Argument and Advocacy Final

True or False: A pitfall of the extemporaneous style is that it seem less natural and spontaneous.

False

True or False: A speaker should try to stick with the same delivery style each time he or she gives a speech to ensure consistency.

False

True or False: A speech's success is usually determined by how effectively it can change an audience's beliefs and actions before they even leave the presentation.

False

True or False: Audio recordings without video are not appropriate for a speech.

False

True or False: Common assertions are the same thing as facts.

False

True or False: Discernible structure makes a speech unsuccessful

False

True or False: During the action stage of Monroe's Motivated Sequence, you show receivers how your proposal will both benefit them and improve the situation.

False

True or False: It is better to always use gestures, even if they are stiff and unnatural.

False

True or False: Presentation aids are always effective.

False

True or False: Speeches on events and people should always follow a chronological pattern.

False

True or False: The main purpose of an informative speech is to advocate.

False

True or False: The three tenets of persuasive speaking are: (1) think big to avoid a fall; (2) use the desire for consistency; and (3) put the best material in the middle.

False

True or False: The word paralinguistic refers to a type of speech delivery style.

False

True or False: We measure beliefs along a favorable-unfavorable continuum, and attitudes along a probable-improbable one.

False

True or False: When you put a false dichotomy in your speech, you lead your audience to consider an irrelevant issue instead of the subject actually under discussion.

False

True or False: You can never give your audience too much information.

False

True or False: Humans process around 30% of all information we receive through our sense of sight.

False. We remember 10% of what we read, 20% of what we hear, and 30% of what we see. But we remember more than 50% of what we see and hear simultaneously

True or False: An illustrator is a symbolic gesture that demonstrates a particular action or emotion with your words or sounds.

True

True or False: Attitudes are measured by how positive or negative they are.

True

True or False: Audience participation can help you make the speech memorable for audience members.

True

True or False: Emblems are not always consistent across cultures.

True

True or False: Knowing the audience's attitudes, beliefs, and values can help a speaker achieve persuasive goals.

True

True or False: Oratory is another word for speaking from memory.

True

True or False: Preparing mentally does not replace preparing aurally.

True

True or False: Using visual aids can help you with time management in your speech.

True

True or False: You should keep your speech free of jargon unless it is required for the topic and audience.

True

True or False: drawing a blank is one of the disadvantages of speaking from memory

True

True or False: Do colored graphics enhance understanding?

True, as long as they're not too flashy

The key to an effective informative presentation is to ______

convey information that engages the audience

Informative and persuasive presentations share some attributes in common. Both need to be _______

credible and timely

The speaker looks down at his notes occasionally, however he does not read his speak. This type of speech delivery is called a/an ______

extemporaneous

Categories of behavior that determine the appropriate facial response for a given situation are called _________

facial management techniques

If you hold up three fingers while saying "three water bottles, please," your gesture is complementing your verbal message, and is a/an _________

illustrator

True or False: displaying consistent eye contact is one of the advantages of speaking from memory

true

When the speaker is explaining that bikes have a much smaller environmental impact than other forms of transportation, he could have incorporated a _____ to compare these quantites

Bar graph

This speaker's digital slide show is a good example of how to ________ which is one of best practices your textbook suggests.

Integrate images with speech content

_______ hides an expression of emotion and replaces it with an expression more appropriate to the situation.

Masking

Is eye and hand-tied a good thing?

No, it is a disadvantage of speaking from memory

Speaking from memory is also known as ______

Oratory

True or False: A glittering generality is the opposite of a personal attack.

True

True or False: A person can be considered a visual aid.

True

Is care about the phrasing of the problem a good thing?

Yes, it is one of the advantages of manuscript reading

Which of the following best defines persuasion? a) A process involving the intent and purpose of influencing someone into doing or believing something. b) Influencing a person or group into doings things that serve your best interests. c) A mental set or predisposition that leads us to respond to or evaluate people, places, things, or events positively or negatively. d) Forcing someone to think the way you think.

a) A process involving the intent and purpose of influencing someone into doing or believing something.

Frank is delivering a speech on the Zika virus to his classmates. He has a newspaper article that he plans on using to emphasize one of his main points. As he begins to read aloud the article, he fumbles on one of the medical terms several times. Frank's blunder is most likely due to which of the following? a) Frank didn't practice verbalizing everything. b) Frank didn't do an adequate job gathering appropriate research. c) Frank didn't start practicing early enough in advance. d) Frank didn't dedicate enough practice toward memorization.

a) Frank didn't practice verbalizing everything.

Which of the following best describes why speakers use gestures? a) Gestures reinforce what speakers say and how they say it to add to the overall effectiveness of a speech's message. b) Gestures help to distract audience members when speakers are nervous. c) Gestures are mandatory if speakers want their speech to be effective. d) Gestures are used to make the speech's message more ambiguous so that audience members can offer different interpretations.

a) Gestures reinforce what speakers say and how they say it to add to the overall effectiveness of a speech's message.

What is Monroe's Motivated Sequence? a) It is a way for speakers to arrange their speech in a way that increases the effectiveness of persuasion. b) It is a way to move from propositions of fact, to propositions of value, to propositions of policy. c) It is a framework tailored to propositions of facts. d) It is a three-phase model for a speaker's process of persuasion.

a) It is a way for speakers to arrange their speech in a way that increases the effectiveness of persuasion.

Which of the following is true of a Q&A sessions? a) It is okay for speakers to not know the answer to a question. b) Which of the following is true of a Q&A sessions? c) Speakers can prepare themselves for audience feedback because they are convinced that listeners will side with their argument. d) Most speeches include opportunities for audience questions.

a) It is okay for speakers to not know the answer to a question.

Which of the following statements best explains how presentation aids can reduce apprehension? a) It takes some of the pressure off of speaking in itself and can reduce overall anxiety for the speaker. b) It allows the audience to be less apprehensive about giving you feedback. c) It allows the audience to be less hesitant to approach a speaker after the speech is over. d) Speakers are not as worried about their language because they can direct some of the audience attention to visuals.

a) It takes some of the pressure off of speaking in itself and can reduce overall anxiety for the speaker.

Which of the following statements is true of speech planning and practice? a) Practicing a speech can help speakers deliver their presentation more naturally. b) Excessive practice can lower speaker self-confidence. c) Speakers should not use notecards during their speech presentation. d) You should wait to rehearse the speech until the night before so that the speech is fresh in your mind.

a) Practicing a speech can help speakers deliver their presentation more naturally.

Molly is a college advisor who will soon be giving a speech to the graduating senior class. She wants to give an informative speech that not only educates the students, but also imparts one last set of skills before they leave the institution. Which of the following statements best describes how Molly could fulfill such a desire? a) She could give a speech on how to compose a professional CV. b) She could give a speech on the state of the current economy. c) She could give a speech on what Ph.D. programs look for in student applicants. d) She could give a speech on how a retirement savings plan work.

a) She could give a speech on how to compose a professional CV.

Last week, Valeria gave a speech on how certain sounds can reduce insomnia. She found out afterward that the audience could not fully relate to—or appreciate—her speech, and that they wish she had included some presentation aids. Which of the following statements best describes how Valeria could have made her speech more effective with presentation aids? a) She could have played some sounds that she described as having an effect on insomnia. b) She could have included photographs of people lying in bed with headphones on. c) She could have brought in a model to display what insomnia does to a person's physical appearance. d) She could have showed a chart that describes what percentage of the population suffers from insomnia.

a) She could have played some sounds that she described as having an effect on insomnia.

What is a proposition? a) The relationship you wish to establish between accepted facts and your desired conclusions. b) Your speech's game plan. c) The deliberate attempt to change or reinforce attitudes, beliefs, values, or behaviors. d) A predisposition that leads us to respond to or evaluate people, places, things, or events positively or negatively.

a) The relationship you wish to establish between accepted facts and your desired conclusions.

Which of the following statements best describes why presentation aids are important? a) They can contribute to the wholeness and effectiveness of your speech. b) They are the determining factor of an audience's agreement or disagreement with your argument. c) They can be used to help persuade people when your main points do not. d) They can take attention away from your mistakes when you lack confidence.

a) They can contribute to the wholeness and effectiveness of your speech.

Which of the following is the best example of a prop? a) a whistle b) a personal narrative c) a ballet dancer d) a soundtrack

a) a whistle

What are the three dimensions of attitude, according to this chapter? a) direction, persuasion, and intensity b) intensity, salience, and beliefs c) direction, intensity, and salience d) direction, persuasion, and beliefs

a) direction, intensity, and salience ?? check

What are presentation aids? a) graphics, music, or any other additional tools that supplement a speech verbal communication b) enhancement tools c) services that speakers can purchase to give a speech for them d) tools that allow listeners to hear a speaker more clearly

a) graphics, music, or any other additional tools that supplement a speech

What does proxemics refer to? a) how people use physical space and distance when communicating b) vocal cues c) how people use language in d) communication visual aids

a) how people use physical space and distance when communicating

Which of the following speech topics is the best example of an informative speech? a) in vitro fertilization b) why East Coast food is better than West Coast food c) how to win over your girlfriend's parents d) unicorns

a) in vitro fertilization

A/an ______ is a composite of information, illustration, and design. a) infographic b) pictographic c) photographic

a) infographic

John has a unique way of walking and running. The study of the way he "carries himself" is called _______ a) kinesics b) proxemics c) emblems d) vocalics

a) kinesics

Which of the following is an example of using nonverbal techniques in your speech? a) maintaining good body posture b) clearing your throat in between transitions to speak more loudly and clear c) staring directly at the audience d) clapping along with the audience

a) maintaining good body posture

Juan has been assigned to give an object speech. Which of the following speech topics could Juan discuss in order to properly fulfill this task? a) oceans b) Marxism c) how cars are built d) photosynthesis

a) oceans

Potential counterarguments you might include in your speech are called ______. a) rebuttal b) response c) argument d) refutation

a) rebuttal

In the acronym FAT, the A stands for ______. a) share a relevant anecdote b) begin with your argument c) seek applause d) appear confident, even if you're not

a) share a relevant anecdote

Which of the following is the fourth phase of Monroe's Motivated Sequence? a) visualization b) attention c) need d) action

a) visualization

Argument by ______ compares different ideas or examples to reach a conclusion

analogy

The _____ phase of Monroe's Motivated Sequence creates awareness of the problem and why it matters.

attention

Which of the following examples best describes an extemporaneous speaking mode? a) A speaker reading the U.S. Constitutional Amendments from a college textbook. b) A speaker giving a speech on a disease epidemic and reading facts and statistics from a scientific journal. c) A speaker recapping a televised political debate the night before. d) A speaker narrating his life for his presentation on obsessive compulsive disorder.

b) A speaker giving a speech on a disease epidemic and reading facts and statistics from a scientific journal.

Which of the following examples best characterizes a value? a) Michelle believes that if people work hard in life, they will succeed. b) Eva thinks that humor is a positive attribute in people. She thinks that humor is crucial in establishing trust and relationship building. She is more inclined to get to know people who have a sense of humor. c) You prefer cats to dogs. You like how cats are independent, and think that dogs are much less intelligent. d) Bernard always says that every dog has its day. He thinks that success will happen at least once in every person's lifetime. Fortunately for him, he has been successful in various undertakings.

b) Eva thinks that humor is a positive attribute in people. She thinks that humor is crucial in establishing trust and relationship building. She is more inclined to get to know people who have a sense of humor.

Noreen is scheduled to give a speech on the importance of family mealtime. She wants the audience members to perceive of themselves as one big family sitting together at a dinner table throughout her presentation. What could Noreen do to foster this reaction of audience members? a) She could speak professionally and maintain perfect body posture. b) She could stand close to the audience. c) She could stand in distant proximity from the audience. d) She could hug some of the audience members.

b) She could stand close to the audience.

Which of the following is true regarding logical fallacies? a) Logical fallacies are undetectable. b) Speakers still need adequate evidence even if their argument is strong. c) Speakers need not avoid including insults in their speech. d) Including flawed reason is ethical.

b) Speakers still need adequate evidence even if their argument is strong.

Professor Baker is teaching a gender studies course next term. On the first day of class, she wants to describe to the students the ratio of female to male students that have been enrolled in this particular course over the past 5 years. Which type of visual aids would be most effective for Professor Baker to use? a) a pie graph b) a bar graph c) a line graph d) human visual aids: one male and one female

b) a bar graph

Consider this argument: Cigarettes are addictive, like coffee. Nicotine is in cigarettes. Caffeine is in coffee. So nicotine is addictive, like caffeine. Which type of reasoning does this most exemplify? a) analogic reasoning b) causal reasoning c) inductive reasoning d) deductive reasoning

b) analogic reasoning

Which of the following best exemplifies a verbal filler? a) therefore b) basically c) I'll conclude by saying d) thank you

b) basically

A speech on the SXSW festival is an example of a speech about a/an ______. a) object b) event c) idea d) process

b) event

You are soon to give a speech on bicycle safety to a group of cycling enthusiasts. Which of the following presentation aids would likely be most effective for your speech? a) showing actual photographs of different styles of bicycles b) exhibiting actual safety equipment such as helmets c) showing a clip of a Tour de France race d) playing music that you like to listen to when you're on your bicycle

b) exhibiting actual safety equipment such as helmets

Raquel's class is discussing feminism in her gender studies course. The teacher has called on Raquel to explain what feminism means and why it is important to think critically about feminist topics still to this day. Raquel thinks for a moment, and then reflects on herself as a woman to answer the question. Raquel's response is most demonstrative of which delivery mode? a) manuscript reading from the course textbook b) impromptu speaking c) sound bite speaking d) extemporaneous speaking

b) impromptu speaking

Which type of graph shows trends over time? a) pictograph b) line graph c) pie graph d) bar graph

b) line graph

John wants to make sure that his speech honoring his mentor, Dr. Wood is exactly as he planned, so he writes everything he wants to say and uses that paper for his speech. This would be called ______. a) impromptu speaking b) manuscript reading c) extemporaneous speaking d) oratory

b) manuscript reading

If your visual aid is too large to bring to your presentation, too small to be seen, or too dangerous, valuable, or fragile to carry around, then you might use a ______ in its place. a) prototype b) model c) stereotype d) sample

b) model

Consider this sentence: A glass of read wine a day is good for heart health. Which type of proposition is this? a) proposition of value b) proposition of fact c) persuasion d) proposition of policy

b) proposition of fact

Consider this sentence: All restaurant managers must have previous experience as a food server. Which type of proposition is this? a) proposition of value b) proposition of policy c) proposition of fact d) proposition of attitude

b) proposition of policy

Consider this sentence: Our economic system is corrupt. Which type of proposition is this? a) proposition of policy b) proposition of value c) proposition of attitude d) proposition of fact

b) proposition of value

What includes tone of voice, volume, articulation, pitch, rate of speech, and use of silence? a) kinesics b) vocalics c) proxemics d) emblems

b) vocalics

______ is the way you pronounce individual sounds. a) Rate b) Pronunciation c) Articulation d) Pitch

c) Articulation

Why is Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs theory important to public speaking? a) The theory's pyramid model allows speakers to better organize and structure their speech. b) It increases a speaker's logos. c) By understanding human motivation and needs, speakers can practice more effective persuasion toward their audience. d) It increases a speaker's ability to avoid logical fallacies.

c) By understanding human motivation and needs, speakers can practice more effective persuasion toward their audience.

Which of the following statements best describes the purpose of audio- or video-recording your speech rehearsals? a) It allows you to be mindful of your physical appearance in case audience members record your speech on the day of delivery. b) It allows you to be hypercritical of yourself. c) It allows you to assess your delivery and adjust your performance where you may need improvements. d) It allows you to hear the sound of your own voic

c) It allows you to assess your delivery and adjust your performance where you may need improvements.

Which of the following statements is most true regarding evidence and credibility? a) If an audience does not perceive a speaker as credible at the beginning of a speech, then it is unlikely that evidence will help to establish credibility by the conclusion of the speech. b) The speaker's credibility does not appear until the very end of the speech. c) The use and extent of evidence in a speech enhances a speaker's credibility throughout his or her presentation. d) A speaker does not need evidence if he or she is already an effective persuader

c) The use and extent of evidence in a speech enhances a speaker's credibility throughout his or her presentation.

Which of the following speaking situations is most likely to require speaking from a manuscript? a) a last minute speech as an expert b) a class speech c) an official proclamation d) a toast

c) an official proclamation

In her speech, Maria shows a graph indicating what percentage of airtime is dedicated to different sports, she would likely use a ______. a) line graph b) pictograph c) bar graph d) pie graph

c) bar graph

Which of the following is a key method of reasoning? a) comparative reasoning b) ontological reasoning c) deductive reasoning d) derivative reasoning

c) deductive reasoning

Dr. Harris has been asked to give a speech about vaccines to a group of pregnant women. He doesn't have much time to prepare, as he is expected to present by the end of the week. However, he is very knowledgeable about the topic and is confident he could deliver an effective presentation based on his professional expertise and a few pieces of research. Dr. Harris' speech will most likely be delivered in which of the following delivery styles? a) manuscript reading b) impromptu speaking c) extemporaneous speaking d) oratory

c) extemporaneous speaking

Which of the following is an object speech topic? a) space b) gravity c) igloos d) blood donation

c) igloos

You are giving a speech on the effects of excessive sun exposure. Your first main point will encourage sun protection measures by reviewing scientific data on how melanoma is linked to overexposure. Which form of persuasion is your first main point most likely to embody? a) kathos b) ethos c) logos d) pathos

c) logos

Which of the following is true of your final speech rehearsal? a) use a manuscript, even if your final speech will not b) conduct your final rehearsal alone c) make your final rehearsal as realistic as possible d) put a day rest between the final practice and your speech

c) make your final rehearsal as realistic as possible

In her speech on animal adoption, Sarah explains how the USA has millions of stray animals each year, and discusses the problems this can cause. Which stage of Monroe's Motivated Sequence is this? a) action b) visualization c) need d) attention

c) need

______ credibility comes from how the audience perceives you after your speech. a) Presentational credibility b) Initial credibility c) Terminal credibility d) Derived credibility

c) terminal credibility

What do you have to rely on when delivering an impromptu speech? a) your manuscript b) your limited notecards c) your knowledge d) your practice

c) your knowledge

What does dialect refer to? a) Everyday language that is used by the broader public. b) The correct way of saying words. c) How speakers articulate their words. d) A particular way a person speaks based on where they are from.

d) A particular way a person speaks based on where they are from.

Which of the following examples best describes an ethos form of persuasion? a) You are to give a speech on the Atkins Diet. You show reports that disprove the myth that eliminating carbohydrates from your diet is a good way to lose weight and improve health. b) You are giving a speech on racism. You describe how race is a social construct that has been reproduced throughout history, and that racism has been maintained through systemic forms of power. You urge the audience to remember that we are all human beings who deserve equal treatment, and that skin color does not determine a person. c) You are giving a speech on yoga. You describe the benefits of yoga and explain how the practice enhances both physical health and emotional well-being. You review some analyses from physicians and psychologists that underscore your argument. d) As part of a job interview, you will be giving a speech to a workgroup at the organization of which you are applying. You find out beforehand that company strongly encourages environmental sustainability, so you bring your resume on individual USB drives instead of printing them out on paper.

d) As part of a job interview, you will be giving a speech to a workgroup at the organization of which you are applying. You find out beforehand that company strongly encourages environmental sustainability, so you bring your resume on individual USB drives instead of printing them out on paper.

How could you create information hunger for a speech on the harmful effects of laboratory testing on animals? a) Taking a poll of which audience members support animal testing. b) Asking the audience to reflect on their use of animal products. c) Showing a horrifying video of animal testing. d) Asking the audience to imagine how they would feel if their pet was a test subject.

d) Asking the audience to imagine how they would feel if their pet was a test subject.T

The perception of your competence, perception of your personal character and opinion of whether you are charismatic combine to create what others see as your ______. a) Pathos b) Logos c) Reasoning d) Credibility

d) Credibility

Why must people engage in persuasion ethically? a) An audience will not believe a speech's argument if the speaker is unethical. b) To pressure people into doing what is best for them. c) People don't realize when they are being persuaded; thus, we should behave ethically so as to assure ethical persuasion. d) Persuasion can be a useful tool of information, but if abused, its advantages are undermined and the good of the people is no longer respected.

d) Persuasion can be a useful tool of information, but if abused, its advantages are undermined and the good of the people is no longer respected.

Which of the following statements is true regarding the content and design of presentation slides? a) Speakers should use the slides as the primary focus of their speech. b) Speakers should not anticipate malfunctions if they have had enough rehearsals. c) Speakers should use bright colors and big fonts to grab audience attention. d) Speakers should be meticulous about what they include on the slides.

d) Speakers should be meticulous about what they include on the slides.

What does this chapter mean by "repeat, but don't retreat"? a) Speakers should strike a balance between repetition and restatements. b) Speakers should use alliteration to really enhance repetition. c) Speakers should not give up their power to audience members. d) Speakers should reassert their main points but should also continue the progression of their speech.

d) Speakers should reassert their main points but should also continue the progression of their speech.

Which of the following examples best describes a pathos form of persuasion? a) You are giving a speech on social justice. You begin the speech by describing your experiences with oppression and resistance. You mention that you've been asked to give this same speech at several other social justice advocacy events and conferences. b) You are giving a speech on Princess Diana. You claim that she was the most important royal figure in the 20th century. You describe her positive image that was perceived by the broader public. You say that we should all try to be like Princess Diana. c) You are giving a speech on technology-based activities in the classroom. You show charts that display group success rates of classes that do and do not implement technology-based activities in their curriculum. You claim that students would benefit from technology in the classroom. d) You are giving a speech on an indigenous tribe in the Philippines. They are being mistreated, resettled, and even killed as Western colonization continues to take over their land. You ask the audience to picture themselves in their shoes and encourage them to become more educated on the matter and take action.

d) You are giving a speech on an indigenous tribe in the Philippines. They are being mistreated, resettled, and even killed as Western colonization continues to take over their land. You ask the audience to picture themselves in their shoes and encourage them to become more educated on the matter and take action.

What is information hunger? a) general knowledge or common sense b) a need to share your own knowledge on a topic c) a craving for attention d) a strong desire to learn about something

d) a strong desire to learn about something

In his speech, Javier makes the mistake of referring to his references by vague terms such as "it." As such, he is using ______. a) demonstrative languages b) concrete languages c) neutralities d) abstractions

d) abstractions

What is a prop? a) a part of your speech's outline along with the introduction, thesis, main points, and conclusion b) a proposition in your speech c) a type of verbal communication d) an object that has the power to compel listeners to focus their attention on your message and better understand your subject

d) an object that has the power to compel listeners to focus their attention on your message and better understand your subject

What is the emphasis on extemporaneous speaking? a) memorization b) spontaneity c) recitation d) communication

d) communication

According to Aristotle, what are the three forms of persuasion? a) ethos, credibility, and logos b) fact, value, and policy c) ethos, logos, and proof d) ethos, logos, and pathos

d) ethos, logos, and pathos

A ______ approach to persuasion, which is a type of topical organization, presents each reason in support of the position as a main point. a) refutation b) support c) point-by-point d) reasons

d) reasons

In his speech on how to start a retirement fund, Mark says the word "savings" again and again to remind his audience that it is the key to building a fund. This is called ______. a) repeating b) restatement c) recall d) repetition

d) repetition

Argument by ______ is a type of deductive reasoning

defintion

John is very excited that Michelle has accepted his offer for a date, but he doesn't want to seem too eager, so he reduces the smile on his face. This is an example of _________

deinstensification

The major difference between an informative and persuasive presentation is the speaker's ______

intent

This speaker has chosen to use a digital slide presentation to support his speech topic "Checking Your Oil." If he had also wanted to include a physical demonstration of how to check oil, a _______ would have been an effective choice

model

The problem-cause solution is a good choice for either questions of ____ or questions of ____

policy/fact

Argument by _____ suggests that there may be a correlation between two ideas or concepts

relationship

Juan is giving a persuasive presentation on poverty and suggests a policy to help find affordable housing for the homeless. This is an example of the _____ phase of Monroe's Motivated Sequence.

satisfaction