ARH Exam 3

Aspiration is part of a larger mural scene Missing 2 of them, only 2 around Shows the history of African Americans, was created for the Texas Centennial Exposition of 1936 (to honor Texan independence from Mexico and The Hall of Negro Life, which was made as part of that exposition) First major work in Alain Locke's book, "The New Negro: An Interpretation" - the idea of African American artists embracing African heritage This piece is a history of early Texas from an African American perspective Starting with the abduction from Africa (the other piece in this mural scene we have, the first mural) - the African side of the Atlantic Aspiration is the ending painting (the American side of the Atlantic) - do still see the shackles of slavery AND the waves of the Middle Passage (imagery) Arms are raised as if sinking beneath the waves (shackled arms of slaves - the idea that captains/slavers could throw slaves overboard to insure "their cargo") They are pointing to this city on a hill Three tier platform - the 3 Kingdoms of Egypt Woman is considered the Mother of Egypt - open book (introduction of knowledge and a Renaissance image from the Sistine Chapel by Michelangelo) Purple color = KINGSHIP, royal Two other male bodies - new ideals The left figure may be Benjamin Banneker (astronomist) The right may be George Washington Carver (agricultural chemist) Being uplifted - imagining a better future beyond racial discrimination (hard to think about considering Texas was then part of the Jim Crow South - segregated) Glowing five stars - pointing to the city on a hill Texas: Lone Star state? But it is likely the North Star (the journey of African Americans from slaves in the South to freedom in the Northern US) Radiating circles - jazz (soundwaves) - the idea jazz is one of the greatest contributions of African Americans to America They had to post a sign stating "Aaron Douglas, a Black artist, did paint these" Because white viewers did not believe or doubted a Black artist could make these

Aaron Douglas, Aspiration

In addition to looking at the past, he looks at Biblical stories In the Bible, everything took place in North Africa and the Middle East... He utilizes the stereotypical African silhouette Have Noah here, animals he is letting on the Ark before the storm lets loose

Aaron Douglas, Noah's Ark

One of Rodin's apprentices, partner and lover She was a female sculptor - RARE, often women were not even given the chance to do sculpture ("This is hard labor! Women can't do this!") Claudel is also notable for depicting both the female AND MALE nude (one of a few women to do this) This is a more romantic scene Inspiration from Rodin seen toward the lower portion of the sculpture - this loose and almost primoderial ooze - the people are not really free from the material

Camille Claudel, The Waltz

Camille Pissarro, 1. The Boulevard Montmarte at Night Pissarro is known for his giant scenes. Montmarte is a Paris "suburb," lit up by gas street lighting. Montmarte was known for its night life. See carriages 2. Le Village d'Éragny (The Village of Éragny) This painting features a village, countryside scene Pissarro is known for his dotted style, not Pointillism, but there are quick, rapid strokes that resemble dots

Camille Pissarro, The Boulevard Montmarte at Night Le Village d'Éragny (The Village of Éragny)

France around 1870 We are in the late 1800s, Impressionism and later Post-Impressionism (post = after) We will stick to Paris for a while until the World Wars Impressionism, late 1860s and early 1870s. Lasts about a decade Was a cohesive group, they knew and showed with each other (unlike the Post-Impressionists) a. Modern subject matter *Outdoor scenes (could actually go outdoors to paint extensively, tubed paint made that happen)*Leisure activities (going to the park, dance halls) b. Looser brushwork (painting very quickly) - quickess to paint scene c. Lighting effects - how sunlight affects color (Post-Impressionists may look at artificial lighting instead) *Monet, Renoir Claude Monet - interested particularly in lighting effects, created series of paintings Example: What does sun look like in spring versus in summer versus in winter Rouen Cathedral: The Portal (in Sun) Édouard Manet, Claude Monet in His Studio Boat Manet is a realist (subject matter particularly) but he does hang out with the Impressionists - always has that social commentary Pierre-Auguste Renoir, Dance at Le Moulin de la Galette Renoir on the other hand made no attempt at social commentary, leisure scene. Everything is lovely! Major influence from Japanese woodblock printing - oldest form of printmaking in the world (carve a piece of wood, the raised portion would hold the ink - press the paper against the raised portion, a print is made). Is reproducable, not just a one-off like painting! Shipped to Europe when Japan opened its borders *Lack of attention to space - illusion of steps vs. floor vs. sliding door - tilted in space, etc. *Interest of patterning and stacking those patterns *Color blocking - just solid color (no light or shadow). Can really see that with Cassatt (Under the Horse Chestnut Tree) - unaffected solid color Two female artists during Impressionist period Mary Cassatt, Berthe Morisot Difference between them and male impressionists especially in subject matter. Women could not go outdoors unaccompanied to hang out at a café and paint (especially as a middle or upper-class woman). Were assumed to be a sex worker (as a woman unaccompanied in a private space *They painted domestic scenes (readily available to them - women getting ready in toilettes, mother and child scenes). Park scenes were OK but still women were not unaccompanied, usually had children or friends to avoid harassment Post-Impressionism Whereas Impressionists hung out, Post-Impressionists did not. There were no organized exhibitions, they did not even use the term Around the 1880s, 1890s - picking something from the Impressionists and sticking with it (an element they liked or disliked and ran with it) Hendri de Toulouse-Lautrec, At the Moulin Rouge Toulouse-Lautrec was interested in lighting effects, particularly unnatural lighting (artificial lighting, the gas lighting). Also subject matter - night life (leisure activities) He was the main artist for the Moulin Rouge, did advertising as well (graphic design) Georges Seurat, A Sunday on La Grande Jatte Seurat was interested in color, but he took it to a scientific or meticulous side Pointilism - the only one with the willpower to do, dots of color (color theory big at the time) If I put orange and blue next to each other, step away, which color would they blend into? Example: Dark green when standing back, step forward and see red, orange, blue, purple all together Even had a neutralizing border to counteract how the colors might be affected by the golden frame Vincent van Gogh, Self-Portrait Van Gogh was also interested in color but using color for an expressive side (expressing mental states or motion/movement) Night Café For example: Pairing this violent/vibrant red with the sickly green - meant to give off an uneasy and shifty feeling We know this was his intention through a letter he sent to his brother Theo He is also one of the most famous artists in the world: for his bright colors but also his dash marks (quick brushstroke, also an inspiration from Impressionism) Paul Gauguin, Vision after the Sermon (Jacob Wrestling with the Angel) Gauguin was running alongside van Gogh, the two did interact more than others Gauguin was also interested in expressive color (using the red to convey the vision) But his goal was to find these unspoiled, pure places (mythical places that did not really exist). Interested in particular in Brittany (France) and Tahiti (French colony) Paul Cézanne, Mont Sainte-Victoire Cézanne was interested in form, he wanted structure back. He believed the impressionists were too loosey-goosey in their form He began breaking things down into shapes! The landscape becomes green and yellow rectangles Considered the Godfather of Cubism (Cubists love his work)

France around 1870 We are in the late 1800s, Impressionism and later Post-Impressionism (post = after) We will stick to Paris for a while until the World Wars Impressionism, late 1860s and early 1870s. Lasts about a decade Was a cohesive group, they knew and showed with each other (unlike the Post-Impressionists) a. ... ... matter *... scenes (could actually go outdoors to paint extensively, tubed paint made that happen) *... activities (going to the park, dance halls) b. ... brushwork (painting very quickly) - quickness to paint scene c. ... effects - how sunlight affects color (Post-Impressionists may look at artificial lighting instead) *Monet, Renoir ... ... - interested particularly in lighting effects, created series of paintings Example: What does sun look like in spring versus in summer versus in winter Rouen Cathedral: The Portal (in Sun) ... ..., Claude Monet in His Studio Boat Is a realist (subject matter particularly) but he does hang out with the Impressionists - always has that social commentary ...-... ..., Dance at Le Moulin de la Galette He on the other hand made no attempt at social commentary, leisure scene. Everything is lovely! Major influence from Japanese ... ... - oldest form of ... in the world (carve a piece of wood, the raised portion would hold the ink - press the paper against the raised portion, a print is made). Is reproducible, not just a one-off like painting! Shipped to Europe when Japan opened its borders *Lack of attention to ... - illusion of steps vs. floor vs. sliding door - tilted in space, etc. *Interest of ... and stacking those ... *... ... - just solid color (no light or shadow). Can really see that with Cassatt (Under the Horse Chestnut Tree) - unaffected solid color Two female artists during Impressionist period ... ..., ... ... Difference between them and male impressionists especially in ... matter. Women could not go ... unaccompanied to hang out at a café and paint (especially as a ... or ...-class woman). Were assumed to be a sex worker (as a woman unaccompanied in a private space *They painted ... scenes (readily available to them - women getting ready in toilettes, mother and child scenes). Park scenes were OK but still women were not unaccompanied, usually had children or friends to avoid harassment Post-Impressionism Whereas Impressionists hung out, Post-Impressionists did not. There were no organized exhibitions, they did not even use the term Around the 1880s, 1890s - picking something from the Impressionists and sticking with it (an element they liked or disliked and ran with it) Hendri de ...-..., At the Moulin Rouge He was interested in lighting effects, particularly unnatural lighting (artificial lighting, the gas lighting). Also subject matter - night life (leisure activities) He was the main artist for the Moulin Rouge, did advertising as well (graphic design) ... ..., A Sunday on La Grande Jatte He was interested in color, but he took it to a scientific or meticulous side ... - the only one with the willpower to do, dots of color (color theory big at the time) If I put orange and blue next to each other, step away, which color would they blend into? Example: Dark green when standing back, step forward and see red, orange, blue, purple all together Even had a neutralizing border to counteract how the colors might be affected by the golden frame ... ... ..., Self-Portrait He was also interested in color but using color for an expressive side (expressing mental states or motion/movement) Night Café For example: Pairing this violent/vibrant red with the sickly green - meant to give off an uneasy and shifty feeling We know this was his intention through a letter he sent to his brother Theo He is also one of the most famous artists in the world: for his bright colors but also his dash marks (quick brushstroke, also an inspiration from Impressionism) ... ..., Vision after the Sermon (Jacob Wrestling with the Angel) He was running alongside van Gogh, the two did interact more than others He was also interested in expressive color (using the red to convey the vision) But his goal was to find these unspoiled, pure places (mythical places that did not really exist). Interested in particular in Brittany (France) and Tahiti (French colony) Paul ..., Mont Sainte-Victoire He was interested in form, he wanted structure back. He believed the impressionists were too loosey-goosey in their form He began breaking things down into shapes! The landscape becomes green and yellow rectangles Considered the Godfather of ... (Cubists love his work)

Early on Goya is a court artist working for Charles IV of Spain This is a family portrait of them, very traditional art for the royal family Charles to the right (in black), Queen (in yellow), Prince Ferdinand (in blue) The rest is sisters, grandma, brother and his family This is a commission by the royal family: I don't know how Goya got away with all the things he did Sister: Is ditsy! He has painted her facing away. This is a painting not a photograph. He could have painted her face. They stood there for hours, probably multiple times he sketched them all He obviously did not like her, you don't not paint someone's face unless you don't like them How did he get away with this? Do not know. This is very obvious his opinions He perceives her as ditsy, air-headed, she is so oblivious to the world around her she's not even facing the artist, facing the back wall Grandma behind her: The most quintessential witch face, that is a giant syphilis mark on her face (the black spot is not a mole, it is a mark of syphilis - she has an STI and he is very blatantly telling everybody, no one would have missed that) He did not have to paint it, he chose to paint it Do not know how he got away with it! The only person he likes her is Ferdinand, the prince in blue Our heir to the throne He is presented very regally, paying attention Charles IV was not a great king (his dad), nobody would contest that That is what is eventually the downfall of all of them. Charles is not a great king and Ferdinand wants to get rid of them The last bit of things he got away with, a little more subtle, had to know the court intrigue of the time: The youngest child, the boy in red The rumor at the time this boy was not Charles' son, it was the gentleman in red (the King's brother). The fact they are both in red, hairstyle is the same, noses is the same. Goya is highlighting that is the kind of court intrigue at the time and he probably believes it. Had to know the rumor mill of the Spanish court to catch that. Even the people who lived there probably got it He does not have high opinions for the family except for Ferdinand Goya does include himself. A little Diego Velasquez nod, him with the canvas back there surrounded by the royal family presumably in his studio They were in the same palace, he would have seen Velazquez's work, not that unbelievable he saw that painting This will come crashing down with them Ferdinand wants the throne, his dad has not died yet (still has the throne) Ferdinand approaches Napoleon from the north for help: this is the problem Charles was not that great of a leader but Ferdinand was not that bright either. He was a teenager, but not much of a pass. He invites Napoleon in. "I want my dad off the throne, will you help?" Napoleon of course agrees, he would love to help him. He just wants a reason to invade Spain and he just got an invitation to come help and invade Spain He invades Spain, gets Charles off the throne and then puts his brother Joseph Bonaparte on the throne instead Ferdinand, you could have seen that one coming Ferdinand eventually, once Napoleon and Joseph are gone, does make it to the throne, just takes him a while When he returns, he brings Goya back as well. He will commission...

Francisco Goya, The Family of Charles IV

So you have people like Blake and Fuseli in England, but also we have in Spain Francisco Goya Romanticism is something that kind of goes everywhere Goya is working in Spain. He works for a time as a court artist (early on) but was also a printer This is a set of prints, probably the most famous out of any of them Can read it both ways: either the monsters are bad or the monsters are good Monsters as in fantastical dreams and fantastical and creativity Some of those creatures/monsters are quite menacing, these sort of batlike creatures hovering above you You can read it both ways. He is definitely a Romantic so it is kind of hard to say for him where is this bad or is this good. The point is you can take this both ways

Francisco Goya, The Sleep of Reason Produces Monsters

Josiah Johnson Hawes and Albert Sands Southworth, Early Operation under Ether, Massachusetts General Hospital This booms. People love it, because you can take it anywhere once they reduce down the exposure time, people start using it. People do use it as a form of scientific documentation

Josiah Johnson Hawes and Albert Sands Southworth, Early Operation under Ether, Massachusetts General Hospital

Chapter 29: Modernism in Europe, 1900 to 1945 (post-World War 2) Periods will start to go much faster Europe is pretty much set (France is still France; Germany is Germany; Britain is Britain, etc.) but we do get the Balkan areas forming and countries like Czechoslovakia Austria-Hungary will split into two separate countries Czechoslovakia and Poland become their own countries - end of some of the colonial aspects of the world Abstraction/abstract versus non-objective art Abstraction/abstract: Distorted, distorting (subject matter) from what you would typically see BUT there is a basis in reality. Example: It may be a person (Ernst-Ludwig Kirchner's Street, Dresden is abstract but WE STILL SEE PEOPLE in the art - basis in reality) Another example: We see the human body, is a different representation of it. Not a lot of light and shadow, an ABSTRACT human body (distorted but IS a human body - a basis in reality) Non-objective NO BASIS IN REALITY, simply line, shape, and color - that is it No basis in our reality Abstraction does not equal non-objective [the terms cannot be interchangeable] Example: Vassily Kandinsky, Improvisation 28 - truly no basis in our reality - just lines, shape, color For Modernism in Europe, we'll get more and more abstract until non-objective and stay there for a while

Modernism in Europe (1900 to 1945) *How are the nations? West Europe? East Europe? Abstraction vs. non-objective art

Georges Seurat A Sunday on La Grande Jatte Post-Impressionism Seurat was interested in COLOR and took it to a scientific level At this time color theory was developing - taking a scientific approach to the study and understanding of color (not just these colors look good together) They were aware of primary colors (red, blue, yellow) and secondary colors (the colors combined from primary colors - green, orange, and purple). They also knew of complements/complementary colors (colors across each other on the color wheel: red and green, blue and orange, yellow and purple). He knows these color sets The idea that began to emerge was, when you put these colors next to each other, how do they influence each another? (Example: You have a light blue and a dark blue. Depending on what you surround them with, they are going to look lighter or look darker even though they technically are the same. Just your eyes and brains - chemists looking at this, SIMULTANEOUS CONTRAST) Also interested in the afterimage of colors (stare at color(s) for a long time and then look away, you feel the color you still see the color(s) inside your brain. Red and green are known for doing this - color has been sat in your retina just a little too much) Seurat looking into this idea: If you set two colors next to each other, your eye will optically mix them. This is right! Seurat: If you set two colors next to each other, your eye will combine them (POINTILISM - all just those dots) Pointilism - Seurat is known for this style, he is really the only one who does it because it is so tedious 1. Set a base color underneath 2. DOTS - never just one color Example: From far away we see the dark green of the grass in shadow. If you walked to it, you would really see dots of blue, purple, orange, red (and varying shades of these). But step back though and boom it is dark green (the idea that if you set two colors next to time your eyes will combine them). OPTICAL MIXING, optical illusion of one color using multiple different colors at once. Seurat becomes obsessed with this Subject: Leisure activity (Sunday afternoon kind of idea) - but it is formal and still (no sense of movement) (Everyone is stock-still) La Grande Jatte was an island off the Seine River people would boat over to and hang out Versus his nighlife, can-can/acrobat scenes (all done in this Pointilism style) There is a mix of social classes - see upper class/elite (because who else would afford to own a monkey) and lower classes STATIC MOTION (no movement among subjects) - interest in color mixing We also have a lot of preliminary sketches/impressions from him (plotting all of this color out) Other optical mixing point: Putting complementary colors together (red and green, blue and orange, yellow and purple) can cancel each other out! So he also has included a neutralizing border all the way around the work because he knew it would likely be placed in a golden frame and he did not want the gold to influence the colors it was next to (the subject) Seurat took color to the scientific side (Seurat was in Paris)

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Théodore Géricault Raft of the Medusa Romanticism FRANCE: This is Géricault This is also a contemporary event but we get a little bit of emotion going on here This is an actual event that took place the same year or year before July 2, 1816 - the frigate (French cargo ship), the Medusa, wrecks off the coast of Africa - wrecked due to mishandling of the ship The captain in charge of the ship had 0 nautical experience, he was awarded the position because of his noble birth. That was a thing - you could have literally 0 experience doing military, sailing and you were somehow magically in charge of things and he ran it into the ground because he didn't know what he was doing and he wouldn't listen to the people who did know what they were doing They wreck the ship, it sinks. There were lifeboats on board but there's two stories that probably are both slightly true 1. There weren't enough lifeboats on board to account for the crew and the passangers 2. The nobility on board used said life rafts for their luggage, therefore they could not put people on board Probably a little bit of both Eventually those who were not able to get to life rafts cobbled together from the debris a raft, on the raft for 13 days in total They say they start out with about 150 on board, when they are picked up on day 13, they are down to 15. Not a good story They are rescued, they do make it back to France and they tell the story. The newspapers latch onto it because this is sensational, it is just truly arrogant negligence and you killed so many people It does result in change - you cannot just be rewarded for positions just because of dad. They take that away Géricault really gets fascinated with this story. The struggle of what it was to survive on that raft He meets with survivors, he goes to see some of the dead bodies they manages to reclaim, he gets the survivors to tell him everything about the raft, they help him build a model of it He wants it to be as accurate as possible. He invests a lot of research into this painting When it goes on show, everyone would have immediately known what it was - contemporary in that it happened just a couple of years beforehand This is the moment of rescue if you can believe it, that is why they are frantically waving The ship is that little tick/dot in the back. It is so far off in the distance, that is that tension moment. They see it, but it is almost so far off you're like: "That's not gonna happen, there's no way. No matter how much you holler or scream, there's no way they will see you. They could be going in the opposite direction for all you know!" But this is the ship that will rescue them (moment of rescue). There is that tension of like it is going to happen? Look at the surrounding WAVES - the Atlantic is having a roiling day, this is not calm seas. Also that tension - is the wave going to capsize them and they drown? Number of dead bodies on the raft - we do know they had to participate in the "Way of the Sea" (Cannibalism) - that was the fancy term for it back then Especially the body to the left, he is missing his lower half. They were on board for two weeks nearly, they had to eat something Also no water! This is saltwater, you cannot drink that This is a horrifying experience You have that emotion of the scene but Géricault also wants to add line in here In art, we understand lines, certain lines have certain motions DIAGONAL LINES - convey motion, your eyes tend to follow them. He actually puts in an "X" composition - have this X kind of shape hidden between the mast and the bodies, kind of leading up the survivors here who are clinging to hope that the ship will save them He is doing this to have a more exciting dynamic composition Gentleman at the top, we know who this is, one of those survivors: Jean Charles He is one of those survivors and he was a Black man! Géricault was an out and proud abolitionist. He made the point to put a Black man at the top of the pyramid. This is the kind of hero moment France by this time - slavery is outlawed in the country itself, they probably still participated in the slave trade. That was the norm, that was the normal thing. Still making money off of it you just couldn't own a slave in France Géricault is putting Jean Charles there one to decry the idea of slavery but also highlight France as a multiracial society

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Édouard Manet Olympia Realism Édouard Manet, Olympia A couple of years later, Manet submits this in 1865. Both done in the same year (1863), but this goes up later in the Salon. It gets in somehow They do not like this one any better - surprised this got in They say naked woman on a bed - check But then it has a problem Same problem again: She is looking at you. But a bigger problem With the other painting (Luncheon on the Grass), you do not exactly know what the story is This one we do know the story: Olympia at the time was a very popular name for a sex worker, it was a famous monocre. They immediately knew, Oh this is a lady of the night. This is a sex worker She isn't a nude Venus, this isn't a nymph. Nude women were very common, but they were there for your viewing pleasure (Example: Bouguereau's Dawn or The Birth of Venus, this is what they were looking at - they are there to be looked at, not looking at you) The nudity is not the problem - it is her looking at you and the implication that she is very obviously a sex worker These are Venus's, this is Aurora (the Dawn), they are their for your viewing pleasure, they are an object of desire OLYMPIA IS NOT Olympia is maybe even a little more confrontational because her hand is over her genitalia very business-like If she is a sex worker and you have walked into her room, that makes you the viewer her customer! Which they really didn't like Once they realized she was a sex worker, they were like: Oh what a second! That makes me the client That was even more scandalous, the idea you are her next client. That is why she is like money first, we are here to do business This is her maid, we know who she is, her name is Laure She has flowers either from you the client or maybe from a different client The cat does not like you at all He's 100% referencing Titian's Venus of Urbino down to the cat versus the dog The colors are the same, she's on a red couch with the green curtain The maids have been swapped out but very much a call back to Titian's work because this is what he was taught in school He's in Paris, would have been looking at prints of it and copies but this was the standard for the reclining classical nude. This is what you are striving for Manet is like: OK, I'm going to do what I want because she is not real (Venus of Urbino)! The idea of an object of desire versus reality You want to look upon an object of desire, money first! He's confronting this, Paris did not like it They described her as a corpse, they talked about how her hands and feet are dirty. They picked apart things, talked about everything but what Manet was trying to get them to look at The idea of a sex worker and having these high paid courtesans or escorts was very much a part of life They made copies of it, made terribly racist caricatures of Laure. They did everything they could to make fun of this painting which only drove its fame more. People were making a point just to go and see this painting LAURE: She is the other woman in the painting and we have not talked about her for the vast majority of the painting's history There is another person in that painting, most people have looked at Olympia (still Victoria - same model), talked about her and idea of sex working/prostitution in Paris and how nobody liked it. The only talk of the Black woman there was to make terribly racist caricatures of her, she was resigned to the maid stereotype. But Manet talks about her. He paints her a couple of times and this is talking about the idea of the Black model in art Reclining nude gazing at the viewer: Controversial, this aspect of everyday life that has always been with us - a lady of the night, a prostitute. This was considered to be poor taste, be kept part of private domain BUT look again - there are two women in that painting. One is white and the other is Black What is Manet intending to say? This material is not hidden, she is in plain view just a lack of historical interest. In Manet's own notebook, find the model's name "Laure" who he described as a very beautiful Black woman Manet brings this figure into the present moment, French society is interracial, people of color are a part of modern France He painted Laure twice more, one in a portrait Another Black woman, biracial actress in a fourth Manet painting American artists in the 1920s who spent time in Europe would come back to Harlem or Chicago to the Black cities formed in America and portrayed every scene of modern life as well Henri Matisse, and other European artists, would also draw inspiration from Harlem in the 1920s (back in France, working with Black models - stripping away the markers of ethnicity, race typical of European portrayals of Black women) Artists like Mickalene Thomas pays homage to Manet in her work, today (citing Manet's description of Laure) Everybody talked about Olympia, nobody ever talked about the maid next to her We know who she is, we know her name. Her name is Laure Manet painted her more than once What Manet is doing, yes he is following the realists He is presenting modern life, the idea of a sex worker being a part of Parisian culture But he is confronting this (the reclining nude motif) we have got to move beyond this! This is not real life anymore. May have been part of life for the Renaissance but we don't live in the Renaissance anymore. We've moved on from this That is realism for France

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•In October 1929, the US stock market crashes plunging the US into the Great Depression. The rest of the Western world was also in the midst a massive economic depression. •Artists were able to find relief with federal programs, like the Treasury Relief art Project and the Works Progress Administration (WPA) •Oddly though, people are fleeing to the US at this time, looking for refuge. Hitler comes to power in 1933 and quickly begins his reign of terror. •American art during this time was primarily figural. One major movement of this time was Regionalism- emphasized American subjects and was a reaction against European abstraction. •Mexico experienced its own version of Regionalism; these artists sought out a style that was based on their indigenous history and culture 10/29/1929 - stock market crashes. This was kind of seen coming just because of mass excess and prices now suddenly plummeting (hits the US the hardest but the Western world is affected) Overnight people were broke, homeless Areas in drought - no crops When President Franklin D. Roosevelt (FDR) gets into office, starts his "Alphabet Programs" (called these because they all had acronyms) Bringing relief through welfare, Medicare and Medicaid And bringing relief to the arts - artisans with no jobs Two big programs Works Progress Administration Treasury Relief Art Project - employing artists to work on government buildings and post officers or other federal buildings When it comes to the Great Depression, some artists will talk about it in their art and others will not REGIONALISM is a reaction against Modernism in Europe *Emphasizing American subjects with American style - American Gothic for example

The Great Depression: 1929-41 •In ... ..., the US ... ... ... plunging the US into the Great Depression. The rest of the ... world was also in the midst a massive ... ... •Artists were able to find relief with ... ..., like the ... ... Art ... and the ... ... Administration (...A) •Oddly though, people are fleeing to the US at this time, looking for refuge. ... comes to power in 1933 and quickly begins his reign of terror. •American art during this time was primarily ... One major movement of this time was ... - emphasized ... subjects and was a reaction against ... ... •... experienced its own version of ...; these artists sought out a style that was based on their ... ... and ...

One of VG's many landscapes - he bounces between nightlife scenes, portraiture, landscapes - does a bit of everything This was created while he was committed to an asylum (he committed himself, chose to - Saint-Rémy-de-Provence). This was the view/scene from his room. Technically committed for epilepsy (but at that time this was a wide diagnosis, so who knows. We have no documentation of him having actual seizures) Prominent cypress tree, the tree contrasts with the church in the background VG has this interest in spirituality, maybe not necessarily Christian religion (being a preacher's/minister's son - his dad was a minister and he tried his hand at it) [prominent steeple on the Christian church contrasting with the tree] Night sky with these blues and yellows Swirling forms - what was he trying to do here (up for debate)? Capturing an atmospherical thing? Maybe. It could be this cosmos/Milky Way kind of idea Showcase of his stereotypical dashes: He paints very rapidly (could churn out a painting in a day maybe), typical dashwork, dashes in his work (his style) + vibrant colors (interest in being expressive through this colors) Most do think VG completed suicide in 1890. He was shot in the chest, but does not die immediately. He goes back to the hotel, enough time for Theo to come down (after VG calls for him) and be there when he passes away, say goodbye VG makes it a point to claim, "It was me. Blame no one else" - some of his words, lucid for a bit of the moment before his death There is this murder conspiracy (theory for a long time - someone shoots him but he never confesses?), no one wants to believe VG committed suicide Either way it doesn't matter: whether he was murdered or committed suicide. The result is the same: Vincent is dead and Theo is dead. Either or does not change his story or his art van Gogh documentary, Loving Vincent (2017) The movie is set in late 1890, people of his life trying to come to terms with the end of VG's life and what happened (late summer/early fall 1890, he has passed away at this time) Fully painted feature film talking about this story. Was PAINTED, not from the computer - true to the spirit and execution of his work. Separated the painting and animation process The climax: The main protagonist is Armand Roulin, a real person he did paint a portrait of Armand is trying to send one of VG's last letters to his brother Theo (when they were cleaning out his house after his death). Postman Roulin is trying to send it but it kept getting returned. So he sends his ne'er do well son, Armand, to deliver it. It is him going to last known place Vincent is and trying to deliver it to Theo, knew VG had passed away, but he did not know Theo had also passed away (could not find him). Armaund gets caught up in this debate of did Vincent take his own life, was he murdered?He is trying to get close to Vincent's doctor and his family. Meeting (crux) with the doctor's daughter. Them discussing the point of Vincent's life and his artwork There was speculation on whether VG was murdered/killed or whether he committed suicide Scene: Armand meets with the doctor's daughter, final scene in the movie. A wheat scene (VG's last painting, Wheatfield with Crows) where the two meet. The point of VG's life is in his artwork. Instead of speculating on how VG died, we need to celebrate the life he lived through an appreciation of his art You want to know so much about his death. But what do you know about his life?It doesn't matter exactly how he died, the point is to enjoy his life and his art. Armaund is able to get the letter to Jo

Vincent van Gogh, Starry Night

Here is Monet with his wife in a boat (Madame Monet). Manet and Monet did hang out frequently (good friends), this is Manet's impression of Claude. Manet is still more of a realist (than an impressionist) in terms of subject matter but he does hang out with Impressionists, show with them on occasion

Édouard Manet, Claude Monet in His Studio Boat

Bierstadt is someone who goes west a little bit He goes out west on the railroads and goes to paint some of these beautiful scenes that would go on to be our national parks, Yosemite, Yellowstone, he is in those places and paints these stunning scenes We have now learned a lot of these are composites - they are not all one place. The mountains are from here and the waterfalls are from there kind of thing But what he is doing is presenting these beautiful scenes that will be sent back east and they will be put on display as inticement. "Come west, youg man. Look at what you can find!" The deer frolick through the forest If Thomas Kincaid lived in the 1800s, this would probably be what he would have painted They are glorious scenes like angels singing, God breathed this into being for us Part of that drive to go west and conquer the rest of the stuff, they had to believe it was their God given right to do so That way they could justify kicking all of the Native Americans off of the land, "They weren't cultivating and using it, so they didn't need it" was a lot of the tone This was also supposed to entice you: God created this for us The Birmingham Museum of Art has a Bierstadt, not this one, but reminiscent of this

Albert Bierstadt, Among the Sierra Nevada Mountains, California

THE KING OF KINETIC ART, he made mobiles We have not seen any mobiles yet! Mobile is a new medium - idea of motion (the air is making it move, we could make it move if we were close enough, etc.) This one is more of a seascape, others are just shapes Abstract

Alexander Calder, Lobster Tail and Fish Tail

Romantic in subject matter but probably Neoclassical in its painting style (how it looks, so precise) Romantics do more looser brushwork than this Kind of an ode to the Americas Atala is a novella, completely fictional story. Young French girl living in the territory/colony of Louisiana. The US has not bought it yet. She is mixed descent (Creole) and she falls in love with a Native American man But they are very passionately in love. She can't have sex though because on her mother's deathbed she made a promise to her mother she would never have sex (remain a virgin forever) But now she has fallen in love and doesn't know what to do. It's a slow burn romance, long distance passionate gazes Eventually she decides it is better to take her own life than break her vow Very Romeo and Juliet - there was secretly a priest helping them, also the forbidden side that he is a Native American (not Christian - that tension, she is Christian and he is not) They have found her body after she has taken her own life and they are going to bury her Her lover is absolutely distraught, he is clinging to her. The priest is trying to help Popular almost soap at the time (closest thing to a soap opera in book form) This tension of pagan vs. Christian, romanticizing of the Native American individual (a side character to her, that noble savage motif - he's not Christian, also looking very white here - this uncivilized group of people and if noly they would step into the glowing light that is French Christianity civilization everything would be OK. That is also the implication, lot of very Christian imagery here - she has a cross, there is a priest, a cross looming over them outside) Christianity is playing a big part here This is really bridging that gap from Neoclassicism to Romanticism

Anne-Louis Girodet-Trioson, Burial of Atala

Augusta Savage was a female Harlem Renaissance artist, a sculptor She was raised in Florida but. moved to Harlem in 1921 with $4 in her pocket Twice widowed, divorced, left including her teenage daughter in Florida She was accepted into an art school in Paris until they realized she was Black and they changed their mind essentially (would go to Paris on a scholarship thanks to Gamin) Most of her work is plaster (why we do not have most of it surviving today) - because she could not afford bronze. But she did paint over the plaster with shoe brass or paint to give it that bronze look Gamin and a baby face on a pillow we still have but we have no ORIGINAL work of hers left remaining besides those two She was a big teacher for the upcoming and younger artists during the Harlem Renaissance The Harp - made for a New York World Fair Originally 16 feet at its tallest point, 12 figures ascending in height. The front man has a plaque with the first two notes for 'Lift Every Voice and Sing' Because it was made of plaster and no one offered to make a replica, the original was destroyed and we no longer have it Gamin we DO still have Savage is presenting a sculpture of a BUST (what is traditionally for the elite Romans/Europeans) as a young Black boy (not a "savage" or "troublesome" or a "degenerate" - all terrible terms used against children at that time) He is humbly himself Gamin translates in French to 'streetwise kid,' an intercity kid

Augusta Savage, Realization The Harp ('Lift Every Voice and Sing') Gamin

Auguste Rodin, Burghers of Calais Rodin is known for his The Thinker (will reference it in other sculptures) but this is another one of his famous sculptures This was commissioned by the city of Calais. This was during Hundred Years' War time (13/1400s) - England was trying to lay siege to Calais (French city) and would The burghers is an old term, they were like Calais' city council. They were told by the English to give up their lives to save the people of Calais and they did. They sacrificed their lives for everyone else. Typically the burghers are depicted as glorious, but he intentionally showed them beaten down (probably starving, disease-ridden), a quiet dignity Intentionally set on the ground in the original Calais sculpture - at EYE LEVEL (not glorious depiction) Auguste Rodin, The Gates of Hell This was a cast(s) done well after Rodin's death. This would be set in his own museum Rodin was initially commissioned to create the entry doors for a decorative museum (did not happen) There are references to The Thinker and some other sculptures of his (The Three Shades) Reference to Dante's Divine Comedy - swirling forms thought to be reference to the second circle of hell described by Dante (being a swirl) NOT AS NATURALISTIC body forms, almost loose brushwork of the impressionists

Auguste Rodin, Burghers of Calais Auguste Rodin, The Gates of Hell

Monet was really interested with LIGHTING EFFECTS (impressionists as a whole were interested in lighting effects but no one took it as seriously as he did) - created series of paintings to study that over time (Rouen Cathedral, Venice, The Haystacks, The Waterlillies) Monet is also known for his light, rapid brushwork - has a blur to it. An example of one of these painting series was Monet's study of Rouen Cathedral - see the portal in the sun - in sun versus in clouds, at morning versus afternoon, sunlight in the spring versus sunlight in the winter, etc. Light brushwork, rapid working (blur to it, typical of impressionists) In an endeavor of lighting effects: Monet does not include black as a color (RARE) - Monet believes there is no black, there is simply darker forms of the object's original color (like dark purple or dark brown) - darker shade of the original color Monet believed you should not necessarily be using black. If something is in shadow, the shadow is not black it is just a deeper color of whatever is there Monet also believed there was an atmosphere of the world was a hazy purple/violet color - his own interpretation One of the more popular ones out of the bunch - natural lighting effects as they occur in our atmosphere

Claude Monet, Rouen Cathedral: The Portal (in Sun)

Cubism • Like Expressionism, Cubism is the offspring of nineteenth-century influences, in this case Cézanne's geometrization of nature, abandonment of scientific perspective, rendering of multiple views, and emphasis on the two-dimensional canvas surface • Picasso, the driving force behind the birth of Cubism, combined the pictorial methods of Cézanne with formal elements from native African, Oceanic, and Iberian sculpture • Analytic Cubism: considered the 1st phase of Cubism; focused on structures and forms, in particular dissecting and reassembling them • Synthetic Cubism: A new phase that began in 1912; artists constructed paintings, drawings, sculptures, from found or pre-made materials; Collage falls into this phase of Cubism In France again. Inspired by Cézanne - how to make shapes out of things. These artists (like Picasso) are classically trained but realized we have been painting with the same goal in mind for a long time (~400 years) - make art look illusionistic - the 2-D surface must look 3-D (to make a 3-D object on a 2-D surface) Cubists questioned whether art had to be this way. Questioned whether life had to be represented that way. Does art have to represent the natural world? They will look not at turning the 2-D into 3-D-looking but keeping everything 2-D! Cubists come up with a new method of representation - everything is just 2-D, everything is just shapes. Goal: New language of representation Cubism has two phases: Analytic (1) and Synthetic (2) The only difference between them is that Synthetic Cubism enters into mixed media (collages and constructed sculpture out of different objects) With both phases you are still taking an object, fracturing it apart, putting it back together in the wrong order

Cubism • Like Expressionism, Cubism is the offspring of nineteenth-century influences, in this case ...'s ... of ..., abandonment of ... ..., rendering of ... ..., and emphasis on the ...-... canvas surface • ..., the driving force behind the birth of Cubism, combined the pictorial methods of ... with formal elements from native ..., ..., and ... sculpture • ... ...: considered the 1st phase of Cubism; focused on structures and forms, in particular ... and ... them • ... ...: A new phase that began in 1912; artists constructed paintings, drawings, sculptures, from ... or ...-... materials; ... falls into this phase of Cubism

Dada • World War I began in August 1914 and lasted until November 1918. This war caused mass destruction for Europe. More than 9 million soldiers died in that 4 year span • In 1916, during World War I, an international movement arose that declared itself against reason, society, traditional art • The name of the movement was supposedly chosen at random from a dictionary, a nonsense term for nonsense art. Dada is French for a child's hobby horse • Dadaists asserted that traditional art forms—a reflection of the absurdity of war and the insanity of a world that gave rise to it—must be discarded • Despite their pessimism, there is always a level of whimsy and irreverent humor to their works WW1 is the first world war with this level of technology solely made for destruction (could argue the Thirty Years' War was a World War for Europe just not with this level of tech) August 1914 - November 1918 (11/11/1918 at 11:00 a.m. signed treaty, armistice, official ending to the war) Involvement from US, England, France, Germany, Ottoman Empire (about to see the end of) - all about national ties. Everone had their hand in the pot People wanting to expand, particularly Austria Everyone thougt the war, based on their level of technology (machine guns, mustard gas) would only last about a month - but instead men ended up sitting in trenches and stared at each other four+ years The Battle of Verdun alone (10-month long) war resulted in more than 500k dead, a 1:1 kill ratio More than 9 million soldiers died in the war in total DADA is an international art movement (Europe, US, etc.) that is against WW1 (response to) and against everything (the world is hell, chaos reigns) - started in middle of war and has hayday as war is ending Dadaists blamed traditional society for the war (nationalistic expansion) Rebel against society and tradition. Everything is insane, absurd - pessimistic but there is a level of irreverent humor in their work Even the group name means nonsense. The story is they had a French dictionary, flipped to random page, pointed and the finger landed on DADA - a child's hobby horse (idea of random, nonsensical)

Dada • ... ... ... began in August ... and lasted until November ... This ... caused mass destruction for Europe. More than ... ... ... died in that 4 year span • In 1916, during ... ... ..., an ... movement arose that declared itself against ..., ..., ... art • The name of the movement was supposedly chosen at ... from a dictionary, a ... term for ... art. Dada is French for a ...'s ... ... • Dadaists asserted that ... art forms—a ... of the absurdity of ... and the ... of a world that gave rise to it—must be discarded • Despite their ..., there is always a level of whimsy and irreverent ... to their works

Lange is a female photographer, going out to document as part of the Resettlement Administration - migrants and documenting their living conditions In Southern California, migrant pea farmers - pea crops had frozen due to weather. Had no jobs anymore, no food A mother and her three children (can barely see the infant's face in her arms, she is holding) - published in a San Francisco paper (the closest city), and then to Time magazine *BECAME VERY POPULAR - people accepted this as an encapsulation of the Great Depression (the feeling of tiredness, uncertainty, dirt - did not know what to do) This photo got so much attention, the migrant camp was given food thanks to it

Dorothea Lange, Migrant Mother, Nipomo Valley

Georges Braque, The Portugeuse *Analytic Cubism Picasso's counterpart, his partner in developing Cubism Eventually Cubists would ditch color palette later in addition to the illusionist way of depicting people and objects. Go for neutral brown colors (lends itself to the breaking things apart, putting them back together in the wrong order - makes it harder to tell, cannot tell) Cubists love STILL LIFE - allows them to have the time to do this breaking/fracturing and reassembling They also love text (words) This is a gentleman who plays guitar at a bistro (he is the live entertainment/music) but he is fractured You see the building, him, the guitar, signs for the café/bar - see every aspect of it all at once It takes time to find him, but you get glimpses of eyes, nose, mouth, shoulder joint, elbow - the guitar in the bottom center (strings) It requires long looking!

Georges Braque, The Portuguese

These are her flower paintings - the idea is they are zoomed in so closely These are named after the names of real flowers You're taking something naturally formed but it is so zoomed in that it looks abstract (it is its own art, but naturally occurring) There is a feminine nature to these works, a feminine thing going on here

Georgia O'Keeffe, Jack-in-the-Pulpit No. IV Georgia O'Keeffe, White Iris

Courbet is the one who got in trouble a lot at the beginning partly because he is taking this subject matter of the lower-class in particular and everyday stuff and mixing it with the size of the canvas They'll only get bigger This was is gone, got bombed in WW2 It was over 8 ft. long and over 5 ft. tall. What he got in trouble for when he tried to show these is: "This subject matter is not worthy of the size of the painting" For them giant canvases were reserved for mythology, religion, history paintings. It wasn't reserved for the peasantry. Where he constantly got in trouble. But that's what he wants Rome isn't real anymore, all of these religious scenes, for him they weren't real. But these people really exist, I'd rather talk about them He was a big person about social justice. He's talking about cyclical poverty probably before they had that concept STONE BREAKERS - this was an actual job before you had machines making gravel, you had people make it. It was backbreaking labor When making new roads, a lot of times when excavating to make the road any big boulders or large stones, you would bring the Stone Breakers to break them up and then they would sell the gravel What is going on here Young man and an older man - do not see their faces. Courbet wants them to be everyone and no one You're supposed to take away that eventually the old man will pass away and the young boy will take his place This is the type of poverty where you are living hand to mouth, there is no saving up your money and pulling yourself up by your boots straps. It's just not feasible These people don't even have complete clothing. Everything has been patched The older man does not have proper shoes, wooden clogs The young boy does have some semblance of a proper shoe but probably years old and holes at the bottom They can't even have enoughmoney to get new clothes, that is how poor they are What he wants you to talk about. That's what he is confronting French society with They didn't like it, he kept getting rejected from all the big exhibitions He finally organized an exhibition of the realists. A "realist exhibition" as he called it I'm going to show you this stuff, you will have to see it This is what he is wanting to talk about - these people exist, the goddess Venus does not exist on our mortal plain whether or not you believe in gods or goddesses, she's not here in this moment but these people are

Gustave Courbet, The Stone Breakers

Hitler starts deeming everything degenerate. Degenerate art So they would organize degenerate art exhibitions: Bauhaus, Kollwitz's art, Becker, New Objectivity, Cubism Then they paid people to go see it - what was it accomplishing other than all of the modern art was in one place. This is one of these exhibitions, Hitler in the center They were not hung catercorner like this, did it for this photo shoot and then put them all correctly Everything comes crashing down, with Germany, puts a halt on art. Cannot do a whole lot of art during the middle of a World War. Most people flee to the US

Hitler and Degenerate Art exhibits

If you have seen any Pre-Raphaelite stuff, it was probably this one They loved Shakespeare, Shakespeare lived in the 1600s, Raphael died in the 1500s They loved him because he was British and this is a very British moment They do have very precise brushwork, most of the pre-Raphaeliites are not going to get into the loose brushwork. It will be very precise. Some of this plantwork, a lot of it has meanings (a lot of flowers do have symbolism) it is down to every leaf and every petal, very precise Ophelia is the great tragic female character of Hamlet. She is Hamlet's beloved but secretly, she eventually takes her own life and goes mad. She drowns by falling in a river while she is picking flowers in the story. That's what you have here. Ophelia falling in the river, the flowers she has picked all around her There was a poor model who had to do this, ELIZABETH SIDDAL She becomes the model for the Pre-Raphaelites - everyone loves her, eventually Dante Gabriel Rossetti kind of convinces her to model only for him, they are engaged for a decade and then he finally agrees to marry her. She becomes the main model She posed over a four month period in a bathtub full of water He did keep it warm with lamps so the water was not super cold but apparently one time the lights went out and it became ice cold. He did not stop the session and she caught pneumonia from it. Her father was pissed and threatened to take him to court unless he paid the medical bills and he agreed She posed so he could get the perfect floating motion

John Everett Millais, Ophelia

Louis Comfort Tiffany, water lily lamp Louis Comfort Tiffany, Vase Tiffany was the main American Art Nouveau artist, known for his LAMPS (florals, plant life, water forms) Lamps and glass - Art Nouveau but mass-produced! Favrile - a glassmaking technique Tiffany comes up with, iridescent sheen, exclusive to Tiffany lamps. What helped make them so famous, patented the glass smelting process Before Tiffany & Co. became a jewelry company and included all of these other items, it was an Art Nouveau interior design group/company

Louis Comfort Tiffany, water lily lamp Louis Comfort Tiffany, Vase

Sullivan is the main American architect during the later 19th century This is an office building in St. Louis, MO Some ornamentation - heavy cornice (Sullivan loved, the top portion of the building) Covered in terra cotta (unusual choice, lightweight not the most durable but certainly lightweight) Sullivan also liked to divvy things up into 3's (3 elements to the building, 3 design levels)

Louis Henry Sullivan, Wainwright Building

Max Beckmann, Night Neue Sachlichkeit Vets living through this - their experience More about the breakdown of society during WW1 in Germany - not the front lines How society broke down during war - government was busy (have to send men to the front lines to go fight in a war), do not have time to control crime in rest of country Story: group of criminals broken into family's house in middle of night to torture and kill them Criminals, torturing the man. Implication is they have or will rape the woman, abducting the girl to probably do the same thing Not a fun thing to look at but it is them expressing their trauma of what they have seen and gone through, what the country has gone through as a whole Still is New Objectivity but think very much subset of German Expressionism - very expressive, fracturing of Cubism still going on

Max Beckmann, Night

Pablo Picasso, Guitar Cubism does develop more into 3-D sculpture We can consider this an assemblage - bringing mixed and found materials together. Cardboard, wire, string Found object sculpture

Pablo Picasso, Guitar

Female impressionist artists (both shown with impressionists) Mary Cassatt Berthe Morisot Mary Cassatt, 1. Under the Horse Chestnut Tree 2. The Child's Bath Cassatt was an expatriate from the US, living in Paris and spends rest of life there. She never marries or has children. But she hung out with Degas a lot, so much so the thing was, When are they getting married? And it never happened. She is known for her indoor domestic scenes, women and children! Female artists had easy access to such subject matter Female artists have to paint some of this stuff [subject matter] (women and children, indoor domestic scenes). They were limited (particularly middle to upper class women who did not have to go out and work), restricted in what they were allowed to do (versus Monet, Manet, Degas - who could watch flaneur and hang out in café). They could only go to the park unaccompanied (but should probably have children in toe to really sell the deal to men to not bother them!) or shopping areas. Young woman, married or unmarried, women would be harassed if in a café for example unaccompanied. The assumption was if you were a woman unaccompanied anywhere but parks or shopping areas you were a sex worker (just by being out in public and unaccompanied and not in a park or shopping center) and you could be harassed as such Cassatt gets ispiration from Japanese woodblock prints - interest in patterns and color blocking (laying patterns on top of one another). Sweet endearing, mther to child scenes! Example: Solid blue and solid greens. Loves patterns - pattern of carpet with her dress with wallpaper with chest of drawers Berthe Morisot, 1. Summer's Day 2. Woman at her Toilette Brushwork is looser. She will also do mother and child scenes. Going to the park was typically OK, having your children or being accompanied with other women made it a little easier for you Or women in toilettes, their dressing rooms - but do show they are not excluded from that but would not hang out with the guys at the bar, especially from Morisot (upper-class background) Also known for her indoor domestic scenes, women. More upper-class than Cassatt and married to Manet's brother, she is related into the Manet family Female artists could go unaccompanied to the park or toilettes (in this case). Both women do show with impressionists but not hanging out with them, especially Morisot (upper class). But Monet does encourage her (Morisot) (gives her easels, canvases)

Mary Cassatt, 1. Under the Horse Chestnut Tree 2. The Child's Bath Berthe Morisot, 1. Summer's Day 2. Woman at her Toilette

Nadar, Eugène Delacroix But then there are plenty of people who see it as a substitute for portraiture Nadar is one who becomes the Parisian celebrity photographer. If you are anyone, Nadar does your portrait. Here is Delacroix. The idea of the portrait studio pops up. They would have props, backgrounds. Like Sear's or Glamor Shots even into the 1800s Zero change from the 1800s to the 1900s when it came to the portrait studio

Nadar, Eugène Delacroix

Pablo Picasso, Les Demoiselles d'Avignon (The Ladies of Avignon) *Analytic Cubism This is Picasso's first fully Cubist work Five women here. Avignon was a red light district, these women were sex workers. The idea is you have entered a brothel and the women are putting themselves on display (showing off their features) for you to make your choice of woman Geometric faces - mask-like (especially the two women on the right) Breaking the bodies down back to shapes (especially the two women in the center) We do have realistic art from Picasso (it is not that Picasso did not know how to draw realistic/illusionistic forms), but he wanted a new idea of representation of the human body! Picasso and the other Cubists generally will never completely go to non-objective art - always something there (be it still life, people - just want new way to represent the human body)

Pablo Picasso, Les Demoiselles d'Avignon (The Ladies of Avignon)

Pablo Picasso, Still Life with Chair-Caning *SYNTHETIC CUBISM This is Picasso's first Synthetic Cubism work Synthetic Cubists are using mixed media (using synthetic or manmade materials) A canvas painted on (love still life - gives time to do all of this) You can see the top of a bistro table (based on the roping around the outside), chair, newspaper (start of word "Journal"), glass of water/bottle Synthetic material - vinyl almost (printed chair caning - the chair you are sitting in) This is more sculpture-esque (the thick braiding around the work, making the top of the bistro table) Seeing everything all at once - all aspects of the table Only difference with Synthetic Cubism is the use of manmade/synthetic materials, so found objects

Pablo Picasso, Still Life with Chair-Caning

Looking to Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome in particular, the MYTHOLOGY of those periods Have an idyllic landscape (think back to Titian), pastoral scene People milling about - everything is great and wonderful

Pierre Puvis de Chavannes, Sacred Grove

Starting with Napoleon. This was a building already in construction when he came to power but he kind of usurped it. La Madeleine is a Christian church today and it was originally, but Napoleon took it under his reign and turns it into a temple to glorify his armies. It's a weird monument, but it does fit within the Neoclassical vein of looking at Greece and looking at Rome for architecture A bit more reminiscent of a Greek temple because a. Greek temples have columns all the way around, Romans don't But we have Corinthian columns, all the little decoration, sculpture on the pediment and then the frieze going around Once Napoleon's gone, they go back to turn it into a church and it remains a church today

Pierre-Alexander Barthélémy Vignon, La Madeleine, Paris

Piet Mondrian, Dune V Piet Mondrian, Pier and Ocean #10 Mondrian does comes up with a new kind of theory he calls Neoplasticism - he wanted to create something even more new. A lot of what Mondrian wanted to do is he starts representational and moves non-objective. He got to the point where he wants to add to nature. He is tired of copying nature like dunes or lighthouses. He wants to ADD to nature The idea of looking out at the water and the light reflecting off of the water, getting all of these little dots of color and light popping up

Piet Mondrian, Dune V Piet Mondrian, Pier and Ocean #10

REALISM: Realism is a reaction to some of the Romantic things Realism does not mean they're shooting for naturalism as far as representing the space accurately or naturalistically. Representing the human body naturalistically and properly proportioned. THIS IS NOT REALISM Real as in the real world. That is their subject. They want the contemporary world They're tired of these fantasies we maybe see with the Romantics, tired with the fantasies they have been fed at school, all of these men are coming out of the French Art Academy and they're constantly being told they need to paint sadyrs and nymphs and these classical scenes (Neoclassicism). We're tired of doing that. We want to paint contemporary life It starts in France, will slowly make its way to other places Head honcho is Gustave Courbet - he is the main one, leader of the group, most outspoken of the group besides maybe Manet His big quote that encapsulates the realists: "I have never seen an angel. Show me an angel and I'll paint one." Until you can show me one, I'm not going to paint an angel, I'm going to paint the people that I actually see

REALISM: Realism is a reaction to some of the Romantic things Realism does not mean they're shooting for naturalism as far as representing the space accurately or naturalistically. Representing the human body naturalistically and properly proportioned. THIS IS NOT REALISM Real as in the real world. That is their subject. They want the contemporary world They're tired of these fantasies we maybe see with the Romantics, tired with the fantasies they have been fed at school, all of these men are coming out of the French Art Academy and they're constantly being told they need to paint sadyrs and nymphs and these classical scenes (Neoclassicism). We're tired of doing that. We want to paint contemporary life It starts in France, will slowly make its way to other places Head honcho is Gustave Courbet - he is the main one, leader of the group, most outspoken of the group besides maybe Manet His big quote that encapsulates the realists: "I have never seen an angel. Show me an angel and I'll paint one." Until you can show me one, I'm not going to paint an angel, I'm going to paint the people that I actually see

•Also in the early twentieth century, a cultural movement took root in a section of New York City known as Harlem. •African American writers, artists, intellectuals, and musicians in Harlem produced such a conspicuous body of specifically African American work that the movement became known as the Harlem Renaissance New York, 1920s, Harlem Renaissance Had African American writers, musicians, intellectuals - producing a body of work uniquely African American, of African American life in America, but also African history Slavery has barely been over for about 50 years, and there are people who were born as slaves who were still alive, coming to terms with what happened AARON DOUGLAS His work has a Cubist flare to them - the shapes and the fracturing of light He is known for his murals Vested in this idea of history - using history to look to the future HISTORY -> PRESENT -> Getting to the future In this piece, have the acknowledgment of the KKK (to the left), taking crops, breaking free, and moving into the future (right) There is the implication of celebration and dance JAZZ: Douglas saw jazz as one of the greatest African American contributions to America Soundwaves (these concentric circles)

The Harlem Renaissance •Also in the early twentieth century, a cultural movement took root in a section of ... ... ... known as Harlem. •... ... ..., ..., ..., and ... in Harlem produced such a conspicuous body of specifically ... ... work that the movement became known as the Harlem Renaissance. Aaron Douglas, From Slavery through Reconstruction

Most popular Futurist sculpture, ended up on the Euro for a while Futurists love long title and long/unique words, really this is a person running Fracturing everything apart and putting it back together but (motion) REPEATED parts of form Blurred sprinting, seeing the whole thing shoved into one sculpture Everything is blurred and spinning

Umberto Boccioni, Unique Forms of Continuity in Space

VG has a lot of night café style paintings. For this one he wanted the all interior of a night café, including a pool table He writes about this painting (we believe it is this painting). He wanted a bar/café scene where one could commit a crime or go mad (writing to Theo). Does have that feel, bar at 2 a.m. We see the party scene/crowd has left and only the drunks remain (falling asleep). Docile crowd Red and green complements throughout - a sickly green with a violent (bright and vibrant) red - contrast: place you could go mad (with the oppressive lighting - people milling around)

Vincent van Gogh, Night Café

William Morris, Green Dining Room Morris did everything - ceiling to floor Commissioned by the Victoria and Albert Museum as it is known now (in London) Wallpaper - hand blocked painting (wallpaper) Whimsical, fantastical aesthetic - flamboyant at times, sheer amount of detail

William Morris, Green Dining Room

William Henry Fox Talbot, The Open Door The thing Talbot does, he comes up with a lot, multiple processes He does salted paper prints, he does calotypes Talbot's legacy has carried on further than Daguerre's because he invents the negative to positive process which allows us to reproduce photographs. Daguerre's is a one-off you cannot make multiple copies of that but with Talbot's you can. That is the photography boom VIDEO Daguerre was working on France making images with silver iodide on metal plates, Talbot is working in England making images with silver chloride on paper Working simultaneously in two different countries not knowing about the other but that does change with articles in the press, so a rivalry begins William Henry Fox Talbot: The photogenic drawing, the salted paper print, the calotype negative Talbot a gentleman scholar in England living in an Abbey in Lacock. Member of the House of Lords, wealthy and many interests The Photogenic Drawing On his honeymoon in Italy, trying to make drawings of the camera lucida, trying to do pencil sketches. Realizes he has no skill in drawing He wants to makes pictures within a camera obscura, he just needs the material for the back of the camera to record the image He starts doing experiments, produce a photographic image. Making images by using silver chloride - photogenic drawings. Coating paper with salt, silver nitrate, place a fern or object on top of paper. Put a piece of glass on top of that, lay it in the sunlight, it will darken. Takes the image and put it into a stronger solution of saltwater, all areas not exposed to light become less sensitive. Not removed completely but can show to people around house, in candlelight The Salted Paper Print Talbot is the first person to make a salted paper print, he invents something permanent Photogenic drawing process fixed with hypo/sodium thiosulfate The image material sinks into the paper, less crisp look to them. Dichotomy between the crisp, clean almost 3-D quality of the Daguerrotype vs. the softer, granulated sensibility of the salted paper print Reduced to information vs artistry in early years of photography's history The Calotype Negative Talbot improves the photogenic drawing process by switching from silver chloride to silver iodide, the same silver halide Daguerre uses in his process A little bit of an exposure, develops out the invisible image to a visible image using gallic acid. Now can put this into a camera and do pictures of living people. Can now do photographic negatives and after those negatives are fixed with hypo, he can place those on top of a second sheet of sensitive paper, expose it to light, now has a positive proof. Has a negative and positive. He introduces the negative/positive potential for photography that becomes the standard for photography until digital photography invention Rivalry between Daguerre and Talbot continues today This is all photography, just a different type Negative-positive process: he produced a series of publications (The Pencil of Nature) text explaining his process, salted paper prints (his home), each is meant to display one of the various uses of photography. Showing the reproducibility of the photograph, one of the most important aspects of the medium LECTURE It's all photography Daguerre can have credit for having the first successful photograph, but Talbot is the more successful one because of the negative to positive process, that introduces the reproducibility So you do not just have one image of the grandbaby to give to the grandparents, you have 20 images of the grandbaby for all the grandparents and aunts and uncles The Open Door - this is one of his salted paper prints from that negative process

William Henry Fox Talbot, The Open Door

André Derain, Mountains at Collioure Whereas Matisse is interested in the human figure (depicting the human body, having human subjects), Derain is not so much He is Matisse's counterpart among the Fauves He was interested in landscape or city scenes! Matisse and Derain were definitely the successors of van Gogh and Gauguin

André Derain, Mountains at Collioure

Stieglitz did take photographs of O'Keeffe when they were married and then EQUIVALENCE "Personally, I like my photography straight, un-manipulated, devoid of all tricks; a print not looking like anything but a photograph, living through its own inherent qualities and revealing its own spirit." Alfred Stieglitz He started to get into this idea of equivalence series: He calls it straight photography (it is what it is, no manipulations - all candid, how he describes his photography)

Alfred Stieglitz, Georgia O'Keeffe Equivalent

Suprematism Malevich believed that all peoples would be able to understand his art because of the universality of the shapes and colors. A utopian ideal Kazimir Malevich, Suprematist Composition: Airplane Flying Coming to terms with WW1, during the interwar period. In RUSSIA (before it is the Soviet Union/USSR) Malevich's movement in Russia: Suprematism Turning to pure, non-objective art - ONLY line, shape, color Particularly primary colors - red, blue, yellow; also black and white UTOPIAN IDEAL: Create an art everyone gets and can understand. To do this, we have to remove all representation (that was the goal) (also De Stijl) and drop it down to this That ignores maybe if coming from a different country and have no concept of this, you might aesthetically appreciate it but may be really confused. Why just yellow rectangles? UTOPIAN IDEALIST thing It says Airplane Flying, but you will find nothing there 1917 - communist takeover in Russia (Russian Revolution), Malevich is part of that. He likes the idea of a more equal playing field, getting rid of social hierarchy and feels like Suprematism would fit right in with this idea. Lenin was originally on board with it (idea of clearing the slate, everyone can understand - communist playbook of universalism) but quickly ditches this style, seems elitist Does not last long in relation to what we would now see as the USSR

... Malevich believed that all peoples would be able to understand his art because of the ... of the ... and ... ***A ... ... Kazimir Malevich, Suprematist Composition: Airplane Flying

Photography • Photography= light writing or drawing • Photography is one of our newest artistic mediums relatively speaking. It was only invented in 1837. • It was invented at roughly to same time by two separate artists/scientists: Louis-Jacques-Mandé Daguerre of France and William Henry Fox Talbot of England. • Each created a slightly different process for fixing a light image onto a surface. • Once the photographic processes were released to the public, photography became incredibly popular across social classes and had a multitude of uses. Photography means to write with light, what it translates out to It goes back to the camera obscure we saw with Jan Vermeer, the basis of it. We've had that idea since the 1500s, this box or a room they could do this and catch a reflection on. What they wanted was they wanted to save that reflection or a photograph but they couldn't do it. That was the catch, they could never figure out the chemical process to make that happen It finally happened in 1837/1836. It seemed like the universe we like "We're making photography happen before 1840" and they did. There was one person in France who develops the process (Louis-Jacques-Mandé Daguerre), we do give him credit for being first. There is one photograph that is older than his but it was very difficult to see and it also his mentor's photograph. We'll say Daguerre was first for sanity's sake. And William Henry Fox Talbot in England is just about two years later with a whole separate process. Neither man knew each other The universe was like "We're making photography happen before 1840"

... • ... = ... ... or ... • ... is one of our newest artistic mediums relatively speaking. It was only invented in ... • It was invented at roughly to same time by two separate artists/scientists: ...-...-... ... of ... and ... ... ... ... of ... • Each created a slightly different process for fixing a ... ... onto a surface • Once the ... processes were released to the public, ... became incredibly popular across ... ... and had a multitude of uses

Chapter 28: Impressionism, Post-Impressionism, Symbolism: Europe and America, 1870 to 1900 France around 1870 At this point, 1870s, we are moving through art movements quicker and quicker. Impressionism lasts maybe 10 years Centering around France: Paris became the center of the art world (if you wanted to be an artist you probably went to Paris), even for US artists - to study and stick around or go back home. Will also see art from Southern France including Arles, Aix-en-Provence Impressionism • The developments of the early 19th century-urbanization, industrialization, political and economic interactions on a global scale- matured during the second half of the 19th century and began to greatly influence art • Modernism-does focus on modern life, but this is also the time when artists start to examine the premises of art itself; it can be critical of art and what qualifies as art and what art is supposed to look like • Impressionism came from a critic's response to Monet's Impression: Sunrise when it was exhibited in 1874 • Impressionist art is characterized by use of modern subjects, loose brush strokes, interest in natural light and its effects on color, spontaneity, and Plein air (painting outdoors, thanks to tube paint) Impressionism is coming from the realist trend of portraying the real world around you not this extra stuff, following in those footsteps Impressionist art: Loose/lighter brushwork (blurred look), brighter colors. Artists get to paint outdoors now thanks to TUBE PAINT (you no longer need to go to the Apothecary [what is like a pharmacy] for crushed-up pigment, to then grind the pigment further, mix it with a binder and then finally paint, tedious process - which left many artists confined to their studio) Impressionism is one of the most popular art movements today, but in its day it was not super popular. Academic Art was (what people looked for at the time) Claude Monet, Impression: Sunrise Impressionism started as a reaction to Claude Monet's Impression: Sunrise (the term impressionism comes from this painting) The term impression in the art world meant a sketch - you took an impression of a scene but the idea was you developed that impression into a completed work of art. In the first impressionist exhibit, Monet shows this. An art critic came through: Why show me this? This is not an artwork, it is a sketch! Not a completed work of art! Monet's work got criticism because it was seen as a sketch and not a final work of art. Considered terrible among critics (These terrible impressionists...) Impressionists were a group of artists who did know one another, showed together, similar style and subject matter, were a cohesive unit. The term "impressionist" was derogatory but they loved it and it stuck Went down to this area around the Seine River: We see boaters, a sunrise (rapid or quick shot of a scene), trees, port/dock area along the banks with cranes and other structures

... • The developments of the early 19th century-..., ..., ... and ... interactions on a ... scale- matured during the second half of the 19th century and began to greatly influence art • ... - does focus on ... ..., but this is also the time when artists start to examine the ... of ... itself; it can be ... of ... and what ... as ... and what ... is supposed to look like • ... came from a critic's response to ...'s ...: ... when it was exhibited in 1874 • ... art is characterized by use of ... subjects, ... ... ..., interest in ... ... and its ... on ..., ..., and ... ... Claude Monet, Impression: Sunrise

Romantic Landscape Painting • Landscape painting became its own independent genre in the 19th century • Tourism in Europe and the Americas increased the popularity of the landscape genre • For Romantic artists, landscapes became more than just a pretty, idyllic scene to escape to; they could be allegories, social commentaries, historical, etc. • In the landscape, artists found the perfect way to express the soul unified with nature Lanscape painting! Romantic does get its own genre for landscaping because it is keeping with this idea of power of nature, emotions. They get really into this idea of awe-inspiring and sublime. They like to use those words, they want you to feel the power of nature but also the power of God in some cases In the case of Americas, it is very very specific

... ... Painting • ... painting became its own independent genre in the 19th century • ... in ... and the ... increased the popularity of the ... genre • For Romantic artists, ... became more than just a pretty, idyllic scene to escape to; they could be ..., ... ..., ..., etc. • In the ..., artists found the perfect way to express the .. unified with nature

Academic Art • The style of art with the least impact on the development of modern art was the most popular type of painting in its day. • Academic art derived its style and subject matter from conventions established by the Academie Royale de Peinture et de Sculpture in Paris. • Established in 1648, the Academy maintained a firm grip on artistic production for more than two centuries.

... Art • The style of art with the least impact on the development of ... ... was the ... ... type of painting in its day • ... art derived its style and subject matter from conventions established by the ... ... de ... et de ... in ... • Established in 1648, the ... maintained a firm grip on ... ... for more than two centuries

Modernism and Realism • Realism was a movement developed in France around the mid-1800s. There was an ever-growing emphasis on science and direct observation. • So artists took this to heart and argued that only the contemporary world was "real" and therefore the only thing worth painting, drawing, or sculpting. • Artists, like Courbet, sought to establish contemporary subject matter as worth of "high art." Previously, they would have been called genre scenes and seen as less than scenes of history, mythology, religion, etc. • "I have never seen an angel. Show me an angel and I'll paint one." Gustave Courbet We have romanticism, it will always be kind of going on throughout the 1800s America will keep the romantic landscape going for quite a long time But some artists do not like romanticisim: some of these things are fantastical and spooky or fantasy. Most people figured this out There starts to be this development towards REALISM Realism as a movement is about representing the real world (what they went by 'real' different from something just looking realistic) They want the modern contemporary world. They do not want the ancient world, they do not want sadyrs or nymphs, they do not want naked Venuses. They want contemporary life! And they are very passionate about it and very firm about it REALISM = REAL WORLD STUFF Gustave Courbet is their main head of the group, he is the one who really pushes all of this out there and therefore he takes the brunt of the criticism for it But he wants to push things that previously had only probably been genre scenes so domestic scenes, everyday peasantry scenes, he wants that to be the main foreground. His big quote: "I have never seen an angel. Show me an angel and I'll paint one." That is realism encapsulated. I've never seen sadyrs and nymphs, I've never seen Venus. But what I have seen is the lower classes doing hard labor, I've seen them burying somebody. He wants that stuff to be what "high art" is Realists kind of the opposite of Romantics

... and ... • ... was a movement developed in ... around the mid-1800s. There was an ever-growing emphasis on ... and ... ... • So artists took this to heart and argued that only the ... ... was "..." and therefore the only thing worth painting, drawing, or sculpting • Artists, like ..., sought to establish ... subject matter as worth of "... ..." Previously, they would have been called ... scenes and seen as less than scenes of ..., ..., ..., etc. • "I have never seen an angel. Show me an angel and I'll paint one." ... ...

Impressionism lasts between ~1870 and ~1880, about 10 years. The central impressionist group only held about 8 to 10 shows (all together) Post-Impressionism • Post-Impressionism is an umbrella term to refer to artists who follow Impressionism, but their styles are divergent • By the mid-1880s, younger painters, and even some Impressionists, felt that Impressionism had run its course and it had sacrificed some traditional elements of art , like line, shape, form, and even color Post-Impressionism is a later umbrella term WE apply (they would not have applied it versus how the impressionists did use the term impressionist, would not have considered themselves Post-impressionists) The term came about when individuals were trying to put on an art show with these individuals and were like, What do we call them? Most knew one another, but they did not show with one another, styles very different from one another. Post-impressionists would pick one important element/thing from Impressionism and run with it (subject matter, color, form, etc.). All hanging around Paris

... lasts between ~1870 and ~1880, about 10 years. The central impressionist group only held about 8 to 10 shows (all together) ...-... • ...-... is an umbrella term to refer to artists who follow ..., but their styles are ... • By the mid-1880s, ... painters, and even some ..., felt that ... had run its course and it had sacrificed some ... ... of ... , like ..., ..., ..., and even ...

Pre-Raphaelites • In England, there was a small group of artists who rejected Realism and looked back to the Middle Ages and Early Renaissance for inspiration. They called themselves the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood. • They focused on literary, historical, religious, and mythological subjects. • There are similarities between them and Romanticism, but they remove any modern subjects. Jumping back to England - Pre-Raphaelites are a group that is coming out of Romanticism, they reject industrialization but is specific to England. They were a group that met, had a manifesto, they called themselves the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood. For them, Pre-Raphaelite = everything prior to Raphael. Going back to the Middle Ages, early Renaissance They are looking at literature in particular as inspiration that is slightly problematic because they liked William Shakespeare - Shakespeare comes after Raphael They love King Arthur, Lancelot, Guinevere

...-... • In ..., there was a small group of artists who rejected ... and looked back to the ... ... and Early ... for inspiration. They called themselves the ...-... ... • They focused on ..., ..., ..., and ... subjects • There are similarities between them and ..., but they remove any ... subjects

19th Century Architecture • Neoclassical architecture still persisted in some places, but with the Romantic interest in the past and the exotic, the 19th century is one of the most stylistically diverse. • The Industrial Revolution also introduced mass-produced materials and pre-fabricated materials, such as cast iron. This allows for buildings to reach new heights and to be erected in a matter of months instead of years. Architecture With Neoclassicism they have been doing the same stay: they like all of the Greco-Roman columns, symmetrical, not a lot of decorations That is going to change! Part of the big shift is the Industrial Revolution, that is probably the main driver for architecture for a while because as they are coming out with all of these new stuff, it is going to change Prior to the IR we did not have mass-produced nails and screws. That is Earth shattering when you are building buildings that you can have boxes of screws ready to go and that you can cast giant pieces of metal and just quickly assemble them It just really changes how we perceive buildings and construction Pre-fabricated architecture: Construction using structural elements manufactured in advance and transported to the building site ready for assembly

19th Century Architecture • ... architecture still persisted in some places, but with the ... interest in the ... and the ..., the 19th century is one of the most ... ... • The ... ... also introduced ...-... materials and pre-... materials, such as ... ... This allows for buildings to reach new ... and to be erected in a matter of ... instead of ... Pre-fabricated architecture

Chapter 27: Romanticism, Realism, Photography: Europe and America (1800-1870) Moving into the 1800s, things will keep going fast: jumping between art styles Will get faster pace, multiple styles running concurrently We will get into Romanticism, but first need to finish Neoclassicism because it is not quite gone yet... because this is the Age of Napoleon! Napoleon comes into power in France Napoleonic Empire: 1800-1815 This is his empire. He does conquer He is the one who finally ends the Holy Roman Empire, conquers it, renames it the Confederation of the Rhine (still a lot of city states and counties). Prussia is the one thing always off to the side that most people did not know existed for a while. It is more German than Russian Napoleon is also conquering Spain, Northern Africa, swooping back up around Europe around 1850 RAILROADS starting to become a thing, travel is becoming a bigger thing - easier, more convenient 19th Century Europe and the Napoleonic Empire • After their Revolution in the late 1700s, France is not very stable and this allows for Napoleon to rise to power and rule France as Emperor from 1804 to 1815 • Napoleon embraces Neoclassicism as a means of associating his empire with Rome's. He conquers the majority of Central Europe and parts of Northern Africa • The French emperor was defeated by the British in 1815 and he was exiled (for a second time) to St. Helena where he later died • Change is still a constant for this period, from political upheaval to railroads crisscrossing Europe to the discovery of photography We have to start with Napoleon because he is going to keep Neoclassicism alive for just a little bit After the main revolutionary part in France (~1790s), a lot of up and down. Different people constantly bouncing between power. And eventually Napoleon will worm himself King of France, an emperor. He starts conquering for France all of these different little places He likes Neoclassicism because for him he wants to be the next Roman emperor. Neoclassicism fits in that whole glory to Rome moment, why he conquers Italy. He wants that title 'Roman emperor' and so that's why he likes Neoclassicism He is defeated in 1815. He's exiled, makes a reemergence, and then is exiled again (a second time). That time the British makes sure he stays gone because we're pretty sure they slowly poisoned him the whole time. He was not getting off St. Helena at all. Upheaval for the first 15 years of the 1800s with Napoleon conquering stuff, but eventually it kind of settles down Change is the most constant thing when it comes to this because we're still going through the Industrial Revolution and the Scientific Revolution. We're still doing stuff, that's constantly bringing in new discoveries. We're eventually going to get to photography, that's an additional discovery We will also see constant little pop ups of revolutions

19th Century Europe and the Napoleonic Empire •After their Revolution in the late 1700s, ... is not very stable and this allows for ... to rise to power and rule ... as ... from 18... to 18... •... embraces ... as a means of associating his ... with ...'s. He conquers the majority of Central Europe and parts of Northern Africa •The ... ... was defeated by the ... in 18... and he was ... (for a second time) to ... ... where he later died •... is still a constant for this period, from ... ... to ... crisscrossing Europe to the discovery of ... Europe around 1850

PHOTOGRAPHY! In the 1900s, photography is well established, is everywhere Artists start to take photography as their primary medium and are having to convince others it can be artistic (not just scientific, for documentation) STIEGLITZ - really pushing to make photography seen as an art form Avant-garde, going back to New York from a trip to Europe (does this commonly) He was first class on the ship but he ends up in the third class, the steerage You see people hanging out on decks, but only allowed in a certain area (due to tickets) - are out on the decks to get some air (TINY ROOMS - just trying to survive the journey back/to) He was struck upon moving to the Steerage with the different angles Leaning steampipe, railing, stairs - all these lines - ARTISTIC

Alfred Stieglitz, The Steerage

Adolphe-William Bouguereau, Nymphs and Satyr What realists are particularly fighting against is academic art - Bougureau is one of those artists This is what the French Art Academy is teaching, Manet and Courbet all went through - all graduates of. This is what they are taught, but they are like "This is not the real world" They are looking particularly, the Art Academy is founded by Louis XIV and Nicolas Poussin. Poussin constantly looked back at Rome, mythology, but he talked about "Painting is supposed to be grand" He used this nebulous word of grand. It should not just be everyday things, everyday things are not grand and monumental in his mind This stuff somehow was. Naked ladies abound in Academic Art, but they are there for your viewing pleasure Adolphe-William Bouguereau, L'Aurore (Dawn) Adolphe-William Bouguereau, The Birth of Venus Bouguereau was THE artist of his day. At the time of Manet, if you were looking for typical art of the time and you wanted to spend some change, you got yourself a Bouguereau. He was the main man

Adolphe-William Bouguereau, Nymphs and Satyr Adolphe-William Bouguereau, L'Aurore (Dawn) Adolphe-William Bouguereau, The Birth of Venus

Aleksandr Archipenko, Woman Combing Her Hair Archipenko is a Ukranian sculpture working mostly in Central Europe Sculptors will start to implement the idea of the VOID - her face is left empty but we understand her face is supposed to be there Playing with this principle of closure - the mind likes to fill in open shapes/spaces, mind does not like them being left open (our mind fills the gaps/spaces in)

Aleksandr Archipenko, Woman Combing Her Hair

Alexandre-Gustave Eiffel, Eiffel Tower The Eiffel Tower was originally for a Worlds Fair in Paris All cast-iron construction, modular pieces Took only 2 years, 2 months to construct (remarkable feat - short period of time for construction - and no one died while making it!); 984 feet tall You could light up the tower, everyone loved it, so it stayed in Paris No inside or outside - just a structure, sense of blending between inside and outside

Alexandre-Gustave Eiffel, Eiffel Tower

Mucha is the most famous Art Nouveau artist. He did posters, paintings, currency, postcards, and other designs Mucha was Czech but living in Paris during the Art Nouveau movement - will go back to Czechoslovakia when it is formed as its own country (Post World War 2) and will die there Mucha is known for his posters - graphic design. He did the seasons, times of day, zodiac, etc. Mucha was known for his posters for Sarah Bernhardt, a famous actress (advertising for her) When he returned to Czechoslovakia, he made all the original currency for the country. Later was inspired by Slavic epics - this is a stained glass based off of one of his Slavic-inspired paintings

Alphonse Mucha

A couple of more Napoleon depictions that may be are just as controversial as all the rest Gros is another one of the artists working, maybe not as Neoclassical Starting to get to a point where Neoclassical is fading and the Romanticism is coming. We get a lot of transition in the next and last couple of paintings here This is a documentation of one of Napoleon's campaigns. He goes through Spain to North Africa, Egypt, and then circles back around the Meditteranean This is when he was in Jaffa (today Syria). They're in the bottom of the mosque and have conquered the city, but his men get struck with plagues (Bubonic plague). This is him visiting the sick, problem is: NONE OF THIS HAPPENED He did not go visit the sick he certainly did not go touch somebody covered in boils from the Bubonic plague or is coughing their head off Napoleon did not touch somebody Made the point to have his glove removed (his glove is in the other hand). None of this happened What really happened: His soldiers did get struck down by the plague and typhoid and every other infectious disease while they were in campaigns. But Napoleon if they did not recover quickly would leave them to die because he's like "this is not a leave no man behind moment" I've got things to do, bye! The soldiers that do survive eventually made it back to France And they're seeing stuff like this and are like "Oh hell no! He left us to die. No this isn't what happened" A whole scandal emerges because the surviving soldiers are like "Oh no, he left us to die" None of this happened, he didn't get two cents about them It becomes a big thing, and so Napoleon is really like: No. He's very savior-esque here, like "I am the concerned caring general who goes and checks on my men and I'm so concerned I even touch them" He would have never stepped foot in there

Antoine-Jean Gros, Napoleon Visiting the Plague-Stricken in Jaffa

Neoclassical sculpture - going to look very Roman Pauline Borghese as Venus is reclining on a couch - KLINE (couch, Roman traditional couch). Venus is here, nude from the waist up and she is holding her golden apple (why we know it's Venus). But this isn't really Venus, this is Pauline Borghese The story is this is really her body, she had casts of her upper torso made and sent to Canova so he could do it based off her body Most people would be like: OK, girl wants a nude statue of yourself, you go! But... the problem is this is Napoleon's sister. This is Pauline Bonaparte Borghese While he was in Italy, he got her an advantageous marriage into the Borghese family, a very wealthy old-time family of Italy. She was like: I want a nude portrait and he was lke: you are the sister of the Emperor, you cannot do this. You've lost your mind! It was scandalous because of her position and her relation to the now emperor of Italy, Spain, France According to the story, it was kept behind curtains, shoved in a garden corner and people would occasionally pull it out for people who would not be horrified by it But she was apparently very insistent upon this depiction of herself and the artist has to do what she says because she holds the purse strings and is paying

Antonio Canova, Pauline Borghese as Venus Victorious

Antonio Gaudi, Casa Milá Gaudi was the main Art Nouveau artist from Spain The Casa Milá was his most famous work, an apartment complex See the waves, seaform/spiraling forms - even up to the chimneys NO STRAIGHT LINES, NO RIGHT ANGLES. Curvy lines!!! Antonio Gaudi, Park Güell Gaudi also did parks, worked with mosaics - wavy, organic forms, mosaic interest

Antonio Gaudi, Casa Milá Antonio Gaudi, Park Güell

Architecture • Architecture after WWI began to more closely parallel the stylistic/theoretical concerns of painters and sculptors • In 1919, Walter Gropius became director of the Weimar School of Arts and Crafts, which he renamed Das Staatliche Bauhaus, or "Building House of the State," or simply The Bauhaus • Gropius wanted to eliminate this long-held distinction between art/architecture and craft, so he offered a wide-range of classes- pottery, weaving, book arts, stained glass, typography, etc. • He also wanted his students to succeed in the modern era so they needed to understand industry and mass production • Bauhaus artists created designs that would shape much of the remaining two-thirds of the twentieth century Architecture: For most of it, still looking at people really influenced by the technological advances but this is also the time of the BAUHAUS 1919: Walter Gropius becomes the director for Weimar School of Arts and Crafts, eventually boils down to Bauhaus Bauhaus is an art school, founded in Germany. Eventually closed by Hitler in 1933 What Gropius and others like him wanted to do is eliminate this distinction: Arts would be painting, sculpture, architecture - lofty, high arts Everything else is craft Typically the dividing line was function. Ceramics have function, furniture, wallpaper. Gropius does not like this distinction - everything is art in terms of his art school If you wanted to go to Bauhaus to be a painter, GREAT, but have to take printmaking, ceramics, take everything Wants you to take everything so well-rounded artist - also not afraid of industry and mass production. Teams up (wants his students to have careers after)

Architecture • Architecture after ... began to more closely parallel the stylistic/theoretical concerns of painters and sculptors • In 1919, ... ... became director of the ... School of ... and ..., which he renamed Das Staatliche ..., or "... ... of the ...," or simply The ...!!! • ... wanted to eliminate this long-held distinction between .../... and ..., so he offered a wide-range of ... - pottery, weaving, book arts, stained glass, typography, etc. • He also wanted his students to succeed in the modern era so they needed to understand ... and ... ... • ... artists created designs that would shape much of the remaining two-thirds of the twentieth century

•One of the most important architects of this time was Frank Lloyd Wright. He wanted to create an American "architecture of democracy." •Wright's designs were based in organic forms that best served the individuals that lived there. He wanted people to be able to move freely within his spaces •Art Deco was a major architectural style in the 1920s and 1930s. Its champions wanted to upgrade industrial designs to compete with "fine art." Art Deco has its root in Art Nouveau, but its designs are more streamline Frank Lloyd Wright, architecture of democracy - houses that fit in with their respective landscapes And pushing for an open concept in living spaces in particular People can easily move into, no sectioned off rooms

Architecture in America, 1900-45 •One of the most important architects of this time was ... ... ... He wanted to create an American "... of ..." •...'s designs were based in ... forms that best served the ... that ... there. He wanted people to be able to ... ... within his spaces •... ... was a major architectural style in the 1920s and 1930s. Its champions wanted to upgrade ... designs to compete with "... ..." ... ... has its root in ... ..., but its designs are more ...

Architecture in the Later 19th Century • The new technologies of the 19th century caused a radical shift in architecture and how buildings were constructed • Materials were now made in factories and constructed pieces could be shipped to the construction site • The Realist desire to express reality, encouraged designs that revealed the building's function and not rely on ornamentation • Louis Sullivan, an American architect, famous motto was "form follows function" Architecture was still being influenced by the Industrial Revolution - interest in less ornamentation (designing for function) The main American architect at this time is Louis Sullivan - form follows function! Purpose over/above aesthetic and ornamentation. Ornamentation will not rule

Architecture in the Later 19th Century • The new technologies of the 19th century caused a radical shift in architecture and how buildings were constructed • Materials were now made in ... and constructed pieces could be ... to the .. ... • The ... desire to express ..., encouraged designs that revealed the ...'s ... and not rely on ... • ... ..., an American architect, famous motto was "... follows ..."

American artists will start to jump to this more kind of modern style, more popular Dove likes nature and the idea of trying to symbolize the color and essence of nature without depicting nature He calls them rhythmic paintings

Arthur Dove, Nature Symbolized No. 2

Friedrich is in Germany, or what would be the Confederation of the Rhine at this point (he is German). For his landscape paintings, they definitely have to do more with religion For him a lot of it was going out into nature and connecting with God, however you perceive God. That you could find a deeper connection out there Often this element of spirituality and mystery to his landscape paintings Perfect Halloween scene: you have this winter scene with the gnarly trees. There's the ruins of an abbey, but this is a funeral procession if you can find it You have monks bringing one of their brothers who has passed away here. This was their hold abbey where they lived, has fallen into disrepair/ruin but they still use the cemetery They are going out here to bury their brother. You start to notice all the tombstones Can see the coffin on their backs They are tiny in comparison to the landscape - the vast majority is taken up by the trees and the sky

Caspar David Friedrich, Abbey in the Oak Forest

This painting is a common one of his to see, pops up a lot We do not know who this man is supposed to be. We've had a lot of speculation, I think it's supposed to be everyone and no one. That idea of the gentleman going out to connect with nature and commune with nature, commune with God. This is a lot of what Friedrich is interested in Surveying the wispy domain of the trees, mountains, clouds

Caspar David Friedrich, Wanderer above a Sea of Mist

In the case of Romanticism's influence with architecture, part of it is all of these revivals, particularly GOTHIC REVIVAL Gothic Revival gets really big particularly in England, that is really where it comes up the most Houses of Parliament need a redo, they have a competition, these two men win with this design It is all Gothic Revival. You have pointed arches, pinnacles The one thing you will not see come back with Gothic Revival if you think Gothic like Notre-Dame and Chartres, they all have the flying buttresses. That is the one thing that does not come back because they are not necessary anymore. We are getting closer to having steel I-beams, not quite there yet, but they can do so much more with the materials we have now. The buttress is not necessary, they may be there for decoration but you will never see all of the flying buttresses that you did. That is really the one thing that does not come back, everything else will Gothic Revival - Woods Quad. For the US it takes us after the Civil War to get to GR but all of Woods is Gothic. Pointed arches, DO NOT HAVE flying buttresses, crenellation. Decorations everywhere

Charles Barry and Augustus Welby Northmore Pugin, House of Parliament

FRANCE They will revert kind of back to that Rococo, Baroque style/feel Go back to more decoration. This is the Opera House in Paris They shift to more decoration, they pull that back out

Charles Garnier, Opéra

Constantin Brancusi, Bird in Space This will eventually translate to sculpture Sculptors like Brancusi will eventually move to non-objective sculpture. Get to that point Eventually leave this idea of keeping things representational (like the human figure, still see what is going on). But later ditch this Bird in Space: Idea is perhaps if you tip it on its side, you get the look of like a bird gliding through the air, kind of shape. Or could even take it as a feather Still some odd connections to a bird but again it is very loose! Barbara Hepworth, Oval Sculpture (No. 2) She does more of these oval and round sculptures. Just non-objective sculpture, the first time they are doing stuff like this Is brand new for them Meret Oppenheim, Object (Le Déjeuner en fourrure) Oppenheim sometimes gets lumped in with Surrealists, sometimes Dada Would say more in line with Dada. For her in the case of this object, it is a cup, a saucer, and a spoon. She has covered them in fur - has removed its function, made it useless. The absurdity of that, this can't be used Taking something utilitarian (that had a function) and making it useless - transition through her art That seems more Dada than Surrealist

Constantin Brancusi, Bird in Space Barbara Hepworth, Oval Sculpture (No. 2) Meret Oppenheim, Object (Le Déjeuner en fourrure)

Dante Gabriel Rossetti, Elizabeth Siddal This is Lizzie, as she is typically called, Elizabeth This is a portrait. Rossetti does eventually marry her. They had one daughter but she did not survive past infancy Dante Gabriel Rossetti, Beata Beatrix This is Elizabeth or Lizzie as Beatrice. Beatrice is Dante Alighieri's beloved. She is who is trying to get to as is he going through hell and purgatory. He is trying to get to Beatrice, this young woman who he never said a word to but is desperately in love with. When he finally gets to Heaven, she is described as being in a green gown. What she has going on here When Rossetti does this, she has passed away. She died of a laudanum overdose, akin to morphine. She has passed away and this is a memorial piece to her. This idea of her being in Heaven and her being his eternal muse just like Beatrice was for Dante. The bird is bringing her a poppy and that is where morphine and laudanum come from is this poppy plant. An acknowledgment of her overdose

Dante Gabriel Rossetti, Elizabeth Siddal Dante Gabriel Rossetti, Beata Beatrix

De Stijl • The utopian spirit of Suprematism and Constructivism was shared by a small group of Dutch artists. They formed De Stijl (The Style) in 1917. The co-founders were Piet Modrian and Theo Van Doesburg • The artists wanted a total integration of art and modern life. In addition, they wanted art to be universal understood so they reduced everything to geometric shapes and primary colors • Mondrian described his theories as Neoplasticism or new plastic art. Art had two goals- to create universal beauty and a desire for aesthetic expression of oneself De Stijl runs alongside Suprematism, not knowing one another but related in what they are producing *Suprematism = Russia *De Stijl = Netherlands De Stijl (The Style), non-objective artworks primarily Pete Mondrian and Theo Van Doesburg are the two main artists Same idea of wanting to create an artwork everyone understands. But again this is a utopian ideal. Art does not work that way - if it did, you would be able to look at everything and not think it was crap Kind of the hard thing about it

De Stijl • The ... spirit of ... and ... was shared by a small group of ... artists. They formed De Stijl (... ...) in 1917. The co-founders were ... ... and Theo Van ... • The artists wanted a total integration of art and modern life. In addition, they wanted art to be ... ... so they reduced everything to ... ... and ... ... • ... described his theories as ... or ... ... art. Art had two goals - to create ... ... and a desire for ... ... of oneself

Decorative Art: Arts and Crafts Movement and Art Nouveau • Arts and Crafts movement was brain-child of John Ruskin and William Morris. Both men shared a distrust for this new age of machines and capitalism. They desired art objects that were made for and by the people • Their followers hand-made functional art objects, wall paper, furniture, stained glass, metal works, books, textiles, pottery, tiles, etc. • Art Nouveau (New Art) was an international architectural and design movement. Artists found inspiration in natural (organic) forms and they wanted it to be mass-produced • The style was adapted to architecture, painting, printing, sculpture, and the decorative arts The Arts and Crafts movement was England-born as an evolution of the Pre-Raphaelites The brainchild of Ruskin (the same Ruskin sued for libel by Whistler) and Morris (an artisan, did about everything medium wise) Pre-Raphaelite distrust of the new world - wanted art made by people for people (HANDMADE GOODS) Made wallpaper, tiles, metalwork, furniture, stained glass Almost an interior design movement Did not last long - hard to sell the movement to wider audiences - EXPENSIVE to purchase (hand-crafted goods), the pricing was what made it such a short movement The pricing made it difficult to sell as a movement, came from the fear of industrialization As the Arts and Crafts Movement leaves England, the Art Nouveau movement forms (what it becomes) - took the aesthetic of the Arts and Crafts movement and applied modernization (mass-production, not afraid of industrialization)

Decorative Art: ... and ... movement and ... ... • ... and ... movement was brain-child of ... ... and ... ... Both men shared a distrust for this new age of ... and ... They desired art objects that were made ... and ... the ... • Their followers hand-made ... art objects, ... ..., furniture, ... ..., ... works, ..., ..., ..., ..., etc. • ... ... (... ...) was an international ... and ... movement Artists found inspiration in ... (...) forms and they wanted it to be ...-... • The style was adapted to architecture, painting, printing, sculpture, and the decorative arts *Why did the first movement not last long?

Degas has an obsession with painting ballerinas (all he seems to do paint, sculpt, printmake). He would work his way into dance studios. (Remember women in performative services had this additional expectation that they were sex workers (even if quite young) - expectation that dancing somehow equaled sexuality and sexual availability - mental gymanistcs) We see dancers, dance teacher in back in red, seamstress working on costumes Interest in body mechanics - the body positioning (sitting, balancing - posing and the athletics). Dancers are a great avenue for that Influence in photography - intentional cropping of people Even the staircase is cut (only seeing the legs) The organized composition is weighted heavily to the edges but there is nothing in the center. What we would have been taught in the Academy was to organize everything from the center out (like maybe the head ballerina would have been in the center, Renaissance for example pyramidal composition) This is versus the center-out composition (the French Art Academy, Academic Art) or pyramidal composition. Breaking stuff that has been ingrained in them in the Academy Degas purposefully left a void in the center of the painting (only seeing floor) Looser brushwork (impressionists liked) - pushing the idea that art is not a window into another world (just paint on canvas). I do not have to be beholden to this idea it has to be an illusion (fight against that idea)

Edgar Degas, The Rehearsal

Regionalism can also apply to Mexico! Eventually Americans settle on idea that Mexico is its own country, so Mexicans start to ask: What does it mean to be Mexican? Mexico did/does have indigenous people but also influenced by Spain and the US Rivera is a great muralist - working in Mexico City (Palacio Nacional) Depicting the history of Mexico - trying to find as much indigenous culture he can when making Mexico City is on the former capital of the Aztec Empire Nods to religion, farming, war (grappling with good and bad of history) Conquistadors coming In, Mexican Revolution, nods to the church Primarily a muralist - painting on large swatches of walls either indoors or outside on buildings Was in the US but not as successful, this was during the Cold War and he and his wife (Frida Kahlo) were out communists - he tried to sneak Lenin into a mural once

Diego Rivera, Ancient Mexico

With photography comes the advent of motion pictures That happens right at the end of the 1800s with Muybridge There is a bet going on: When a horse is at full gallop, do its legs leave the Earth, so that it is completely airborne? People argued yes or no Muybridge found a way to settle that: set up a bunch of cameras, use them as the horse runs by. He proves yes, while a horse is in full gallop it is eventually airborne completely. But he realized also, if I run all of the images in sequence, it looks like the horse is running Muybridge is our Father of Motion Pictures, he figures out if I can take quick sequences of stuff and run it together it looks like things are in motion and moving Motion pictures take a whle to come to fruition mainly because the projector is what we need, we need the good projector to make it work Zoopraxiscope - Muybridge's projector name. Edison has one, everyone has a projector. Eventually we figure out the ability to take the quick pictures and then have the projector to be able to project it back out A lot of stuff is changing Impressionism - photography is an influence for them

Eadweard Muybridge, Horse Galloping

Edgar Degas, The Tub (comparison image: Torii Kiyonaga's Two Women at the Bath) BIG INSPIRATION FOR IMPRESSIONISTS: Degas here is inspired by Japanese woodblock prints - became a major source of inspiration for Impressionists. Prior to 1870s (right up to 1850s and 60s), Japan was closed off to everyone except Korea (did not do trade with anyone but Korea, nothing coming in or out), but it began opening up its borders Japanese woodblock prints were easily reproduced, cheap artworks (the major form of art coming from Japan) - often used as packing material for ceramics when shipping out. Europeans began keeping the packing, paying more attention to it/loving than the ceramics Impressionists loved the subject matter, near the end of the Edo Period, which was a hayday for woodblock printing. Scenes of the city, women bathing - women scenes (ukiyo-e prints - mass-produced kind of images) 1. Impressionists latch onto these unmodulated color blocks - no attempt at looking illusionistic (solid colors, no shading!) No shading in her gown to make illusion (lines for fold but that is it) 2. Heavy interest in patterning (in clothing) 3. Representation of space - things are sometimes flattened or sometimes tilted - just a different way of representing the world They are on a wooden platform with a sliding door behind them Back to Degas: Degas did collect Japanese woodblock prints (We've been doing the same thing as far as what we have been taught since the Baroque, let's do something different) Woman bathing, we know is a sex worker. She has taken out her hair extensions and is bathing in a tubSubject matter but space Illusion of space - counter/bar is tilted up a lot further than she is down and subject matter (female scenes, women bathing) Japanese woodblock prints were created from wood that was carved (carved wood blocks). Every color seen in a woodblock print was a separate block of wood. Very tedious! Once you have it, can make as many as you wanted In impressionist Europe there became a JAPANESE FEVER (particularly in Paris) - Japonisme - seen in art (woodblock prints as inspiration), clothing (fans, kimonos). See this in Paris and other parts of EuropeFascination with Japanese culture: could be art, clothing, etc. Another example of woodblock print: Suzuki Harunobu, Evening Bell at the Clock

Edgar Degas, The Tub Comparison image: Torii Kiyonaga's Two Women at the Bath

Munch is from Norway - had nothing to do with the French symbolist artists The Scream is one of the most popular paintings of all time - he made multiple copies (he often did series, the only thing he changed was the color - the subject remained) Deeper metaphors! Had to know a little bit about Munch, particularly when he was alive He wrote about this painting: He was walking on a bridge with friends when he became lost in thought. When he looked up, he could not immediately find his friends. There was this instinctive, primordial scream - at existential loneliness He would talk about the "Modern Psychic Life" - this idea of trying to get the complex nature of the human brain spelled out in art (existential loneliness for example - nothing matters) Reverberation in this painting - the scream out of the body goes throughout the entre work - wavelike form

Edvard Munch, The Scream

The Great Depression does end around 1941, around time of Pearl Harbor Hopper is a little late (1942) but he is talking about the Great Depression in Nighthawks THEME - Isolation Americans felt Foreign policy (isolationism) and everyone is dirt poor, so cannot rely on programs or friends (all in the same boat) Nighttime, theme of city - walking down street and see a beacon of warmth, comfort, food - BUT there is no way for you to get in! The only door is the kitchen or barista door (you cannot enter) Cannot enter, all other shops are dead and even the people inside are not jovial or talking There is a pair with hands touching but they are not talking Isolation and loneliness - no one to turn to, everyone in the same boat

Edward Hopper, Nighthawks

Ernst-Ludwig Kirchner, Street, Dresden Kirchner was a member of Die Brücke (The Bridge) He was interested in depicting city life - what does it mean to be in a city, urban space He also was interested in depicting the anxiety associated with it (ANXIETY) - walking down the street and what do you encounter? Meant to feel creepy, foreign - like they are staring through you (emptiness - how out of all of these people living in the city, you feel so alone) See street cars, train (modernism) Little girl crying - almost demonic looking - streams of tears down her face, holding flowers, bonnet eating her head (so large) Arbitrary color - green and orange faces Kirchner will never go completely non-objective (this is merely abstracted/abstract)

Ernst-Ludwig Kirchner, Street, Dresden

Delacroix also does dabble into the "exotic" or Orientalism. It is fantasy! For them the Orient is anything that isn't Europe - more particularly Northern Africa, Middle East, and sometimes further to Asia. They really get fascinated with these places because they know they're ancient. They know the ancient Egyptians and the ancient Mesopotamian civilizations. They know they have this long history but they are long gone, so they can fantasize all they want about it Most people who will paint scenes like this have never been to these places. They lived their entire lives in France and never stepped foot in Africa Delacroix can get some "credit" (an exception) - he did go to these places. That doesn't mean what he is doing is great, but he did go to Morocco, traveled a little bit The Death of Sardanapalus is a poem by Lord Byron, he writes this whole poem about Sardanapalus Sardanapalus is a Greek version of a name for one of the Assyrian kings who ruled in the 600s BCE. This is entirely fictionalized Yes this person existed, but none of this scene ever happened The story goes according to Byron, Sardanapalus is defeated in battle and instead of nicely surrendering and doing the humble thing, he goes back to the palace and wants all of his possessions destroyed, so the invading army cannot have them THIS MEANS PEOPLE, he also sets his "possessions" on fire Sardanapalus is up here on his bed, cooly surveying the chaos. He wants all of his wives, harem girls killed. What is going on here, he wants the horses killed You can see the smoke rolling in from where he set things and people on fire It is truly violent, violent scene. But never did happen!!! Assyrians did not do this, but these artists would love for you to think that they did It's very racist - the implication that they're so "uncivilized" that is the thing they want you to take away with. They're so brutal, callous, why would they do that? That is what he wants you to take away AGAIN NONE OF THIS HAPPENED, all fantasy They love to have the naked women of the harem, these sex workers, yet somehow they are all very white They want the contrast of the white voluptuous woman and the Black skin of the men. They like that contrast. It is all rooted in racism!!! It is very problematic This is what they fantasized about at the time. These "savage" places and aren't we so much better, that was their takeaway

Eugène Delacroix, Death of Sardanapalus

Delacroix is another French artist working with Romanticism (a Romantic) This is another contemporary event but it's about emotion (similar to Raft of the Medusa) This is not the French Revolution. It is the Revolution of 1830 (a different revolution). So it is contemporary These revolutions would kind of pop up throughout the 1800s, these little small revolutions and riots. Technically France had a king at the time, and they were contesting that king (they didn't like him) This was kind of a storm the barricades moment. You have Notre-Dame in the background in the haze The Liberty here leading the people, the person who is Liberty (the woman at the front), she is a personification! It is questionable if she is actually there or if she is just there in spirit. Can they actually see her? Musket in hand, tri-colors in the other. You know she's a personification because of the bare chest - everyone else is clothed for the most part When you're seeing someone who is bare chested like this, especially if they are a woman, you're supposed to understand she is a personification, she is not an actual person. This is like the idea of Liberty (abstract idea given a body). Like Lady Liberty of New York, if she sort of came to life and stormed a barricade He made the point to include a variety of people You have working class, you have more elite, a little newsboy. Made the point to include a variety of people participating The soliders, deceased at the bottom, who they are storming over: They did not show up to the barricade in no pants. These bodies have probably been dead for a little bit of time and their bodies have been stripped. One of those things nobody wants to talk about: "Oh the French are revolting, they're fighting for liberty!" They also stripped all of the dead bodies so they could get their shoes or their pants on the way out. One of the less nice things about violence and warfare This painting pops up occasionally, people love to make comparisons of different photographs in modern times to her

Eugène Delacroix, Liberty Leading the People

This idea of the "Imaginary Orient" because this is not real Delacroix did go to these places This is when he was in Africa, Algiera. This was a brothel - the "harem" (they loved that word) It is a brothel where we have sex workers here kind of hanging out, waiting for clients They love the contrast of the skin tone - it's there for a reason They were focused on this idea because it was this idea of sexual liberty. European women would not give into all of their desires, but these women would. That is what is they are implying

Eugène Delacroix, Women of Algiers in Their Apartment

This period is what we call the BLACK PAINTINGS Francisco Goya, Saturn Devouring One of His Children He goes back to this big estate that he has (his house) and he starts painting directly on the walls and the barn, everything We've pulled them all off and put them in a museum because we found them once he passes away and we were like "You were not doing great!" Nobody looks at the Black Paintings and is like "Goya was in a great state of mind" You cannot look at this and assume he was having a good time. The Black Paintings are very dark in color, they're very dark material. They're dubbed the Black Paintings very accurately This is probably the most depraved and gnarly one out of the bunch Saturn (Cronus, Greek name) is the first king of the gods. He hears a prophecy that one of his children will betray him and kill him and usurp his throne. The solution was not to stop having children or try to reason out this prophecy. The solution was to eat them. As his wife gave brith, he ate them until eventually he becomes to such a crazed state he eats a rock that his wife gave him and she hid away that child who was Zeus, who would go back and eventually kill him and rescue all of his siblings out of his belly because they are gods and can therefore not die This is the point where Saturn is so crazed, it is chaos and it is insanity That is what he is interested in I don't think you can paint stuff like this and be in a great mental state. This is truly just horror

Francisco Goya, Saturn Devouring One of His Children

Goya is commissioned by Ferdinand to remember this trial of having the French invade This is the 3rd of May, 1808. This is an event that happened in 1808, the painting is being done years into the future This is something that did happen There was a small group of Spanish individuals who attacked the French invading army (of course they would) The problem was the French response. They took this and said, "OK, we're going to hand up every man in the surrounding area and execute them" and they did They weren't looking for the individuals who attacked them they were looking for vengeance, that is what they did. They went into every surrounding town, rounded up every man regardless of age and killed them with a firing squad They're taking away all the fighters in their mind is what they are doing This is something that did happen, this is one of those towns, the French have pulled them out They're standing beside a giant hay bale The gentleman in the white shirt and golden pants throwing up his arms is our Christ-like figure here He's pleading with them: "We didn't do this. We are farmers. We're a small village, we had nothing to do with this" He's pleading for their lives but the idea is it will fall on deaf ears You do not see the French's faces - supposed to understand them as being very robotic, they are just following orders and they do not care they are going to kill everyone And they already have. There are dead people everywhere The other interesting thing: even the clergy are not immune, that is a monk there with his tonsured head Even they are not immune, every man regardless of age or profession was taken Ferdinand commissioned this to commemorate the sacrifice of his people This is a great example of Goya's romantic period/style, not his court painter kind of style Even though this is not a past event, or about nature, IT IS ABOUT EMOTION - that is the most common thread It is tha tension of the scene, the utter horror and tragedy. That something like this truly took palce and there are people still alive (less than 10 years later) to give him accurate, firsthand accounts of watching it all. There is that trauma of the event Eventually Goya retreats from society. He ends up having a mystery illness that leaves him completely deaf. Do not know what it was He becomes very despondent later in life and it affects his art

Francisco Goya, Third of May

HORIZONTAL LINES - this was his "prairie house" design, long-lined houses, multiple stories just a big horizontal emphasis Could buy pre-made plans by Wright OPEN - living space with central fireplace He was not afraid of asymmetry either VERSUS NEOCLASSICAL (symmetry everywhere)

Frank Lloyd Wright, Robie House

Kahlo is lumped into the Surrealists at times Bleeding hearts and this (The Broken Column) She was around 15 or 16 when she was hit by a bus, she was left bed ridden for a while Broken column - she was in a brace, her spine was fractured (the column is her spine), do see her brace - an acknowledgement of her chronic pain that never left Then you have her wedding portrait, married in California (San Diego?) her and Diego Rivera

Frida Kahlo, The Broken Column Frida and Diego Rivera

Futurism • The Italian poet Marinetti introduced Futurism in 1909 as a way of glorifying dynamism, or the theory that force or energy is the basic principle of all phenomena • Futurist artists attempted to capture the energy of modern life through depiction of the movement of their subjects • Like Cubism, Futurism was an experiment in abstraction, but both movements always contained vestiges of representation • They also championed war as a means of washing away the past; they also wanted to destroy museums, libraries, and similar institutions • Many Futurists joined up when WWI began and it ended the Futurist movement as many of its members died in the war Cubism is one of the most influential artistic styles at this point, everybody sees it and loves it. Futurism is one of those groups who takes Cubism and runs with it Occurring alongside Cubism but focused in Italy. This was a group, they had a full-blown manifesto (The Futurist Painting Technical Manifesto). Futurists love big, ten-dollar words and will use them frequently Their whole thing is based on dynamism - energy is the basis of everything (movement, everything is moving - light is moving, we're moving) Futurists are all about the study of motion and applying that with Cubist stylings to modern world. Futurists will never go purely non-objective, always be something there to see Is short-lived, hard and fast stop date is 1914 (most join in war effort and most do not make it out) BAD CAVEAT: Loved the idea of a "cleansing war" (modernist idea, not an idea concerning ethnicity) They believed museums and libraries should be destroyed (should destroy these ideas of the past, wash them away, to more easily move into the future) Most Futurists believed WW1 was going to be that "cleansing war" they needed. "This is what we're talking about!" Most of them would go off and die (hence the stop date at 1914)

Futurism • The Italian poet ... introduced Futurism in 1909 as a way of glorifying ..., or the theory that ... or ... is the basic principle of all phenomena • Futurist artists attempted to capture the ... of ... ... through depiction of the ... of their subjects • Like Cubism, Futurism was an experiment in ..., but both movements always contained vestiges of ... • They also championed ... as a means of washing away the ...; they also wanted to destroy ..., ..., and similar institutions • Many Futurists joined up when ... began and it ended the Futurist movement as many of its members ... in the ...

Georges Braque, Bottle, Newspaper, Pipe, and Glass *SYNTHETIC CUBISM Braque's is more collage - no raised portions (everything is 2-D) like with the roping/braiding in the Picasso work Cubists love wallpaper and newspaper Do see the bottle, pipe, parts of table - long looking exercise Pipe is just the cutout of the newspaper (negative impression, just a little shading)

Georges Braque, Bottle, Newspaper, Pipe, and Glass

O'Keeffe is living in New York during the 1910s and 1920s, this is her precisionist phase Precisianism was a period for the US (1910s, 1920s) where artists depicted American landscapes (usually structures like cityscapes or farming buildings) in a very precise manner. Sometimes with light and color fracturing (Cubist flavor, structure is there but fracture out parts of it in color and light) She is famous for her flowers and Southwest scenes This is New York at night, skyscrapers coming up (if you could see a little beyond you would have cars and traffic below) There is a lean to it, precise lines of skyscraper but starting to lean the further back you go She is hanging around with the New York avant-garde group, particularly Alfred Stieglitz who is her partner and she will eventually marry

Georgia O'Keeffe, New York, Night

Gerrit Thomas Rietveld, Schröder House A lot of the aesthetic of Bauhaus and everywhere (more universal aesthetic at the time) is clean-lined US: Think mid-century modern The aesthetic in Europe in the 1920s and 1930s and eventually make its way here Starting with De Stijl, wanted to take De Stijl (like Mondrian's paintings) and make them into a house Rietveld and Doesburg doing this Museum now, can go up in Clean-lined, rectangular and geometric. On inside is very functional - can move walls to fit space as you need them, furniture rolls around

Gerrit Thomas Rietveld, Schröder House

Giacomo Balla, Dynamism of a Dog on a Leash FUTURISM ALL ABOUT MOTION - everything is moving Woman taking a dachshund on a walk We get the motion through fracturing of the subject (Cubism) AND repetition of form like a blurred image (we see the leash or the shoe multiple times but little pieces of them) Giacomo Balla, Street Light Street lighting, electricity starting to make its way in Italy Love the idea of future and modern inventions - electric street lighting is like gold for them

Giacomo Balla, Dynamism of a Dog on a Leash *Term Giacomo Balla, Street Light

Gino Severini, Armored Train When war starts up do start making art that reflects this idea Armored train: Cannons and machine guns on trains as going by Images of war (getting into WW1) (never gorey or bad) - Futurists will harp on the technology of war, glorifying it Futurists wanted war (that 'cleansing war'), not seen as a bad thing Hard and fast stop date - 1914. Most of them go off to war and most of them do not come back

Gino Severini, Armored Train

REGIONALISM Midwest, the heart of America - quintessential Americana Farmers, heteronormative couple, white, own land *Iowa BUT the American dream is dead! No one else has (a time when such a dream does not exist, 1930). Almost rose-tinted, nostalgia - American dream at a time when the American dream was not possible Woman does seem younger than the man What is their relationship? Husband and wife? Did the husband simply marry a younger wife? Father and daughter? We do not know They are in their Sunday best (he is in his black overcoat or blazer) At this time the pitchfork the man is holding would have been obsolete - looking to the PAST PAST This was his dentist and his sister (based on pictures we have of both of them) - we know, relationship with them is still unsure (age difference) Very precise, no abstraction or arbitrary colors, etc.

Grant Wood, American Gothic

Look at the attire! Interest in attire Man: wearing geometric forms (rectangles, squares) - neutral colors (blacks, whites, grays) Woman: wearing florals, bouquets of flowers (circles) - pinks There is then this cloak around them both He is representing the male and female form as far as shapes and colors and then combining them into the cloak Man, woman, and mix - union - coming together

Gustav Klimt, The Kiss

Subject matter: MODERN WORLD - this was modern Paris. Not showing angels or religious scenes, no nymphs or satyrs, etc. PARIS or Montmarte or Arles, etc. (MODERN FRANCE) Caillebotte's work does not conform to the loose brushwork (one of the lesser known impressionists but is a part of the group), but he is an impressionist for his subject matter The idea of like a Sunday afternoon, the rain is cleared, everyone is like we have to get outdoors! Got to go walking! We have flaneurs - a profession for gentlemen (VERY LOOSELY) (wealthy and had the leisure time to do so), people watching Paris, walking and hang out in all of the new parks - making observations and commentaries People would make fun of this profession Caillebotte is showing off the flaneurs, elite/wealthy class individuals We see the renovations of Paris, 1850s and 1860s - Georges-Eugène Haussmann (HOUSE-man) Renovated most of Paris with government permission, not a personal endeavor. Tear down everything from the Middle Ages (original architecture was from the Middle Ages) - what we know today when we think of Paris (typical Parisian architecture, fairly recent). Creamy stone with darker highlights TWO-POINT LINEAR PERSPECTIVE - street corner (we typically see one-point perspective, two-point is rare except for street corners, two vanishing points going off to the ends there, really only works for street corners)

Gustave Caillebotte, Paris: A Rainy Day

More of an interior scene for him. More everyday stuff - floor scrapers. When you needed to rewax or resand your floors (to scrape the previous varnish off, tedious), you hired people. There were no machines We see three men doing their job - this was a realist endeavor of the world around them

Gustave Caillebotte, The Floor Scrapers

This is even larger - 10+ feet by 22+ feet A city or town right outside his home town, a lot of the people here are actually his relatives This is just the burial of someone. Idea of everyone and no one When he kept trying to get this in exhibitions, they were like "Who is it? Who is being buried?" Courbet is like it doesn't matter "It's got to be somebody" NO! It's just the local townsperson. It means something to them, it doesn't have to be a saint or some grand war hero Everyone and no one Do have the deceased, the pallbearers The other thing he does is the clergy who are here, performing the burial process (reading the liturgy), he's even made them (aside from the guys in red), even they do not necessarily stand out so much He is even taking away a little hierarchy here. These people are all middle class (not super poor but not the elite or aristocracy) Even taken away hierarchy as far as the church which typically would have had a higher social status than the average citizen This is what he is wanting to present you - this is the real world, this is what he actually sees He's making the point: thisis just as worthy as remembrance as any of the other stuff we've painted This is stuff we can truly prove is happening, it's happening in front of us, we are eyewitnesses to it He kept constantly butting up against this idea He will go on - if you're wondering whether he was a communist, he was a follower of Marx but not quite to the idea of a communist yet He is very much though about the lower classes and workers' rights

Gustave Courbet, Burial at Ornans

Matisse would later become interested in the color red Particularly interested in red on red - what the brain does with a single color on color If it were not for the thin black line separating the table and the wall, our eyes would have a difficult time seeing between them (distinguishing space would be hard) Same color and even pattern on the tablecloth, continuing onto the wall (wallpaper) Still includes the complements - green out of the window to contrast the red

Henri Matisse, Red Room (Harmony in Red)

Rousseau is famous for being one of the few self-taught artists. He did not go through the machine that was the French Art Academy He made a lifelong career working for the French government. When he retired he decided to paint! He was not well-received in his day because he did not go through the Academy A lot of his works have to do with sleep (connection to Freud - dreams would unlock the unconscious) The lion here: Is he real or part of the dream of the gypsy?

Henri Rousseau, Sleeping Gypsy

Toulouse-Lautree would pick the subject matter of leisure activities (common for impressionists). But these leisure acts were often SEEDY, the dark side of it Toulouse is from the Toulouse family (aristocratic family, generations of count, wealth), gives it up to be a Bohemian artist in Paris He lived in brothels for the most part and paid his bill (bar tab in this case) with printmaking He dies young from alcoholism (his diet is pretty much consisted or absinthe) Toulouse is in the painting, quite short - genetic disorder (long, aristocratic family - cousin to cousin - also childhood accident, stunted his growth) The Moulin Rouge - Toulouse is interested in this night time side of Paris, MR not a seedy creepy tavern, was populated with upper class Parisians (elites - top hats and fancy hats - where went at night to spend your coin, see the dancers) Toulouse was short due to a genetic disorder (Toulouse being a wealthy family, cousin to cousin intermarriage, he was shorter than 5 feet tall) He would often hang out with his older cousin who was quite tall for the time (well over 6 feet), the dichotomy of him and his cousin, this is included in this painting (nod in the back) Moulin Rouge his main hangout Dancers and a creepy looking woman up front - on purpose, cropping her, she has this ghastly look because Toulouse is playing up the greenish hue (LIGHTING EFFECT) of the interior gas lighting. He is interested in the lighting. Not to electric lighting, gas lighting gives this greenish glow (Back wall is all mirrors, reflecting this greenish glow - ghastly look from green lighting) Impressionist qualities 1. Lighting effects 2. Leisure activity as subject matter Intentional lighting effect with the internal lighting and seedy lifestyle (leisure activity as subject matter) The woman is either a reference to/inspired by Jane Avril or Jane Avril (one of the main famous French can-can dancers of the MR, made famous due to her inclusion in Tolouse's paintings). Believed to be the inspiration of Satine in the movie There is a banister to section off a dining area from the dance hall - it almost vanishes. It dissolves into just brown color (seems unfinished). The idea that the painting is not a window into another world, it is just paint on canvas! Whether it is unfinished or not, probably left it intentionally - pushing this idea, there is no idea of finish. It is finished when I say it is We do have a portrait (photograph) of Toulouse dressed in Japanese attire (Japonisme is big in Europe)

Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec, At the Moulin Rouge

He was a graphic designer before graphic desire was a position. He made advertisements for bars and dance halls, Moulin Rouge included, as a way to pay the bills. This was media - how you advertised for businesses. Have a number of these from his Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec, Jane Avril Avril doing a can-can dance All of his prints were Litographs (stone process) Toulouse more interior lighting than sunlight. Seedy lifestyle, more nightlife Also paintings and drawings - lived at brothels and painted the women who worked and lived there - in their down time, hanging out

Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec, Jane Avril

Henry Hobson Richardson, Marshall Field wholesale store (Chicago) This is the DAWN OF THE SKYSCRAPER Moving from cast-iron construction to steel construction in America. Steel-cage construction is what allows for skyscrapers to exist Marshal Field wholesale store is considered the first building to use this steel cage construction Birmingham = Magic City, (Bessemer) invented the transition from cast-iron to steel Steel-cage construction: Using i-beams and rebar - can see where the floors are, grid-like structure (can see that CAGE, giving you can idea of how the building is divided)

Henry Hobson Richardson, Marshall Field wholesale store (Chicago)

HOT is our first Black artist in the course This is after the Civil War, going to have a lot of Black individuals moving North (US) in hopes of finding a better life. Will start to have some Black artists materializing Tanner is coming out of the area of Pennsylvania, he does end up traveling to Europe for a while but comes back He does particularly a lot of religious paintings for the vast majority of his life He also does these kind of everyday genre scenes in particular, which a lot of times is this older Black gentleman with the younger boy. We get this grandpa-grandson kind of feel from them Just everyday life, them sitting down saying grace before they eat, presumably breakfast A lot of what Tanner is doing is he is creating a body of work about African American individuals where it just did not exist before There's not going to be a lot prior to them that is of Black artists, by Black artists depicting African Americans like this. Going to be hard to find prior to the Civil War He is going to be working on these kinds of images

Henry Ossawa Tanner, The Thankful Poor

Honoré Daumier, Rue Transnonain, April 15, 1834 Another realist artist is Daumier He works mainly in the form of printmaking - that is where he made his money but also where he got famous because he could sell his prints to newspapers and magazines Probably his most famous print This is a print that went into a newspaper and it was an event that happened April 15, 1834 The Rue is the street, the street this happened on. This was a worker area of Paris, working class individuals, a little bit of civil unrest going on at the time There were civil guards (not so much police officers, more local milita esque) were making rounds in the area to keep an eye on things. Someone shot one of these guards and killed them. They did not know where this shot came from because it is the middle of the night They pick an apartment building, they go in, and they kill everyone inside They think that is where the shot came from, they have no idea. This really happened, not an exaggerated story Police brutality in the 1800s, they killed everyone inside What Daumier is depicting because he does not want it lost, he does not want it to go unnoticed We have here people in their pajamas, obviously not the shooters. They had no idea where the shot came from. They're picking a direction. They have killed everyone inside still in their pajamas: the mother, the father, the infant, and the elderly grandparent The baby is under the father He did not want this to go lost, it became his most famous print out of the bunch MEDIUM: LITHOGRAPH This is a print, but it is a lithograph LITHO = stone, it is a form of printmaking but it is nothing like the others (woodblock or engraving - where you carve into a material and either the raised portion get ink or the pieces you've carved out get ink). Litho is none of those Litho is a stone, a very porous stone. You're draeing on the stone with a greasy crayon or pencil, do a lot of chemistry to make it keep ink and then you print it All based off of the chemical reaction of oil and water repelling one another

Honoré Daumier, Rue Transnonain, April 15, 1834

Lawrence was one of Savage's students He is known for his series Collage feel to them No. 49 is from his Migration series (a total of 60 images in this series!!!) The migration of Black individuals from the US South, going 'things are not great' after slavery, options limited, economic issues beyond racial issues/slavery. Going to the North and what they encounter This is what his parents did - they were from Georgia originally and moved to New York The idea is the North is not a promised land, not a slave anymore but the options are not better No. 49 is particularly looking at the idea of segregation in restaurants A wall comes down - white people on one side, Black people on the other More silhouetted forms, color blocked Another series of works he did was on the lift of Harriet Tubman New York was a hub for art in the US... and then this came to a halt with the Great Depression

Jacob Lawrence, No. 49

He also commissions David to do his coronation scene. This is a massive painting (20 ft. by 32 ft.). This is in Notre-Dame, though hard to make that out What is interesting is Napoleon from what we could tell is never really religious himself, but France has a deep Catholic tradition so he has to invite the pope to come crown him King of France The pope is seated He invites the pope begrudgingly. Once the pope gets there, Napoleon decides on coronation day that "Nope, he's not crowning me. He doesn't have authority over me. I'm going to crown myself" and he does Though he say this is the coronation of Napoleon, he's actually already crowned. He's already crowned himself with the Roman laurel leaves, this is actually Josephine his wife's coronation. The title we've given it is interesting vs. what is going on. He makes the point to crown her himself, not even the pope doesn't get to crown her. The pope is sidelined. Napoleon kind of wanted it that way, trying to go along with tradition and then never mind. This is all me, for me moment The pope is sidelined, giving a little blessing symbol but he's probably pissed for his travel from Rome just for this The back is his mother and his family members. Mother was not there, she was pissed and not there. She was invited for the coronation and refused to go because she was having a tiff with her son over probably a lot of reasons. Napoleon insisted David add her in as being present but she wasn't. Interesting political and familial things going on here Everyone here is watching the coronation but this little altar boy to the side. The only one who seems to be notably looking away. Speculation this is David (not like a self-portrait, David would have been older by this point), more of a portrait of emotional and mental state. More so David doesn't want to go along with the monarchy. He fought through the Revolution to get rid of the monarchy and yet here he is promoting another one, which will just be as conservative and vested in absolute power as the last one. Some people have speculated that is his real emotional state: dejected, depressed, really wish he wasn't here We don't know that for certain, but interesting he willingly went along with all of this to an extent

Jacques-Louis David, Coronation of Napoleon

Napoleon does spend a lot on paintings of himself and they are very glorious indeed. He wants to be a Roman emperor Somehow he manages to convince Jacques-Louis David, the little radical propagandist from the French Revolution to be his court artist. I don't know how You were a radical, violent individual in the French Revolution, down with the monarchy. Now you work for a monarch? Weird transition for him He seems to have gone willingly with Napoleon, it wasn't like "paint for me or die" Right after his conquering of Italy, Napoleon commissions this from David and it's him crossing the Alps We have him, his army in the background winding the way through the path He is very gloriously on a rearing horse pointing to Italy in the south. Not necessarily accurate (Napoleon would be more in a standing up position if the horse was rearing, not seated like that) Main point: Names on the rocks. Charlemagne, Hannibal, Bonaparte (him, his family name) Adding himself to the list of men who have crossed the Alps. Hannibal is a general from Carthage (North Africa), Charlemagne (France, cross the Alps). These are the names of all the people who cross the Alps to conquer the Italian Peninsula (not Italy necessarily) He is adding himself to that list: I am in line with all these other glorious generals. I'm just as great a military mind as him. That is what he wants you to take away from here

Jacques-Louis David, Napoleon Crossing the Saint-Bernard Pass

James Abbott McNeill Whistler (Whistler), Nocturne in Black and Gold (The Falling Rocket) Whistler's Nocturne series - Nocturne in Black and Gold part of this series Whistler is working a lot in England but he does travel around Pushing bounds: Looser brushwork - this work (probably most famous he ever does, because) ended up in a lawsuit Subject: Firework show. Fireworks being launched over the Houses of Parliament and the River Thames (hence The Falling Rocket) (faintly make out towers) See the river and a boat, see the reflection of smoke from the river (best place to get the subject matter). All of the smoke of the gunpowder, sparks falling down from the fireworks, night time Whistler put this on display to sell in November 1878 at one of the exhibitions. John Ruskin (an artist and art critic) was best friends with the Pre-Raphaelites. Ruskin writes a comment, critiques it for the work for the amount of money it was being charged (200 guineas, roughly 7000 USD today). Ruskin thought it was too much money for the amount of work done (no skill needed to create it, so abstract). Whistler sues Ruskin for libel (damaged my reputation) Whistler will end up financially ruining both men. Two-day trial. Whistler wins but he is hated by the end of it (by the judge), Whistler is given one penny and has to pay court costs for both sides. Tells you about his personality (bankrupts Whistler, Ruskin is quite old at this time in his 70s and does not help him financially either - could not settle it out of court) Whisler had to leave England. Ruskin's name has been driven through the mud. Whistler's explanation: (What skill have you presented us here? What skill is worth $7,000?) The skill presented (you are paying me for all of my knowledge/experience up to this point - this is the first time this argument was used against critics, for not having something traditionally-skilled or fine-tuned). Whistler is working outside of the main impressionist group but definitely working within that realm

James Abbott McNeill Whistler (Whistler), Nocturne in Black and Gold (The Falling Rocket)

Jean (Hans) Arp, Collage Arranged According to the Laws of Chance Arp was all about chance and randomness, chance in quotations He had a large piece of paper on the floor and other pieces of paper in his hand. He would drop the paper and glue them down where they land. He definitely moved things though (none of them touching and all in the same direction) This idea of randomness, the world is hell so why bother?

Jean (Hans) Arp, Collage Arranged According to the Laws of Chance

Loose brushwork but subject matter is that of genre scenes, everyday stuff We see a theater marquise near the edge of the painting, people are in the streets 2 classes of people and there is a judgment taking place *2 elite women *1 unhoused woman (possibly), lower-class - pail and rosy face suggests she is drunk *The wealthy women are snickering/laughing at her We get a glimpse of the Upper Echelons of New York City (wealthier women) and the part of New York City where there are places of overlap (overlapping classes, like this part of the city) THIS STYLE is what Americans are used to

John Sloan, Sixth Avenue and Thirtieth Street, New York City

Gros one of the artists working in the time but another is Ingres He is one of David's students, this is more in the Neoclassical vein. He does drift off into Romanticism in the nex painting Apotheosis = deification scene, Homer is becoming a god if you will Homer in the center - he creates the stories of the Iliad and the Odyssey. Did not necessarily write them but did create them (he was a blind poet who wandered Greece in the 800s BCE) We have the Iliad on the left (red), tells the story of the Trojan War The Odyssey on the right (green), who tells the story of Odysseus and his journey back home (he wandered the Aegean for 10 years) We have his stories there This is like an ode to Raphael's School of Athens. What if all the great minds got together? What would it look like? Mix of ancient and contemporary people You've got, most of them we know: Alexander the Great Phineas (sculptures in hand), the head sculptor of the Parthenon Plato Aristotle Raphael Sappho Dante More modern/contemporary figures present: Poussin Shakespeare Mozart Some of them are a lot more modern, a lot of these are more contemporary French philosophers and thinkers and playwrights We know just about everybody, somebody wrote it all down for us It's a mix of ancient and modern people: great thinkers, playwrights, musicians. What if they all got together and are paying great homage to the epic poet, Homer? It is very Neoclassical: ode to Greece and Rome. Intellectual side we saw with Neoclassicism

Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres, Apotheosis of Homer

But, this is some of his later stuff. When he finally shows this stuff at the main exhibitions (the salons), people don't like this because so used to Neoclassical from him Going into more romanticism. People flip between styles more and more. Things are changing a lot quicker Romanticism: Opposite of Neoclassical (logic, reason, order, symmetry, Rome) Romanticism is everything but that: Like the irrational, dreams, fantastical scenes, power of nature Also love the "Orient:" anything not European, is exotic Really into this idea of an Odalisque: their term for a Turkish harem girl, a sex worker European white men fantasized about this because it was a way of sexual release, the ida you could walk into a brothel (or a harem) and indulge in all of your sexual fantasies. It's terribly gross This is a sex worker, an Odalisque. Do not have full frontal, but you see her back, buttocks, a little bit of side boob She has a fan, a hookah Meant to be a very lavish, sexy, sensual scene - the idea is you will eventually join her in bed (this is the implication) Romantics love this, more than Neoclassical Ode to Mannerism with Ingres? Her hip joint - where her pelvis and her back are meeting is not what is happening anatomically. Really curved, funky. He keeps this, something uniquely Ingres (elongated spine - Mannerism)

Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres, Grande Odalisque

Joan Miro, Painting *BIOMORPHIC - doodles Doodles he has made and then added color to them and probably arranged them to some degree This is nonsensical, not necessarily a whole lot more to it besides looking at it for aesthetic value

Joan Miro, Painting

ENGLAND: Constable is pulling more on the nostalgia moment He's not interested in the industrialization that has gone on in England. That is more what he is interested in but through landscapes River, we know which it is (Stour River) - we have a mill over here where you would have used the water to help grind the flour The hay wain is the cart, farmers here with a very run-down looking cart and are kind of just trudging along through the river to get to the other side, poissibly to sell goods at the market, that sort of thing It's very idyllic, beautiful, quintessential British countryside BUT IT DOESN'T EXIST ANYMORE at this time, a lot of this would have been taken up by factories, would have been smokestacks in the back But Constable intentionally leaves it all out. He's romanticizing, "If we could only get back to this time before industrialization" But again, ignoring all of the grave things that came along with that time

John Constable, The Hay Wain

Fuseli is Swiss but spends a lot of his time in England He's mostly self-taught! He's one of the rare, self-taught artists of the day This is an interest in the DREAMS Play on words: The Nightmare. Is the woman having the nightmare? Is what we're seeing the nightmare? That question Young women in a white dress, presumably in the throws of having a nightmare - she has rolled herself halfway off the bed An incubus or succubus is sitting on her chest: these are imp-like creatures who come in the night and come to feed off your sexual desires and dreams Is he causing her to have the nightmare? Does she sense his presence? But the other nightmare is this, probably the actual Night Mare. It's a play on words. Mare as in horse. It definitely looks a little crazed, solid white globes for eyes, hair is crazy. Interest in the dreaming state because it is when we're at our most vulnerable. We cannot control the people around us, we can't control dreams. Also the opposite of the rational, the opposite of logic. It's when your brain isn't logical! We jump about in our dreams, things don't make sense Dreams/sleep are seen as the opposite of the rational mind. They are interested in digging through that some

John Henry Fuseli, The Nightmare

JSS is in Venice at this time, nod to Venice through the balustrade, you see the water of the canals LHV is an elegant woman with this long string of pearls, she was part of a very elite, intellectual group. She hung out a lot with people like Edith Wharton, people in that circle His brushwork is a little looser than some of the others at the time

John Singer Sargent, Portrait of Lady Helen Vincent

Sargent is the most famous American portraitist at the time His bread and butter is portraits, he works in the US some but he spends the vast majority of his time in Europe, but he is American Daughters of one of his friends, Edward Boit His friend commissioned the portrait of his four girls. Sargent is famous for capturing personality particularly well His brushwork is a lot looser than maybe most at the time Have four girls here can almost start picking out personalities Eldest girl in the back, she is pissed and doesn't want to be there, so she is not even looking at Sargent The second eldest is tagging along with the eldest sister, but she does not want to get completely in trouble as much as the elder sister. So she is at least going to look Classic middle child to the left, trying to do her best to behave and therefore stand out compared to elder sister(s) who want to make trouble The baby of the family, going to be cute, sit there on the carpet, play with her dolls He is very good at capturing personalities of all four girls

John Singer Sargent, The Daughters of Edward Darley Boit

Someone working right along Constable, they know each other, was Turner (also English) Turner is a lot more interested in color than some of his counterparts and he uses a lot looser brushstrokes than Constable for example Turner will almost start to push into abstraction, some of his stuff gets so blurry it's hard to make out what he is trying to show you This is probably his most famous out of the set The Slave Ship - he does a great job with this painting, if you never saw the title he kind of lures you into with this pretty sunset You start to look though and think "Wait, there are things going wrong here..." Things are not right! You get caught up in the pretty colors of the setting sun, but you realize things are not right especially when you read the rest of the title, (Slavers Throwing Overboard the Dead and Dying, Typhoon Coming On) This was a story that got passed around, probably did happen By this point in time, England had banned slavery within the country itself, but merchants still participated in the slave trade because America was happy to take the slaves off of their hands That was the thing. This was about insurance You insured your cargo, but only in certain scenarios would the insurance pay it out, like with things today If the claim isn't just right, they won't pay you This was the same thing. The ship's captain would not get paid if slaves died on board, with like disease, but he would get paid if they got thrown overboard and died because they got tossed out in a storm This ship is going into a storm, and the captain decides he will toss over all of the dead and the dying, all still chained together That is what you see in the foreground - individuals shipped over to America to be sold and they are never going to make it there, they are dying You see their hands and their feet, he is committing murder It is a truly horrifying thing to look at Turner does not want you to turn away thinking this is a pretty painting, he wants you to be horrified. He doesn't want you to get good feelings from this The fish are coming in to feed on them because some of them are still alive, and they are not going to survive because they are all chained together. There is no swimming away from this, he wants you to be horrified. By this point in time especially in England, slavery is very frowned upon but people still want to make money which is the catch You almost wish the storm or the typhoon the ship is sailing into sinks the ship You want that divine retribution moment, you want nature to exact revenge for this murder. You don't know if it happens Even though this is a contemporary story, it's a story that got passed around a lot but it probably did happen He's playing on that emotion and this power of nature moment, the roiling seas and you hope the storm exacts revenge

Joseph Mallord William Turner, The Slave Ship (Slavers Throwing Overboard the Dead and Dying, Typhoon Coming On)

As far as engineering-driving stuff, the materials. No better place is that from the Crystal Palace Crystal Palace was a world's fair exhibition hall, World's Fair - every country is you submitted enough money in a proposal would get booths and it would travel around and get hosted Paris, London. Those two cities were the most popular places to host Pre-fabricated architecture! You would typically erect a big exhibition hall but then it would come down eventually If they really liked it they would keep it. The Crystal Palace was one of those It was a complete iron and glass building, the first of its kind Nowadays we probably think "A completely glass building, we build those all the time" But for them it was the first time this was ever done They loved it and they kept it. It got disassembled because it was all just cast-iron construction. They easily could disassemble it, move it, then reassemble They moved it to Kensington Park for a while, got a big fire that destroyed a good chunk of it They left it standing up until 1941 or 42, when the London Blitz was going on, they realized the Nazis were using it as a point. They could see all the glass glittering in the moon and their lights. Though London was trying to go dark it was still reflecting light so they got rid of it Probably melted it all down to use it for stuff for the war All we have now is just pictures of it Some photographs and a couple of drawings Completely iron and glass building, every country had a little booth. A way for countries to show off stuff but it was also a way to constantly keep an eye on what everyone was doing technology wise. You would come in and show all of that off, it was a way to get ideas Pre-fabricated architecture: Paxton's use of prefabricated parts—primarily glass panes in wood frames and cast-iron pillars and beams—enabled workers to build the vast (18-acre) Crystal Palace in the then unheard-of time of six months and to dismantle it quickly at the exhibition's closing to avoid permanent obstruction of the park. The building was the perfect expression of the new industrial age that the Great Exhibition celebrated. Paxton was the champion of prefabricated architecture —the use of structural elements manufactured in advance and transported to the construction site ready for assembly.

Joseph Paxton, Crystal Palace, (London)

Julia Margaret Cameron, Ophelia, Study No. 2 Then you have some people, like Julia Margaret Cameron, who are a lot more artistic, just doing it for themselves. She did not show very much of her work during her lifetime Her daughter and son in law gave her a camera for Christmas as a have fun Mom kind of treat and she started having the daughters who still lived at home would sit, the maids would sit, anybody she could get her hands on. And they would typically do dress-ups. She loved to kind of interact these images Julia Margaret Cameron, Vivien and Merlin; Sappho; Sir John Herschel She loves doing that. The cover image is one of her's as well, Sadness

Julia Margaret Cameron, Ophelia, Study No. 2 Julia Margaret Cameron, Vivien and Merlin; Sappho; Sir John Herschel

Edmonia Lewis Forever Free American Realism Edmonia Lewis, Forever Free Another artist creating these images is Edmonia Lewis She is coming out of the North, area of New York (state). She is Black and Native. Her mother is Ojibway Native American and her father is Black She is coming from both sides of it, she is able to get an education in the US but she cannot have a career as a sculptor, which is what she wants She spends the rest of her life in Rome in particular. When the Civil War is going on, she is over in Rome. She just cannot make a living in the US, even in Rome it is tenuous but it is better Lewis does MARBLE SCULPTURE - that is her thing Forever Free - this and Death of Cleopatra her most famous works. This was in 1867, but it was about the Emancipation Proclamation which was in 1863 It has also been called the Morning of Liberty. The idea of the Emancipation Proclamation is issued, what is it like the next morning? Granted, this is most Southern states where slaves would have been, they completely ignored this and did not enact this in any way, the idea of the knowledge of once this is done we're free we're doe we can walk out of here to some extent We have them, still in shackles but the shackles are at least broken Still some of that knowledge that they are still bound in some ways, what she is looking at. They are still going to be bound by racism, eventually the reconstruction (Jim Crow) we're not there yet but I think even she kind of feels it to an extent Her other big famous sculpture was the Death of Cleopatra - Cleopatra on a throne after she has taken her own life Edmonia Lewis, Hiawatha; Minnehaha She also does these busts of some Native American individuals She is Ojibwa on her mother's side This is Hiawatha and Minnehaha - these kind of legendary native figures Part of what she is doing with all of her stuff is she is pulling on an old tradition - the marble bust, this idea of marble sculptures that has been reserved for European white figures, Roman emperors. But she is purposefully casting her heritage within that kind of context, by creating these busts Even the Death of Cleopatra, that is an African queen in Northern Africa She is Rome, she has access to this stuff, she is pulling on this tradition because she is wanting to start casting these figures (Black and native figures) in that kind of light, the glorious civilization light

LEFT: SLIDE ID! Edmonia Lewis, Hiawatha Edmonia Lewis, Minnehaha

Later followers of the PRB John William Waterhouse, The Lady of Shalott (1888, years later) Morris's Acanthus wallpaper design Edward Burne-Jones, Saint Cecilia (1900) (STAINED GLASS) The little group (Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood) does not last very long itself, but it has a massive influence in England This is later stuff, you have stained glass, John William Waterhouse working later on It is very influential as a movement particularly with England with this idea of the mystery of King Arthur. This is like the prime art movement for all of this. We'll come back to it when we get to the arts and crafts movement because William Morris's wallpaper is coming out of the Pre-Raphaelite stuff

Later followers of the PRB John William Waterhouse, The Lady of Shalott (1888, years later) Morris's Acanthus wallpaper design Edward Burne-Jones, Saint Cecilia (1900) (STAINED GLASS) The little group (Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood) does not last very long itself, but it has a massive influence in England This is later stuff, you have stained glass, John William Waterhouse working later on It is very influential as a movement particularly with England with this idea of the mystery of King Arthur. This is like the prime art movement for all of this. We'll come back to it when we get to the arts and crafts movement because William Morris's wallpaper is coming out of the Pre-Raphaelite stuff

Man Ray was like a Surrealist? Dadaist? This was not his real name, was in Europe for a bit and back to the US An American sculptor, photographer, worked in mixed media This is similar to Oppenheimer's cup - taken an object and rendered it useless. Taken an iron and glued tacks on it - rendered it useless. By taking away its function, it has become art (making it art)

Man Ray, Cadeau (Gift)

Marcel Duchamp, Fountain Duchamp is the head of the group (Dadaists). He is known for being a smartass, from France but spent a lot of his time in the US (fled France due to the war) Duchamp is attempting to be a part of a juried exhibition - arguing with the jury who is going to select the works to go in over what is art, what qualifies as art, etc. They piss Duchamp off and he comes back with this, his $10 entry fee, and they lose it (they throw it away). This is take number 2 He bought a urinal from a factory, flipped it on its side and wrote "R. MUTT, 1917" (a play on the manufacturer's name) Minimal manipulation of an already made urinal - INTENTIONAL, he wanted you to have a discussion over what is art - Duchamp believed we needed to have this discussion *Credit Duchamp for inventing the Readymade (sculpture subset - get an object already made and manipulating it in some way) Duchamp's work influenced the later use of ready-made objects and manipulating them Readymade = already made objects, manipulated (can be minimally) The world is hell and nothing matters, neither does art kind of idea - so I can do what I want

Marcel Duchamp, Fountain *Marcel Duchamp definition

Marcel Duchamp, L.H.O.O.Q. This was originally a postcard from the Louvre of the Mona Lisa like you would do today. Duchamp signed his name, gave a moustache and goatee to the Mona Lisa and wrote the initials L.H.O.O.Q., which (French) translate out to "She has a nice ass" The world is hell and everything is terrible but we have great humor about it There is humor here - this is a 2-D work (is flat - has no butt, but we also cannot see her butt) The postcard is manipulated in some way, poking fun at it. The world is terrible and I can do what I want

Marcel Duchamp, L.H.O.O.Q.

The 1913 Armory Show was a modernist show - European avant-garde - we see works from Picasso, Matisse ,German Expressionists, van Gogh, Cezanne and bringing their work to US artists (was a public show) The idea is it would go through the major American cities, first New York, later Chicago, etc. New York was the first stop - it did not go over well (was a watershed moment for American modernist art) The artwork they latched onto was Duchamp's Nude Descending a Staircase, No. 2 - this is the same artist who made the Fountain the Dadaist, just earlier in his career This is Analytical Cubism This is what was mocked in the media - Americans had no frame of reference (they were looking at the everyday, genre scenes for 100 years like John Sloan's work) One newspaper wrote "It looked like an explosion in a shingles factory" Most American artists if they wished to look at European art and if they could afford it would have to go abroad to Paris and live there for a few years before returning home and trying to ink out a living in the US (not many willing to pay for art like this PRIOR TO the Armory Show) The Armory Show does finish its tour but was not with critical acclaim (the remaining portions of the tour were hush hush) THERE IS A PERSON WE CAN SEE (presumably a woman) Requires long-looking We see her head, arms, hips (hip joint), buttocks, knees AND the Armory Show would lead to the start of the MOMA (Museum of Modern Art) - three women with large pocket books would buy everything up (all this European avant-garde art) *Abby Rockefeller *Lily Bliss *Mary Quinn Sullivan What would become the basis for the MOMA

Marcel Duchamp, Nude Descending a Staircase, No .2

Bourke-White was also famously known for being a part of the Allied Forces - going to concentration camps (see people standing in line at the fence) People were living NEXT DOOR to these camps and "had no idea" - were forced to go through them to see what life was like (orders from General Patton) Bourke-White published all of these photos She claimed her camera saved her, she could compartmentalize what she was seeing (the camera was between her and the subject(s))

Margaret Bourke-White's photos of the Liberation of Buchenwald Concentration Camp

Bourke-White is another female photographer, during the Great Depression - she is interested in structures the US is building Documenting advances the US is making despite such a trying time ALSO... (At the Time of the Louisville Flood) - IRONY "World's highest standard of living!" but this is people waiting in a breadline (waiting in line for food)

Margaret Bourke-White, Fort Peck Dam, Montana At the Time of the Louisville Flood

Auguste Rodin Walking Man Modernist Sculpture Sculpture did not have all of these evolutionary moments like painting did Rodin was our first big modern sculptor He will stick to the human form - does a lot of studies This was a study for a sculpture of John the Baptist he never finished - intentionally left out the head and arms, etc. We know it's a male form, but he intentionally left portions of it out He is also molding with clay. Typically you had the inner clay core with molded bronze or plaster all around on top it (would not see the clay). He intentionally left clay out to be seen - not refined and intentionally not refined

Modern Sculpture SLIDE ID!

•In the opening decade of the 20th century, most American artists presented a realistic look at American life, very similar to the French Realists of the 1850s and 60s. •An important group of American Realists was The Eight. Their leader, Robert Henri, urged his followers to make "pictures from life," in particular New York City. This group became known as the Ash Can School. •The Armory Show in 1913 brought European Avant-garde to America and many Americans did not know what to do. During its stop in New York, it received mountains of bad press-The New York Times called the show "pathological" and said the artists were "cousins to the anarchists." •This exhibition is recognized as the foundation for the development of American modernist art. US is doing things a little differently than Europe - they like realism, down to earth, no frills portraiture, realistic look at American life (do this for about 100 years) *US did not have Romanticism, Impressionism, Pointillism (Post-Impressionism), etc. REALISM - genre-like scenes and romantic landscape scenes THEY LOVED (their two main styles) The Eight, Ash Can School - Realist group (pictures from life, everyday scenes - nitty gritty scenes of New York City in particular)

Modernism in the US and Mexico, 1900-45 First America Early 20th Century America America - 1900-30 •In the opening decade of the 20th century, most American artists presented a ... look at ... ..., very similar to the French ... of the 1850s and 60s. •An important group of American Realists was ... ... Their leader, ... ..., urged his followers to make "... from ...," in particular ... ... ... This group became known as the ... ... ... •The ... ... in ... brought European ...-... to America and many Americans did not know what to do. During its stop in ... ..., it received mountains of bad ... -The ... ... ... called the show "pathological" and said the artists were "cousins to the anarchists." •This exhibition is recognized as the foundation for the ... of ... ... art.

Neue Sachlichkeit, or New Objectivity, was a loose group of WWI veterans who wanted to present a clear, direct, and honest image of the world and the war *GERMANY - the brunt of everything with WW1 - new version of German Expressionism, comes back into this new form (New Objectivity) George Grosz, Fit for Active Service Loose group, mainly veterans. Coming to terms with grief and trauma Grosz is one such artist. The doctor (those initials - simplifying in German, "You're OK") representation of towards the end of the war Germany lost so many men they were sending back soldiers wounded, missing limbs back to the front lines - you're living and breathing, can still shoot a gun! Can be half dead, etc. a corpse - they are that desperate for men, has a slight heartbeat send it back

Neue Sachlichkeit Neue Sachlichkeit, or ... ..., was a loose group of ... ... who wanted to present a clear, direct, and honest image of the ... and the ... *... - the brunt of everything with WW1 - new version of German Expressionism, comes back into this new form (... ...) George Grosz, Fit for Active Service

Mythology! Redon was more of the Impressionist brushwork (looser) and colors (bright and happy color palette) This is Polyphemus (from the story of Odysseus and earlier tales). In an earlier story he falls in love with a nymph (does not work out - he ends up killing her) Not looking for reality!

Odilon Redon, The Cyclops

Otto Dix, Der Krieg (The War) Neue Sachlichkeit Otto Dix, Der Krieg (The War) Dix also a vet. His altarpiece to the war, Der Krieg Representation of the trenches Panel to left: going off to war Center: the war Right: coming home What he saw in the trenches. Dug down and sat in the mud and stared at each other for four years, occasionally shoot at each other Bodies everywhere, disease everywhere. Cannot get out of the trench or get shot, anyone dead in the trench has to stay there (bottom panel). They are literally living on top of the dead because they cannot go anywhere - if get out of trench, get shot Limping back home and having no concept of PTSD, shell shock. This war really started to clue mental health in a little bit (What do you mean you went to the war and now are traumatized? Idea of buck up or man up, you went through the glory of war - always talked about as a glorious thing) WW1 first war for us to really sit down and say war is not a glorious thing, war is this What New Objectivity really is - processing their own trauma and their country's trauma

Otto Dix, Der Krieg (The War)

*Analytic Cubism One of his first paintings starting to push into what would be his Cubist style Portrait of Gertrude Stein, American writer who would often hold court at her home for artists Picasso modified Stein's face multiple times - can see portions of her face starting to become planes of shapes Body is being simplified down (just shapes), not much shading on her face (except the shadow on her cheek) This was a gift from him to Stein, she loved it. Eventually she gave it to the Met (Metropolitan Museum of Art) Picasso has BIG inspiration from African art (African masks reaching European artists) - he certainly was influenced by African art (Exhibit A: photograph of him in his studio surrounded by African art) but he did not choose to admit it ("I've never really looked at African art"). When asked if he was inspired by it, he denied it

Pablo Picasso, Gertrude Stein

He wants STRUCTURE: Cézanne believed impressionists did not have enough form in their paintings (they were not solid enough)- the brushwork was so loose they had lost their form *underlying structure (starting to push into pure, nonobjective abstraction - he does not want to go there yet) Cézanne is known for his still life's and landscapes, his bread and butter Notice the play on colors (he is looking at color here), particularly... Warm colors - yellow and orange (also red and brown) Cool colors - blue, green, purple What they also know at this time ^ Your eyes perceive warm and cool colors is specific (this was a known understanding at the time) Cool colors make your eyes perceive something is further away (goes away from you), while warm colors make your eyes perceive something is driven closer to you (comes towards you) He is playing with warm and cool colors to give an effect of depth! Your eyes and brain understand the mountain and sky is further away than the stuff before it which is closer. The colors are telling you that, suggest depth We consider him to be the Godfather of Cubism - he is breaking things down into geometric shapes (break things down to shapes, squares and rectangles - just these color blocks of these shapes almost. Going in the direction of cubism) (not quite to Cubism yet, Cézanne would never go into pure abstraction, he liked form/structure) His still life's on the other hand were more solid. The last of the Post-Impressionists Never going to go into full abstraction, this is the loosest he presents

Paul Cézanne, Mont Sainte-Victoire

Gauguin was hanging out with van Gogh, trying to start an artist colony in Southern France (Arles). Two very clashing personalities Originally a stokebroker, Gauguin (decided to be an artist and follow his dream) dreamed of finding an "unspoiled, pure society" (What does that exactly mean? Not exactly the most unproblematic terminology) - culiminated in him looking for primitive societies to oogle and oggle at This painting was done in Brittany in France (not some other place) Brittany had a rigid sect of Christianity (something like Calvinism). We can equate it somewhat to the Amish living in America - removed from society, simplified dress, not keeping up with industrialization. He does live among them for a little while, paints this while he is there The Christian Britton women are having a collective vision of Jacob wrestling an angel (Old Testament story) Not interested in representing the natural world or world around him - not following in that vain of impressionism and realists. Gauguin is pulling on the imagination (more expressive color) - the red is the vision

Paul Gauguin, Vision after the Sermon (Jacob Wrestling with the Angel)

Gauguin will leave France, including his wife and children He goes to Tahiti (looking for an "unspoiled society", these non-exotic European places, Tahiti has actually been a colony since the 1840s [it is now the 1890s] - he is disappointed it is not this "primitive" society). There is a reason he was able to easily relocate from Tahiti to France. So he moves to a more rural area of Tahiti, looking for pure society Paints a lot of Tahitian women. One of his last big paintings We get a glimpse into Gauguin's mental health struggles at the time (influences this work a little, get it from the title too) Very pessimistic outlook on life: 1. Where Do We Come From? - right side of the painting (infant and accompanying innocence with youth) 2. What Are We? - middle of the painting (scenes of daily life) 3. Where Are We Going? - left side of the painting (DEATH, not a great outlook on life) Based on his writings he is not at a great mental health point and it can come out a little bit Gauguin was looking for primordial, untouched societies He does attempt suicide but does not complete suicide. He passes away from malaria more likely (tropical area with a lot more mosquito-borne illnesses)

Paul Gauguin, Where Do We Come From? What Are We? Where Are We Going?

Paul Klee, Twittering Machine This one does have a little bit something there. Doodles of these birds on a wire, have a crank to crank them and they would make noise (kind of like a music box) Very nonsensical, that is their goal

Paul Klee, Twittering Machine

Now we will look at two female artists in neither The Bridge nor The Blue Rider groups of German expressionists (but still considered German expressionists) She was a member of the Worpswede group, a more rural group among German Expressionists She depicted the female form in almost a primordial goddess kind of way Known for her nude self-portraits

Paula Modersohn-Becker, Self-Portrait

Recap Starting to go through periods more frequently, styles constantly budding up against one another and will constantly react (reacting to different things) Napoleon particularly hung onto Neoclassicism because he wants to model his new French empire after Rome. He will particularly like Neoclassicism. Enlists Jacques Louis David into helping him craft his famous portraits of himself Neoclassicism kind of fizzles out by 1850 because that is when Napoleon is done Romanticism has been growing up right alongside it, it will keep us company for awhile in different little forms Particularly looking to the past, looking at nature, the idea is they don't want everything to have to be based on Rome anymore. They want to pull from a lot of different places Looking towards pre-Industrial Europe (Gothic is particularly big, look at Gothic Revival architecture), idea of inner mind and insanity, nature (particularly the power of nature), emotions and exotic Emotions is probably the most common thread you can find from all Romantic paintings, Romanticism is a big umbrella of topics Can find stuff about dreams (good or bad), some subject matter is more contemporary not a past thing but EMOTION most common thread to pick up from all of them (Goya commemorating the French Invasion, Third of May) French artists like Géricault talking about a contemporary event, the tragedy of the Medusa and the sinking of the ship and how many people died, but again the EMOTION. Will they be m rescued, won't they? Is the wave going to come and tip them over? And then you have artists who are looking at the exotic. Exotic is anything that isn't Europe (white): Could be Northern Africa, China, indigenous people of the Americas Delacroix's Death of Sardanapolis We do keep these images around, use the term "Orientalizing" as the period because they're trying to craft fantasies. None of this happened, they're not actual depictions of people that lived or continued to live in these places. It's just their fantasies, particularly that have to do with sex and control and racism is always a part of it Romantic Landscape is a kind of own genre under Romanticism because it is very specific Sometimes there are humans, sometimes not. If there are humans often this idea of like a tiny human in the vastness that is nature or overseeing the vastness of nature Friedrich, Wanderer above a Sea of Mist Somebody like Caspar David Friedrich he is looking at spirituality. He's looking at this idea of going into nature to find a closer connection to God, his often have a religious tone to them Constable purposefully crafting images of the English countryside while ignoring that there would have been factories everywhere by this time, factories for everything. He is purposefully washing all of that away. He does not like this industrialized Europe. Sometimes the landscapes are a reaction againt industrialization Joseph Mallord William Turner (Turner) is like let's confront slavery and talk about those terrible practices wrapped up in a beautiful sunset America in particular loves Romantic landscape. They're going to keep it going a lot longer than Europe will because white Americans are enthralled with this idea of land and going west and conquering the west. This idea of taming the landscape, they're very enamored by that idea It'll pop up and stay in America a lot longer than say for Europe

Recap Starting to go through periods more frequently, styles constantly budding up against one another and will constantly react (reacting to different things) Napoleon particularly hung onto Neoclassicism because he wants to model his new French empire after Rome. He will particularly like Neoclassicism. Enlists Jacques Louis David into helping him craft his famous portraits of himself Neoclassicism kind of fizzles out by 1850 because that is when Napoleon is done Romanticism has been growing up right alongside it, it will keep us company for awhile in different little forms Particularly looking to the past, looking at nature, the idea is they don't want everything to have to be based on Rome anymore. They want to pull from a lot of different places Looking towards pre-Industrial Europe (Gothic is particularly big, look at Gothic Revival architecture), idea of inner mind and insanity, nature (particularly the power of nature), emotions and exotic Emotions is probably the most common thread you can find from all Romantic paintings, Romanticism is a big umbrella of topics Can find stuff about dreams (good or bad), some subject matter is more contemporary not a past thing but EMOTION most common thread to pick up from all of them (Goya commemorating the French Invasion, Third of May) French artists like Géricault talking about a contemporary event, the tragedy of the Medusa and the sinking of the ship and how many people died, but again the EMOTION. Will they be m rescued, won't they? Is the wave going to come and tip them over? And then you have artists who are looking at the exotic. Exotic is anything that isn't Europe (white): Could be Northern Africa, China, indigenous people of the Americas Delacroix's Death of Sardanapolis We do keep these images around, use the term "Orientalizing" as the period because they're trying to craft fantasies. None of this happened, they're not actual depictions of people that lived or continued to live in these places. It's just their fantasies, particularly that have to do with sex and control and racism is always a part of it Romantic Landscape is a kind of own genre under Romanticism because it is very specific Sometimes there are humans, sometimes not. If there are humans often this idea of like a tiny human in the vastness that is nature or overseeing the vastness of nature Friedrich, Wanderer above a Sea of Mist Somebody like Caspar David Friedrich he is looking at spirituality. He's looking at this idea of going into nature to find a closer connection to God, his often have a religious tone to them Constable purposefully crafting images of the English countryside while ignoring that there would have been factories everywhere by this time, factories for everything. He is purposefully washing all of that away. He does not like this industrialized Europe. Sometimes the landscapes are a reaction againt industrialization Joseph Mallord William Turner (Turner) is like let's confront slavery and talk about those terrible practices wrapped up in a beautiful sunset America in particular loves Romantic landscape. They're going to keep it going a lot longer than Europe will because white Americans are enthralled with this idea of land and going west and conquering the west. This idea of taming the landscape, they're very enamored by that idea It'll pop up and stay in America a lot longer than say for Europe

Recap: Map - Europe at the End of World War 1 We are in France during the 1900s Saw the Art of the Fauves - wild, arbitrary color (colors on subjects we would not expect) Fauves translates to wild beasts, comes from term critic used to describe how they used colors Lasted only about 5 years Artists like Henri Matisse and André Derain The German Expressionists Two main groups: The Bridge (Die Brücke) and The Blue Rider (Der Blaue Reiter) The Bridge was interested more in city life, idea of isolation and loneliness living in a metropolitan area *Ernst-Ludwig Kirchner, Street, Dresden The Blue Rider was pushing into non-objective art *Vassily Kandinsky, Improvisation 28 We can say Kandinsky's work is both abstract and non-objective Non-objective = No relationship to our world (no trees, no buildings, no plants, no people, etc. - no recognizable forms even if distorted) ***ONLY LINE, SHAPE, AND COLOR Kirchner's Street, Dresden We can say is abstract but not non-objective There is the use of arbitrary color (green and orange faces) and disorted figures (abstraction) BUT these are forms in relation to our real world (humans, street car, street, city), beyond just line, shape, and colorAbstraction and non-objective can be interchangeable *depending on the work* but not the same thing!!! Two female artists who were considered German Expressionists but apart of neither The Bridge or The Blue Rider 1. Paula Modersohn-Becker Becker was part of a rural art colony in Bremen She would first create paintings centered on the peasantry and landscapes but later move into a lot of paintings concerning the female nude (nude self-portraits of herself) Old Peasant Woman Self Portrait with Camelia Branch Self-Portrait*** 2. Käthe Kollwitz Completely independent of ANY group but is a German Expressionist. Kollwitz is known for her self-portraits and political imagery (promoting ideas of communism and pacifism - she hated war) Pietà (Mother with Dead Son) - This is a later enlarged version of her original sculpture by Harald Haacke, which has been in the "Central Memorial of the Federal Republic of Germany to Victims of War and Tyranny" in Karl Friedrich Schinkel's Neue Wache since it was established in 1993 Woman with Dead Child*** Self-Portrait

Recap: Map - Europe at the End of World War 1 We are in France during the 1900s Saw the Art of the ... - wild, arbitrary color (colors on subjects we would not expect) ... translates to ... ..., comes from term critic used to describe how they used colors Lasted only about 5 years Artists like Henri ... and André ... The ... ... Two main groups: The ... (... ...) and The ... ... (... ... ...) The ... was interested more in city life, idea of isolation and loneliness living in a metropolitan area *Ernst-Ludwig Kirchner, Street, Dresden The ... ... was pushing into non-objective art *Vassily Kandinsky, Improvisation 28 We can say Kandinsky's work is both abstract and non-objective Non-objective = No relationship to our world (no trees, no buildings, no plants, no people, etc. - no recognizable forms even if distorted) ***ONLY LINE, SHAPE, AND COLOR Kirchner's Street, Dresden We can say is abstract but not non-objective There is the use of arbitrary color (green and orange faces) and distorted figures (abstraction) BUT these are forms in relation to our real world (humans, street car, street, city), beyond just line, shape, and colorAbstraction and non-objective can be interchangeable *depending on the work* but not the same thing!!! Two female artists who were considered German Expressionists but apart of neither The Bridge or The Blue Rider 1. Paula ...-... ... was part of a rural art colony in Bremen She would first create paintings centered on the peasantry and landscapes but later move into a lot of paintings concerning the female nude (nude self-portraits of herself) Old Peasant Woman Self Portrait with Camelia Branch Self-Portrait*** 2. Käthe ... Completely independent of ANY group but is a German Expressionist. ... is known for her self-portraits and political imagery (promoting ideas of communism and pacifism - she hated war) Pietà (Mother with Dead Son) - This is a later enlarged version of her original sculpture by Harald Haacke, which has been in the "Central Memorial of the Federal Republic of Germany to Victims of War and Tyranny" in Karl Friedrich Schinkel's Neue Wache since it was established in 1993 Woman with Dead Child*** Self-Portrait German Expressionists trail off with the beginning of WW1, some decide to go off to fight and come back with a new form later Also from German Expressionism... film (this was the time of motion pictures)! The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari (1920) - a German Expressionist film made after WW1 (G.E. artists painted the sets for example) - idea of a young male hero who has his beloved he is hoping to marry. But she is kidnapped by a madman who runs a circus (his semblist is a sleep walker) *Perhaps the first horror movie (very early on) - the idea of the bogeyman coming to snatch you (instilling that fear - may not seem as scary to us today) *There is legend that the original ending was far more anti-government and the Weimar Republic forced them to change it (but it is legend because no one knows what the original ending would have been, may not be true)

René Magritte, The Treachery (or Perfidy) of Images *NATURALIST Some are more intentional with it. This is The Pipe but it is the Treachery of Images All it says is "This is not a pipe" The idea is, but is it? But it's not! It's a picture of a pipe. But he is also interested in the idea of words Words do interact with art (the idea of visual images) If I say the word pipe, what comes to mind? Is it that: a smoking pipe? Is it a PVC pipe? Is it a lead pipe? Is it the game Clue? What comes to your mind? Everyone is going to be different. Everyone will conjure a different image. Or do you conjure the definition of pipe? Again, what pipe? That is what a lot of times Magritte is interested in. the idea of language plus image, where does that kind of lead us? The treachery of the image - Yeah, this is not a pipe. It's a picture of a pipe, it's a painting, and you're even looking at a digital image of said painting of a pipe It gets really meta really quick, but that is what he wants to play with

René Magritte, The Treachery (or Perfidy) of Images

Romanticism • Romanticism comes out of the Natural Style and drew from Rousseau's philosophies. • Artists drew on their imaginations, nature, emotions, the exotic, the past, and the fantastical • P. I. N. E. • Past: Longing for the medieval past, pre-industrial Europe (Gothic architecture will be revived) • Irrational/Inner mind/Insanity: Romantic artists depict the human psyche and topics that transcend the use of reason. One Romantic artist, Gericault, chose to do portraits of people in an insane asylum • Nature: Longing for the purity of nature, which defies human rationality. • Emotion/Exotic: Romantics favored emotion and passion over reason. Exotic themes and locales were also popular because they did not adhere to European emphasis on rationality Romanticism is a big umbrella as far as subject matter and even technique Acronym to keep on track with all of the possible subject matter: PINE (also goes with the nature theme, which Romantic art also includes) It is coming more out of EMOTION, that is the most common theme for Romanticism is EMOTION Not romantic as in lovey-dovey, romantic as in nostalgia Example: Romanticizing the past - glazing over the really bad stuff going on PAST: Really love to romanticize the Middle Ages because for them they want to get to a pre-industrialized society. "I don't like all the factories, I don't like all the smog" They're starting to realize that but ignoring all the terrible stuff that happened in the Middle Ages like the bubonic plague, war, famine. That stuff never happened. It's all like: "Wasn't life better when there weren't these factories everywhere?" A lot of that stuff Pre-Industrial Europe, they love the Gothic Middle Ages Some will talk about that Others will talk about IRRATIONAL/INNER MIND/INSANITY: Not quite to Freud where you have the unconscious kind of thing, but we're working our way there in the field of psychology, which is barely a field. But it is that idea of looking into the inner mind Example: One artist, Gericault, goes into asylums to paint the clients there. He wonders: Can I capture insanity in a 2-D surface? It also comes along with this idea of DREAMS: when you're dreaming you are at your most vulnerable - truly vulnerable to the environment around you. You cannot control your dreams. That kind of irrational NATURE: When it comes to nature, part of that comes from that want of Pre-Industrialization when nature is a bit more untamed and wild But they also like the idea of the power of nature: storms, volcanic eruptions, earthquakes Also partly that because those are the sorts of things we cannot control, we cannot control hurricanes, tornadoes and it will level all of our stuff. They're interested in that kind of tug of war with nature EMOTION/EXOTIC: Can be for emotion, which is arguably the most consistent thread of Romantic art (Romantics) whether talking about the past, irrational - emotion is probably the most consistent thing But they also like the exotic (Grande Odalisque) part of that has to do with colonialism - encountering all of these places and romanticizing "They have a simpler way of life, but we're still better than them because we have civilization and railroads, etc." It's something we have to pick through, it's incredibly problematic and heavily based in racism and sexism Not always going to be necessarily pretty stuff

Romanticism • Romanticism comes out of the ... ... and drew from ...'s philosophies • Artists drew on their ..., ..., ..., the ..., the ..., and the ... • P. I. N. E. • ...: Longing for the ... ..., pre-... ... (... architecture will be revived) • .../... .../...: Romantic artists depict the ... ... and topics that transcend the use of ... One Romantic artist, ..., chose to do portraits of people in an ... ... • ...: Longing for the ... of ..., which defies ... ... • .../...: Romantics favored ... and ... over ... ... themes and locales were also popular because they did not adhere to European emphasis on ...

Rosa Bonheur, The Horse Fair Most realists have a political thing going on, talking particularly about workers' rights. That often pops up frequently, but NOT FOR EVERYBODY One woman who runs in the realist group, Rosa Bonheur. The most famous female artist of her day. She ran the art school for women. Women had a separate school from the French Art Academy. They were not allowed in because it was the live drawing classes. They can't go to the live drawing classes, so we can't let them into anything. For some reason women were not allowed to see the nude body, speculation over whether they could handle it or not They have a whole separate art school for women and Bonheur is in charge of that Bonheur was particularly famous for her horse paintings She is more of the realist in looking at this idea of animals and trying to very accurately represent them. This is the most famous one she did The Horse Fair = idea of everyone bring their horses in to do purchasing, selling, etc. They are running them around so people can see them in action, lets you know they are healthy She is accurately representing all the musculature, everything She would go to the horse fairs, see how they worked. She also famously went into slaughterhouses for horses so she could actually see the musculature and everything We do have photographs of her, she mainly wore pants. She would be photographed in a dress but she preferred to go out in pants She had to get a written notice from the mayor of the town she lived in to be able to wear pants in public. She used the slaughterhouses as her reason: "I need to go into the slaughterhouses to do my art, so I can do it accurately" she's famous for this, they know who she is "You don't want me to wear a dress in there, the dress will get dirty. I need to wear pants" she used that as her excuse to wear pants She absolutely hated dresses, she preferred pants 100%

Rosa Bonheur, The Horse Fair

Edward Weston Pepper No. 30 American Modernism Stieglitz's counterpart is Weston He is known for photographing vegetables and nude bodies (but so close up it looks like a landscape or hill, not a human body) But then he zooms out on the peppers, they almost take on a nude, sinuous form - looks like a drawing also Just showing photography can be artistic! Not always documentation

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Frank Lloyd Wright Kaufmann House American Modernism Wright also liked reinforced concrete - concrete was reinvented in the 1700s Now there is wire mesh and rebar Steel cage on the inside but he kept putting concrete upon concrete over it, giving it these hanging over layers WRIGHT LOVED to incorporate nature, there is a creek that runs through the entire house Big balconies that hang into space Open concept living spaces

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Frida Kahlo The Two Fridas Surrealism Rivera is married to Frida Kahlo Rivera was more known in his lifetime but posthumously Kahlo is more famous for sure Kahlo is known for personal work, self-portraits Two Fridas is her grappling with her dual identity Her mother is Mexican and her father is German - European and Mexican heritage, mixed heritage - How can you be one, the other, neither, both? One Frida is in a white dress (typical for European women) The other is in a Mexican dress (more of a historical dress than contemporary, for women) There are nods to making peace, holding hands But the Europe side is the side with damage (bleeding, scissors to staunch the bleeding) Mexico side is healthy, in tact Trying to find a balance, acknowledgment of both Oval in her hand (Mexico side), portrait of Rivera They had a tumultuous relationship - they were both not always faithful to one another (she once had an affair with Trotsky for example). Divorced but did live next to each other

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Hannah Höch Cut with the Kitchen Knife Dada through the Last Weimar Beer Belly Cultural Epoch of Germany Dada Dada will continue into the interwar period (1919-38), after WW1 Dadaists not all well received, meant to be humorous but confrontational and challenging (meant to be humorous but not fun, not easily digested) The Weimar Republic: After WW1 is over, German monarchy is gotten rid of and declared a republic Republic is immediately seen as worthless, terribly institutded (corrupt) (entirely unaffective and corrupt, this will lead to Hitler being in power in a couple of years. Inflation and Germany never had a republic, did not know what to do with it) Höch is one of our few female artists in the Dadaist movement (in response to the Weimar Republic) Does hang out with the German Dadaists but not always allowed to be shown with them (did not want to be stood up by a woman) She made collages/photomontages - included magazines, newspapers, photos - recognizable to the viewer at the time (not so much for us today unless you know the ins and outs of the Weimar Republic and Germany during the interwar period) Showing the corruption of the republic Including Kaiser Wilihelm, who was the king before WW1 (looking fabulous) (monarchy) Also see a map of the countries - map with countries where women had the right to vote (legalized the right to vote, Germany did ratify this in the constitution of the Weimar Republic) Höch was a feminist, she is including this as a good thing that happened but still in chaos Also see Käthe Kollwitz's head - she was given a position as teacher for the Arts Academy (incredible thing for a woman to accomplish) Including these to show she is wanting to push women's rights (as a feminist) The idea of the whole work: If we were to slice open the Weimar Republic, this is what would fall out! The mechanism that is bureaucracy, corruption, hanging onto monarchy, nods to Dadaists (keeps popping up) Pointing out the terrible things of bureaucratic of government - using Dadaism to do this

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Henri Matisse Woman with the Hat Fauvism Matisse is THE Fauvist artist We have a female subject here, likely his wife (Amélie Matisse) who was his model early on BUT if this is her, this would not be a portrait! She did not have a green nose for example - ARBITRARY COLOR Matisse is playing with complements/complementary colors here (yellow and purple; red and green; blue and orange) - your eyes will find the complements - bouncing between different colors, drawing your eye around (what Matisse wanted you to do) Example: Let's find all the purples! Then your eyes will find the yellows, you will go throughout the painting. You may then choose to look for greens and find your eyes bouncing to the reds throughout the painting It's also not a window into another world, it's a canvas! (Continuing that idea). Art for art's sake. Did not have to look naturalistic or be an illusion

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John Nash Royal Pavilion Indo-Sacren Architecture We have Gothic Revival - the biggest architectural moment from Romanticism Then you also get the Orientalist version of that This was a royal estate for a while, Queen Victoria lived here for a number of years After her it got bequeathed to Brighton This is Indian Gothic - the idea is they are using pointed arches but then actually almost Islamic, onion domes - getting all of this stuff from all of the British colonies like India and Pakistan and blending it with the Gothic skeletal structure that they know and then you get weird things like this It is just as weird on the inside - each room has a theme. There's a China room, etc. Interior decoration is crazy

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Käthe Kollwitz Woman with Dead Child German Expressionism Now we will look at two female artists in neither The Bridge nor The Blue Rider groups of German expressionists (but still considered German expressionists) Kollwitz was born in Prussia (no longer exists) and was primarily a printmaker! Her subject matter typically included mothers and parental loss (grief and loss), she also typically made art with black and white (color is rarely in her work - this work is the only one except another which had light blue in the background instead of this gold) She was the first woman appointed to teach at the Prussian Art Academy, Hitler would kick her out much later (she lived a long time, until the end of World War 2/1945) We have a woman (a mother) with her dead child, the child has passed - the mother almost wants to absorb the child back into her body (if you could get back to my womb you would be safe kind of idea) This was made in 1903, she had two boys - her husband was a doctor (worked with the poor). She was an outward communist and pacifist Peter was the youngest of her two sons, sat in her lap (she made this as a self-portrait with her son, modeling in the mirror, trying to recreate their pose). He insisted to keep going (tells her to keep going) and create it despite her wishing to stop August 1914, Peter goes off to war (World War 1), dies within the first month Kollwitz was a pacifist, did not like war of any kind. This print was almost prophetic (a mother holding her dead child in her arms) - this destroyed her

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Louis-Jacques-Mandé Daguerre Still Life in Studio Early Photography This is Daguerre's photograph, which we credit as THE FIRST successful photograph. There is one older, but it is incredibly hard to see Photography at this time is pretty much a camera obscure with a light-sensitive material in the back. It captures what it sees and then you have to go do the whole chemical process to develop it out The catch with Daguerre's: IT IS NOT REPRODUCABLE It is a piece of silver pretty much that the light reflection is imprinted upon and so you cannot make copies of that in the way you can with photography today (that is Talbot's process he comes up with) Photography at this time was a WHOLE THING - photography has to spend a while kind of fighting to prove itself as an artistic medium because it was so much chemistry and science they could not see it that way VIDEO In 1814/1815, Joseph Nicéphore Niépce (The Heliograph), he discovered asphault was sensitive to light. Paint the solution on a piece of glass and put engraving on a piece of paper on top of that where the light shined through the asphalt would harden. Put the piece of glass with the asphalt into a solvent it will remove the areas not hardened Earliest photograph we know, piece of pewter. View from a Window (1820s) - this is the image we can hardly see. Image made by asphalt Niépce takes on Louis Daguerre as a partner (The Daguerreotype), well-known in Paris in the 1820s well before the announcement of the Daguerreotype in 1839. He was a showman, he ran a 75-foot diorama He wants to make images, he knows how a camera obscura works. Niépce did not have the time or youth, he kickstarted him Niépce died and Daguerre continued the experiments on his own Piece of copper coated with silver, fumed with iodine. Take out of box turns yellow (silver iodide). Plate is put into camera obscura, give enough time and it is exposed. When you take it out the camera in a darkened room, there is nothing to see. When you put in another box with a container with mercury, heat the mercury, the fumes of mercury dance on the plate and when you withdraw that from the box, you have an image Still have to fix the image - prevent the plate from changing anymore as light strikes the plate. Place in solution (hypo) The Daguerreotype is then placed in a special case, designed to keep air away from the plate (air makes silver tarnish) Give the process to the government, government then allow anyone in the world to do the Daguerreotype except for England (had their own process, had to pay a fee) The Americans embraced it and used it, the Americans striking out and going further and further West so people could have something to think about and remember/reflect Daguerreotype is both a negative and positive image at the same time Not made with a negative, the Daguerreotype plate was in the room with the person Very permanent process LECTURE Any of the color you see on the plate has all been hand-painted, they would go back and add color because they got tired of seeing all the gray That is Daguerre's process. Today everything is so digital, we take it for granted The concept of actually having to go through this whole process just to get one image, one photo. It is a lot to do At this time for this photograph, Daguerre probably exposed it for about 8 hours or so. We can't do pictures of people at first the exposure time is just too long But they start refining this process very quickly. The camera obscura gets smaller, exposure time gets shorter, we refine all the chemicals to do it Eventually you can take a camera out into the field That was Daguerre's process, they do give everyone permission to use the process except England because of Talbot because Talbot has his own process and France and England have never gotten along anyway

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Mardsen Hartley Portrait of a German Officer American Modernism Hartley is living during the start of World War 1 in Berlin, Germany (he is an American artist) With painting partner Karl Van Friedberg - who ends up going to war but passing away in the war This is an ode to his partner. It is a portrait without the person (capturing that person through their belongings, in this case his uniform) Had his insignia, his regiment was #4, he was 24 years old when he entered the war - EVERY ITEM HAS A SYMBOL So we do see American modernists in specific areas

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Pablo Picasso Guernica Cubism After World War 1, in the interwar period (1919-1938 - good chunk of the 1920s and 30s for Europe) Spain is in the midst of a civil war. The republic is trying to be more democratic, Francisco Franco wants a fascist dictatorship Franco reaches out to another fascist, Adolf Hitler. Franco tells Hitler he needs help controlling the Spanish rebels. Hitler agrees to help him but only if he can test out his new bombs and planes. Francisco says OK and directs him to the Basque region, which is Northern Spain He directs them specifically to this area around the town of Guernica. Guernica is in the area where the rebels had strongholds but Guernica really wasn't - most of the town was made up of women, children, and the elderly - men off to fight Franco (were against Franco, but not like a fort or a bastion of the rebels) On April 26, 1937 at around 5 p.m., the Nazis bombed Guernica - it was a market day and everyone was about (no expectation of being bombed) Picasso was in France at the time but he is Spanish. When he hears about the massacre he makes Guernica in the same year as his response Guernica is just a footnote in WW2, but thanks to Guernica it is not forgotten or left to the side This painting does end up in the US, Picasso wants it in Spain (as a commemoration of Spain) but he is not going to give it to Spain while Franco is in power It will end up in the Museum of Modern Art (MoMA) - Picasso has to twist MoMA's arm to give the painting back to Spain after Franco is ousted One of Cubism's greatest moments The art style of Cubism lends itself, it matches with the moment This idea of fracturing (the idea of the world exploding before you suddenly) - things are on fire, are explosions, limbs and body parts everywhere Using the style and it working well with the moment (style + moment) SYMBOLISM The bull - traditional symbol for Spain but the bull is next to a Pietà (Italian for "pity"; depicting utter parental loss). Bull + pietà symbolizes Spain losing (the loss for Spain) The horse - Franco's emblem (on his family crest) - the horse is wounded (spear through it). Picasso's hope is Franco is brought down (eventually he is) and democracy will be established after WW2, it just takes a while

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Pierre-Auguste Renoir Dance at Le Moulin de la Galette Impressionism If Claude Monet is the most famous/popular Impressionist artist, Renoir is second Renoir is known for his LIVELY DANCING SCENES (his bread and butter). There was a workers' rights movement in France, developed the idea of a weekend (and got it, previously never existed, always worked) - one day off (typically Sunday). Most people would go to open-air dancing halls on their day off (also in Montmarte, the happening place of Paris) This is an example of leisure time in France (Paris) - workers made just enough money to not need a second job and (hang out with friends, do something just for you) take time off on Sunday. We see band in the back, lighting hanging from the back, vendors. Meet friends, chit-chat - a place to hang out Renoir is also playing with lighting effects - come through the trees (dappled look, leaves as they shift and sway in the wind) You can hear the music, undercurrent of people chit-chatting. Can bring this scene to life in our minds Again, there is no black as a color, just darker shades of original color (whatever the color is). Darker brown of one man's jacket (where it's in shadow) versus the light brown color (where the sunlight hits it) Impressionists really influenced by photography: Influence of photography - cropping pops up in painting. In painting, you can organize everyone in the frame how you want it but painters are now starting to intentionally put people half in or half out Illusion of a snapshot - snapshot of life in Paris [what's going on in a July Sunday afternoon in Paris] (idea of you take a snapshot and maybe not everyone is in the frame exactly, somebody moved, etc.)

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Piet Mondrian Composition with Red, Blue, and Yellow De Stijl Piet Mondrian, Composition with Red, Blue, and Yellow He starts off representational but then moves into non-objective art (like this) He is trying to add to nature, tired of copying What does it mean to add to nature? This is one way to do it. This is very hard-edged abstraction - very precise, very deliberate (not just splashing color) a lot of control. Primarily works with primary colors (red, yellow, blue) and then black and white and does very geometric work - squares and rectangles sticks with He stays here for a while but does not stay here - eventually ends up in the US (has to flee with start of WW2, fleeing Hitler). This eventually will become much more active, still lines, shape and color but interestingly movement to it - start to give this flickering look because he has added so much to it

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Victor Horta Staircase in the Van Eetvelde House Art Nouveau Victor Horta, staircase in the Van Eetvelde House; foyer and stairwell of the Tassel House Horta worked in architecture in Belgium Art Nouveau! This movement took the aesthetic of the A&C movement from England but would mass-produce their art, is everywhere (Spain, US, Czechoslovakia, Germany, France, Belgium) and not confined to England Art Nouveau aesthetic - curvy lines, floral/organic implementation (It grew up out of the ground!)In architecture you'll find trills, stained glass, ironwork

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Gustave Moreau The Apparition Symbolism Moreau was a famous artist of the Symbolists He was dark in his depictions/representations (dark in color) This is about Salome from the Bible. Herod the Great was a governor prince who served as the king of Jerusalem appointed by the Romans (modern day Israel) Herodias (Herod's wife) was in a scandal. Herodias was in a relationship with Herod's brother, had a child with him (Salome) Salome becomes Herod's daughter-in-law through Herodia The prophet John the Baptist was preaching, called it a sinful marriage Herodias was not happy, convinced her daughter (Salome) to seduce Herod in the notorious "Dance of the Seven Veils" (dance so long, each veil would come off) We see her here doing the dance, nearly naked Herod becomes enchanted by her dancing, tells her he would do anything she asked Salome wanted John the Baptist's head (on a silver platter) - Herod did not want this because it make JTB a Baptist (which would rile up the Israelites), but he knew he promised her in front of many people, so he does eventually do it The apparition is the head of JTB (on that sort of silver platter) - what she wants, what she is dancing for Symbolists loved a FEMME FATALE - a seductive, evil woman who led men astray, usually a seductress or sorceress Gustave Moreau, Jupiter and Semele Semele was Dionysus' mother Jupiter was Zeus (Roman mythology) It looks almost like a stained glass mirror Semele tricks Jupiter/Zeus to see his divine form. When he does, she dies Hera wanted this (Zeus' wife) to happen ALL ABOUT THESE FANTASY SCENES, nothing to do with reality - awe-inspiring scenes

SLIDE ID! Also his Jupiter and Semele

Jean-François Millet The Gleaners Realism SOME OF COURBET's FOLLOWERS Jean-François Millet, The Gleaners The idea of gleaning goes back to our most ancient first civilizations. A gleaner is someone who is coming from the poor, when you would harvest grain in your fields, whatever fell to the ground you would leave for the gleaners This was the way of providing food for the people who could not afford it, but you had to come get it A gleaner is somebody who comes behind the people who have harvested the wheat, etc. and they bend down and pick up all of the grains that have fallen to the ground Backbreaking labor because you spend your time bent down wandering the fields, picking up grains You don't go into a career as a gleaner, you're doing this because this is the only way you can feed your family This is the only way you can afford grain to make flower to make bread. You cannot go to the market and buy it because you are that poor. It was a way to provide for the lower classes that cannot afford it but you have to be willing to go out and do the work for it At this time in France this is starting to become illegal because the farmers see it as stealing "It's my grain, they're stealing it from me" "Are you going to go back and pick it up?""Well no, but it's still mine" That is what Millet is talking about is this idea of the gleaners You do this because you have no other choice, nobody wants to go do this. This sounds miserable, how do you stand upright after spending any length of time like this? These are not necessarily people at their height of youth. These are older women who are doing this because they have no other choice in order to feed their families He does the same thing as Courbet. They are everyone and no one, that is why he does not show their faces They are presented humbly, proudly. They're like: We're doing this because we have to and we're willing to do it It also didn't go over well when it went on show because everybody immediately knew what he was talking about because it was a big thing of the landowners at the time because they wanted to make gleaning illegal

SOME OF COURBET's FOLLOWERS SLIDE ID!

Salvador Dali, The Persistence of Memory *NATURALIST Dali: The holy grail of Surrealism He works in painting, does do some film We can understand a little bit, the coastline he has created we do know where this is - this was when he was still living in Spain, where natively from. Know where this coastline is (somewhere he lived at the time) But then you have the famous melting clocks, does love insects (ants), is a face (eyebrows and eyelashes, going down to the right) There is a face there but everything is melting - gooey meltingness, is there maybe a deeper meaning? I do not know but again the idea is he probably has not slept in a few days at this point A lot of this is free association - "The melting clocks made me think of this and then that and then that" keep that stream of consciousness going

Salvador Dali, The Persistence of Memory

Surrealism • Surrealism began as a literary movement after World War I based on automatic writing, in which the mind explored free associations • Surrealism emerged out of Dada, but Surrealists turned more towards dreams and the unconscious. They were very much inspired by Sigmund Freud and Carl Jung • Surrealist art took two major forms: - Naturalistic Surrealism: artists depicted recognizable scenes that had transformed into dreams or nightmares - Biomorphic Surrealism: artists largely practiced automatism (the creation of art without conscious control); the works were mainly abstract Another way to process trauma is dreams. Evolution of Dada but take it to more of unconscious and dream. Look at Freud and Jung for inspiration Literary movement, films, but of course famous paintings from Dali and the rest A lot of it is based on dreams but also free association - stream of consciousness, this thing makes you think of this to this to then this If going to Surrealists to find answers, there are none - very much in line with Dada - not an answer here or not always a deeper meaning They are dreams and if they could not get a good dream surrealists would occasionally do sleep deprivation to the point of psychosis. They probably hadn't eaten or slept in days. Not always a great, deeper meaning Two forms of Surrealism 1. Naturalist: Dali, visible, can see things, recognizable scenes (may not make sense but things are recognizable) 2. Biomorphoic: Non-objective, they particularly use the work of Automatism - automatic writing, doodling. Making doodles, letting your mind wander and just doing something with the doodles Don't try to find a whole lot of deeper meaning! It's doodles!

Surrealism • Surrealism began as a ... movement after ... ... ... based on ... ..., in which the mind explored ... ... • Surrealism emerged out of ..., but Surrealists turned more towards ... and the ... They were very much inspired by ... ... and ... ... • Surrealist art took two major forms: - ... ...: artists depicted ... ... that had transformed into ... or ... - ... ...: artists largely practiced ... (the creation of art without ... ...); the works were mainly ... Automatism definition

Symbolism • By the end of the 19th century, some artists began to turn their attention away from the real world and to the imaginary • Stylistically, these artists did vary, but their common ground was their interest in fantasy, mythology, the inner psyche, and dreams • Sigmund Freud published Interpretations of Dreams in 1900, which introduced the concept of the unconscious • There was one group of Symbolists known as the Nabis- this group felt that the artist could serve as a "high priest" and "seer" with the power to reveal the invisible • Another group is the fin-de-siècle (end of the century); Austria is the most closely associated with this movement • These artists embraced a culture of decadence and there was still an interest in the unconscious and fantasy subject matter, but it masked an anxiety about the turn of the century and a new age of the unknown Symbolism came out of Romanticism, 100%. All about the imaginary (Let's go to dreams because the real world is terrible! - similar to let's go back to Pre-Industrial Europe because Industrial Europe is terrible [a Romantic idea]) Freud released his Interpretations of Dreams - introduced the idea of the unconscious and how it affects their world - this allowed Symbolists to justify "The imagination! This is where we should be" Symbolism included various groups, many did not necessarily know one another One group was Nabis - artist seen as high priest, reveal the invisible Another was fin-de-siècle (end of the century) - moment at the end of the 1800s, going into the 1900s - this anxiety about the unknown. BUT this culture of decadence as well (if the world is ending, I might as well live it up!) Symbolism was an umbrella term for many different groupsMain idea is artists are no longer doing leisure activity scenes or showing the natural world All about dreams, the imaginary, fantasy

Symbolism • By the end of the 19th century, some artists began to turn their attention away from the ... ... and to the ... • Stylistically, these artists did vary, but their common ground was their interest in ..., ..., the ... ..., and ... • ... ... published Interpretations of ... in 1900, which introduced the concept of the ... • There was one group of Symbolists known as the ... - this group felt that the artist could serve as a "... ..." and "..." with the power to reveal the ... • Another group is the ...-...-... (... of the ...); ... is the most closely associated with this movement • These artists embraced a culture of ... and there was still an interest in the ... and ... subject matter, but it masked an anxiety about the turn of the ... and a new ... of the ... *Which period did Symbolism come out of? *Similarities between these two periods *What are artist no longer doing or showing?

The Art of the Fauves • Avante-garde - French military term for 'front guard'; used to identify artists/leaders/thinkers who are ahead of their time • Fauvism was a logical successor to the painting styles of van Gogh and Gauguin, due to its emotive qualities • Art critic Louis Vauxcelles described the artists at the 1905 Autumn Salon in Paris as fauves (wild beasts) • The art of the Fauves emphasized: - Arbitrary color - Bold linear patterning - A distorted form of perspective Fauves: France, lasts about five years - short-lived group Van Gogh and Gauguin were inspirations - expressive colors Critic Vauxcelles said "You painted like wild beasts!" Matisse loved the term and it stuck Arbitrary color = Using color in ways not expected (not what you are expecting the color of something to be) Example: We expect the sky to be blue. It is always blue and cannot be really any other color. They may paint it red instead Bold patterning as well

The Art of the Fauves • ...-... - ... military term for '... ...'; used to identify artists/leaders/thinkers who are ahead of their time • Fauvism was a logical successor to the painting styles of ... ... and ..., due to its ... qualities • Art critic Louis ... described the artists at the 1905 Autumn Salon in Paris as ... (... ...) • The art of the Fauves emphasized: - ... ... - Bold ... ... - A ... form of ...

The German Expressionists • Expressionism is the distortion of nature—as opposed to the imitation of nature—to achieve a desired emotional effect • Although color played a role in the German Expressionist groups, their style also included distortion of forms, ragged outlines, and agitated brushwork • German Expressionist styles of the early twentieth century include: - Die Brücke (The Bridge) - Der Blaue Reiter (The Blue Rider) Expressionism = Distortion of nature to achieve an emotional effect Specific movement within Germany, groups we could actually track Die Brücke (The Bridge) - Dresden, Germany Der Blaue Reiter (The Blue Rider) - Munich, Germany Not near one another but were their own cohesive groups in addition to extra/other independent groups

The German Expressionists • ... is the ... of ... — as opposed to the ... of ... — to achieve a desired ... effect • Although ... played a role in the German Expressionist groups, their style also included ... of ..., ... outlines, and ... brushwork • German Expressionist styles of the early twentieth century include: - ... ... (The ...) - ... ... ... (The ... ...)

Vincent van Gogh, Flowering Plum Tree Comparison: Ando (Utagawa) Hiroshige, Plum Estate Kameido van Gogh is copying a particular woodblock print (Plum Estate), famous print at the time. Not trying to steal it, but using it for inspiration - he is that enamored with them. Artists would sometimes do this for developing inspiration to create their own paintings The Impressionists were an influential group, now we are stepping away from the central group of impressionists. Now going to look at artists who were outside of this central group but still creating impressionist art

Vincent van Gogh, Flowering Plum Tree Comparison: Ando (Utagawa) Hiroshige, Plum Estate Kameido

AMERICA: America loves Romantic landscapes because America really got vested in this idea of land and us conquering it, it was our God-given right to go west (Manifest Destiny), that kind of thing America loves to have landscapes Thomas Cole was part of the Hudson River School, they worked around the Hudson River - they were really big about all these romanticized landscapes. We know exactly where this is We know the Oxbow is still there - where the river curves back in on itself He is presenting us this question of tamed nature or wild nature You almost have the painting kind of driven in half Left: Wild side Right: Tamed, clear-cut, organized side We have a storm kind of going through - the power of nature moment, we have lightning It seems as though the storm is going to the wild side (the left) because the trees are kind of broken. The storm has kind of passed through (our understanding) but could go either way which way the storm is going The question is which does Cole prefer? What is he telling us that he wants? How should we proceed with nature? He tells us: He votes TAMED He's here - this tiny (not really full) self-portrait, size of your pinky nail There is a little portrait of him the artist, pulling up his easel. He already has his backpack and umbrella over here He is on the wild side but it is so he has a better view of the tamed side and paint it The umbrella is giving you your direction, he votes for taming the landscape, which is what most Americans want to do because it means they can cultivate it and make money off of it

Thomas Cole, The Oxbow (View from Mount Holyoke, Northampton, Massachusetts, after a Thunderstorm)

THB is Wood's counterpart in Missouri Unusual style, sort of his own (like El Greco) Depicting the history of Missouri, in the State Capitol NOTABLY THB does not shy away from showing the bad side of history We have the indigenous people of Missouri (Native Americans) and a pioneer man trading The Native American is trading furs and fabrics while the pioneer man trades him alcohol and only alcohol This was common - giving Native Americans alcohol as their only currency so they became alcoholics and would not be able to defend themselves Center - nod to Mark Twain Have Huckleberry Finn and Jim crossing the Mississippi River on a barge Building the city - Jefferson City (the capital of Missouri)

Thomas Hart Benson, Pioneer Days and Early Settlers

Géricault is also the one who goes into asylums to paint the people who are there He was fascinated with this idea of could he capture insanity? Could he see it in their eyes kind of thing Granted, certain hospitals during the 1800s, most start out with really good intentions it doesn't end that way because people just start dropping people off, there are people who truly need mental health resources and some are like "Grandma is getting old and we don't know what to do with her anymore." Some of it was also that. All they had to do. You could just be lazy and go to an asylum and there is no recourse to get out They are quickly overburdened, not enough staff. Who knows if this woman was actually insane or just "Grandma is getting ornery and we don't want to deal with it" or "Grandma has dementia or Alzheimer's" kind of thing, but he really got into this idea of if he could capture this idea of insanity

Théodore Géricault, Insane Woman

As you get portrait photography developing and more artistic, just for fun, amateur photography you also get photojournalism Photojournalism can now replace all of the prints you had in newspapers The first big instance of photojournalism is the American Civil War. It's all been condensed down, that smaller box There are three main photographers that travel with the Union Army: Timothy O'Sullivan, Matthew Brady, Alexander Gardner They take the famed pictures at Gettysburg, all of that stuff This is the first time a war can come home in a sense. Obviously if you live in Gettsyburg it is out your front door, but if in Alabama, you're like "Gettyburg happened, OK" but the fact you can see the pictures of all of the bodies, it makes it closer to home, makes it realistic The American Civil War was the first time we could ever actually do anything like that

Timothy O'Sullivan, A Harvest Death, Gettysburg, Pennsylvania

Vassily Kandinsky, Improsivation 28 Kirchner will never go completely non-objective BUT members of Der Blaue Reiter will, particularly Kandinsky! Kandinsky is a Russian painter, living in Germany at time Kandinsky is interested in music - will see his paintings titled with "Improvisation" or "Composition" (musical terms) His work is non-objective - no basis in reality, merely lines, shape, and color (no recognizable forms) There is symbolism to his work to - he wrote what different colors meant (had writings about it) Not every Blue Rider is non-objective, some do their own thing But you do see distorted figures, arbitrary color

Vassily Kandinsky, Improvisation 28

van Gogh had interactions with Seurat (knew each other, did not show with each other) but he goes in and out (ends up in South France mainly) VG was known to have NEVER sold a painting. We think he sold one work of art to somebody (he never sold any art, anything). He was solely supported by his younger brother, Theo (who kept his art and would then publish it - an art dealer, supplies all of his paints and canvases). VG was a Dutch (from Netherlands) artist living in France (spent time trying to be a minister/preacher but he just was not the type [he did not have the right personality to be a preacher], it did not work out - settles on being an artist) VG also has an interest in color - using color more expressively (to do EMOTIONS), you will often get this motion sense from his colors (swirling forms). Aiming to get the soul of the sitter in his mind (when doing portraiture)Using color in the way that he suggests kind of what is a rather calming blue but with the way he does his brushwork it seems to have motion with it He does a lot of portraiture (capture the soul of the sitter in his mind) VG did probably suffer from some type of Bipolar Disorder (based on his letters to his brother, Theo). He would often fall in depressive moods (low depression moments) and manic periods where he would constantly churn out art and hardly sleeping In July 1890, VG died. The belief is he committed suicide (in one of his more depressive moments), his brother (Theo) would die six months later from a broken heart due to loss of VG or syphilis Jo keeps everything! Joanna/Jo was Theo's wife and VG's sister-in-law. She keeps every letter sent, every painting from VG to Theo and decides to get them published (despite him drying them financially, and her husband dying to leave her a widow with a newborn). She was also the one who pushed VG's work into galleries, a process that made him one of the most famous artists today (if not THE artist, most people know his work or know his name)

Vincent van Gogh, Self-Portrait

Walter Gropius, Shop Block This is the Bauhaus school, the school itself The shop block is really all that is left - similar aesthetic Studios for the students - all open space. He wanted you to brainstorm, did not want everyone siloed off in their studio. Everything is open, have natural light from wall of windows Hope is you would brainstorm, chit chat and become more inspired and grow - implication Marcel Breuer, Wassily chair Breuer is the major furniture designer to come out of Bauhaus Wassily chair. Called the Wassily Kandinsky loved it and had to have it - named it that and kept making it Truth to materials - do not want to hide anything Just have this tubular steel and slings of canvas that support you and that is it! Bauhaus is not about this super fancy detail, everything paired down to what is necessary Most flee to US, Gropius is replaced as the director but he flees and others, end up in the US at all of our art schools (particularly in Northeast) - they influence a lot of stuff, mid-century modern - Bauhaus just in the 1950s once the war ended and those teachers could teach people (connection from Bauhaus to mid-century modern) Also influencing art school in the US - if a painter, cool, but have to take everything else too. You never know you might switch

Walter Gropius, Shop Block Marcel Breuer, Wassily chair

Also England. Blake is mainly a poet, but he will illustrate his poems as well This is one of his, a frontispiece to one of his books of poetry He gets really interested in ancient mythology but pairing it up with modern spirituality We have the Ancient of Days, a very Jupiter/Zeus-like man here or god creating the world as the idea (he has a mathematical tool in hand, sculpting out the cosmos) He does get interested in that stuff But he is more interested in a kind of general spirituality, not specifically looking at a Christian God necessarily, more just a creator in general

William Blake, Ancient of Days

William Morris Wallpapers - Snakeshead printed texile; Grafton wallpaper*Printing chintzes at Merton Abbey c. 1890 Morris' wallpaper was probably the most successful of the A&C movement, easier to produce His wallpapers had florals, plant life Single block (woodblock carving, just pushing the pattern down on a piece of carved wood) - most long-lasting bit of the A&C movement, easier to reproduce For every color was a separate block! The downfall of the A&C movement came down to pricing

William Morris Wallpapers - Snakeshead printed texile; Grafton wallpaper*Printing chintzes at Merton Abbey c. 1890

Homer gets into doing water, which is a hard thing to paint. It does its own thing, it refracts light funky He does a lot with water - he goes to the Bahamas for a while and paints the beach, the surf With The Gulf Stream you've got one guy out here on a boat, doesn't look like it's going well. There are sharks everywhere. He really gets into painting water

Winslow Homer, Shore and Surf, Nassau Winslow Homer, The Gulf Stream

AMERICA We haven't seen America in a while part of the reason is because they keep making the same stuff over and over again. They love realism and they like romantic landscape, they are going to be stuck there for about 100 years America likes realism because if you go back to the colonies with the portrait of Paul Revere: down to earth, at his profession, nothing super pretentious. They will keep loving that and realism works in that vein because it is everyday things In the case of America, it is Civil War time We are right at the end of the Civil War (1865), Winslow Homer is an artist who is working at that time. This is probably his most famous painting This is a commentary on the idea of: The war is over, now what? Especially if you're just the average, run of the mill soldier. Regardless of North or South, you have to go back home, you've got to get bsck to work, you've got to go back to your regular life What does that actually look like? In this case, we have a veteran in the field. He has thrown off his military uniform and he has gone back to what he was doing prior: he's a farmer, he's out harvesting wheat The kind of idea: What does life look like now, regardless of which side you are from. You still have to get back to some form of normalcy The scythe is intentional - he has this big, Grim Reaper weapon (which was used), he picked that intentionally. A nod to the massive amount of death that took place from the Civil War You probably noticed a weird thing going on here - you're seeing the underpaint, he kept changing where he wanted the scythe to be, it gives this weird stepped look, where he finally settled on it

Winslow Homer, Veteran in a New Field

This was an indoor dance hall - woman in the front of us, presumably a bar maiden. We see champagne, liquers, citrus, flowers We are coming up presumably to make a drink order There is a mirror behind her (golden frame surrounding it). We see people and chandeliers. Acrobats from the ceiling (all of this behind us). Evening time, music going. Another example of leisure time, entertainment We're looking at our reflection in the mirror, but if it is a mirror our reflection should be directly behind her. But for some reason Manet chose to put a great more distance between them. We are looking eye to eye to her, but our reflection is way off to the side. Interest of a façade (face, mask putting on). The barmaiden is putting on a mask for customer service, providing a service for a customer (chipper, Hey how are you? Welcome!). Looking directly at her, this is her persona She is looking at us and in the reflection we see a man in a tophat with a large, bushy mustache (the viewer). Presumably the viewer is purchasing a drink order, but our reflection should be directly behind her. There is a great distance, the reflection is off to the side. The idea of a façade (a mask she is putting on) - as the bar maiden, the mask she puts on in her customer service position She is leaning in more, less distance, being more friendly and cordial to us We could just be asking for a drink, but there was an understanding that women who were in barmaid position, acrobats, dancers - these women doing performative services in society, implication or expectation that they were sexually available (they did sex work on the side). Not necessarily the case but was the understanding (customer service, entertainment position - automatically sexually available) The understanding at the time was - if a woman as a bar maiden position (other more performative services), these women were also typically seen as or understood (at the time) additionally as sex workers. "Sexually available" - the viewer may be purchasing a drink or "services" after this job [a possible question he might be asking] Her lack of interest in the facing one to us may be that, I am here to pay my bills take your drink and leave me alone! (Leaning in in the reflection but is a great distance between us and her in the actual space - façade versus inner monologue). Two very separate person in front of us versus reflection - why the reflections not match up? Interest in the façade we put on (inner monologue) Separate person in front of us and in the reflection Manet is BIG on making social commentary. Everything is not grand! Versus Renoir, who is not aiming to make social commentary. Everything is lovely! Dancing scenes!

Édouard Manet, A Bar at the Folies-Bergère

Édouard Manet, Le Déjeuner sur l'Herbe (Luncheon on the Grass) Manet does know Monet, they are friends, but two separate people Manet is a realist, he will hang out with the impressionists, he will paint like them, but for the most part he is a realist Moving into the 1860s Manet tries to submit Luncheon on the Grass to the Salon to get it in (Salon = exhibition, French term for it) It does get rejected, 1863 ended up being such a big year of rejections from the salon, they set up the "Salon of the Rejects" so people could do both - submit to both The French spelling of the Salon of the Rejects, it was there. Still got seen by the public Manet puts this up, it doesn't go over well We have a woman, two men, and another woman further in the back What people did not like in particular was the woman in the front - she was the thing they had a problem with SHE'S LOOKING AT THEM - what Manet is referencing is Titian's Pastoral Symphony (he loves a good Titian reference) - men seated on the grass with nude women around them but the idea is the nude women in Titian's are invisible, they're whispering inspiration to them This woman is not doing either of those! She is nude, but her clothes are on the ground! She came to the park dressed and then for some reason stripped, took them off. The men are completely non-concerned, they're discussing We do know one is Manet's brother who posed for him The woman in the back is doing something in this pond or river. We don't know what she is doing but if you look at her in relation, perspective is off! She is TOO BIG - she should be a little smaller for space. As you go past her, it just turns into muddled color Manet is confronting a lot of things here: 1. This idea of the motif of nude women whispering inspiration into men's hear 2. The idea that a painting has to show 100% accurate perspective at all times. Manet is like: It's canvas and paint... It's not a window into another world. He is pushing this idea of it is just art, does not have to be 100% accurate, 100% of the time. Do what you want! They did not particularly like the woman looking at them because she is like: Yeah, what do you need? Can I help you? It was very confrontational for them in 1863, she shouldn't be looking at us She is a sex worker, we do know who she is. She modeled for him frequently. Her name was Victoria, she was more like a highly paid escort, she was a very well-paid escort and well-known around Paris

Édouard Manet, Le Déjeuner sur l'Herbe (Luncheon on the Grass)