ART 100 FIinal exam study guide

Ludwig Mies van der Rohe #

(1886 - 1969) The leading architect of the International Style of skyscraper design, he (like Gropius) worked in the office of Peter Behrens. He directed the Bauhaus from 1930-33, shutting it down before the Nazis could do so. His works include the Barcelona Pavilion for the 1929 International Exposition; the Lake Shore Drive Apartments in Chicago; the New National Gallery in Berlin; and the Seagram Building in New York, which he co-designed with Philip Johnson. The phrase "less is more" is associated with him, whose glass-covered steel structures influenced the design of office buildings in nearly every major city in the U.S.

Alexander Calder #

(1898) 20thc. American sculptor and abstract painter best known for mobiles and stabiles (nonmoving sculptures) (Lobster Trap and Fish Tail, Spiral)

Mark Rothko #

(1903-1970) Chromatic Abstractionist best known for creating works with two or three large rectangels of pure color that seem to float on the canvas. Used abstraction to convey metaphorical meaning

Robert Rauschenberg #

(1925-present) A pop artist who made "combines" by interspersing painted passages with sculptural elements, such as "Canyon" (1959)

Jean Tinguely #

-KINETIC SCULPTURES -junk into sculpture -electric motors -turn on at own risk, these sculptures destroyed themselves not meant to work or do anything. -title refers to religious stand - irony -Marcel Duchamp like his work.

* Column 1923 (non-objective)

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* Glass of Absinthe (assemblage)

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* Growth 1938

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* Head of a Woman (abstract)

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* Masks fig. 16-16

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* Metamatic 1950s

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* Monogram

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* The Bay (using acrylic paint) (

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*Retroactive 1

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Autum Rhythm (style) 1950 (example of action painting)

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Bird in Space 1928 (Vitalism)

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Canyon

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Composition with Yellow, Red, & Blue (style) 1927 (Formalism

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Fountain (by R. Mutt)

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Fragment from Homage to New York 1960

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Les Demoiselles Des Avignon 1907

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Lobster Trap & Fish Tail (Mobiles & Stabiles (style)) (non-objective)

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Mountains & Sea (using oil paint

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Number 61 (style) 1953 (example of color field painting)

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Object a.k.a. Luncheon in Fur 1936

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Painting

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Sculpture

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The Bed

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The Bottle of Suze (collage) 1913

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The Bride Stripped Bare of Her Bachelors, Even 1915 - 1923

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The Persistence of Memory 1931

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The Two Fridas 1939

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This is not a Pipe a.k.a. "Treachery of Images

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Unique Forms of Continuity in Space 1913 (Futurism)

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Women I 1950 Women paintings (style)

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Frida Kahlo #

..., -Mexican artist -Folk art, used vibrant colors and surrealism -Diego Rivera = husband -communist -painted her life

* Head of a Woman

..., -Pablo Picasso -1909 -Bronze -Represents Picasso's first Cubist sculpture -Like his early Cubist paintings, the shape of her sculpted head is faceted into smaller units -Fernande's hair, which she wore up in a rolled do, while her contemplative face is more sharply chiseled into flat planes -Intended to be seen in the round, the composition changes form when viewed from different angles, and the head's slight tilt and the neck's sweeping curves give the allusion of movement as if she were about to look over her shoulder

* Nude Descending a Staircase 1912

..., -The freak of this show/One painting to associate with the show -Galley I -Represents cubism (broke down in forms) and futurists (interested in movements) -Concerns of cubism (breaking down simple figure broken into planes) -Normally take out color (emotional and attention getting), almost monochromatic -Pure cubists would not be interest in setting in motion -Leg in multiple moments of time -Inspired by Muybridge photographic studies Animal Locomotion, 1883-86 -Kinetic elements, expression of time and space, classic nude element done in new way -Critiques: Explosion in shingle factory, The Rude Descending a Staircase, postage stamp *Painting is synonymous with The Armory Show

* L.H.O.O.Q.

..., 1918, Duchamp, postcard of the Mona Lisa from the Lourve, defaced an art museum object, "she has a hot ass", seen as an attack on the famous work of art promoted dadaist ideas

Georges Braque #

..., 20th century artist that collaborated with Picasso on their experimental artistic style (cubism). Up until Braque's unfortunate wounding in WWI, the Picasso and his friend continued to influence each other greatly. The artistic alliance between Picasso and this co-founder of cubism influenced the world greatly with their unique brand of artistic expression that exercises the minds of the modern world

Piet Mondrian #

..., A Dutch-born twentieth-century artist known for his geometric paintings characterized by perpendicular lines and planes of pure primary colors. Influenced by cubism, he created a style called "neoplasticism," which he used in works such as Composition with Red, Yellow, and Blue and Broadway Boogie Woogie.

Constantin Brancusi #

..., A Romanian sculptor who was a major figure in Modernism. He is best known for The Kiss (not to be confused with the Rodin work or the Klimt painting), Sleeping Muse, and Bird in Space. He's also the center of anecdote in which U.S. customs taxed his works as "industrial products" since they refused to recognize them as art.

* Walking Woman 1912

..., Aleksandr Archipenko Bronze Abstract Sculpture

Rene Magritte

..., Belgian surrealist painter (1898-1967), paints in a very realist way, but tricks your mind using eveyday things in weird ways

Violin & Palette

..., Braque. Cubism - Breaks with traditions of linear perspective - Images almost unrecognizable, but have figurative elements

* Bicycle Wheel 1913

..., Dada , offered as something "absolutely devoid of aesthetic pleasure" - Dada, Assemblage

Jean Arp #

..., Dada artist from Zurich who did the "Collage Arranged according to the Las of Chance". Totally against art rules: no plan, no skill, no meaning/message, no subject matter, no interesting colors. He wanted to replace logic and reason with nonsense.

Meret Oppenheim

..., Female Surrealist. Took porcelains cup and saucer and covered it in rabbit fur. Fur Cup, Saucer and Spoon. Called it "The Desert." Two materials combined that are strange together. This is what happens in unconscious mind. It doesn't separate things like the conscious mind does. In unconscious mind you can have fur mixing with porcelain.

Guernica 1937

..., Guernica was the first city that Hitler's Luftwaffe (air force) targeted for aerial bombing. The city was home to Spanish resistors against Franco during the Spanish Civil War, and as a result Franco did not protect the town from the Luftwaffe. Pable Picasso's Guernica painting was the most publicized outcome of the bombings. The painting depicted the city destroyed by the bombings, and came to be a symbol of anit-war and anti-modern warfare.

Umberto Boccioni

..., Italian painter and sculptor. Like other Futurists, his work centered on the portrayal of movement (dynamism), speed, and technology. Ex: "Visioni simultanee" (1912) and "The Street Enters the House" (1911)

Composition 1933

..., Mondrian; neoplasticism; simplify; balanced, white base, black lines, primary colors, visual harmony (nice to look at), essense of world, non-objective - no content

Pablo Picasso

..., One of the artistic giants of the twentieth century. Helped found the Cubist and Abstract movements. During his life, 1881-1973, he worked in various media and is noted for scores of important works. His painting Guernica is one of the most powerful anti-war expressions of the modern era.

Naum Gabo

..., One of the leading proponents of Constructivism (1890-1977). -In his "Head of a Woman," we see a woman's head constructed from celluloid and metal, reflecting the industrial aesthetic. -Here, in this applied abstraction, the artist has reduced the woman's head into faceted planes and edges in space. -Note especially how this "bust" does not have a pedestal and thus further shifts the focus from the sculptural mass to the sculptural space in Constructivist fashion - stressing "real materials in real space."

* The Old Guitarist 1903

..., Picasso

Joan Miro #

..., Spanish painter, biomorphic abstraction, had his own visual language (symbolism), Person Throwing a Stone at a Bird, Woman in Front of the Sun

Spirit Spouse, Baule

..., Sub-Saharan Wood Carving

Palace Door, Yoruba

..., Sub-Saharan Wooden Door and pigment

Menaced Assassin

..., Surrealism, by Rene Magritte Moving to art as an idea

* Soft Construction With Boiled Beans

..., This Dali painting represents the horrors of the spanish civil war.

Marcel Duchamp #

..., [1887-1968] French painter who became a prominent exponent of DaDa created shocking pieces with his readymades -found objects. He painted a mustache on the Mona Lisa which he called L.H.O.O.Q

Salvador Dali #

..., a Spanish (Catalan) artist and one of the most important painters of the 20th century. He was a skilled draftsman, best known for the striking, bizarre, and beautiful images in his surrealist work. His painterly skills are often attributed to the influence of Renaissance masters

Power Figure, Kongo

..., made of wood, nails, pins, blades Sub-Saharan African Art

MODERN ARCHITECTURE

..., point of view, wherein cities and buildings are thought to act like well-oiled machines, with little energy spent on frivolous details or ornate designs. efficient, geometrical structures made of concrete and glass dominated urban forms for half a century while this view prevailed

Aleksandr Archipenko

..., was a Ukrainian avant-garde artist, sculptor, and graphic artist.

SURREALISM (Manifesto 1924)

...Artists only found Dada relevant for about a decade and then acknowledged there was no future for it. However, many of the innovations were continued into Surrealism, which focused on the workings of the subconscious mind and dreams as the way to access truth. Various methods were used to access the inner mind. Some Illusionistic Surrealists such as Dali and Magritte used realistic images from their dreams in strange juxtapositions. Automatist painters such as Miro developed non-objective paintings by using a spontaneous intuitive approach. French poet Andre Breton was the leader of a group of Surrealist writers and painters in Paris. Few women were part of the Surrealist movement. Mexican artist Frida Kahlo did paintings in her own unique but similar style and is often grouped with the Surrealists.

FUTURISM (Painting & sculpture) Manifesto 1909

...Influenced by the invention of motion pictures, Futurism in painting used simultaneity to imply motion. Artists wanted to express the value and beauty of the new machine age - of "mechanical-ness" and speed. "Nude Descending a Staircase" is an example of painting in this style. Futurism was part of Modern sculpture as well.

NON-OBJECTIVE PAINTING, Supermatism & De Stijl

...Non-objective art refers to art which comes from the artist's imagination (or subconscious) with no apparent relationship to visual reality. The purpose of this art is to communicate thoughts and feelings much as instrumental music does. Vasily Kandinsky is credited with the first non-objective painting. He wrote a very influential book titled Concerning the Spiritual in Art. Another influence on artists was a book titled The Interpretation of Dreams written by Sigmund Freud, published in 1900. Non-objective art also interested the Formalists like Mondrian who wanted to create visual unity, mathematical order, and rationality.

CUBISM (painting) (Read Pp. 516 - 545)

...Strongly influenced by African art, as well as by Cezanne, Cubism was the invention of Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque. Analytical Cubism showed the object from a changing perspective (simultaneity) without the interest in illusionary space traditional painters had been using since the Renaissance. Analytical Cubism's purpose was to emphasize the formal geometric structure of an object. Synthetic Cubism put together elements in a collage using real objects such as labels, advertising, and newsprint, in combination with paint. Synthetic Cubism's purpose was to create an effective formal pattern through "geometricization." When critics did not understand the style, Picasso is quoted as saying, "The fact that for a long time Cubism has not been understood, and that today there are people who cannot see anything in it, means nothing. I do not read English. An English book is blank to me. This does not mean that the English language does not exist, and why should I blame anybody else but myself if I cannot understand what I know nothing about?"

ABSTRACT TO NON-OBJECTIVE SCULPTURE

...While several styles were the result of innovations specific to painting, Modernism owes much to the new ideas developed by sculptors. Inspired by Rodin, Vitalism was based on the theory that all living things share the same life forces and that sculpture should embody those forces. Assemblage was the sculptural answer to collage in painting. Some of Modern sculpture is abstract & some is non-objective.

DADA (Painting & sculpture)

.WWI (1914 - 1918) was devastating to Europe. Millions lost their lives and millions more lost everything else. Dada began in Zurich, Switzerland and in New York, as a reaction to the horrors of the war. It was the anti-art of nihilism, meant to emphasize meaninglessness and uselessness, advocating anything antisocial and immoral. Dadaist ideas influenced later artists, leading them to examine spontaneity, humor, and absurdity.

Willem De Kooning #

A Dutch-born twentieth-century American artist who was a leader of Abstract Expressionism. His monumental, highly colored, often violent works include Woman, a series of paintings done in the early 1950s.

Walter Gropius #

A German architect who is considered one of the founders of modern architecture. In 1923, designed what is now the modern door-handle. He was the first director of the Bauhaus (1919 1925), and established the Architect's Collaborative (TAC) in 1945 (an American architectural firm).

* Chapel in Houston

Abstract expressionism New York School Mark Rothko Etriptic Influenced by light and Rembrandt

NEO-DADA (1960s) (Painting/ Sculpture)

Between Ab. Ex. & Pop, Rauschenberg was in a class of his own. His art was a repudiation of Abstract Expressionism and reflected the reality of our increasingly complex & cluttered world. Using real objects in collage/paintings and assemblage sculpture he created "combines" which were both painting & sculpture in the same piece. He also revived the Dadaist idea of using chance occurrences.

Five Masks in Performance

Bwa Culture, from Dossi, Burkina Faso, 1984 -used in ritual performance, often initiation of young Bwa -tradition to cope with the persecution of slavers -most masks depict spirits in human or animal forms -geometric designs

Frank Lloyd Wright #

Considered America's greatest architect. Pioneered the concept that a building should blend into and harmonize with its surroundings rather than following classical designs.

ABSTRACT EXPRESSIONISM A.K.A. THE NEW YORK SCHOOL

During and after WWII (1939 - 1945) many European artists moved to the U.S. New York replaced Paris as the world center for art. The gallery system for selling art developed in America. Fostered by Carl Jung's ideas of the "collective unconscious"& a new interest in oriental philosophy, European styles blended with the American focus on independence. The military idea of the "Avant-Garde" defined artists as the front line in regard to new ideas of art and culture. Photography was developing as an art form dealing with realistic representation. Artists turned to introspective work based on spontaneity, energy, and intuition resulting in what one critic described as "a herd of independent minds struggle for self knowledge." Clemet Greenberg was an influential New York critic who contributed to defining Abstract Expressionism (Ab. Ex.). Some Ab. Ex. Painters were considered "action painters" & some were "color field painters". Many Ab. Ex. paintings are actually non-objective instead of abstract. As we have seen in the past, the name was given to the group by a critic. The artists called themselves "The New York School

SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 1300 - 1900 Skim Pp. 428 - 445 (focus on information about images below)

Europeans were exposed to the art of Africa, the South Sea Islands, and other "primitive" cultures as world exploration brought these objects to museums. The sense of power and the abstract formal qualities of the figures used by African artists inspired European artists to incorporate similar attributes into their work. Art from many of these cultures blended with European Greco/Roman ideas to greatly expand the visual vocabulary of Modern art. Sculpture

Arshile Gorky #

He was the most instrumental in creating a transition from European Surrealist Abstraction to American Abstract Expressionism

Kaufman House "Fallingwater"

House design by Wright in 1935 in rural southwestern Pennsylvania, 50 miles southeast of Pittsburgh

Bauhaus Building, Dessau, Germany

Modern Architecture Walter Gropius Functional art

Seagram Building, NYC

Modern Architecture, by Ludwig Mies van der Rohe skyscaper

* Still Life with Chair-Caning

Picasso, 1912, Cubism-Synthetic -tactile surface -collage, comes from French word colle (to glue) -first one to create this as an art form -oval canvas with piece of cloth that has a commercially produced image of chair caning -pasted things you would see on a cafe table -glued rope around table -illusion of a cafe table and painted surface

POP ARTThe '60s are the beginning of Post-Modernism.

Pop is short for popular. The focus of this style of art of the '60s reflected American's concern for material things and our "throw away" society. Pop Art became a commentary on the triviality of the contemporary culture using references to comic strips, movies, advertising, and most of all TV. Pop artists rejected abstraction and returned to realistic images of everyday objects (genre), glorifying the mundane and at the same time trivializing the values of art and culture. Typically an American style, Pop art described the American way of life.

just What Is It That Makes Today's Home So Different, So Appealing

Richard Hamilton, collage, 1956, 10.25" x 9.25" (British Pop)

KINETIC SCULPTURE (Assemblage)

Sculpture since the Renaissance had had an interest in implied motion but Kinetic sculpture uses real movement. This seemed appropriate in a machine oriented society. Actual movement adds the element of time to the three dimensional space which sculpture represents

* The Liver is the Cock's Comb 1944

Stylistic Movement: Abstract Expressionism Historical Significance: Brought about a new form of art style out of Surrealism; regarded as seed of abstract expressionism. Key Iconographical & Stylistic elements: Mix of surrealist, cubism, and expressionist styles (dissociation of form and contour, biomorphic figures, saturated color, transparency of the paint layer, amoebic décor). Main Issues Raised: Refused to stick to the Surrealist groups and rather went his own way with his work; signaled the end of surrealism. Influence of works derived from childhood drama of being a genocide survivor.

* Seated couple, Dogan

Sub-Saharan African Art

* Solomon Guggenheim Museum

Wright, 1943 NY architecture reserve 2 # 45-46 snail-like, continuous spiral ramp, wider at top than bottom, contrasts with buildings around it upwardly expanding helix, functionally controversial for displaying paintings

Jackson Pollock #

a gestural abstractionist called his work "action painting". He put the unstretched canvas on the floor where he dripped, dribbled and splattered the paint over the canvas with sticks, brushes and filled cans.

Helen Frankenthaler #

associated with a method that involved diluting paint almost to the consistency of watercolor and then pouring it onto unprimed cotton canvas to achieve giant stains of color that suggest landscape as seen in "The Bay" (color field)

* Farnsworth House 1950

modern style in europe - simple and use of geometric shape. also getting rid of walls , Mies Van Der Rohe

Richard Hamilton #

was one of group of young London designers who were fascinated by popular culture and its influences on the public. His collage Just What Is It That Makes Today's Homes So Different, So Appealing? , seemed to be the seminal work in Pop Art.