Arduino Final Exam Review

Arduino IDE (what does IDE stand for?)

"Integrated Developed Environment"

LCD screen (liquid crystal display)

- good for displaying text to the user - can display two lines of up to 16 characters (including spaces)

Ultrasonic sensor

- transmits 40 kHz sound waves (ultrasonic) - listens echo, calculates time to measure distance - works best with hard/flat/perpendicular objects

analogRead gives a value between

0-1023

analogWrite wants an input between

0-255

For a stepper motor, how many steps is one revolution?

2048 steps = 1 revolution

Photoresistor

Also called Photocell or Light Dependent Resistor (LDR); changes resistance depending on how bright the incident light is (as light gets brighter, resistance decreases)

Analog vs Digital signals

Analog waves are smooth (like sin waves); digital waves are discrete, either on/off and have highs(5v) or lows(0v) (look like rectangles)

Brushed motor vs Servo motor vs Stepper motor

Brushed motor: Spins when supplied power Servo motor: Moves to a specific position Stepper motor: precise control of multiple revolutions (Good for precision motion and more revolutions than most servos)

Pulse Width Modulation (PWM)

Rapidly flip the voltage between 0 and 5 V (value between 0 and 255)

Transistor

Three terminal device: Collector, Emitter, and Base Can be used as an amplifier or switch

Duty cycle:

What percentage of the time the voltage is high

Shunt resistor

a resistor with a small known resistance; can be used to measure power

Thermistor

a thermal resistor, or a resistor that changes its resistance with temperature

pinMode(pin#, OUTPUT) function does what?

change the output pins

Breadboard

construction base for prototyping of electronics/circuits

analogRead()

function in Arduino converts an analog signal from 0V to 5V using a 10-bit ADC

void setup()

function that runs once when the Arduino is powered on. Configures pins as inputs and outputs, initializes variables, etc.

Servo Motor

geared motor that can only rotate 180 degrees (though some have different rotation ranges or can be configured for continuous rotation); It is controlled by sending electrical pulses from one of the PWM pins on your Arduino UNO R3 board.

RGB values represent ...

how much of each color is blended with an integer between 0-255

Ways to initialize a variable

int char float byte long string bool

Arduino

open-source microcontroller and programming language (C code)

What can be used for PWM Visualization?

oscilloscopes

void loop()

runs continuously until the Arduino is turned off

Why does bouncing occur and how can we create debouncing to counter the effects?

switch contacts don't close perfectly smoothly and cause bouncing which can be interpreted as multiple button pressing; we can debounce the button by delaying about 50 ms after a button press to ignore bouncing

Microcontroller

tiny computers; computing device that helps software interact with the real world (ex. Arduino)

H-Bridge

uses 4 transistors to enable direction (CW, CCW) and speed control