ARH Oceana

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Tambaran

Something top secret in Sepik River region in New Guinea; will never be seen by anyone except those initiated into the men's house; can be mundane, but only those initiated into a particular house would be able to see it; more of a conception: anything forbidden/ considered sacred by the heads of the society; reserved for reveal only at certain times by certain people. a pidgin word. varies from 1 location to the other. Wabi is an essential part of it

sing sing

Sort of a theatrical event for Rai Coast region of New Guinea, 20+ men costumed in feather hats, women wearing other grass skirts, to mark puberty of women and men)

New Guinea, Sepik River

Speakers of the Austronesian languages moved into this region from the islands of southeast Asia between 4,000 and 3,000 years ago

Hohao

Spirit boards; 4-5 ft tall; actual "human figures" on them. May represent mythical ancestors or forest helpers, not linked to specific genealogical ties; names kept secret by owner to keep magical properties (black spot on belly button section; detail below); Masks on side of eravo

Lagim

Splashboard/bow of canoes in Massim region

Yena Masiik

Stake carved as part of the figure; "spirits," powerful, responsible for, and preside ove, fertility of yam gardens

Kaiaimunu

Structure that was taken to the ravi oru for ceremonies

pure moka

Takes place between exchange partners; men between communities give shells and pigs

the human body or headhunter

The "S" form in Irian Jaya carving and design referenced what?

eharo

This type of hevehe mask was made and worn by guests of the activities who came to honor those getting initiated and participating

Because it was full of female imagery and the food was prepared by the women

Why is it ironic that the tambaran house was for males only?

bc sculptures/humans originally carved out of trees

Why is there strong tie between the tree and human being?

Nataptavo

Wicker frame, huge human face on front, decorated with feathers on umboi island region (new guinea); comes in cylindrical and conical forms

Fumeripits

the first real being in irian jaya

Bis

"Ancestor pole;" depicts several stacked carvings of ancestors; the poles were constructed to assist the dead from the world of the living into the world of their ancestors; made out of a beautiful tree with a well-developed plank root

Yena Masiik

"Yam Masters" in Sepik River region

Moka

"big men" compete to the top of this gift exchange (kinda like a pres. primary). A few years before a big exchange, some members spend up to a year dancing and practicing gift giving in festivals; those viewing are critical if the ceremony is not perfect

Asmat

"real people" (in distinction to the souls of the dead and spirits living in the region)

Kovave

"spirits of bush;" ceremonies were meant to call ancestors from the trees to initiate boys into the cult; masks were made out of cane wicker-work and barkcloth along with paint and feathers; After initiation they were taken into the woods and ambushed by the men and the masks were placed on their heads and they would resemble the kovave spirit and return to town; then for a month they would patrol the beach; after a month, they would remove their masks and the masks were burned

Fumeripits

( Creation story) ______ spent his days dancing on the beach, but eventually grew tired of being alone and he chopped down trees and carved them into human figures to have company, but they were lifeless sculptures. So then, he decided to create a drum and as he played it, the figures came to life and began to dance

Clubs

Besides shells, what is also traded on kula expeditions?

Building new yeu, carving bis poles, weaving/dancing masks

What three activities once required headhunting in Irian Jaya?

elbows and knees connecting

What was a typical form for a sculpture in Irian Jaya?

associated with coming into life and leaving life → fetal position; how they believe we all start and leave life

What was the purpose behind sculptures with elbows and knees connecting in Irian Jaya?

Mangrove tree

What were bis made of?

punish someone who comes in contact with a tambaran who shouldn't and prevent the escape of spirit voices

What were flute stoppers used for?

Orokolo Bay / Elema

Area with ritual centers on 3 male cults : kaiavuru, kovave, hevehe

Mija

2 day period, used during ceremony. house put back in order after as if nothing ever happened

Saddle-like back and Triangular like front

2 types of tambaran houses

Kwoi

A father's pig and croc skulls are passed down and lined up in front of what?

Nggwalndu

A man inherits his father's __________ (you inherit your father's spirit) in Sepik River region

Orokolo Bay / Elema

Area known to be less avidly headhunters; not cannibals

imunu

Bullroarers were called what in the oroloka bay region?

Kula

Canoe used for shell trade in Massim region; each phase of the expedition is surrounded with magical rites (canoe bldg, rites before expedition, just after onset, in the event of shipwreck, just before entering, when in exchange; often would exchange shell valuables)

Amei

Ceremonial center of the ara, several different tambaran houses; on one side is the tambaran house; some houses 80 ft high

"Feeding the Kaiaimunu"

Ceremony where the ravi oru is taken to the kaiaimunu is known as?

Iko

Folk hero coming from Kiwai to Papuan Gulf that brought his culture with him (gardens, ceremonial houses, secrets of masked ceremonies, secrets of drums, rules of marriage and kinship)

Only allowed for the welcoming of guests and during the construction of the yeu (occurs every 4-5 yrs; all men have to leave the house upon construction and the women dance in the yeu for an entire day, then they leave and the men are allowed back)

When were women allowed inside yeu?

birth canal

Crawl through tunnel into tambaran house represnets?

Ma-hevehe

Dangerous female sea creatures, threaten fishing activities, threaten trading voyages, left her daughters in the eravo

Kilenge Nausung

Design owned by an individual "big man," carved and painted eye patterns (designate family ownership); figure as motifs in carvings and paintings of other things designed by big men (compare to tami island balum)

Soulava

Disks of shells, necklaces (travelled clockwise across Massim area during trade); salmon red is best color

Nowkwi

Display is an image of fecundity, abundance, social world and supernatural world in Sepik River region

betel nuts, tobacco, personal effects, yams, sweet taters, bananas and luxury items inside

During Nowkwi ceremony, figures were bags filled with what?

Marupai

Dwarf coconut used as talismanor charms, helped to kill enemy or ward off sorcery; still being produced in the region; are "magical object which brings good luck"

Imunu

Dynamistic force or spirit in Papuan Gulf (each associated with a specific place, linked to a clan or subclan; name given to bullroarers (objects tied to a string and whipped around in a circle in the air making an eerie sound) in Elema)

can be mundane (net bags, drum, etc)

Examples of tambaran

King of Saxony and bird of paradise

Feathers of these birds are only worn by very important people in Mt. Hagen region of New Guinea.

Moka

Gift exchange in Mt. Hagen region of New Guinea. substitute for war. 2 types. requires elaborate body / troop decoration by the man giving the gift. decoration becomes the center of attention. each group tries to out-do the other with gift giving; it's a formal display of wealth

Abelam

Group of ppl that live in a hilly region by sepik river in New Guinea (grow yams, sweet taters, coffee, cocoa)

Yena spirits

Guarentee crop fertility, bring political integrity, assist in war, protect owners, maintain social harmony; during the 3 week period of yam growing, there was to be no sexual contact and absolute secrecy in Sepik River region

feathers from the King of Saxony and bird of paradise

Headresses of people in Mt. Hagen region of New Guinea are made of what?

Eravo

Height of door of what building in Orokolo Bay / Elema was designed to allow room for tall hevehe masks to be able to enter and exit

Imbalance; balance

In Irian Jaya, ______ lead to illness, death, hunger & _______ lead to spirits, enemies, peers, family, environment

heapu

Instruction period for young men; weapons associated with this showed they were apporaching warrior hood

Nowkwi

Killing ceremony in Sepik River region; restricted to those who have taken a life → only bitches who killed bitches

Namau

Located at Purari delta; 8-9,000 people, known for headhunting and cannablism

Wabi

Long yam cult in Sepik River region; decorating and exchange of gigantic yams; considered the grower's children → he would never eat his own children so that's why he gives them away

Yeu

Where were most "art objects" in Irian Jaya kept?

Tumbuan

Made for public display/performance mask & masquerade in Sepik River region in New Guinea; large shield like face with eyes, sometimes woven (basketry) and decorated with plants/flowers/fruit; much secrecy but everyone can see it (giant outfit someone wears); the secrecy lies in that no one knows when its going to appear

Mourning makeup

Makeup not meant to draw attention, meant to be the opposite. mud / clay / ash is smeared over the body and face which dries it out; wigs are not worn and rather, some hair is pulled out; when someone dies they try to look bad

Nggwalndu

Male initiation ceremony in Sepik River region- can take up to 20 yrs.; ritual object and spirit important in family but also in tambaran and wabi (also a spirit); important to the individual man and his family; meaning has to do with participation. Same men that participate in Wabi participate in this

Ara

Males divided into 2 groups for trading in Sepik River region, each called an _________

Hevehe

Mask representing a spirit that was believed to be a sea-serpent like being called Mahevehe (Dangerous female sea creatures, Threatened fishing activities and trading voyages, left her daughters in eravo) Similar patterns to that of the bullroarer, except the mask it worn by a human being;

Massim Region

Matrilineal region of New guinea

Yue

Men's house in Irian Jaya (it was were governmental decisions were made, leaders gathered here; dead were communicated with inside; heads of ancestors and head-hunting trophies kept inside)

crocodile that moved up river and gave birth to different group of humans along the river

Myths of origin & big element in the history /art of New Guinea (Sepik River)

Ravi

Namau men's house (about 80 ft high, 5 ft in rear, 6-12 ft above ground, 200 ft long, front open); very tall, off the ground; kept ppl screened off so they couldn't see what was happening

Omak

Neck ornament in Mt. Hagen region of New Guinea; a set of tally sticks (multiply by 8-10) to show how many times a man had given away a group of shell valuables (often a special thing to give away)

Nowkwi mima

Nowkwi women; sisters given in marriage

Kai Diba

Often manipulated like a baton → two small panels with a handle in the middle (Massim region)

Aiaimuni

Represent spirits of the bush; covered with tapa and painted. Worn in ceremonies

Flute stoppers

Sacred carvings in Sepik River region of New Guinea; became known as "children of the crocodile spirits"

Larava

Section inside men's house with spirit boards; each is discreet from the next

Mija Masiik

Similar to yena masiik, but flatter and no stake

bird designs, serpent designs, maybe sexual to distract warriors?

Trobriand Shields have what different types of designs on them?

eharo & apa hevehe

Two types of hevehe masks

Bukumo

Umboi island (coconut fiber mask face)

mija

Used during ceremony; house put back in order after as if nothing ever happened

semese

Warrior status men had to go through ordeals to get endurance, etc.; then they could get kava

a canoe

What do Betel mortars reflect the shape of?

Balance

What idea is important the the culture in Irian Jaya?

a gable like mask; huge paintings on the surface

What is often attached at the front of a tambaran house? What do others have?

Irian Jaya

What region is considerd people of the tree: roots- feet; trunk- torso; branches- arms; fruit- head

kovave

an economic and status based cult in Orokolo bay region of new guinea

Mwali

armshells (travelled counterclockwise across Massim area during trade); considered female but worn by males

Irian Jaya

carving became a critical part of who's creation story? (the first being creating more beings and the sculptures commemorate specific individuals who might have died)

Animism

cosmos is a unity of animated spirits

Fumeripits

he created the first "yue"

Sia

headdress worn during sing sing; face on it; can appear at # of different occasions

cockatoo, hornbill, flying fox

icons that symbolize headhunting

kava

mark of legit Elema citizenship

Eravo

men's house, not as high as ravi; 50 ft high in front, 100 ft long, 12 ft high in rear; one for each karigara; - cult house, initiation house, storage for objects, men's eravo faced sea, boy's eravo faced inland

Betelnut

nut chewed by locals in New Guinea; mouth turns red; produces euphoria if chewed

Dualism

physically visible and physically invisible spirits, all present at all times, spirits in immediate surroundings (bottom of rivers, whirlpool, world above, world beyond)

karigara

subdivision; most important social group in the community in oroloko bay

Tabuya

wavesplitter (back of kula); holds lagim in place; embodies the aesthetic principles of canoe

bark

what are kava made of?

protected internal organs; physical and ceremonial piece of armour; presented to young warrior men

what is the purpose of kava?

ravi oru

wicker work with red seeds used to resemble eyes; body of the victim placed inside it, then spit out and eaten during "Feeding the Kaiaimunu" ceremony


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