AREC365

what is elasticity? what's it mean if something is inelastic?

% change in consumption / % change in price. Broad quantities that do not change very much with prices. Elasticity is less than 1

How many numbers are more than two standard deviations above the average. 14, 11, 17, 9, 12, 3, 15, 8, 13, 6, 5, 7

0

Which of the following characteristics are necessary for a food fortification program to be successful? | 1. The food is usually purchased in the market. | 2. The food is consumed frequently|3. The food is consumed in adequate quantities.| 4. It is cost effective to fortify the food. | 5. The food is primarily consumed by the poor.

1, 2, 4 ASK

Which of the following factors (or situations) lead to an increased susceptibility of suffering from undernutrition? |1. Living in a Low Income Country | 2. Being a child instead of an adult |3. Being a man instead of a woman|4. Living in an urban rather than rural area|5. Living in a dry region |6. Being in planting time rather than just before harvest time | 7. Being poor

1, 2, 7

What are the necessary characteristics for a development trap? |1. That individuals are unable to help themselves |2. That individuals are in a desperate situation, where without help they will not survive |3. That some form of immediate help will allow them to reach a situation where they no longer need help |4. That some form of help will improve their lives immediately |5. That individuals live in countries that are serious about fighting poverty and helping them |6. That individuals live in countries that are not serious about fighting poverty and are not trying to help them

1, 3,4 6

Find the median of the following numbers: 22, 10, 7, 5, 12, 1, 11, 24, 5, 10, 12, 5, 17, 13, 12, 8, 6, 16, 21, 3

10.5

Find the average of the following numbers drawn from some population: 22, 10, 7, 5, 12, 1, 11, 24, 5, 10, 12, 5, 17, 13, 12, 8, 6, 16, 21, 3

11

What proportion of the world's population suffers from undernutrition? | 1.3% | 5% | 13% | 30%

13%

Concerning the Millennium Development Goals: |1. There has been little progress towards the goals since they were adopted in 2000. |2. Very few countries in the world have actually endorsed the MDGs |3. Some regions of the world are on track to meet the goals but other regions are not |4. The money necessary to reach the goals has been pledged and delivered |5. The goals directly address globalization and trade, but pay little attention to issues most important to the poor |6. The goals were unrealistic and there is almost no chance that they will be met. |7. So much progress has been made overall that we can be relatively sure that the targets will be met by 2015

3

How many numbers are more than one standard deviation above the average? 22, 10, 7, 5, 12, 1, 11, 24, 5, 10, 12, 5, 17, 13, 12, 8, 6, 16, 21, 3

3

he following is a set of numbers drawn from some population. 14, 11, 17, 9, 12, 3, 15, 8, 13, 6, 5, 7 Find the standard deviation approximated to the nearest tenth.

4.2

Find the 20th percentile of the following numbers: 22, 10, 7, 12, 1, 5, 11, 24, 5, 10, 12, 5, 17, 13, 12, 8, 6, 16, 21, 3

5

In Sub-Sahara Africa, what proportion of the urban population is living in slums in 2014? |39% |46% |55% | 65%

55%

According to the UN, approximately how many children die every year from hunger? |600 million | 6 billion | 6 million | 600,000

6 million

How many people were estimated to have died in the Ukraine famine in 1930? | 1-2 million | 6-7 thousand | 6-8 billion | 6-8 million

6-8 million

How many people were estimated to be undernourished in 2000 by the FAO? |800 million | 37,368 |800 billion | 100,000 to 200,000 per year?

800 million

What micronutrient deficiency leads to night blindness?

A

Wasting implies that:

A child did not receive adequate caloric intake in the recent past

The factor other than weather situations which suppressed food output in Zimbabwe in the early 2000s was | a government program to redistribute land | pests | trade policies | lack of government intervention

A government program to redistribute land

Poverty and the ability to excel on standardized tests are negatively associated (poor people do not do well). Which among the following is a possible reason for this finding? | Poor people live in areas with limited access to education |People who do poorly on standardized tests also do less well in life and have lower incomes |Children with limited nutritional intake can experience slower brain development and therefore lower IQs |Often the children of the poor have less exposure to situations that would teach them how to do well on these tests

All of them

If the Recommended Daily Allowance of protein for a 19 year-old male is 56 grams, this means that: | The average 19 year-old male needs to consume 56 grams of protein |The median 19 year-old male needs to consume 56 grams of protein |Almost all 19 year-old males need less than 56 grams of protein | Every single 19 year-old male would get adequate nutrition if he consumed 56 grams of protein

Almost all 19 year-old males need less than 56 grams of protein. Don't confuse with EAR!

What region of the world has the greatest number of undernourished people?

Asia and the Pacific

We already know that there is malnutrition in the world, and we have some general idea of how to reduce it. Why, then, do we need to continuously measure the levels of undernutrition in different parts of the world? | In order to identify the parts of the world that have the most severe undernutrition problems | To improve our general knowledge of our world | So that we can design programs that are targeted to the people with the most severe problems | So that we can see whether or not our programs are working to reduce undernutrition | In order to show that the money spent on reducing undernutrition has been spent in a worthwhile manner | So that we can inform undernourished people that they are undernourished and should be eating more food | In order to identify the types of people in different parts of the world that have the most severe undernutrition problems

Correct! In order to identify the parts of the world that have the most severe undernutrition problems Correct! So that we can design programs that are targeted to the people with the most severe problems Correct! So that we can see whether or not our programs are working to reduce undernutrition Correct! In order to show that the money spent on reducing undernutrition has been spent in a worthwhile manner Correct! In order to identify the types of people in different parts of the world that have the most severe undernutrition problems

Why have food prices gone up in the last 10 years

Countries are developing, which leads to diversifying food consumption (this increases the demand for food that was not previously as much in the market), when their diversification leads to an increase in meat consumption, that requires even more plant production that it would take to feed humans.

What micronutrient deficiency leads to rickets?

D

What geographical region has made the most progress on reducing the proportion of people living on less than $1.25/day? | South-Eastern Asia |Southern Asia | Sub Saharn Africa | Eastern Asia (China only)

Eastern Asia (China Only) In China, extreme poverty dropped from 61 percent in 1990 to 6 percent in 2011 and 4 percent in 2015. It has made the most progress on reducing the proportion of people living on less than $1.25/day.

Which of the following are examples of the nutritional roles of calories? | Provide energy for growth.| Help maintain involuntary functions such as digestion, body temperature, and blood circulation. |Contribute to the development of antibodies that fight diseases. | Work as enzymes that speed up the digestive process.

First two options were correct. Third option was wrong: Calories provide energy to fight disease but proteins contribute both to calories and to the development of antibodies that fight disease.

The Shakir arm circumference test is a useful measure of under nutrition in infants because: | the results provided are the most accurate possible measure of undernutrtion |For children between 1 and 5 years, the tester does not need to know the exact age of the child |The materials needed to perform the test are inexpensive |The tester does not have to be able to read

For children between 1 and 5 years, the tester does not need to know the exact age of the child Correct! The materials needed to perform the test are inexpensive Correct! The tester does not have to be able to read

Which two MDGs are most directly connected to hunger and malnutrition? | Goal 1: Eradicate Extreme Hunger and Poverty | Goal 2: Achieve Universal Education | Goal 3: Promote gender equality and empower women | Goal 4: Reduce Child Mortality | Goal 5: Improve Maternal Health| Goal 6: Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases | Goal 7: Ensure environmental sustainability | Goal 8: Develop a global partnership for development

Goals 1 and 4. hunger and malnutrition lead to high levels of infant mortality, so addressing child mortality requires addressing hunger and malnutrition

Secondary malnutrition arises from what?

Illness that prevents proper digestion

What deficiency is the most significant avoidable cause of mental retardation worldwide?

Iodine

What micronutrient deficiency leads to cretinism?

Iodine

What micronutrient deficiency leads to anemia?

Iron

What are the big three dietary deficiencies?

Iron, Iodine, A

How does the U.S. compare to the rest of the world in terms of its generosity in donating to overseas development aid?

It donates the most in total, but not in proportion

How does widespread prosperity relate to the amount of food production?

It means that we need to produce more food

Which individual or organization represents this perspective of the MDGs: "We have the capacity, let us get it done"

Jeff Sachs

Since at least 1950, the wealthy countries in the world have repeatedly tried to address the problems of hunger, and yet the problem is still with us. Given this history, Jeff Sach's optimism that we can solve this problem seems ill founded. (a) Discuss one element of Jeff Sach's approach or plan that he would advance in defense of his optimism. (b) Explain why he thinks this will work despite the history of poor outcomes.

Jeff Sachs believes that we have not been putting enough money towards helping the poor. We have been giving little bits at a time, but the poor are stuck in a trap and it will take a lot of work at once to get them out of the trap. Sachs asserts that poverty traps exist and the people who are in them cannot help themselves no matter what. An outside force needs to get them out, and once they are out then they will be unlikely to return. It just takes a lot of work at once to get them out of the trap, not little bits at a time.

Starting from the finding that children of the poor do not do as well on standardized tests as the children of the less poor (in the same communities), discuss some of the possible reasons for this finding. Outline at least three possible connections (and no more than 5). Which of these is directly related to hunger? (The notes discuss evidence for one of these links, but it is not the only possible link. Note "within the same communities")

Kids don't do as well because they are hungry and are distracted by their hunger, they aren't in school as often because they need to help their parents work, they don't learn as much at home because their parents aren't around as much. being distracted by hunger is directly related to hunger.

One of the criticisms made against the current administration's response to the Millennium Development Goals (the Millennium Challenge Corporation) is that it ignores the majority of the worlds poor who live in countries that are not eligible for aid under the MCC conditions. (a) Why are these countries ineligible? (review the MCC approach to the MDGs) (b) How would a defender of the MCC respond to this particular criticism?

MCC- We should concentrate our efforts only in those countries that are already serious about eliminating poverty. Countries that are ineligible have either not made a commitment to what MCC says you need to do to get money or they have not shown success in trying to reach those goals. A defender of the MCC would say that those who are not eligible for aid do not deserve aid because their government will waste it, so they wouldn't get it anyway.

What does MDG stand for?

Millennium Development Goals

The upward slope of the supply curve means that as the price of a good increases, the producer is willing to produce (less/more/same amount) of the good

More of the good

Which targets are associated with the MDG goals to reduce hunger? | 1. Reduce by two thirds, between 1990 and 2015, the under-five mortality rate. | 2. Halve, between 1990 and 2015, the proportion of people whose income is less than $1 a day. | 3. Achieve full and productive employment and decent work for all, including women and young people. | 4. Halve, between 1990 and 2015, the proportion of people who suffer from hunger.

Mostly 1 and 4, but all of these targets are associated with these goals

Which individual or organization represents this perspective of the MDGs: "We should concentrate our efforts only in those countries that are already serious about eliminating poverty"

President Bush and President Obama

When is seasonal undernutrition in most parts of the world?

Right before the beginning of the harvest season

Comparing the Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) and the Recommended Daily Allowance (RDA): | The EAR is a better standard of undernutrition in a population (for example, percentage of people consuming at a level below EAR) |The RDA is a better standard of undernutrition in a population (for example, percentage of people consuming at a level below RDA) |The EAR is a better standard for personal consumption (for example, do I consume more or less than the EAR?) |The RDA is a better standard for personal consumption (for example, do I consume more or less than the RDA?) | The EAR for any nutrient is always less than the RDA | The RDA for any nutrient is always less than the EAR | The RDA is harder to measure than the EAR

The EAR is a better standard of undernutrition in a population (for example, percentage of people consuming at a level below EAR) , The RDA is a better standard for personal consumption (for example, do I consume more or less than the RDA?) , The EAR for any nutrient is always less than the RDA

What are the MDG's? What is their summative mentality?

The Millennium Development Goals are eight goals that all 191 United Nations member states have agreed to try to achieve by the year 2015. The United Nations Millennium Declaration, signed in September 2000, is the formal declaration of the goals. "We have the resources, let's get it done."

If the Estimated Average Requirement of protein for a 19 year-old male is 56 grams, this means that: | The average 19 year-old male needs to consume 56 grams of protein |The median 19 year-old male needs to consume 56 grams of protein |Almost all 19 year-old males need less than 56 grams of protein | Every single 19 year-old male would get adequate nutrition if he consumed 56 grams of protein

The average 19 year-old male needs to consume 56 grams of protein

What region of the world has experience the greatest growth in education levels (primary school net enrollment levels) between 1990 and 2015? | Sub Saharan Africa |Southern Asia | Southeastern Asia | Latin American and the Carribean

The primary school net enrollment rate of Sub Saharan Africa increased from 52 percent in 1990 to 80 percent in 2015. (Page 19)

What is the gender parity index (GPI)?

The ratio between the school enrollment of girls to that of boys (G:B)

The recommended daily allowance of any vitamin or mineral is based on...?

The scientifically determined recommended daily intake that would be adequate or more than adequate for 97.5 percent of individuals

Food balance sheets can give a rough impression of nutritional state because...?

They measure total food consumption in the whole country and if you divide by the population you can find average consumption

Which of the following examples best describes the conditions that would characterize a development `trap'? | A person cannot *find a good job because he does not have the necessary experience, and he does not have experience because he does not have a job |A person cannot *find a good job because he does not have the necessary experience, and he does not have experience because he did not go to the right type of school | A person cannot *find a good job because he does not have the necessary experience, and he does not have experience because there was no school where he grew up | A person cannot *find a good job because he is too sick to work hard enough at the job |A person cannot *find a good job and therefore he cannot earn enough to feed himself properly

Think Catch 22: A trap must have away out or else its just a terrible situation. Only answer A has a way out (that the person himself cannot choose). If someone gives him a job despite no experience, then he will get the experience and never again need to be helped. If he needs school to have the experience, then it is too late, he cannot easily go back to school to get that experience.

In the hungry season, prevalent in agricultural areas of poor countries, which of the following is true. | Total consumption of food is lower than at other times of the year |People are more likely to consume wild vegetation |Consumption of some vitamins, such as Vitamin A, may actually increases | People eat more fruit | People eat less, but there is also less manual work to do

Total consumption of food is lower than other times of the year, people consume wild veggies, some vitamin intake increases, people eat more fruit

What micronutrient deficiency leads to scurvy?

Vitamin c

Compare and Contrast the perspectives of William Easterly and the MCC to the MDGs

WIlliam Easterly- We should concentrate on the types of programs that we know work. MCC- We should concentrate our efforts only in those countries that are already serious about eliminating poverty

When we measure the nutritional status of individuals who might be suffering from hunger, why would we be willing to accept a measure that does not tell us an individual's nutritional status with a high degree of accuracy? In other words, why do we use measures like the arm circumference or weight for height, when we know the measures are less accurate than a proper nutritional assessment by a doctor or nurse? You don't need to give every reason but be sure to give a few examples and to discuss both what we do learn from using those measures and what problems we avoid.

When we use weight for height, we learn whether someone is currently underweight/wasting, when we use height for we learn whether someone suffered malnutrition in the past. Arm circumference is a relatively accurate measure of whether a child is malnourished because there most kids have certain arm circumferences by certain ages. All of these measures are beneficial because they are inexpensive (you just need a tape measurer), the person who does it doesn't have to be literate, and it doesn't require people to know their ages

Compare and contrast the perspectives of William Easterly and the MCC to the MDGs (a) In what ways are the two approaches similar? (b) In what ways are they different? (c) How would an MCC proponent defend a critique from William Easterly proponent based on the difference you outlined above

William Easterly- We should concentrate on the types of programs that we know work. MCC- Only

Which individual or organization represents this perspective of the MDGs: "We should concentrate on the types of programs that we know work"

William Easterly/ The World Bank

Which of the following famines was not caused or made worse by failed government policies: | The North Korean Famine | The Chinese `Great Leap Forward Famine' | The Irish Potato Famine| Recent Famine in Zambia|Recent Famine in Zimbabwe

Zambia

Items considered to be luxeries tend to have income elasticites: above 0 | below 0 |above 1 | below 1

above 1

The seasonality of undernutrition in the Third World is often linked to: |booms and depressions| the business year | the calendar year | the agricultural year

agricultural year

Essential Amino Acids are: All of the amino acids required for the normal functioning of a human body | Amino acids that humans must consume from outside food sources | Those amino acids that are supplied in a "complete protein" | Those amino acids provided in food such as meat, milk and eggs

amino acids that humans must consume from outside food sources

Which group is most vulnerable to undernutrition?

children

What produces estrogen? |Cholesterol | amino acids | vitamins | minerals

cholesterol

Why do most people focus on protein-calorie malnutrition rather than micronutrient malnutrition? | Protein-calorie malnutrition can only be addressed by increasing the quantity of food eaten, which requires more food to be produced. | Micronutrient malnutrition is easy to solve |Micronutrients can be added to people's diets without requiring significant additional production of food. |Protein-Calorie malnutrition affects more people than micronutrient malnutrition, by itself.

everything but micronutrient malnutrition is easy to solve

True or false: According to a study of agricultural workers in Colombia and the U.S. in 1976, among undernourished Colombian sugar cane cutters, physical work capacity was reduced by only 10 percent.

false

True or false: In the North Korean Famine from 1940-1998, the response of the Korean government made things better for its citizens

false

True or false: The supply curve shows how much of a good a person will want to consume at all the possible levels of price.

false

True or false: Protein deficiency is a more widespread problem than calorie deficiency

false: It is true that adult protein needs are met by most traditional developing country diets when they are consumed in sufficient quantities to meet energy needs" This means, when most poor people get enough calories they almost always get enough proteins.

PCM or PEM can only be solved by what?

increasing the amount of food eaten

Which vitamin or mineral leads, most directly, to reduced capacity to work?

iron deficiency

A technological improvement is some kind of new knowledge that allows farmers to produce (less/more/the same) output with (less/more/the same resources)

more output with the same resource

Can one waste with adequate calories?

no

List the 4 types of malnutrition. (Don't tell me what they mean, don't tell me anything about them, just give me their names).

overnutrition, dietary deficiency, secondary malnutrition, undernutrition

In the 1840s, a third of the Irish households depended almost exclusively on what food?

potatoes

What does PCM stand for?

protein calorie malnutrition

What is the target by which the millennium development goals measure the goal of reducing child mortality?

reduce the under-five mortality rate by 2/3 between 1990 and 2015

Which region is represented by the yellow in this image?

south eastern asia

Which region is represented by the color pinkish-orange in this image?

southern asia

Which region of the world has the greatest proportion of children under age 5 who are moderately or severely underweight? | Southern Asia | SubSaharan Africa | South East Asia |Latin America

southern asia

What region of the world has the greatest proportion of undernourished people?

subsaharn africa

A complete protein is a protein that: |That contains all the vitamins and minerals required in the daily diet |That contains all essential amino acids | That insures the daily minimum intake of protein|That is balanced with calories so as to insure adequate calories and protein in the diet

that contains all essential amino acids

Which of the following statements is correct concerning under nutrition in the developing world since the early 1970s: |the number of undernourished people in Asia and sub-Saharan Africa has increased | the number of undernourished people in Asia and sub-Saharan Africa has declined | the number of undernourished people in Asia has declined while the number has increased in sub-Saharan Africa | the number of undernourished people in Asia has increased while the number has decreased in sub-Saharan Africa

the number of undernourished people in Asia has declined while the number has increased in sub-Saharan Africa

Which of the following statements concerning infants and children is FALSE: |there is no evidence that intellectual impairment in undernourished children can be reversed.|the nutrition received by a young girl may affect the babies she bears as an adult |the AIDS virus may pass from an infected mother to her child via breast milk | malnutrition has been found to play a hand in more than half of the deaths among children in developing countries

there is no evidence that intellectual impairment in undernourished children can be reversed

True or false: About two thirds of the countries in the developing regions have achieved gender parity in primary education.

true

True or false: One of the reasons a number of Asian countries have high numbers of low birth-weight babies because girls and women in South Asia are less well cared for than in Sub-Saharan Africa

true

True or false: We have learned that increasing income leads to increased dietary diversity. Therefore one of the solutions to micronutrient malnutrition is to increase the incomes of those who suffer from this form of malnutrition.

true

What food source could cause a deficiency in at least one of the amino acids?

vegetables

Can one waste with adequate protein?

yes