Art 114 Module 1 Study Guide

What else was discovered with the ocher artwork at the Blombos Cave in South Africa?

sea shells and an ostrich eggshell bead

From a cultural perspective, scholars see the transport of bluestones to Stonehenge from more than 150 miles away as a sign of ________________.

the people's connection to their ancestral homeland

Bronze is an alloy of __________ and __________.

tin; copper

The word megalithic means __________.

large stone

The introduction of art during the Paleolithic period reflects the unique human ability to

think creatively and symbolically.

The evolutionary origin of art can be traced to the cognitive development of humans to _________.

think symbolically

To create bronze, copper is combined with _____.

tin

Historians use the term BCE to mean __________.

Before Common Era

Which of the following is NOT a type of ceramics?

Kiln

During this time period people began to start exerting control over the land and the resources. Major, permanent settlements began to occur. This time period is known as the "New" Stone.

Neolithic

The word "Neolithic" means _____________.

New Stone

Which Neolithic site is an example of a passage grave?

Newgrange

Prehistory includes all of human existence prior to the development of ___________.

written records

Which of the following is an example of a relief sculpture?

Bison from Le Tuc d'Audoubert, France

The oldest traces/pieces of art have been found at which site?

Blombos Cave

Where did Stonehenge's blue stones come from? (Location and distance?)

Bluestone was quarried in the mountains of west Wales, 150 miles west of Stonehenge.

The period that followed the debut (introduction) of metalworking is generally known as the ________ Age.

Bronze

Which material's properties make it best suited for weapons and tools?

Bronze

Chauvet Cave is located in __________.

France

Freestanding artwork is also known as _______, whereas ______ has a background and can only be seen from the front and sides.

Freestanding artwork is also known as [sculpture in the round], whereas [relief sculpture] has a background and can only be seen from the front and sides.

Which prehistoric cave became a tourist destination and then had to be closed to the public due to the contaminants brought in by visitors that spawned a fungi growth on the cave walls? Visitors now enter a artificial or replicated version of the cave.

Lascaux

Rows of trapezoidal buildings with burial sites beneath and between individual structures characterize the architectural remains at_____________.

Lepenski Vir

All of the following are examples of "large stone" or megalithic architecture except for ___________.

Lepenski Vir House

According to the textbook, list and explain three possible interpretations of why cave paintings were created. (describe at least three different ways they could function in society)

Steve Mithen believed that cave paintings were used to teach novice hunters about the animals they hunted. David Lewis-Williams believed that cave paintings were related to shaman rituals due to the combination of recognizable and abstract symbols that looked like something a shaman could've seen in a hallucination. Salomon Reinach theorized that cave paintings might have been used as an expression of sympathetic magic; for example, a painting of a sleeping bison might help the group that made the painting to find their prey as it slept.

Where are the most of the ancient cave paintings found within the cave system?

The majority of the found cave paintings have been found in the back of the cave system and far from the entry of the cave.

The Lascaux cave was opened to the public after World War II. What became the major issue because the public was allowed to visit the cave? This issue led to the closure of the cave to the public and required extensive restoration efforts to help save the paintings.

There was a build up of heat, humidity, carbon dioxide and other contaminants due to the people exhaling, which caused an aggressive fungus to eat away at the paintings.

Archeologists have found the dead buried in the floors at both Lepenski Vir and Çatalhöyük.

True

At Catalhoyuk, the inhabitants entered their domestic dwelling from the roof.

True

Ceramic technology emerged independently at different times across the globe

True

The entrances to the houses at Çatalhöyük where located on the roof.

True

The major type of burials at Stonehenge are cremation burials.

True

Walls of woven branches that were covered with mud or clay. This technique is called ______ &______, and it was a common building technique used in central Europe during the Neolithic period.

wattle; daub.

The Woman from Brassempouy (Fig. 1-9) captures the essence of a head, also called the____.

memory image.

The lintels of Stonehenge are secured by __________-and-__________ joints.

mortise; tenon

The geologic change that influenced the advancement from the Paleolithic to the Neolithic occurred very quickly and evenly among regions.

False

The rock art found at Fossum, northern Bohuslan, Sweden are good examples of sculptures in the round.

False

There are set dates for the transition between the Paleolithic and the Neolithic time periods.

False

Within Neolithic settlements it is easy to pick out which buildings were built for domestic dwelling and which were made for a sacred or spiritual reason.

False

What geological change influenced the shift and advancement of human societies from Paleolithic to Neolithic?

The ending of the Ice Age caused the climate to change.

How are "tells" or "mounds" created?

The gradual rise of the landscape due to rebuilding and successive construction of architectural generations on a specific spot.

What do archaeologists mean by "economy" during this period?

How people gathered and produced food

The earliest use of metal objects was as _________________.

ornamentation

An elaborate tomb in which a chamber was built by using corbelling to create an arched structure to span an interior space. This structure has a narrow, stone lined passageway that led in the the large room at the center.

passage grave

Stonehenge was built in __________-and-__________ construction.

post; lintel

The simplest form of construction used to span space is __________-and-__________.

post; lintel

Ceramic technology emerged at the same time, concurrently, across the globe.

False

People began to create settlements and domesticate food sources in the early Paleolithic period.

False

According to the text, scholars see the transport of bluestones to Stonehenge as a sign of _____.

connections to ancestral homelands.

The potter's wheel is thought to have been first developed in approximately 4000 BCE in __________________.

Egypt

The start of Homo sapiens sapiens producing tools, some specifically made for specific tasks. Hunting and gathering occurred, with people migrating from place to place. This time period is known as "Old" Stone.

Paleolithic

Metals were first used for _____.

ornamentation

The artists of Altamira used the ____________ on the cave walls and ceilings to help create sculptural effects when painting some of their animal depictions.

... (not all of the above)

The age of metal made its European debut about __________ BCE.

3,000

What is a "henge"?

A henge is a circle of stones or posts, often surrounded by a ditch with built-up embankments.

_______________ aims to determine a precise span of calendar years in which an artifact was created.

Absolute Dating

The first discovered prehistoric cave paintings were found in Spain at ________________ in the 19th century, and it was originally thought to be a hoax.

Altamira

_________ evidence shows that modern humans moved from Africa, across Asia, into Europe, and finally to Australia and the Americas between 100,000 and 35,000 years ago.

Archeological

Which answer is NOT correct about the site of Lepenski Vir?

Archeologists believe that Lepenski Vir was permanently inhabited for over 300 years.

One of the earliest known prehistoric cave painting sites was recently discovered in 1994 and the site is called __________.

Chauvet

Looking at cave paintings, many depictions of animals were painted by combining different viewpoints of the animal within a single representation.

Composite Pose

Jomon pottery is from present day __________.

Japan

What is the difference between earthenware and stoneware?

Earthenware is baked at 800 degrees Centigrade while stoneware is baked between 1,200 and 1,400 degrees Centigrade. Stoneware tends to be glassier and stronger than earthenware.

Stonehenge was created in one phase of construction and activity, being completed in just a few generations.

False

Archaeologists link the emergence of image making and cognitive thinking to the arrival of __________.

Homo sapiens sapiens

Which answer is NOT correct about why Catalhoyuk's houses are referred to as "history houses?"

Inhabitants made sure to clearly paint their lineage on the plaster walls that lined their dwellings.

There was a major fundamental change with how people interacted with their environment during this transition from Paleolithic to the Neolithic era. Discuss how people produced food in Paleolithic times and compare it to how food was produced in Neolithic times. How did this new production of food influence how people lived? (Discuss food production change and how this included a change in architecture). Answer this prompt in complete sentences.

People in the Paleolithic era mainly foraged for their food, whereas people in the Neolithic era produced their own food through the domestication of plants and animals. This change made people settle down in one place for longer and marked the beginning of architecture in Europe, seeing as people needed more durable places to live for longer amounts of time.

Small-scale female sculptures from the Upper Paleolithic period were once called __________figures, which implied a religious association, although this has not yet been proven.

Venus

Small-scale female sculptures from the Upper Paleolithic period were once called __________figures, which implied a religious association, although this has not yet been proven. These figures are examples of how naming an unknown artifact may potentially influence how viewers "read" or interpret the object.

Venus

______ is a site linked to ceremonies of death and burials. Located nearby, the wooden henge called ______ is thought to be linked to the world of the living.

[Stonehenge] is a site linked to ceremonies of death and burials. Located nearby, the wooden henge called [Durrington Walls] is thought to be linked to the world of the living.

What is ocher?

a red or yellow iron pigment that could be used in body art and decorating objects/walls

Stonehenge was _______________, and its neighboring wooden settlement was called __________.

a site of ceremonies linked to death and burial, Durrington Walls

Which term is used when an artist captures the essence of a form/figure in simple shapes without trying to have a highly detailed or specific representation? This term is used to describe when an artist reduces and distorts the shape and appearance to a basic idea, yet it is still recognizable.

abstraction

Figures such as the Woman of Willendorf may have functioned to communicate ____________among differing groups of Paleolithic peoples.

acceptability and friendliness -- maybe for mating

In the Neolithic period, people began to domesticate plants and animals, and began to create settlements. Archeologists refer to the ways people gathered or produced food as a(n)_____________.

economy

The Lion-Human sculpture from Hohlenstein-Stadel, Germany is made of __________.

mammoth ivory

The Woman from Brassempouy captures the true essence of a head and is an example of __________ __________. An image that relies on the generic shapes and relationships that readily spring to mind at the mention of an object.

memory image

What is the term used for naturally occurring asphalt? This material could be used as a black tar-like paint, glue, or sealant.

bitumen

At Stonehenge, the smaller ______________ were imported from over 150 miles away.

bluestones

_______________ connected the buildings at Çatalhöyük to the community's sense of past, present, and future.

bodies buried under the floors

A tomb that used a single post-and-lintel structure that was mounded over with smaller rock and dirt to form an artificial hill.

cairn

This natural occurring material is relatively abundant in central Europe, but is too soft to be functional in tools.

copper

[picture of rocks stacked in an arch] This is an example of which construction method?

corbeling

Figures from 'Ain Ghazal, Jordan were created by __________.

covering bundled twig figures with plaster

The simplest type of tomb created during the Neolithic period, created by a single post-and-lintel element.

dolmen