ARH Exam 2

Artist: Praxiteles Aphrodite of Knidos Classical This is a copy Aphrodite, goddess of love, typically the only goddess who can be nude Praxiteles - one of the main sculptors during Late Classical: known for S-curve contrapposto (leaned over contrapposto, exaggerated kicked out hip) Late Classical - start to see gods humanized! More human/humanized stories Aphrodite - walked in on her during her bath time (no longer these great gods vs. Giants stories) - you surprised her, grabbing her robe -MODEST GODDESS - nude but not sexualized The progression of the nude form... Humanized stories Hermes + Dionysus (humanized story) -Dionysus being taken to nymphs to stay with on island to keep safe -H (older brother) teasing D (younger brother), moment of teasing - taking the gods off the pedestal and making them appear more human and average

-Artist of piece (definition what he is notable for) -Nudity and women -Stories of gods

Artist: Lysippos Weary Herakles Late Classical Lysippos - the other main sculptor of the Late Classical Period, Alexander the Great's court artist -Lysippos would change Polykleitos' canon of proportions, revise them 1. Not as barrel chested, leaner body over broadness (except Herakles) 2. Slightly smaller head Scraper - what Greeks would do after workout, oil and perfume and scrape off with squeegee Weary Herakles Located in a Roman bath (locker room) Just worked out, been to spa side and the idea is you're as tired as Herakles, Herakles just got done with the apples of Hesperides (in hand will see one of these apples) - just got done holding the world Humanizing the gods - he should be tired! Mimic how tired the people would be at this spa - humanize the gods - so tired he is leaning on his club

-Artist of piece (definition what he is notable for) -Story Do not need to know - depiction of Alexander the Great - ... (this artist) did ATG's portraits -Lions mane of curly hair, deep set eyes (pensive and moody), taught by Aristotle - he would be known for conquering just about everything and would die in 323 BCE

Lapith versus centaur Athens, Greece Classical

-Best preserved of the four metope regions Group of Greeks = ... (first blank) Can see from afar (LARGE in size) Sometimes we see the ... winning; sometimes the ... winning but we know the Greeks will win in the end Settled on ... form - wild and rowdy, wedding feast crashed

Lady of Auxerre Crete, Greece Orientalizing This piece bridges the gap between Geometric/Orientalizing period and the Archaic period (up next) She is an enigma - we do not know her findplace! Could have been Crete due to limestone native to Crete Found in a basement in France Idealized, not meant to look like any woman in particular (not a portrait) - idealized female form - so many Archaic characteristics but so many not so Archaic either (squished representation of human body, long fingers) Greek statues would have been painted, but stone and paint do not mix! Was she a funerary statue? Votive statue? Goddess? Not sure

-Bridges the...? -How is this piece an enigma? -Human form

Artist: Polykleitos Doryphoros (Spear Bearer) Pompeii, Italy Classical Was bronze, but marble copy - why we see brackets on fingers and ugly tree strump This statue was an EXAMPLE that went along with Polykleitos' giant essay on Greek canon of proportions - set of rules that says this is how the body should look - a ratio of proportioning 1. Slightly larger head 2. Barrel chested form (broader, chunkier) 3. Contrapposto This canon of proportions becomes canon for Greeks for next 100 years for MEN - look for the ratio, wrote a whole essay explaining his logic as to why - bronze statue as example

-Canon of proportions (3 characteristics, next 100 years)

Snake Goddess Knossos (Crete), Greece Minoan Do have figurines (though pottery was the main object found) This figurine's title (Goddess) is a stretch, no idea of Minoan religion/gods and goddesses Oldest figurine we know of - layered, multicolored dress - deep V-bosom, sleeves at elbow Exposed breasts - goddess/priestess depiction? Fertility? Snakes in each hand, feline on head? Power over the snakes? Wrangling the snakes and control of the cat on her head - nature power or ability to control animals (goddess) LARGE EYES - staring, hypnotic - meant to be an intimidating presence despite its size Found in a storage Created with faience - illuminous blues that have now faded (glazes in special process - ceramics)

-Figurines -Clothing -Exposed features -Use of animals -Technique

Funerary mask Mycenae, Greece Mycenaean Walk into Mycenae, find Grave Circle A Wealthiest were buried here - not grave robbed as much - buried with lots of gold Death masks too! Variation (Mycenaeans interested in likeness of a person) First known attempt to render a portrait of someone Repoussé - take piece of gold, beat it thin, raised design on front by pressing on back Other art pieces Had other representations of shields and swords -Are casting metal objects - inlaid dagger with gold and silver (wealthy) Showing prowess - lion hunts See military objects - shields (Homer did have accuracy in his retellings) Hunter capturing a bull - average wine and water cup Minoan influences - tiny waist, dainty/pointed feet but also interest in muscle groups and musculature Is Mycenaean but interest in Minoan art (Minoans were previous superpower) Female head Life size? Painted plaster - dots and sunbursts (cheek, chin, forehead) goddess representation? Do not know the religion of the Mycenaeans, Why sculpt? Leader or god Face paint, size, detail on crown and hair If this is a god, the Greeks craft their gods in OWN HUMAN IMAGE and not composite creatures The fall of the Mycenaeans Around 1100 BCE, in decline and taken off by Northern invader (do not know who) New art - Warriors vase - no individualization - same person copy and pasted, no interest in musculature (this interest of accurately representing the body has faded) 1100-800 BCE - DARK AGES No writing, not much art - do not know what was happening at the time, not a lot of production or external trade Thera? Other invaders? Do not know!

-First attempt at...? -Technique -Minoan influences (not this piece) -Representation of gods/goddesses (not this piece) -The Fall of the Mycenaeans and what we see in the art -What ends the Ancient Aeagean period?

Bull-leaping fresco Knossos (Crete), Greece Minoan Most famous fresco from Late Minoan period. Minoans loved their frescos. True fresco/buon fresco/wet fresco - typical technique of Minoans - damp plaster -> paint -> damp plaster -> paint Bull-leaping was a frequent motif - something that did happen 3 stages in arena, young athletic people (Acrobatic feat? Proof of athleticism?) 1. Grip horns 2. Touch its back 3. Flip and dismount Missing chunks Darker = original; lighter = redone Two of three figures completely original! Tiny waist (V-shaped body widens out at the legs), Tippy toes (pointy, dainty feet) One figure is paler (WOMAN), one darker (MAN) - represents SEX - is a convention - are Both men and women participating in this? Don't know! Need to translate the language (Linear A, also do not know Linear B) -Is it two women and one man or all the same person? Motion - bull's elongated body - bull is in flight, full charge at person

-Fresco technique -Motif -Gender -Depiction of people

Geometric krater Athens, Greece Geometric Pottery is termed by its function! Wide pots for wine and water mixing (then put mixture in pitchers/serving cases) Not what this one is used for though! Found at Dipylon cemetery (it never functioned as a krater - had no bottom) Was a funerary marker - like a tombstone Opened all the way through (no mosquitos, for libations - go down to the Earth and get to your ancestor) 2 registers (horizontal bands to convey a message) Did have narrative - the rest is a geometric patterning Funeral burial good - marked burial spot of somebody Register 1 (more important) - wake or funeral scene - body visited by family to say their goodbyes Circular head - giant eyeball Torso upside down triangle, stick arms, silhouetted Gender an after thought - not of concern Checkerboard pattern - cloth would have laid over deceased, but lifted to show body (like a canopy) Immediate family closest to body? Pet goats and ducks or filled empty space around we have professional mourners! Usually women, pulling hair (GRIEF) Register 2 Procession to Dipylon cemetery - chariots, men with shields and swords SIMPLIFIED FIGURES 3 horses, legs squished space causes jumbled legs of horses These pieces were a mix of commissioning (larger vessel, more likely to be commissioned) and off the racks (think pre-done, no changes except maybe anatomical gender after the fact) Do not know who this was buried with Another type of pottery - Amphora - storage pots for olive oil and goods Funeral wake scene (common), rest covered with geometric patterns Hero and centaur (Herakles and Nessos?) Bronze statues, solid but very small Not enough proof it is H and N Centaur - half man half horse - we usually think of them as waist up being man and waist down horse, but HERE the half of the man is all the way to the front legs and the back legs are horse legs - not the standard depiction! Thimble hats - no explanation - only attire they have on Herakles - Greece's favorite hero - there is a story where he wrestles a centaur, Nessos, to protect his wife and he defeats him We think it could be them due to the grasp they hold on each other (look like wrestling/struggling and not a greeting) Very geometric and simplified

-Function of this object usually versus this object's function -Registers - type of scene in first register -Types of figures, types of forms/shapes -Additional information on Hero and Centaur (do not need to know)

The frieze of the Siphnian Treasury we see a narrative - narratives are usually always someone vs. the Greeks - the Greeks always win This is a Temple of Apollo, so of course Apollo needed to be included This narrative is Gigantomachy - narrative of battle between Greek gods and Giants, or Olympians (Greek gods) vs. Titans (old gods) Greek gods winning against the titans Another narrative is Centauromachy (not this) - a narrative of a battle between Greeks and centaurs Apollo is in the back; Artemis (twin god) is in the front (goddess of hunt - see lions) Artemis's LARGE EYES, ARCHAIC SMILE - braids wouldn't work due to space and battle scene This would have been painted - Greek interest and preference for primary colors (R, B, Y) There was writing on the man's shield! Was it a name for the artist? Haven't translated it!

-Gigantomachy definition -Centauromachy definition

-Temple of Hera I - located in a colony in Italy DORIC columns - pancake, wide columns ; like chunky cigars, too many in one place (plentiful) -Originally had triglyphs and metopes (a frieze) -Hera = queen of gods, wife of Zeus Looking at the plan of the temple - columns all around, pronaos, cella, storage room - but columns go down the center (so no place for central statue) This means this palace must have been shared - likely a statue of Hera on one side and Zeus on the other (the only god she was willing to share a temple with) -One statue on one side of the naos, one statue on the other . . . . . Temple of Artemis - we have the first pediment sculpture (elongated triangle - tried to fit everyone in - as much design as possible - think of tetris) This isn't Artemis on the front (the pediment sculpture), this is Medusa Notice the Archaic characteristics with Medusa: chunky braid, large eyes, more so a grimace than smile Medusa has no relation to Artemis, so why have her? APOTROPAIC - she wards off evil spirits, like a lamassu - surrounded by panthers (serve similar purpose) and on one side showed in the Trojan War Medusa also doing the pinwheel pose (signifies running - chasing off evil spirits) . . . . . Siphnian Treasury: Not a temple During Archaic Greece independent city states, no Greek kings at this time In Delphi, there was a big temple for Apollo where an oracle was but also had all these storage places (treasuries) Small rectangular building, one way in and one way out Delphi: Neutral city state but not friends with everybody (not partial to anyone) - due to its sanctuary complex We do have an Ionic frieze here, but not Ionic temples -> We have instead a caryatid (stone carving of draped female figure as pillar in place of column - RARE to spot - supported the enablture of a Greek/Greek-style building - think of the more decorative Kore statue we saw in Turkish colony)

-Information on Temple of Hera I (do not need to know) -Information on Temple of Artemis (do not need to know the piece) -Apotropaic definition -Information on the Siphinian Treasury -Caryatid definition

Landscape with swallows (Spring Fresco) Akrotiri, Thera, Greece Minoan The island of Thera - in Cyclades, controlled by Minoans Close to Crete - appears crescent-shaped today - was once a full island -Around 1628 BCE, volcano on Thera exploded - blew hole in Thera to form crescent shape - took everyone off the island likely a tsunami Specifically dated due to tree ring data - changed the global climate for a while (cloud of ash) (lessened growth of trees) All stuff on the island preserved, this was in a private house (home of an ordinary person) painted beautiful scenes in homes The first pure landscape (no people, buildings) Not an accurate representation of the world - undulating hills, multicolored Essence of the moment (a feeling) - maybe a change in light? More on Minoan painting (fresco) -Interest in leisure activities (bull-leaping, picking flowers) - joyful acts -No depictions/descriptions of war (not interested in representing that in art) Unrealistic landscapes - more of a feeling Minoan dress - multi-tiered, multi-colored skirt, v-shape bosom with sleeves stopping at the elbow More on Minoan pottery -Interest in marine life (sea life) -Tag team efforts -Aware of curvature shape - tentacles encompass this whole (the octopus) -Very animated - cartoony, large eyes (the octopus) -Minoans reliant on sea life, octopi (most famous piece)

-Island of Thera -Type of fresco? -Landscapes -More on Minoan painting (interests, disinterested in) -More on Minoan pottery (subject)

Peplos Kore Acropolis, Athens, Greece Archaic Unlike men, women were not nude during this period! KORE = woman Peplos was her kind of dress - long, basic garment with arm holes From Acropolis - depiction of goddess? Don't know because what denoted gods/goddesses were what was in their hand that identified them (maybe Athena, but...) that arm with the hand is gone now Hands clenched, probably left foot forward, Archaic smile, heavy braids, large eyes Has her paint still because she was buried in pit with other broken sculpture Encaustic paint - pigment + wax paint (sheen but fumes) . . . . Another Kore, Kore in Ionian Dress (island off coast of Turkey) - more decorative dress, see pattern for her clothing thanks to paint somehow remaining -But braids, eyes, smile

-Kore statue -Location -Possible meaning? -Archaic features -Type of paint

Kroisos Anavysos, Greece Archaic This Kouros statue did have a name, Kroisos, but not a portrait. Plaque of name - he died a hero's death and so he had a heroic funerary marker Look at the evolution between the initial Kouros statues and Kroisos -Musculature more defined -But... hands clenched, knees locked, left foot forward (Egyptian stance) - heavy breads, large or bulbous eyes, smile! Do still see paint in the hair, brownish/red paint? Always red? Brown faded to red? Don't know

-Kouros statue evolution -Unique about this Kouros statue Ancient Greek mindset - HEROIC NUDE - Greeks of course did not fight nude, but wanted you to believe that

KRITIOS BOY - earliest known statue of contrapposto, predates the Trojan War (found in pit with other sculpture - pushed down by Persians) -No more Egyptian stance; contrapposto = natural weight stance - ONE KNEE LOCKED AND ONE KNEE BENT, how you would naturally stand and flip between the two knees (hip tilt too) - much more naturalistic -Again, no smile, chunky braid, obviously moving in this new direction Note Kritios' lack of Archaic smile but not a blank face - entry into the soul (more realistic, Naturalism but still stoic) Temple of Zeus at Olympia - sacred, Doric temple - now in ruins Metope - Story of Herakles getting apples from Hesperides (exclusive women, protected orchard - father is Atlas - the man who holds the world) -Herakles knows he cannot go in, so he seeks Atlas' help, Atlas says he has to hold the world up for him (Atlas tricked him, so Herakles asks, Can you hold this while I readjust? He doesn't take it back) -This is the moment Atlas comes back, Athena always partial to demigod heroes - helps Herakles NOTE HERAKLES FACE AS HE IS HOLDING UP THE WORLD - he cannot do it by himself - but NO GRIMACE -CLASSICAL PERIOD: No facial expression - stone faced, no emotion. But still the perfect, idealized body Warrior and Zeus or Poseidon? Bronze we know gets repurposed, is recyclable - but we find most of these in shipwrecks (as is the case with these two) Warrior - would have had helmet, shield, spear - Bronze was the preferred medium if singular statues BECAUSE internal supports could be hidden and lighter weight -Inlaid eyes, copper for his lips and silver for his teeth - Painted? With warrior, see more pronounced contrapposto - pronounced hip kick - knee bent, other knee locked Zeus or Poseidon - depends on what he was holding in his hand - spear or trident We can do poses like this thanks to bronze medium, self-sustaining - balanced on ball of foot - strong attention to javelin throwing position 3. Putting the body in more intricate poses Nyron, Discus Thrower -Athlete - discus throwing and javelin throwing long been Olympic games for Greece -ORIGINALLY BRONZE but a ton of Roman copies we start to see - but we do have text that said Nyron made a statue that looked like this and was bronze - so we give him credit Marble... to do poses like this one (more intricate) needed the UGLY tree stump - necessary to keep him from falling over + fingers have this bracket (not completely free) If bronze - would have had no ugly tree stump or finger bracket Why make statues like this? Not gods or religiously intertwined Probably them looking at the human body and crafting images that is ideal, excellent. Looking at the musculature - what is tense or relaxed - muscle groups and how accurately can we potray it? Face of Discus thrower - coiled up body to throw something far but nothing showing in face (STOIC, stone cold)

-Kritios Boy definition -Contrapposto definition -Note the emotion of Herakles - Temple of Zeus = human nude body embodiment of harmony and virtue -Bronze statues during Classical -Why was it the preferred method for singular statutes (3)? -Portrayal of athletes (javelin throwing of Zeus/Poseidon and Discus Thrower) -Marble vs. bronze Hollow-Cast Bronze - uses the lost wax process (can transport statues, easier to carry, lighter weight) Model sculpture out of clay -> make mold -> make mold of that - then pour bronze into hollow mold

Artist: Euthymides Three revelers Vulci, Italy Archaic Euthymides Three revelers - no narrative - all about the artist showing off - either 3 individual people or one person in 3 different times Showing off the human body - can depict the human body in all these different poses/positions and look legitimate! Especially depicting the back of the human body and having it rounded TECHNICAL SKILL Bottom of pot - underside would be signed, a lot of times it is two names "___ potted me, but ___ painted me" Euthymides both potted and painted this Some Athenian shade - quote from Euthymides - "Euthymides painted me as Euphronios never could" Rivalry between the two at the time! Again, pots we find in Italy

-More on artist -Why is this piece so exceptional? -Signature

Mosaic - tiny pieces of cut tile, stone, or glass fit together like a jigsaw (cannot blend, so have to make detail) Impressive - the foreshortening of the horse and volume of the horse's roundness (play on light and dark) Depicting chaos, one of the Persian soldiers trying to round up a horse to flee Mosaic (tesserae) - mosaic = patterns/pictures made by embedding small pieces (tesserae - 'cube') of stone or glass in cement on surfaces such as walls and floors Tholos temple - rounded temple, smaller, have a small hearth (burning fire) - in Delphi this was likely for Apollo -This Tholos in particular is Doric (Tholos temple - A temple with a circular plan. Also, the burial chamber of a tholos tomb) To help better remember Tholos temple, remember Tholos tomb (rounded tomb), so rounded temple Corinthian capital invented - most decorated capital but there is no Corinthian order! Acanthus leaf - extra curly Q's and flowers Do not use on temples!!! Maybe public places

-Mosaic and tesserae definition Was a Roman mosaic found in Pompeii (floor of dining room, al fresco) This was a copy of a Greek painting, so do not know the mosaicist Depicting the fall of Persia - Alexander the Great making his way across the field to get to Darius III (they lock eyes) Darius' men are looking to run away, but Darius does not want to do this - Sorry, my men are making me run away! *Remember Greeks are very minimalist when it comes to their painting - we see one tree but no leaves -Tholos temple definition -What else is invented during the Late Classical Period?

Seated boxer Rome, Italy Hellenistic New subject matter! 1. Sleeping statues - sleep is the opposite of reason (see Classical) - you cannot reason as you sleep/dream, this popped up during Hellenistic possibly because it was the antithesis of reason (going away from traditional subjects - not in control - not in reason) -Eros example - pudgy infant angel 2. Battered athletes -Seated boxer (defeated boxer) - from Rome, buried (not part of a shipwreck!) Part of gymnasium? This is a different depiction of athlete - not in the moment of action or youthful idealized athlete in action - THIS IS A DEFEATED, HUNCHED OVER ATHLETE NOT IN MOMENT OF ACTION - beaten the crap out of (probably lost his fight) -No longer the well-toned young athlete - idea he once had a fit body, but suffered badly (no longer the occult of youthful athletic prowess) - emotional collapse (BUT you know he will win, idea of perseverance) With the Seated Boxer, we see cauliflower ears (has been beaten in the ears many times), broken nose (beaten repeatedly), cuts on his face. Get the impression of bruising and blood on face based on different types of bronze and copper used. So why create this? Encouragement and perseverance! He did lose, but he will keep going and persevere! 3. Lower social classes and elderly -Old market woman: Poorest of poor, probably homeless, clothes in tatters. WHY MAKE THIS? Usually we see elites or gods/goddesses... -Social awareness of the Greeks? Interest in social justice?

-New subject matter (3) -Why depict these subjects? -Laocoön and his sons (more talk about the Trojan War) Remember Trojan War = Mycenaeans vs. people of Troy Trojan priest at the end of the Trojan War story - 'We need to burn the horse!' (Laocoön) - gods were involved in much of the war and sent a sea serpent out of the sea to drown Laocoön and his two sons. THAT WAY the people of Troy would say, 'See! Laocoön was wrong about the horse. Let's get it!' DRAMA - diagonal lines and Laocoön is depicted in AGONY, screaming in pain (EMOTION) Remember also with Hellenistic we see the changes in architecture (Ionic frieze below columns) and new subject matter (3)

Harvester Vase Hagia Triada (Crete), Greece Minoan Around 1200 BCE, the Palace of Knossos is sacked - no one goes back there - do not know who took the Minoans out -> Thera explosion? Tsunami, climate change, wiped the crops? (likely a long-term cause and not short-term) -> The Mycenaeans on the rise (short-term)? Harvester Vase - Not pottery, made of STONE Men coming back from harvesting grain in a field Visible underlying musculature (seeing more accurate muscle groups and skeletal forms - ribs, biceps, triceps) A late Minoan interest in depicting the human body as accurately as possible - interest in ANATOMY and making it accurate Also facial expressions - singing/vocalizing after a good harvest - happy Compare to Egypt... no facial expressions

-State of Minoans -Explanation in decline? -More on this piece -Two important takeaways - what the Minoans were interested in

-Temple of Aphaia (nymph, not a grand story) But this is a transition moment - DORIC TEMPLE West Pediment is done first (West then East) both in Trojan War Temple is interrupted by war West Pediment - Archaic characteristics (hair, eyes, smile) No Egyptian stance/pose because had to fit in the pediment triangle. Youthful body, nude (Dying warrior - in this pediment sculpture, have to fit in tiny area) This is where the Archaic smile starts to feel odd - spear in chest, destroy the illusion of natural body with the smile 480 BCE Persia always longed to conquer (never will quite succeed), political back and forth between Athens and Persians. Xerces gunning for Athens. Xerxes does show up, this is who he wants Greek city states did not want to be ruled (Athens leaning to democracy) Thermopylae (Battle) - Spartans and others will fight to hold off Persians for extended prior - buy Athenians time to evacuate - Greek city states could never band together to make single army The goal of this battle was to get Athens deserted - Xerxes would break through, sack city and destroy/burn Athens (Acropolis, etc.) Greeks then find out how to unite and push Persians out After that, immediate decisions will be made about art - Greks narrowly escaped rule by tyrant - won by INTELLIGENCE (rationality) not emotion. So changing the art! Dying warrior from the east pediment Strange smile now gone - restart Temple of Aphaia - right after Persian kick out Now we're in Classical - east pediment No chunky braid, large eyes, smile, Egyptian stance... but keep the youthful, idealized body Art beginning to reflect rationality - logic and reason what led to their victory over a numerous enemy So much more realistic Greeks = depicted as nude (heroic nude) Enemies = NEVER nude - Sign of weakness? brighter colors of clothing (funky looking - Trojan archer) - OTHERING - these people are not us (us vs. them mentality) Color reconstruction - through light refraction can see the patterns and colors

-Temple of Aphaia (do not need to know) -Junction between Archaic and Classical Periods -Xerxes and Persia; Thermopylae -Note the difference between the dying warriors -How Greeks depicted their enemies (still Temple of Aphaia)

Treasury of Atreus Mycenae, Greece Mycenaean Did not belong to Atreus (thank Schliemann for the name). Was not a treasury Tholos tomb - grand tomb for well-respected people (kings, generals) -1 way in, 1 way out -Relieving triangle but LEFT OPEN - only light source Inside is an empty room today, would have had body and burial goods Corbeled vault dome - beehive shape Smooth, finely done Floor to ceiling, 43 feet Tallest vaulted space until Pantheon (~1500 years later) The original walls of Mycenae later encompassed the cemeteries (city getting larger)

-Tholos tomb -Shape -... vaulted space until the Pantheon

Caryatids of the south porch of Erectheion Athens, Greece Classical

-When regular columns just will not do! Below them is a spot for Poseidon -These are female Kore statues (idealized female form), no portrait, column like form -Do see Contrapposto (bent knee) -Could be the First King of Athens (Cecrops) daughters, who helped raise ... (were six of them) -Never found where Cecrops was buried, idea is he was supposed to be buried there, mark his tomb?

Lion Gate Mycenae, Greece Mycenaean Heinrich Schliemann (German) is credited with discovering Troy and Mycenae Massive cities on hills - do not know if the Mycenaeans called themselves that Home of Agamemnon, Iliad by Homer depiction of the Trojan War (King of Mycenae) -Troy v. Mycenae (home of Ag.) City states want access to trade routes (Mycenae does) - reason to go war with Troy - HELEN, wife of brother, stolen by Trojans - now we have a reason to conquer Troy - fought for next 10 years Schliemann is looking for these places (more myths than historical accounts) Homer, however, was a local and did craft accurate myths around the ruins -Don't know if Agamemnon really lived there or if it was called Mycenae Lion Gate Mycenae is a city on the hill, 1 way in and 1 way out MILITARISTIC - thick walls, about 20 feet thick - door is barred, would have been a death trap for enemy armies -Cyclopean masonry Remember post-and-lintel is when two vertical posts support a horizontal lintel to get that archway shape (see it here) Post-and-lintel but the Mycenaeans knew it needed a relieving triangle: More weight you put on the lintel, it could crack the lintel! Combine post and lintel with corbeled arch - need that space Sometimes the space of a relieving triangle is left empty, other times it is filled (with relief - relieving stone) Lion Gate - relieving stone has lions on pedestal and in between a Minoan Column (probably plated gold) Lions - meant to be guardians - intimidate you (think lamassu) There were lions in the area

-Who discovered Troy and Mycenae? -How it ties to Homer's Iliad -Post-and-lintel construction -Relieving triangle -Use of lions

-Archaic Pottery -Pottery has its heyday in the Archaic period; we do have artist names Achilles (Greek's second favorite hero next to Herakles) and Ajax (general) playing a dice game Achilles was always a smidge bigger than everyone else (slight hierarchy of scale) Black-figure vase painting - the silhouetting of dark figures against light background of natural, reddish clay with linear details incised through the silhouettes - around Athens is this reddish clay - makes for a reddish background (iron deposit) -Background usually creamy white color but if made in Athens, reddish background (iron deposit) EXEKIAS was the king of pottery during the Archaic period, the potter of the day Exekias invented this story - not from Iliad but this scene becomes very popular. Not Homer's story but it is easily imaginable (considering the 10-year Trojan war, would have a lot of down time) There was writing all over - Greeks liked to label things (Achilles was winning - tense calm before the storm - shields and spears ready) -Achilles speaking his score Exekias known for his beuatiful, minute, small details (piece is only 2 feet high, these details are less than a foot tall) - see on the cloaks also awareness of composition/shape (mimic the shape of the pot - curve on backs match the curvature of the amphora, with contrasting curvature of their shields) - spears point to the game (moves our gaze to the game itself) Vulci, Italy - Italy is the place where pots are found a lot of the time - Etruscans love their Greek pottery - massively import and buried with them Andokides Painter invented red-figure vase painting - no name, but consistent style Red-figure vase painting - in later Greek pottery, silhouetting of red figures against a black background, with painted linear details; reverse of black-figure painting -The inverse of black-figure painting Andokides Painter famous for his BILINGUAL VASES - 1 side is black figure, one side is red figure [this is all about skill and showing off] *Andokides would pull the Achilles/Ajax scene (Exekias) and then inverse with red figure (literally red figures) Euphronios - do have names for potters (easy to sign) Herakles wrestling a giant (red hair). Red figure vase painting becomes popular because it lends itself to musculature more than black figure (silhouettes) and 3-d definition - seeing Giant's abs, Herakles's legs

-Who was Exekias? -His most famous design -Black-figure vase painting definition -Location of Archaic pottery -Red-figure vase painting definition (not Exekias) -Why red-figure became more popular over time -Bilingual vase definition

Propylaia - Grand entrance to Acropolis (Peracles wanted this, but never finished - can tell by hand holds - Peleponnesian War and ran out of money) Erectheion - The actual sacred temple to Athena - named after Erechtheus, her adoptive son - Ionic columns and feel but this is not a normal temple -Depicts the Contest between Athena and Poseidon; the olive wooden statue of Athena where the Peplos dress would go; the tree she made grow outside; and trident marks (3) for Poseidon (represent the spring beneath the ground) Temple of Athena Nike - Athena Nike (Athena victory, victorious Athena) A tiny, single room, on the side of a cliff, Ionic columns on either side KALLIKRATES - architect for the Parthenon Ionic frieze = Battle of Marathon (few years after Acropolis, no longer worrying as much about dedicating temples to mythology, if they want a temple for them they start to get over the fear of doing that) The parapet on the Temple of AN - card to make sure you did not fall off - NIKE (winged goddess) adjusting sandal Another example of the artist showing off - can show an unusual position of body and still look accurate Wet drapery - want to see nudity for women but cannot, so replace this with wet clothing. Can see all the parts of the body without nudity

Addition features of the Acropolis: -Propylaia -The Erectheion (How is this not a normal temple [its depictions]?) -Temple of Athena Nike (frieze narrative) Depiction of women during Classical Period when it comes to clothing... (parapet, Temple of Athena Nike)

Athena battling Alkyoneos Pergamon, Turkey Hellenistic Greeks were messing with the architecture, was a U-shaped temple with Ionic columns but the Ionic frieze is now below the columns instead of above (GIGANTOMACHY - gods vs. giants) - dramatic battle Looking at Athena vs. Alkyoneos (child of a giant) -Athena has him by the hair - Gaia (the mother of the Earth and this child, pleading on her son's behalf) Diagonal lines - conveying dramatic motion DRAMA - Alkyoneos is about to die (seeing this on his face! furrowed brow, worry and fear) vs. Late Classical where we would see no emotion Another portion: See Artemis in the moment of action, stepping on body to throw spear at giant Much more dramatic and action - would have been painted of course Snaky legs - connection with the Earth (children of Gaia, mother Earth - giants) ZEUS - diagonally striking with lightning - dramatic and more engaging than any Gigantomachy scene we have seen You can now walk up past the Ionic frieze instead of it being above you - frieze is coming off the stairs in some places as you go up Breaking from Classical traditions in other ways too... ENEMIES - Gaul - men from central Europe, example Chieftan committing suicide (enemy choosing death, this is seen as HONORABLE not as weakness) Chieftan is ACTUALLY NUDE - remember throughout Greek history only the heroes were nude as a sign of strength and enemies were clothed as sign of weakness. Now we start to see enemies being nude as we have not seen prior A shift in mentality when depicting enemies - no longer only Greeks nude as honorable (HEROIC NUDE) Gaul also depicted with busy hair, cords of thick necklaces, and facial hair (mustaches) - new feature unseen in Greek sculpture

Altar of Zeus -Hellenistic Period characteristics -Difference in architecture -Depiction of enemies (not in this piece specifically)

•The interest in Egypt statues carried over into the Archaic period •First life-size sculptures in this period. Archaic statuary is very stylized and defining features •Invention of red-figure vase painting around 530 BCE Looking into the architecture... Kouros statues - 'young man' - Archaic Greek statue of a young man *Wealthy funerary markers, upscale funerary marker - idealized male form (not meant to be any person) *Often over life-sized (6.5 feet) Kore statues - 'young woman' - Archaic Greek statue of a young woman CHARACTERISTICS OF ARCHAIC GREEK STATUES (male and female) 1. Heavy/chunky braid/twist (hair) - influence from Egypt 2. Large, almond-shaped eyes (disproportionate to face) 3. Youthful, idealized body (late teens/early 20s - very physically fit) 4. Egyptian Stance - left foot forward, knees locked, hands clenched at sides 5. ARCHAIC SMILE - obvious smile that gets wider over time (regardless of situation even dying or wounded soldiers) Heroic nude if male, clothed if female. Example of Archaic statue style characteristics -Calf bearer Offering to goddess Athena - Rhombos gifts to Acropolis What is unusual of this piece is Greek male statues do not wear clothing (idea of heroic nude - nothing sexual about nudity at this time) -Calf bearer has a thin shawl/robe that is left exposed in the front but can see on the back, arms, and thighs - vestment of ritual? But notice the left foot forward (Egyptian stance - hands would be clenched if not holding calf), large eyes, heavy braid, Archaic smile (Do not know why this smile occurs), Kouros (idealized male body)

Archaic Period -Interest in...? -First...? -Statuary is very...? -Invention of...? -Kouros statues -Kore statues -Characteristics of Archaic statues -Expression of gender (nudity)

•Under the leadership of Pericles, Athens flourished. He rebuilds it after the Persian sack in 480 BCE •In 478 BCE, the Greeks formed an alliance known as the Delian League. Even though this was a league of many city-states, Athens was in charge- "First among equals." •In 454 BCE the Treasury for the league was move to Athens where it was exploited to build the Acropolis. •On the Acropolis are the most sacred worship places in Athens and it is all of Athena, their patron goddess. Were already working on the Parthenon but not far into it and was damaged DELIAN LEAGUE, like a UN or League of Nations - Island of Delos (Cyclades), each nation would put funds (like a membership fee) this would be placed on the island away from major, city states But Athens later would like to move it (funds) to protect it from others (but not Athens). Athens will deplete the funds to refurbish the Acropolis - Parthenon built out of embezzlement! Acropolis will predate all of this - hayday of democracy in Athens (seen in Classical Athens) - Pericles elected 26 times, no term limits all his life! Worshipped most sacred goddess at Acropolis, ATHENA (named after - looks after them)

Classical Athens (same time as Early and High Classical Art) -Under whose leadership did Athens flourish? Who rebuilt Athens after Persian sack? -Greeks formed which league? Who was in charge? "First among equals" -The Treasury for the league was moved to? What was it exploited to do? -On this place (last question) are the most ... ... ... in ... and it is all of which patron goddess? The movement of ... league funds!

Figurine of a woman Syros (Cyclades), Greece Cycladic *Small, marble statues less than 1 foot Simplified, geometric forms Triangular head, squared off body all found in graves and burial sites - most presented as FEMALES (usually defined breasts, pubic area, stomach) -Possibly reference to fertility? Involved somehow but cannot go deeper than that Feet were too thin, lay on back -Had language but never translated

Early Cycladic Art *At different points in time control of Minoans and Mycenaeans -Type of statues (material, size) -Types of shapes/forms -Gender -Reference to ...

•King Xerxes of Persia sacks and burns Athens in 480 BCE. Athens had been evacuated prior to Xerxes's arrival. •By uniting, the Greeks were able to drive out the Persians. • •Following the victory, Greek art significantly changed. -Naturalism (representing the body realistic/based on observation; make the body look how it actualy looks - no more Archaic smile, chunky braid/twist, large set eyes - BUT still forever youthful) -Rationalism (prizing reason over emotion, stoic - STONE FACED, flat expression, stoic) -Idealism (specific beauty standard, idealized body standard - 25, lean and cut/fit) were emphasized. •The Greeks believed they had defeated the Persians because they focused on their logic/strategy over emotion and their art reflects this.

Early and High Classical Art -Who sacks and burns Athens in 480 BCE? The people of Athens? -How did the Greeks drive out the Persians? -How did Greek art significantly change (3 major terms!)? -Greeks believe they defeated the Persians because they focused on their .../... over ... and art reflects this

•The pace and scope of Greek trade and colonization increased in the near East and Egypt during this period. •Return of human figure to Greek art •Abstract geometric designs and Eastern monsters on black-figure vases. Hellenic - how the Greeks described selves Importance of human achievement - putting your name to something for the good of the community (idea of Humanism) Seeing trade and art again, end of the Dark Ages, don't know how they got out of the Dark Ages

Geometric Period and Orientalizing Period -What has increased into the near East and Egypt? -Return of what to Greek art? -Types of designs, types of figures on vases -Development of ... (importance of ... ...)? What did the Greeks call themselves?

-Rectangular, columns all around, and only one shrine room/cella One god per temple! Greek gods didn't get along with each other - keep the gods happy by having one per temple Can enter from any direction, but you do go in through the... Pronaos (lobby/foyer - leads to the...) Cella (naos) - shrine, sacred space Ophisto-domos (storage room) - once you give something to the gods, cannot take it back! (no recycling) Stylobate - floor, level on which all columns stand Peristyle - external colonnade on all four sides (columns all around)

Greek Temple layout -Rule on gods -Pronaos -Cella/naos -Storage room -Stylobate -Peristyle

X

Greek painting during Classical Period -Youth diving into tomb As opposed to the elaborate temples/architecture, GREEKS ARE VERY MINIMALISTIC IN PAINTING DURING THIS TIME No tall cliff or lake (puddle and two trees for a forest) The bare minimum!

•Begins after the death of Alexander the Great (323 BCE); lasts through the defeat of Cleopatra and Mark Anthony by the Romans at the Battle of Actium (30 BCE) (Roman takeover of Egypt) •Broke with Classical traditions: New subject matter (battered athletes, the Gauls); dramatic motion and unbridled emotion Greece has much more influence over Mediterranean region thanks to Alexander the Great - splitting land among 4 generals including Persia, Anatolia, and Egypt Still see idealism with the body type and Naturalism BUT EMOTION - an interest in drama, dramatic story and twisted form (diagonal lines) New subjects and new stories

Hellenistic Period -Begins after the death of...? Lasts throughout the defeat of ... and ... by the ... at the Battle of ...? -What did this period break from? How so (new ... ...; d... ...; u... ...) -Similarities and differences leaving the Late Classical Period

•Late 5th century was marked by the devastating Peloponnesian War between Athens and Sparta -Peloponnesian War = Spartans find out about the Delian League embezzlement (giant temple to the Athenians), Delian League v. Sparta - Spartans do win and Athenians lose, Athens is sieged (face war followed by plague) but is not conquered for Spartan rule - Sparta goes back to its city state •Macedonians invade Greece and defeat the united city states at the Battle of Chaeronea in 338 BCE. (Alexander the Great) •4th century Greece - political turmoil Everything looks the same heading into Late Classical from Classical - stoic face, youthful body, naturalism all the way. There is just a lot of political upheaval Women start to see the female nude form! Stylistically there is no shift between Classical and Late Classical - idealized male and female form Only see a shift in the kinds of stories or narratives being portrayed of the gods + heroes (humanized and finally the female nude) Example of shift in stories: Tired Herakles (Herakles often portraying strength, strength was his thing)

Late Classical Period -Late 5th century marked by which war? Between? -Who invaded Greece and defeat the united states? Which battle? -Political turmoil in 4th century Greece -Depiction of people compared to Classical (similarities) -Women

-Minoans conquered all the island of Crete and southern islands of Cyclades Major navy presence, trading with Egyptians and others but cannot translate their language Knossos Palace of Knossos - based on rectangular square in the middle, everything radiating off of that ~3/4 stories Homer lived around 750, creator of Iliad and Odyssey, these events took place in the First Millennium BCE (long before he lived) - these were seen as myths/legends of the time (less seen as accurate, historical retellings) -Archaeologists were wealthy, educated men looking for the reference places for these myths of Homer Arthur Evans (UK) Find island of Crete, look for legend of King Minos - massive palace complex - kept son(?) locked away (Minotaur) (half human, half bull) Minotaur preferred delicacy of Athenian youth (10 boys, 10 girls) thrown in labyrinth (he would feast) Theseus would volunteer to enter the labyrinth he would befriend Ariadne (daughter of King Minos) -They would escape, she betrayed her father + people so had to flee -Ariadne abandoned, found by Dionysus (this was his island) and became goddess This is what Evans is looking for. Locals knew of a complex already there (pulled local knowledge) Rumored to be a labyrinth - floor plan built on top of itself (kind of looked like one). Evans decided this Palace of Knossos was where it occurred. Original Greek translation of Labyrinth = House of the Double Axes - Knossos did portray two doubled axes within and about the palace in random places Is this the basis of the myth? -Labyrinth - maze, maze-like plan of the Minoan palace at Knossos Minoans - For King Minos - Minoans didn't call selves that but Knossos was their massive hub Evans did renovations on the ancient site - moved staircases, frescos he didn't like where they were, put in concrete where he thought columns stood (cannot pull concrete out without destroying the structure) Minoan column - TAPERS (gets smaller as it goes down) Rounded pillow/pancake capital! Were usually painted These pictured located in the residential quarter of Knossos, the LIGHT WELL (open to let in light and air) Evans put the concrete for the columns, was typically Minoan though! Columns would have been mixture of stone and wood

Late Minoan Art -Major hub for Minoans -Palace of ... -Arthur Evans -Homer (Geometric period; First Millennium BCE) -King Minos and the legend of the labyrinth -Meaning of labyrinth -Evans's renovations -Minoan columns

Pediments - in the worst condition 1. Birth of Athena (Zeus has splitting headache; Hephaestus splits head with axe, out pops Athena fully grown and armed) 2. Contest of Athena and Poseidon (the Erectheion is where this contest takes place; Athens patron/founding god - Athena and Poseidon vying for it. Athena plants olive tree, Poseidon salt water spring. Athenians known for olive oil, pick Athena) All we have left are torsos (Contest) - pediment saw most damage thanks to Christians putting up apse (destroyed it, Pagan) Birth of Athena - do have more, portion of Helios, his horses. Also either Dionysus or Herakles Birth of Athena - Classical style -Men had short cropped hair, athletic build, naturalistic in the way they are reclining, painted (even on back for Athena to see) -Women still clothed but not hiding much - can see breasts, legs, different poses (leaning, other reclining) Metopes - four main stories everyone loves to see... Greeks vs. somebody, Greeks always winning 1. Gigantomachy (under Birth of Athena) Greeks vs. Giants 2. Centauromachy - Greeks vs. Centaurs 3. Amazonomachy - Greeks vs. Amazons 4. Sack of Troy -Ends 14, sides 32 Pediments + metopes = DORIC on outside Columns inside were Ionic and around is an Ionic frieze This narrative is new - Panathenaic Procession Athena's birthday party, every four years Athenians would throw massive celebration culminating in the presentation of a new Peplos dress to place on the Athena statue 3 sides - men on horseback, men and women milling around (mixture of gender) On frieze is the culmination moment/climax of story - gods (Athena's family) sitting - Poseidon, Apollo, Artemis (messing with clothes) Culmination (fourth side) - gods and the Peplos scene No one can agree on the Peplos scene! No one talked about the Ionic frieze because it was hidden with the roof and no one could see (dark) Every 4 years Athenian statue in Erectheion got a new dress, if this was the 400s it would have been Pericles or high priestess receiving the Pelos dress from a YOUNG GIRL (not a boy!) BUT this is a young boy - can tell by bare bottom (would not do this when depicting girls - women are clothed) There is only one time it could have been a boy - the first Panatheic procession - she has one adoptive son (no biological children) Erechtheus Athena chooses to adopt him, he stays in Athens with first King of Athens - why we have the Erectheion So makes sense it could be then him as the boy and the First King of Athens as the man (not Pericles) The Parthenon is really to the Greeks Temple is technically to Athena, but it isn't to Athena - the Panatheic Procession is the first depiction of human events on Greek temple (never done before) - Greeks defeat someone on all metopes - overall this is a temple to the Athenians all about their defeat over the Persians. Thank Athena to help but hidden behind all religion is this message

Layout of the Parthenon -Pediments (2) -Men (hair, build, positions) vs. women (depiction of body, positions) -Metopes (4) - four main stories for Ancient Greece -Pediments + metopes = ... -Ionic frieze on inside - Panathenaic Procession -Importance of Peplos scene on the frieze -Who is the Parthenon really to?

-In-land Greece up north, same time as Minoans in Crete and Lower Cyclades We know eventually the Mycenaeans take over everything More militaristic - no meandering palaces, we had instead citadels with thick walls - one way in, one way out - set up on a hill (Tiryns) -Rich in gold, powerful The inside of palaces we don't know what they looked like - but probably big open megarons (gathering spaces), preference for Minoan columns, probably had frescos Corbeled gallery - extended corbeled arch (long hallway) Stacking stones - moving in a little bit at a time to get that triangle shape Corbeled arch: an arch formed by the piling of stone blocks in horizontal courses, cantilevered inward until blocks meet at keystone Corbeled vault: vault formed by the piling of stone blocks in horizontal courses, cantilevered inward until two walls meet in an arch Cyclopean masonry How you use the stones! Cyclops is a giant, single-eyed figure Giant stones - really megalithic in size - so big only cyclopes could move them (joke term to describe how Mycenaeans used stones in their structures) Massive stones for defensive measures! GIANT rocks then shove in smaller rocks - no concrete just weight balance

Mycenaeans (Mycenae, Pylos, Tiryns - metropolitan locations) -Militaristic -Types of structures built (not meandering palaces...) -Inside of structures -Corbeled arch -Corbeled vault -Cyclopean masonry

-Originally part of a fountain (mimicking the splash of water on her as though the fountain is a bow cresting on the waves of the water) -Part of fountain that would represent the bow of a ship - braced down on knee, wings back and clothes back due to the wind -Venus de Milo - Aphrodite sexuality starts to come to play VS. Classical (caught in the middle of bath; trying to put clothes ON) - in this case she is trying to take clothes OFF - more interest in sexuality with the female nude

Nike of Samothrace -What it represents -Depiction of women (Venus de Milo)

-Influence from Mesopotamia, Middle East Problematic term! Looking at Corinthian black-figure amphora with animal friezes, see creamy background with black and red figures Mesopotamian influence seen in the animals - there are lamassu in this piece Registers of animals - lions, boars, geese, lamassu Sirens - not mermaids originally, bird with female head - lured you with a song, long braided hair Still had some geometric design

Orientalizing Period -Definition

•Dark Ages: 1100 -800 BCE (nothing art-wise - following decline of Mycenaeans - gap of time where there is no art - no idea of trade or activity at the time) •Geometric Period- 900-700 BCE •This is when Homer lived. It is believed that the Iliad was first composed about 750 •Orientalizing- 700-600 BCE •Archaic- 600-480 BCE •Classical- 480-400 BCE •Late Classical- 400-323 BCE •Hellenistic- 323 - 30 BCE

Periods of Greece Do not need to know dates!

The treasury for the Delian League!!! Temple of Athena Parthenos - virgin - Athena was a virginal goddess (never wed, never bed) more powerful because of this Greeks put everything they had into the Parthenon Greeks broke rules they never broke before - THE ONLY TEMPLE WITH BOTH DORIC AND IONIC CHARACTERISTICS Felt it was the climax of architecture, extra special Has also been a Christian church (tried to renovate to make an apse), mosque (need minarets, destroy more things), and ammunitions depot [Ottoman Turks in control of Athens from 1453-1820s, no Greece as we know it until after their independence] (Turks were Muslim not Pagan and didn't care about the building, lay ammunition -1687 - Venetians laid siege to Athens and Venetians had rocket that went through columns and blew the roof off - never messed with or tried to rebuild since -Elgin not first to take things from Parthenon (Venetians and others) -Elgin did try to protect it, Europeans had more attachment and looked to Greece as dawn of civilization All sculpture has since been removed, copies remain. What Elgins didn't take, Greeks preserved Perfect ratio of metopes to columns - wanted it to be the embodiment of harmony, logic, and perfection Optical refinements - Parthenon is the only temple to do this! Human eyes aren't perfect - straight lines we see bowed up or down. So the Parthenon attempts to adjust this - stylobate is curved up, columns are leaned inward (back) and bowed out just slightly in the middle. This is not noticeable to us, but everything looks perfectly straight! Exterior - triglyphs, metopes = DORIC Interior - Ionic columns and Ionic frieze = IONIC The only temple that mixes Doric and Ionic orders! Giant statue of Athena Parthenos Main architect of whole project, Phidias, whole thing was gold (since gone, recycled). Holding goddess Nike in hand Covered in stories - soles of shoes Centauromachy; outside shield is Amazonomachy; inside of shield Gigantomachy

The Acropolis originally had the Parthenon and the Erectheion (ACTUAL sacred temple for Athena - in addition to the Propylaia gate and temple of Athena Nike) Parthenon -Its function/purpose -How is it different? -What is it a temple of? (... ...) -History -Exterior vs. interior -Athena Parthenos statue Optical refinements definition (stylobate, columns)

•Early Cycladic Art (c. 3000-2000 BCE) - Cyclades Islands: a cluster of small islands between Crete and mainland Greece •Late Minoan Art (c.1600-1200 BCE) - Named for the legendary King Minos, this civilization was located on Crete •Mycenaean (Late Helladic) Art (c. 1600-1200 BCE) - Located on mainland Greece

The Cultures of Ancient Aeagean 1. ... ... Art *Small cluster of islands between Crete and mainland Greece 2. ... ... Art *Named for legendary ... ..., civilization located on ... 3. ... (... ... Art) *Located on ... ... *All three independent cultures *The ... will eventually take over everything but mutually trade and interact with one another initially

Doric and Ionic both have pediment Pediment - triangular shape at end of a building, formed by ends of the sloping roof above the colonnade (in both Doric and Ionic orders, both are full of sculpture!) Both shafts of columns in Doric and Ionic are fluted (grooves, ridges) ANCIENT GREEKS DO NOT MIX THESE! Doric Order Frieze is like a register - Doric friezes have 1. TRIGLYPHS (three faux columns) and 2. METOPES (blank space in between the triglyphs). The metopes have the narrative and the decorative scenes 3. Doric Capital - plain, MINOAN like (squishy, pillowy, pancake-like shape) Remember the capital is the uppermost portion of the column that is decorated for the gods 4. NO COLUMN BASE - fluting runs to the floor . . . . . Ionic Order 1. Friezes do NOT have TRIGLYPHS OR METOPES, IONIC FRIEZE (blank space for decoration) 2. Ionic Capital - VOLUTE (shaped like upside down scroll) 3. IS a column base . . . . . Corinthian capital - invented much later than Archaic Period - most decorative, elaborate of the capitals A more ornate form than Doric or Ionic; double row of leaves from which tendrils and flowers grow, wrapped around bell shaped echinus -Substitute for standard capital used in Ionic Order Hardly used! Never seen on Greek temples . . . . . Also see composite capitals - mixture of Ionic and Corinthian capitals, obvious volute curly Q (sometimes seen)

Two architectural orders... Doric and Ionic Doric Order and Capitals (4) Ionic Order and Capital (3) Corinthian capital (not used on temples)