nuremberg, 1934

grandiose setting -- many lights and perception that power and greatness is limitless and reaches the sky

Worker's Club Ilya Golosov 1927-1928

meeting building for the workers unions; Glass cylinder inserted in stone frame-work, nothing is symmetrical, flat viewing garden on top of cylinder (schematic idea of column)

Monument to the Third International Vladimir Tatlin 1919-1920

model inspired by the eiffel tower with a swirling design; three internal volumes with different rotational rates, one for congress, another for leaders of congress, last for communication

Casa de Fascio Giuseppe Terragni Como, 1932-36

ongoing acceptance of modernism over time

Palace of the Soviets Boris Iofan Moscow, 1927

perspective drawing; statue of Lenin on top - leader of revolution; Classical elements, some Egypt, Greece, Rome

Palace of Soviets Le Corbusier Moscow, 1931

project model; Large arching forms, whole building is like megaphone; by 1930, Russia is already rejecting Modernist ideas, not communist enough

Column Naum Gabo 1923

reimagine the most basic elements of architecture (does it have to be round and stone, etc.); radical new ideas that were never built

Zonnestraal Sanatorium Johannes Duiker and Bernard Bijvoet Netherlands, 1926-26

the hospital is a machine; place for curing TB, emphasis on open-air treatment

Dalnoky-Kovats Villa Farkas Molnar Budapest, 1932

"Bauhaus in Budapest"

Pennsylvania Savings Fund Society Howe & Lescaze Pennsylvania 1929-32

"First international Modernist skyscraper in US"; Small shops on ground floor with banking room above, rental in the tower; bands of ribbon windows, no historical references; super-graphics; air-conditioned rental space; dropped ceiling of acoustical tile on metal frame

Casa Bloc Jose Sert, Joan Subirana, Josep Clave Barcelona, 1932-36

A fragment of the redent housing pattern invented by Corbusier

Stockholm Exhibition Building Erik Asplund Stockholm, 1930

Abrupt break from library

Church of St Francis of Assisi Oscar Niemeyer Pamulha, 1934

All expressionist - parabolic arches as roofs, blue tile work - Portuguese design (Brazil once territory of Portugal; long time to accept this church, Catholic church didn't accept it for a while; curvilinear lines are important part of Brazilian design

Niemeyer House Oscar Niemeyer Rio de Janeiro, 1953

Ameba-like designs; focus on curves - very important in his designs; very advanced modern architecture in compared to world

Hoover Factory Wallis Gilbert and Partners London, 1935

Art Deco in England -- chevron, bright colors, etc.

Karl Marx Hof Karl Ehn Vienna, 1927

Attempt at large scale, public housing, strong communist government in Vienna; near a train, transit available; strong from on front, wrap-around a garden

Barnsdall House Frank Lloyd Wright Los Angelas, 1916-21

Back to Monumental private homes; detail imagery is influenced by Native American and Latin American design -- Mayan and central/southern American design: steep, pitched roofs, long terraces; Dual axis plan; Chair: moving away linear forms, evolving panels and spires, unequal dimensions

Ministry of Education Oscar Niemeyer Rio de Janeiro, 1936-45

Brise soleils - sun shade to let light in but not full power of the sun; flat, undecorated faces; roof terraces, decoration thing; rationalist - prismatic rectangular block

Lincoln Memorial Henry Bacon Washington DC, 1911-22

Civic Architecture very Beaux Arts -- garlands, doric column capitals, etc.

Tribune Tower Competition Bruno Taut, Eliel Saarinen, Walter Gropius Chicago, 1922

Competition entries; Taut had large focus on glass; Saarinen as runner up in competition, Scandinavian approach, verticality, classical interpretation, set back pattern; Gropius with clear geometry, random elements of balconies, concrete trays

Pavilion Suissie Le Corbusier Paris, 1930-31

Corbusier's five point design are all evident

Empire State Building Shreve, Lamb and Harmon New York, 1931

Empire state building overtakes Chrysler as tallest for decades; shift from art deco to Art Moderne (post-stock crash) -- stripping away of decoration, angular, subdued, same idea from base to top; dirigible docking station at top - precursor to helipad - too windy; form of the building with rays coming down

Narkomfin Apartment Building Moisei Ginzburg Moscow, 1928-29

Epitome of constructivist architecture - pilotis, see all the way through, built in such a way that it couldn't be subdivided - establish a certain level of living, staggered form on interior

Lovell Beach House Rudolph Schindler Newport Beach, 1922-26

European architect seeking career in America; beach house - lots of windows towards the coast, open air spaces, sit and enjoy areas, high elevation - maximize view and light; reinforced concrete trusses

"The International Style" Henry-Russel Hitchcock Jr and Philip Johnson Book and Exhibition, 1932

First text book in America that established modernism; looking primarily at European designs - not really international; Rationalists "Style" is always reinventing itself - a total reinvention, movement of architecture

Olivetti Showroom Carlo Scarpa Venice, 1957-58

Floating staircase, abstract tile forms, gallery setting

Penguin Pool Berthold Lubetkin and Tecton London, 1934

Full scale rejection of modernism in Russia and rise of Nazis in Germany - all connections to anything Nazis oppose needed to emigrate; England resisted modernism as well; Lubetkin emigrated Russian; ramps made of reinforced concrete

International Exposition Albert Speer, Boris Iofan Paris, 1937

German Pavilion at left (Speer) and Russian at right (Iofan); Fighting over future of Europe in Second World War

House of Tomorrow George Fred Keck Chicago, 1933

Glassed in elements, industrial metal railings

Rockefeller Center Raymond Hood New York, 1933

Hood moving from Chicago to NYC; stripped down, scale of city important - city with in city; Radio City Music Hall -- much less decorated, no terra cotta, simple geometric arcs (like sunburst); Edward Durrell Stone, principal building architect; Donald Deskey, interior design; Ruth Reeves, textiles; Ezra Weiner, muralist

House of Diego Rivera and Frida Kahlo Juan O'Gorman Mexico, 1931-32

House of Rivera (muralist); small scale factory building looking - lot of glass, cube shapes

Fiat Factory Giacomo Trucco Turin, 1916-1923

Important principle - move their way up the building, give a spin, and out! Like great ship, directly coping ideas of American industrialism (26 x 26 modules)

Project for an industrial City Tony Garnier 1917

Integration of housing (duplexes) and industry, not a lot of space for cars

Shirokiya Department store Kikuji Ishimoto & Bunzo Yamaguchi Tokyo 1928-31

Ishimoto was student at Bauhaus- spreading through world; similar to Chicago Department stores - form follows function; display on bottom, offices higher up

Falling Water Frank Lloyd Wright Bear Run, 1936-39

Kaufmann: wealthy businessman, department store, son worked with FLW, had waterfall and wanted house with best view of waterfall; FLW instead places house right on top of waterfall; Three sets of materials -- stone, reinforced concrete treys - pinwheel effect - cantilever, glass; Wright integrates landscape more than other architects - set into more than just placed upon; concrete treys mimic the waterfall's geology and stacked stones mimic surrounding woods; don't just drive up to the house - drive around it -- procession through; interior also mimics the surrounding, interior vs. exterior is ambiguous; open, high primitive form of hearth, informal, open boulders were existing and just built around

Weissenhofseidlung Exhibition Bauhaus Architects Stuttgart, 1927

Large scale housing complex - industrial architects and designs are used for residential areas

Stockholm Public Library Erik Asplund Stockholm, 1920-28

Looking back at some architecture that reminds of classical forms (like Palladio)

Araberdorf postcard propaganda 1926

Mocking Bauhaus, specifically Weissenhofseidlung Exhibition - discredit modernism

Pioneers of the Modernist Movement Nikolas Pevsner 1936

Modernism becomes a movement; focuses include William Morris to Walter Gropius

Pentagon George Bergstrom Washington DC, 1941

Modernism helps to reduce the "need" for excessive designs, etc.; largest office building in the world; double loaded corridors, no ambiguity in design per part, easily defendable

Van Nelle Factory Johannes Brinkman, Cornelis van der Vlugt, and Mart Stam Rotterdam, 1926-29

Modernist factory with three separate buildings for three separate operations, unified by a common refectory

Open Air School Johannes Duiker Amsterdam, 1929-30

Modernist principles of factory and sanatorium design incorporated into scientific school design

Lovell Health House Richard Neutra Hollywood, 1927-29

Multiple levels utilize more use on hill; first house to use steel frame; open spaces but still privacy to allow for exercising naked

Walter Gropius House Gropius and Marcel Breuer Lincoln, MA, 1938

Not like colonial revival of area; ribbon windows, industrial, ship railings, wooden cladding (tribute to New England designs), glass block

Ca Brutta Giovani Muzio Milan, 1920-22

Novecentro -- rejecting modernism: some classical elements but ironically some modern as well

Peace Memorial and Museum Kenzo Tange Hiroshima, 1949-55

Once war is over, need for memorials, etc. Classical ideas postwar: rejection of classical ideas that brought about world war - embrace modernism; pilotis, glass metal; arch central piece; skeletal architecture echoes the survival of the building

Johnson Wax Administration Center Frank Lloyd Wright Wisconsin, 1936-39

One of Wright's largest projects demonstrated his creative struggle between the craftsman's desire to design every aspect of a structure and the effort to work with modern technology; reinventing the American office; more open - not narrow atrium of Buffalo bldg; reinforced concrete mushroom columns - skylights in between gives lili pads appearance which brought criticism and he responded with engineering lesson; not fixed furniture as before in the Buffalo bldg

Bata Tower Vladimir Karfik Czech Republic, 1938

One of the first high-rise buildings in Europe -- concrete frame, brick cladding; manager's office moved from department to department by elevator

Chicago Tribune Tower John Mead Howells & Raymond Hood Chicago, 1922-25

Open competition (anyone could submit entry) to design the most beautiful building ever; skyscrapers, structured on steel girders and equipped with high-speed elevators, remain America's most important contribution to architecture. Most high-rise projects designed at the beginning of the 1920s still relied on some form of historicist detail to accentuate verticality; Gothic revival is chosen as "most beautiful;" pinnacles, flying buttresses, pointed arches are all only for show; steel frame with terra cotta and cast stone (crushed stone almost like concrete that could be sculpted) - lightweight that is also quite impervious to water permeation

Weissenhofseidlung Exhibition Apartment Ludwig Mies Van Der Rohe Stuttgart, 1927

Open terrace garden, ribbon windows without sills, stripped down blank walls, ship railings

Hadassah Hospital Erich Mendelsohn Jerusalem, 1934-39

Palestine under British control

Dymaxion House R. Buckminster Fuller 1927

Prefabricated houses made of aluminum to deliver on site by dirigible; idea failed because crash of Hindenburg

Nebraska State Capital Bertram Goodhue Lincoln, 1921-32

Reinterpretation of capital, ground level and tower combination

Essex House Hotel Henry Hohauser Miami, 1938

Rounded corners, neon, basic shapes, lip over windows, futuristic ways

Bauhaus Walter Gropius Dessau, 1925

School for building - collection of earlier designs -- bring German designs forward with new designs Making buildings, day-to-day production: working collectively - in workshop, into construction Difficult time, socialists wanting the best outcome for the most amount of people Pinwheel plan - all building functions connected PILOTIS - raises building off the ground level - allows light and air, in this case, traffic - exemplifies no longer need of load-bearing masonry

Berlin Philharmonic Center Hans Scharoun Germany, 1956-63

Schraoun barely hung through war, bring ideas together in post-war philharmonic concert hall; complex, modular design - many seating areas, very different from standard; new materials, new forms, organic element; not balanced, symmetrical, axial - very much in motion; such an influential design b/c seem commonplace

Schocken Department Store Erich Mendelsohn Stuttgart, 1927-28

Similar to Ishimoto; Einstein tower - scientific to industrial buildings; street corridor

River Rouge Plant, Ford Co Albert Khan Michigan, 1917-25

Single story factories - everything happening under one roof; the more glass, the better

Walter Dodge House Irving Gill Hollywood, 1914-16

Southwest, adobe-like design; at least as advanced as Adolf Loos

Reconstruction of Le Havre Auguste Perret France, 1945-55

Spire inside perferaded con

High Point 1 Flats Berthold Lubetkin and Tecton London, 1933-35

Strip down ribbon windows, blank walls, bracket-like balconies, carefully drawn plan

Palace of Italian Civilization Giovanni Guerrini Rome, 1937-42

Stripped down cubic form of Classicism -- mass up of Coliseum and Villa Sa vua

Tugendhat House Ludwig Mies Van Der Rohe Czech Republic, 1928-30

Structural columns are chrome - new industrial elements, use of fine materials as alternative to extraneous materials; roof terrace, view exercised to advantage

Broadacre City Frank Lloyd Wright Project, 1934

Suburban view - houses on individual lots; less densely settle design than Europe designs

Chrysler Building William Van Allen New York, 1928-130

Tallest building in the world when built - in competition with another across town, top accelerated height; art deco - new materials, machine motifs; matching company - hub caps and hood figurine thingy as gargoyle, spiky metallic top; interior focus on art deco design - arcing forms, chevrons, look almost art neavu

Model for a glass skyscraper Ludwig Mies Van Der Rohe Berlin, 1922

Third and final director of the Bauhaus (1930-33); Glass skyscraper design - similar to Domino design - floor plates, stairs, etc.

Paimio Sanatorium Alvar Aalto Finland 1929-33

Tuberculosis treatment center, open air concept