Arm, Forearm, Wrist and Hand Kinesiology
what is the normal range of motion for the elbow joint?
145-150 degrees of flexion and extension to zero
The muscles that perform radioulnar supination include all of the following except? A. Anconeus B. Biceps brachii C. Supinator D. Brachioradialis
A. Anconeus
Which of the following is the insertion of the extensor carpi radials brevis? A. Base of the 3rd metacarpal B. Base of distal phalanges C. Base of 5th metacarpal D. Base of 2nd metacarpal
A. Base of 3rd metacarpal
Which of the following muscles flexes the distal interphalangeal joints of fingers 2-5? A. Flexor digitorum profundus B. Flexor pollicis longus C. Flexor digitorum superficialis D. Flexor digitorum communis
A. Flexor digitorum profundus
The origin of the triceps muscle includes all of the following except? A. Supraglenoid tubercle above the superior lip of the glenoid fossa of the scapula B. Infraglenoid tubercle below the inferior lip of the glenoid fossa of the scapula C. Upper half of the posterior surface of the humerus D. Distal 2/3 of the posterior surface of the humerus
A. Supraglenoid tubercle above the superior lip of the glenoid fossa of the scapula
Flexor Digitorum Profundus Insertion
Base of distal phalanxes of 4 fingers
Brachialis Insertion
Coronoid process of ulna
Anconeus Action
Extension of elbow
Finger Extensors:
Extensor digitorum Extensor indicis Extensor digiti minimi Extensor pollicis longus Extensor pollicis brevis
Triceps Brachii Insertion
Olecranon process of ulna
Hypothenar Eminence Muscles:
Opponens digiti minimi Abductor digiti minimi Flexor digiti minimi brevis
Thenar Eminence Muscles:
Opponens pollicis abductor pollicis brevis Flexor pollicus brevis Adductor pollicis
Anconeus Muscle: OIA
Origin: posterior surface of lateral condyle of humerus Insertion: posterior surface of upper ulna and olecranon Action: extension of elbow
what are the carpal bones?
Scaphoid Lunate Triquetrium Pisiform Trapezium Trapezoid Capitate Hamate
Triceps Brachii Origin
Upper half of posterior surface of humerus Distal 2/3 of posterior surface of humerus Infraglenoid tubercle of scapula
Abductor Pollicis Longus Action
abduction of thumb at CMC joint abduction of wrist extension of thumb at CMC joint weak supination of forearm from a pronated position weak flexion of wrist
Abductor of thumb and wrist:
abductor pollicis longus
radial deviation
also known as abduction of wrist. movement of thumb side of hand toward lateral aspect of radial side of forearm
Brachialis Origin
distal half of anterior portion of humerus
what does DIP stand for?
distal interphalangeal joint
Pronator Teres Origin
distal part of medial condyloid ridge of humerus medial side of proximal ulna
Extensor Indicis Action
extension of index finger at MCP, PIP, DIP weak wrist extension weak supination of forearm from a pronated position
Extensor Digiti Minimi Action
extension of little finger at MCP, PIP, DIP weak wrist extension weak elbow extension
Extensor Digitorum Action
extension of phalanges 2-5 at MCP, PIP and DIP extension at wrist weak elbow extension
what type of movements occur in the fingers?
flexion and extension. MCP joints also ab and adduct
The only muscle involved in extending all of the metacarpophalangeal and interphalangeal joints of the digits 2-5 is the extensor digitorum
true
what ligament is critical in providing medial support to prevent the elbow from abducting when stressed in physical activity?
ulnar collateral ligament
Which of the following muscles has its origin on the lateral epicondyle of the humerus? A. Extensor indicis B. Extensor digitorum C. Extensor pollicis longus D. ABductor pollicis longus
B. Extensor digitorum
Which of the following is the sole action of the brachial muscle? A. Weak flexion of the shoulder B. Flexion of the elbow C. Pronation from supinated position D. Supination from a pronated position
B. Flexion of the elbow
Flexor Carpi Radialis Insertion
Base of metacarpal 2&3 anterior (palmar surface)
Which of the following is the origin of the flexor carpi radialis? A. Proximal 3/4ths of the anterior and medial ulna B. Middle anterior surface of the radius C. Medial epicondyle of the humerus D. Posterior aspect of the proximal ulna
C. Medial epicondyle of the humerus
Which of the following muscles performs abduction of the wrist? A. Palmaris longus B. Flexor carpi ulnaris C. Pronator teres D. Extensor carpi radialis longus
D. Extensor carpi radialis longus
The most commonly injured ligament in the elbow due to throwing that may require a "tommy john" surgery is the ___. A. Annular ligament B. Radial collateral ligament C. Radioulnar ligament D. Ulnar collateral ligament
D. Ulnar collateral ligament
Actions of the brachioradialis muscle include all of the following except? A. Flexion of the elbow B. Pronation from a supinated position to neutral C. Supination from a pronated position to neutral D. Weak flexion of the shoulder
D. Weak flexion of the shoulder
Triceps Brachii Action
Elbow extension long head-extension of shoulder joint, adduction of shoulder joint, horizontal abduction
Extensor Pollicis Brevis Action
Extension of thumb at CMC MCP and IP joints wrist abduction weak wrist extension
Biceps Brachii Action
Flexion of elbow Supination of forearm weak shoulder flexion. weak abduction of shoulder when externally rotated
Brachioradialis Action
Flexion of elbow, pronation and supination back to neutral
Wrist Abductors:
Flexor carpi radialis Extensor carpi radialis longus Extensor carpi radialis brevis Abductor pollicis longus Extensor pollicis longus Extensor pollicis brevis
Wrist Adductors:
Flexor carpi ulnaris Extensor carpi ulnaris
Finger Flexors:
Flexor digitorum superficialis Flexor digitorum profundus Flexor pollicis longus
Supinator Insertion
Lateral surface of proximal radius just below head
Biceps Brachii Muscle: OIA
Origin: Coracoid process & Supraglenoid tubercle Insertion: Radial tuberosity Action: Flexion of elbow, supination, weak shoulder flexion and weak aBduction of shoulder when externally rotated
Extensor Indicis Muscle: OIA
Origin: between middle and distal 1/3 of posterior ulna Insertion: base of middle and distal phalanxes of second phalange (dorsal side) Action: extension of index finger at MCP PIP DIP, weak wrist extension, weak supination of forearm from a pronated position
Extensor Carpi Radialis Longus Muscle: OIA
Origin: distal 1/3 of lateral supracondylar ridge of humerus and lateral epicondyle of humerus Insertion: base of 2nd metacarpal (dorsal surface) Action: extension of wrist, abduction of wrist, weak elbow flexion, weak pronation to neutral from a fully supinated position
Brachioradialis Muscle: OIA
Origin: distal 2/3 of lateral condyloid ridge of humerus Insertion: lateral surface of distal end of radius at styloid process Action: Flexion at elbow, pronation and supination back to neutral
Pronator Quadratus Muscle: OIA
Origin: distal fourth of anterior side of ulna Insertion: distal fourth of anterior side of radius Action: pronation of forearm
Pronator Teres Muscle: OIA
Origin: distal part of medial condyloid ridge of humerus, medial side of proximal ulna Insertion: middle third of lateral surface of radius Action: pronation of forearm, weak flexion of elbow
Extensor Carpi Radialis Brevis Muscle: OIA
Origin: lateral epicondyle of humerus Insertion: base of 3rd metacarpal (dorsal surface) Action: Extension of the wrist, abduction of wrist, weak elbow flexion
Extensor Digiti Minimi Muscle: OIA
Origin: lateral epicondyle of humerus Insertion: base of middle and distal phalanxes of 5th phalange (dorsal surface) Action: extension of little finger at MCP, PIP, DIP; weak wrist extension; weak elbow extension
Extensor Digitorum Muscle: OIA
Origin: lateral epicondyle of humerus Insertion: four tendons to bases of middle and distal phalanxes of 4 fingers (dorsal surface) Action: Extension of phalanges 2-5 at MCP, PIP and DIP joints, extension of wrist, weak elbow extension
Supinator Muscle: OIA
Origin: lateral epicondyle of humerus and neighboring posterior part of ulna Insertion: lateral surface of proximal radius just below head Action: supination of forearm
Extensor Carpi Ulnaris Muscle: OIA
Origin: lateral epicondyle of humerus, middle 2/4 of posterior border of ulna Insertion: base of 5th metacarpal (dorsal surface) Action: extension of wrist, adduction of wrist together with flexor carpi ulnas, weak elbow extension
Flexor Carpi Radialis Muscle: OIA
Origin: medial epicondyle of humerus Insertion: Base of 2nd and 3rd metacarpal, anterior (palmar surface) Action: Flexion of wrist, abduction of wrist. weak flexion of elbow and pronation of forearm
Palmaris Longus Muscle: OIA
Origin: medial epicondyle of humerus Insertion: palmaris aponeurosis of 2-5 metacarpals Action: flexion of wrist, weak flexion of elbow
Flexor Carpi Ulnaris Muscle: OIA
Origin: medial epicondyle of humerus, posterior aspect of proximal ulna Insertion: Pisiform, hamate, and base of 5th metacarpal (palmar surface) Action: flexion of wrist, adduction of wrist together with extensor carpi ulnaris, weak elbow flexion
Flexor Digitorum Superficialis Muscle: OIA
Origin: medial epicondyle of humerus. Ulnar head: medial coronoid process. Radial head: upper 2/3 of anterior border of radius. Insertion: Split tendons attach to sides of middle phalanx of four fingers (palmar surface) Action: flexion of fingers at MCP and PIP joints, flexion of wrist, weak elbow flexion
Flexor Pollicis Longus Muscle: OIA
Origin: middle anterior surface of radius and from the anterior medial border of the ulna just distal to coronoid process Insertion: base of distal phalanx of thumb (palmar surface) Action: flexion of thumb at CMC, MCP, IP joints; flexion of wrist; abduction of wrist
Abductor Pollicis Longus Muscle: OIA
Origin: posterior aspect of the radius and mid shaft of ulna Insertion: base of first metacarpal (dorsal lateral surface) Action: abduction of thumb at CMC joint, abduction of wrist, extension of thumb at CMC joint, weak supination of forearm from a pronated position, weak flexion of wrist
Extensor Pollicis Longus Muscle: OIA
Origin: posterior lateral surface of lower middle ulna Insertion: base of distal phalanx of thumb (dorsal side) Action: extension of thumb at CMC, MCP, IP joints; extension and abduction of wrist, weak supination of forearm from a pronated position
Extensor Pollicis Brevis Muscle: OIA
Origin: posterior surface of lower middle radius Insertion: base of proximal phalanx of thumb (dorsal surface) Action: extension of thumb at CMC, MCP, IP joints, weak wrist extension, wrist abduction
Flexor Digitorum Profundus Muscle: OIA
Origin: proximal 3/4 of anterior and medial ulna Insertion: base of distal phalanxes of the 4 fingers Action: flexion of 4 fingers at MCP, PIP, DIP joints flexion of wrist
Triceps Brachii Muscle: OIA
Origin: upper half of posterior surface of humerus and infraglenoid tubercle of scapula and distal 2/3 of posterior surface of humerus Insertion: olecranon process of ulna Action: all heads-elbow extension, long head-extension of shoulder joint, adduction of shoulder joint, horizontal abduction
Brachialis Muscle OIA
Origin:Distal half of anterior portion of humerus Insertion: Coronoid process of ulna Action: true elbow flexion
Flexor Carpi Ulnaris Insertion
Pisiform Hamate Base of 5th metacarpal (palmar surface)
Flexor Digitorum Profundus Origin
Proximal 3/4 of anterior and medial ulna
what ligaments are important for stability in flexion of the elbow?
Radial collateral ligament and ulnar collateral ligament
Biceps Brachii Insertion
Radial tuberosity
ulnar deviation
also known of adduction of the wrist, movement of the little finger side of hand toward medial aspect of ulnar side of forearm
Extensor Carpi Radialis Longus Insertion
base of 2nd metacarpal (dorsal surface)
Extensor Carpi Radialis Brevis Insertion
base of 3rd metacarpal (dorsal surface)
Extensor Carpi Ulnaris Insertion
base of 5th metacarpal (dorsal surface)
Extensor Pollicis Longus Insertion
base of distal phalanx of thumb (dorsal side)
Flexor Pollicis Longus Insertion
base of distal phalanx of thumb (palmar surface)
Abductor Pollicis Longus Insertion
base of first metacarpal (dorsal lateral surface)
Extensor Digiti Minimi Insertion
base of middle and distal phalanxes of 5th phalange (dorsal surface)
Extensor Indicis Insertion
base of middle and distal phalanxes of second phalange (dorsal side)
Extensor Pollicis Brevis Insertion
base of proximal phalanx of thumb (dorsal side)
Extensor Indicis Origin
between middle and distal 1/3 of posterior ulna
name of elbow flexor(s)
biceps brachii brachialis brachioradialis weak assistance from pronator teres
radioulnar supinator(s)
biceps brachii supinator brachioradialis
what does CMC stand for
carpometacarpal joint of thumb
what is the name for the deviation of the forearm laterally 5-15 degrees? typically greater in dominant limb and greater in women enables elbow and hands to clear hips
carrying angle
normal range of motion in MCP and what kind of joint
condyloid joint, 0-40 extension, 85-100 flexion
what type of joints are in the wrist?
condyloid type joint. motion occurs primarialy between distal radius and proximal carpal row
Biceps Brachii Origin
coracoid process and supraglenoid tubercle
Extensor Carpi Radialis Longus Origin
distal 1/3 of lateral supracondylar ridge of humerus lateral epicondyle of humerus
Brachioradialis Origin
distal 2/3 of lateral condyloid ridge of humerus
Pronator Quadratus Insertion
distal fourth of anterior side of radius
Pronator Quadratus origin
distal fourth of anterior side of ulna
Extensor Pollicis Longus Action
extension of thumb at CMC, MCP, IP joints extension of wrist abduction of wrist weak supination of forearm from a pronated position
Extensor Carpi Radialis Brevis Action
extension of wrist abduction of wrist weak elbow flexion
Extensor Carpi Radialis Longus Action
extension of wrist abduction of wrist weak elbow flexion weak pronation to neutral fro a fully supinated position
Extensor Carpi Ulnaris Action
extension of wrist adduction of wrist with flexor carpi ulnas weak elbow extension
Wrist Extensors:
extensor carpi radialis longus extensor carpi radialis brevis extensor carpi ulnaris
True or False: Positioning the forearm in pronation, such as during hammer curls, reduces effectiveness of the biceps brachialis in flexing the elbow
false
True or False: Radial flexion is movement of the digit 5 toward the midline of the body
false
True or False: The insertion of the brachialis muscle is the coracoid process of the ulna
false
True or False: The insertion of the brachioradialis muscle is the proximal end of the radius at the styloid process.
false
the flexor digitorum superficially performs its action in the frontal plane
false
Flexor Digitorum Profundus Action
flexion of 4 fingers at MCP PIP DIP joints flexion of wrist
Flexor Digitorum Superficialis Action
flexion of fingers at MCP and PIP joints Flexion of wrist weak elbow flexion
Flexor Pollicis Longus Action
flexion of the thumb at CMC, MCP, IP joints Flexion of wrist abduction of wrist
Flexor Carpi Radialis Action
flexion of wrist abduction of wrist weak flexion of elbow weak pronation of forearm
Flexor Carpi Ulnaris Action
flexion of wrist adduction of wrist with extensor carpi ulnaris weak elbow flexion
Palmaris Longus Action
flexion of wrist weak flexion of elbow
what type of movements occur in the wrist?
flexion, extension, abduction and adduction
Wrist Flexors:
flexor carpi radialis flexor carpi ulnaris palmaris longus
Extensor Digitorum Insertion
four tendons to bases of middle and distal phalanxes of 4 fingers (dorsal surface)
what type of joint is the elbow?
ginglymus or hinge joint
normal range of motion in DIP and what kind of joint
ginglymus or hinge, full extension (0) to 80-90 flexion
normal range of motion in PIP and what kind of joint
ginglymus or hinge, full extension (0) to 90-120 flexion
Extensor Carpi Radialis Brevis Origin
lateral epicondyle of humerus
Extensor Digiti Minimi Origin
lateral epicondyle of humerus
Extensor Digitorum Origin
lateral epicondyle of humerus
Extensor Carpi Ulnaris Origin
lateral epicondyle of humerus middle 2/4 of posterior border of ulna
Supinator Origin
lateral epicondyle of humerus and neighboring posterior part of ulna
Brachioradialis Insertion
lateral surface of distal end of radius at styloid process
Flexor Carpi Radialis Origin
medial epicondyle of humerus
Palmaris Longus Origin
medial epicondyle of humerus
Flexor Digitorum Superficialis Origin
medial epicondyle of humerus Ulnar head: medial coronoid process Radial head: upper 2/3 of anterior border of radius
Flexor Carpi Ulnaris Origin
medial epicondyle of humerus posterior aspect of proximal ulna
what does MCP stand for
metacarpophalangeal joint
Flexor Pollicis Longus Origin
middle anterior surface of radius from the anterior medial border of the ulna just distal to coronoid process
Pronator Teres Insertion
middle third of lateral surface of radius
Palmaris Longus Insertion
palmaris aponeurosis of metacarpals 2-5
Abductor Pollicis Longus Origin
posterior aspect of the radius and mid shaft of ulna
Extensor Pollicis Longus Origin
posterior lateral surface of lower middle ulna
Anconeus Origin
posterior surface of lateral condyle of humerus
Extensor Pollicis Brevis Origin
posterior surface of lower middle radius
Anconeus Insertion
posterior surface of upper ulna and olecranon
Pronator Quadratus Action
pronation of forearm
Pronator Teres Action
pronation of forearm, weak flexion of elbow
radioulnar pronator(s)
pronator teres pronator quadratus brachioradialis
what does PIP stand for
proximal interphalangeal joint
how are the carpal bones named (what order)
proximal row from radial to ulnar side then distal row from radial to ulnar side
what type of joint is the CMC joint
saddle type joint
what is the most commonly injured carpal bone?
scaphoid
Flexor Digitorum Superficialis Insertion
split tendons attach to sides of middle phalanx of 4 fingers (palmar surface)
what is the normal range of motion at the radioulnar joint?
supinate 80-90 from neutral pronate 70-90 from neutral
Supinator action
supination of forearm
name of elbow extensor(s)
triceps brachii ancients provides assistance
what type of joint is the radioulnar joint?
trochoid or pivot type joint
True or False: "Carpal tunnel syndrome" is swelling and inflammation from increased pressure in carpal tunnel that results in decreased function of the median nerve
true
True or False: Bony stability of the elbow in full extension is enhanced by the olecranon process fitting into the olecranon fossa.
true
True or False: Motions of the finger metacarpophalangeal joints include flexion, extension, abduction and adduction
true
True or False: The insertion of the triceps brachii muscle is the olecranon process of the ulna
true
true or false: the scapula and humerus serve as proximal attachments for muscles that flex and extend the elbow
true
Brachialis Action
true elbow flexion