ART 258 midterm 2

Greek never show historical battle, or contemporary fighting, late classic period we can identify people, why change?

1. Alexander respect Persian, appoint Persian government, corporate with Persian. 2. people from different background, art become easier to grasp, appeal to emotion, draw you in.

Aphrodite eros and pan

Aphrodite eros and pan found in Delos, House of the Poseidoiasts Beirut amusing story, appeal emotion The little, winged son of Aphrodite, Eros, is trying to repulse Pan by grasping his right horn. On the low base of the group an inscription is carved 'Dionysos, son of Zenon who was son Theodoros, from Beirut dedicated [this offering] to the ancestral gods for his own benefit and that of his children'.

Pantheon inside - oculus

Building reflected the universe. The use of Coffers lessened the weight of the dome. Coffer the bigger the bottom thinner the higher, draw your eye to the oculus. Coffers once had glistening glided-bronze rosette at its centre, enhancing the symbolism of the dome as the starry heavens. Idea behind the dome, represent of the heaven, oculus is main light source, spot light slowly move across the dome, rotate in the temple, cosmic movement. Oculus as the sun, coffers each row has 28, as the moon cycle, 5 rose of coffers as 5 planets, Mercury, Mars, Jupiter and Saturn, Dome symbolises the heaven to reflected the Rome gods they worship here. It rains right to the building, so the floor curved, pipes on the side does not fill up with water. Outside tradition as ordinary temple, Greek focus decoration on the outside, but it's a rectangular box, here its curve, wood, concrete to any shape. Huge leap forward in term of engineering ability, unknown architect.

Death mask / Wax portraits

Important Roman died, make a mask of a dead person, using wax. Why wax? - put color, make it realistic, wax mask were sacred, keep it in the center of home display, paying respect to the ancestors. - Hiring people to dress up for the ancesor, such as general outfit. - Ancestor would march from the early to the present, to show family tree, to show family had achieve, especially for politician, this tradition helped them preserve those mask. Its not life size, made of clay, found in the cemetery.

Tomb of the Shields and Chairs, Cerveteri

Italy The Etruscans Interior of the tomb of the shields and chairs, Banditaccia necropolis Cereveteri, Italy. necropolis: elaborate cemetery with multiple tombs in local stone, called tufa. Terracotta statues of the deceased probably sat in the chairs cut out of the bedrock of this subterranean tomb chamber, imitating wood furniture. The tome's plan follows that of a typical Etruscan house. - Etruscan woman had more power vs Greek - Experts in metal working , through trade - shield maybe important symbol - grand tomb permanent as the bedrock itself - employ stone for the shrines of their gods but only rarely built monumental tombs for their dead.

Model of typical Etruscan temple of 6th

Italy The Etruscans As described by Vitruvius Etruscan temples resembled Greek temples but had widely spaced, un-fluted wood columns only at the front, walls of sun-dried mud brick, and a narrow staircase at the center of the facade. - made of mud, brick, vocalic stone, with terracotta sculptures on the roof. only the base survive - Gods' family statues on the roof. Everything oriented to one direction, priest standing one spot to watch for omens. Etruscan temple vs Greek Temple rise the base front porch vs platform sacrifice outside vs sacrifice inside Tuscan colume, smooth. Square, and wider. Greek put statues, but Tuscan put decoration on the roof, beems Shapes, orientation ,and decoration are different. Similar: colume, doric.

Tomb of Leopards , Tarquinia

Italy The Etruscans Interior of the Tomb of the leopards, Tarquinia. Monterozzi necopolis. The paintings in the Tomb of the leopards, named after the guardian beasts in the rear pediment, warding off evil. depict banqueting couples, reclining each other, enjoy musician playing, servants, and musicians. top geometric shape imitate tent on the occasion of burial or funeral. The man have dark skin, the women fair skin. egg shell in the tomb, maybe symbolizes hope of rebirth or after death.

Sarcophagus with reclining couple

Italy The Etruscans from Banditaccia necropolis, Cerveteri Italy Painted terracotta (ceramic container made of lay) Sarcophagi in the form of a husband and wife on a dining couch have no parallels in Greece. The artist's focus on the upper half of the figures and the emphatic gesture are Etruscan hallmarks. hair, beard, Archaic smile, large- almond -shape eyes. 4 pieces of terracotta. Marriage is important, spend eternality life together, enjoy after life.

Apulu (Apollo of Veii )

Italy The Etruscans from the roof of the Portonaccio temple Veii Italy. Painted terracotta The statue of Apulu was part of a group depicting a Greek myth. Distinctly Etruscan, however, are the god's vigorous motion and gesticulating arms and the placement of the statue on a temple roof. display the energy and excitement that characterized Archaic Etruscan Art in general. the bright paint and the rippling folds of Apulu's garment call to mind Archaic Greek Korai in Ionain garb. Apulu's standing and motion gesticulating arms, fanlike calf muscles, ripping drapery and animated face are distinctly Etruscan

Atrium of the House of the Vettii, Pompeii

Pompeii - The Roman Empire The Republic The house of Vettius brothers was of the later Hellenized type with a peristyle garden behind the atrium. The impluvium below the open roof collected rainwater for domestic use. - death mask will be display on the wall to remind of others how important they were. - share a common wall, lots of different sites. House is important as reflection of your status, lots of people visits your house, display your wealth and status. Entrance was decorated, then enter the Atrium, means open space to the air.

Gardenscape, Villa of Livia

Pompeii - The Roman Empire The Republic come from villa of the emperor Augustus's wife Livia at Parimaporta second style wall painting - the ultimate example of a Second style picture window wall is Livia's Gardenscape - to suggest recession, the painter used atmospheric perspective, intentionally blurring the most distant forms

Narrative reliefs

sequences of images that depicted events from the campaign

God Danube, stand for river

Column of Trajan A representation of the Danube river, where the campaign started, a series of boats and soldiers on top, in order to cross the river Danube, build by Apoolodorus of Damascus. At bottom band, God Danube, stand for river, right side Trajan 12 legions into Dacian, from Rome marching across the Danube river, left side were civilized house, trees, stand for Roman empire, show houses and soldiers cannot keep the scale consistent. A series of boats with shields army marching. Tell us about army are orderly, top of their head are pots and pans shows us their supplies. 12 scenes troops marching, logistical true movement.

Battle Scene

Column of Trajan Battle scenes, day to day what the army is doing, hard fought, specifically, Dacian king, falling Dacian, killing them off the trees, escaping. Roman solider, God probably Jupiter, spear attached, his weapon would be a thunderbolt, people fight on behalf of the god, 4 gods, one Danube, Nike, Jupiter, Why Jupiter were, he is hurl thunderbolt to indicate the weather condition, gods don't participate in battle, Roman don't reply on gods, well trained, human efforts rather than deities. Who design this were actually with the army and sketch the Scenes. Top of the wall, stakes, negative harsh side of the war, losing the war, prior to this monument, no battle scene show losing the war scene, the first time we see here. So unusual, show losing battle and dead Roman. Two scene side by side is propaganda, Manipulated, Dacian prisoner, show his submission to Trajan. Never shows Trajan fighting, traditionally record battle to glorify leader show their fighting, lives with soilders, makes decision, but he doesnot fight. In some way, is propaganda, so accurate. Where they get idea. Roman had artist who travelled with army, made maps, draw illustration, sketch of the battle field, images and information. Trajan wrote a commentary of wars, it may have been illustrated by Roman scrolls, Column like a scroll, Interesting: war doesn't focus on battle scene, focus is day to day life soldiers, it shift the focus from the glory war to day to day army life.

Nike goddess of victory

Column of Trajan Nike goodness of victory, got her food on rock, she got shield, painting or writing on the shield, she marks the first campaign which at the bottom and second campaign when the war resumed. She is half way up.

Distribution of largesse - compare

Compare two different style: Marcus Aurelius & Constantine: figures are beautifully proportion, clothes beautiful, tradition and classical Greek period. What happened to Constantine: originally theory was artists losing the ability to depict figures, maybe because with all the chaos no historical relief for many years, artist forget how to carve. It's true there are no relief during chaos, but there beautifully carved sarcophagus, certain artist who could carve well. To support this theory, 8 round reliefs of Hadrian hunting, short size of arch, want reliefs that look the same, in fact, they made 2 reliefs new to match the old one, Sun god driving chariot across the sky, holding the global in the hand. So Artist had been asked to deliberately to make this style (largess), looks like the vegetable vendor, where figures stunted short, but the gesture are important, it is a very simply style to convey information in a very clear way, that's why not using beautiful figures, just want to show how Constantine is. This is the style that give information clearly, a style associated with working classes, not like Greek ideal figure, but ordinary people. It is a clear political statement to choose this simple direct style showing his solidarity with ordinary people and convey information is very clearly. The only historian who tell us the story, were Christian writers. They interest in promoting the argument that Constantine was Christian from 312 and endorse Christianity.

Greek art vs Etruscans

Greek art: woman's status low, never celebrate with man Etruscans: let wife in public, high status, have their name on the tomb, objects such as mirror. why these scene in the tomb: afterlife, people buried here want to spend externality great time, in the small tomb to close to the nature.

Seated Boxer (Roman Italy) Bronze

Hellenistic Period Bronze - Hellenistic did not abandon the tradition theme as the Greek Athlete - Treated old subjects in a novel way - the boxer heavily battered, defeated with broken nose and battered ears - eye hollow - red color aginest bronze shows suffering - walking around to interact with the statue - Greek: show perfect athletes, no emotion - Hellenistic: interested individual, emotion

Dying Gual

Hellenistic Period by Epigonos Roman copy of a bronze statue from Pergamon, Turkey Marble - in Altar of Zeus, - Pergamene sculptors presented the victory of Attalos I over the Gauls, statuary group explicitly depicted the defeat of the barbarians - A Pergamene sculptor depicted this defeated Gallic trumpeter and the other Gauls as barbarians with bushy hair, mustaches, and neck bands, but also as noble foes who fought to the death. - young body - Greek style - Emotion expressive- Hellenistic Art, naturalist, detailed noble enemies - Heroic muscling figure

Gallic chieftain killing himself and his wife

Hellenistic Period by Epigonos Roman copy of a bronze statue from Pergamon, Turkey Marble - in Altar of Zeus, - Pergamene sculptors presented the victory of Attalos I over the Gauls, statuary group explicitly depicted the defeat of the barbarians - distinctive foreign Gauls (long busy hair, mustache and the torques neck bands ) - In marble painted red. - In the best Lysippan tradition, the group can fully appreciated only by walking around to engage with statues with eye level. - Gauls' intensive expression and emotion. - The defeat of Gauls was also the subject of Pergamene statuary groups. The centerpieces of one group was a Gallic chieftain committing suicide after taking his wife's life, he preferred death to surrender.

Verism

Highly accurate portrayals of a subject used by emperors who wanted to display a respect for the people In Roman Republic

How constantine convert to Christian

Inscription explain why this arch was build. Divine inspiration from god, is a reference to the Christian god? why can he just say it? Christianity was minority religion, may be 7% of Roman, even he is one of them, he doesn't want to rock the boat, he deliberately put this vague information about who this divide information coming from. Battle scene of the Milvian bridge, it's terrible shaped and weathered, cannot find any sign reference to Christian. However, around him, the figure behind him is a goodness called Aroma, Nike, surround by 3 gods here, that would ben accord with being Christian. Other sun gold, reliefs on the arch. Just don't know. Constantine grow up with Pagan, and reused Pagan reliefs, Pagan who were open for more religion, so he believed, he was a patron to Christian church, may took a while to convert his belief. Important being Christian are being baptism, he was not baptized until later.

Mausolelum of Galla Placidia, Ravenna

Late Antiquity Constantin move the capital to Ravenna, most important western city now. Church next to the Mausoleum of Galla Placidia, Galla Placidia was the half-sister of the emperor of the east, over time she ruled Italy on behalf of her brother, so this is she wanted to be buried. The build was clean brick, cruciform - shaped like cross. Tall crossing tower with its vault resembling a dome inside, covered with marble, beautiful mosaics on the wall. Always borrow the Pagan building, Pantheon the dome symbolized the heaven, so looking up the dome like look in the sky. Hundreds of stars sparking in the sky. There is a gold cross as vision, and 4 animals, eagle, lion, bow, and a man, based on the passage of the bible that return of the Chris and the end of time, again is a reassurance for the people who buried here would be resurrected, Chris coming and they would rise.

Old St. Peter's Church

Late Antiquity Constantine offer to build churches, build temple. Roman temple worship outside, inside were statues, people gather around in front. So the building perfect for Christian use is the basilica, use at the apse. Basilica church, double aisles, roof segregated, because windows and light. Only thing add is the transept. Why Saint peter, because build over his tomb, his tomb underground the apse. So there is a niche that you look down his tomb under the floor. Christian believe if you have a tomb of the Saint, the remains in heaven, that is a holly spot. They writing on the walls, pray for Saint peter, who is in heaven with Chris. At the end of the world, Chris would return, and dead called upon them grieves, and peter return to his body here. So there is a link between heaven and earth. So this add prestige to this church. Emperor build this church, enormous, 4000 people. Basilica was associate with state government, Christian is a state institution, this building was build decorated. Walls were spolia from early building, different colors. Description, mosaic, painting, Constantine give to the church.

Suicide of Judas and Crucifixion of Christ, ivory plaque

Late Antiquity Earliest crucifixion, little ivory carving. Part of ivory box, 4 sides lid, not sure for private use or church, it might use in an altar, contain incents. Late antiquity, figures short and squat, Mary with cloth, Judas hang up the tree, in contrast of his body, had chris on the cross, he does not look dead, arms out, eyes open, not hanging on the cross. Look like in control in situation. Showing: act he is consciously undertaking, he is not a victim, not suffering, overing his head, king of the Jews, bird nesting upper stressing its positive quality.

Sant'Apollinare Nuovo, Ravenna, dedicated to Chris -4

Late Antiquity On the other side, all man, dress white, palm trees and had halos and bring crowns marching towards the alter, present to the adult Chris. Present to the Adult Chris, Chris had beard with long hair, had halo, his imperial dressing. Figures are flat out, looking straight out at you. Mosaic work, face look odd, look orange, shading, big eyes realistic looking. Why procession down to the alter, main ritual takes the bread and wine, and it believed to transform into the body of the Chris, reacting the last supper. In modern church, supply the bread and wine, special bread baked in a crown, people bring bread crown and looking at the same jewelry crown, elevate the ritual. Procession had a long tradition. Man and woman segregated by gender, woman sit under man, man sit under woman, looking their own gender, design to appeal to the people worship. Over the female, had miracles of Chris. Such as, Chris youthful, no beard, making a gesture. Cured the man who paralyzed, show he is cured by Chris. These miracles are popular in early Christian art, late antiquity, why important now? people use to believe Pagan god, some of gods had amazing power, it shows to compete with old belief. People believe gods amazing power, Chris has the power to cure, Chris was speaking lecture of thousands people, feeds people. Flat out image, look straight at us, composition resemble with Constantine in the middle handing out coins to people. Passion to Chris. On the upper wall, 13 scenes, start the last supper, people reclining the table at the center, dinner on the table. Chris looks different on this wall, he has god face, got beard, looks suffering more human in some way. Don't show the death of Chris, no crucifixion until 5 century, crucifixion was a gap leap, that torture and suffer reserve for slaves originally at the lower class, Competing with other religion and god died in a humiliating degrading way, associated with slave, they chose not show in art. Constantine thrown out, and outlaw the crucifixion as an execution, don't have any of these for 100 years, everyone need to forget about it, the social implication. No Christian art for 100 years, don't depict.

Sant'Apollinare Nuovo, Ravenna, dedicated to Chris

Late Antiquity Originally dedicated to Chris, been damaged, got basilica, 2 aisles, columns are Corinthian, this church does not have transept, most of them do. Jus the basilica, looking at the apse, raised stairs for alter. Earthquake destroyed the apse, and then rebuilt, upper splendid walls gone, window over the aisles. Roof were timber covered with decorated coffers. Above arches here, upper walls covered with glass mosaics, gold sparking. Basically 3 registers, the main theme is right above the arches were procession figure who walking towards to the alter, between the windows, holly figures.

Chris as Sol Invictus , mosaic from Mausoleum of the Julii

Late Antiquity Roman cemetory undergroud, series tombs with limbstone door. They were cremated the dead at that time, by the time they bury their dead, seem to convert to Christianity. The ceiling curve like a dome, look into the heaven, done in mosaic. Figure horse were made out of stone, but the bright gold and green made of glass mosaic, get brighter color. So class mosaic type only on the ceiling and walls. Figure had light coming out his head, and driving a chariot, two horses, holding an orb, moving. Exactly like the Pagan Sun god in arch of Constantine. Why Chris, all the decoration was Christian. We assume this was Chris, want new saver in our tomb. Artist don't know Chris look like, so he looks like a God, they pick Sun god as close, as the light of the world, but not sure.

The good shepherd, Catacomb of Saints Peter and Marcellinus.

Late Antiquity the story of Jonah, and orants, frescoed ceiling of a cubiculum in the Catacomb of Saints Peter and Marcellinus, Rome Saint. Peter came to Rome, found a Christian church and he was murdered there. Why there is no Christian art for many years? Possible we could not identify art, more likely gap there were not much Christian art, because Christianity comes out of Jewish tradition, and it is forbidden to create grieve images, don't use figures Found in Catacomb, originally Roman cremated the dead, later everybody shifts to burial, property valuable, cemetery buildup above ground, some way they realized they dig down bedrock, stairs, you will buy this as cheaper price. Originally everybody put it together, no differentiation. 4 million people buried like this. Rich people make it like a building with columns. Both Pagan and Christian go catacomb to share meal, so it has to be accessible. Rich people paid more money to paint stucco and fresco. Wealthy Christian died in the church, where provide them to bury, bodies were placed into the shelf, originally painting stucco over. Ceiling was dome, artist divide this place to separate to have different subjects. This was originally painted similar to a house; the painting technique was the same as people decoration their houses. People who use oil lamps or torches, you cannot see in a good light so the paint was done quickly and not much details showing. In the center, subject most common in early Christian burial, called the good shepherd, does not have beard, outdoor with trees. Lamb on his neck, right hand carrying a bucket, basic figure type, as the Archaic Greek statue calf bear to sacrifice it to Athena. Christian adopt that basic figure, but the meaning is different. Because Chris compare himself as shepherd, good shepherd lay down his life for his sheep, which is an image of salvation. Why choose good shepherd, it's a story for the salvation and reassure for the dead, it's not image of Chris, a metaphor for Chris, a symbolic painting. Side panel, one is god, other three story from old testament. Jonah try to escape god, so god send storm sink the ship, but everyone throws him into the water because god only angry with him. He swallowed by wave. He prayed god for forgiveness. Jonah emerge out of the whale, like reborn. Whale like the Roman carve sea creatures. He was washed to the shore; god provide shade for him from sunburn. Why do they choose this story for this burial? It is a story of salvation, death and rebirth. Prefigure this Chris resurrection. A story of salvation to show people to become a Christian, baptisms at the time involved been dumped in water, in a river, public bath, pound. Sinner cannot not be saved, go into the river as symbolic as died in water and emerge and could be saved. In the corner, figures with hands up called orant, means to pray, people pray with their hands up, no know why they pray, not priest. This content as the beginning of Christian art. No description about how Chris look like.

Mosaic of Christ as Good Shepherd

Late Antiquity Mausolelum of Galla Placidia, Ravenna Over the door, we had the good shepherd, image of Chris, surround by sheep, but simple present figure, this Chris is wearing gold, and purple imperial color, and had a gold halo, leaning on a golden cross, feet touch the ground crossing his feet, everything is different. Fresco must sketch this quickly, and painted in a rapid way. It's the way he related to the sheep, good shepherd was carrying the sheep, physically rescue the lamp. But his figure, does not even acknowledge the sheep, and all the sheep below him in the composition, he barely touches sheep. When emperor hand something to someone, they would over his head, would not look to people. Why this change? This is for the emperor, Galla Placidia is the ruler, Christianity is a state institution, emperor is Christian and the head of the church, and the use the church for their own ends. Emperor want to justify their power, so more we will see Chris base on image of emperor. Emperors now claim to be appointed by God. Chris is the ruler of the universe, is the king in the art.

Grave Stele of Hegeso

Late Classical Period - From the Dipyon Cemetery, Athens, Greece - Private sculpture - On her tombstone, Hegeso examine jewelry from a box her servant girl holds. - Misstress & maid share a serene moment out of daily life - Only the epitaph(碑文) reveals that Hegeso is the one who died. - Hegeso is the woman who is shown seated opening a box of jewelry presented to her by her servant and examining a necklace, which is no longer there, represent in paint. - Hegeso shown domestic setting, pediment above, inscription "Hegeso, daughter of Proxenos." - Keep the tradtion with parthenon sculpture - drapery follow the form people have their name on the tomb.

Aphrodite of Knidos by Praxiteles (famous for his ability to transform marble into soft/radiant flesh, "dewy eyes")

Late Classical Period From Knidos ( is a small island)- Archaic Kors traditional peplos - Roman copy marble sculpture - This first nude statue of a Greek Goddess caused a sensation. But Praxitele was also famous for his ability to transform marble into soft and radiant flesh. His Aphrodite had dewy eyes. - A trivial act of everyday life: she is about to bath, reach garment, covering up her by hydria( water pitcher) vase holds water - venus pudica gesture - the modest venus pose - the 1st statues of Greek goddess nude - standing contrapposto

Portraits of Alexander the Great from Pella, Greece (king's birthplace)

Late Classical period - marble - only Lysippos capture his essence - Lysippos was the official portrait sculptor of Alexander the Great. This sculpture has the sharp turn of the head and the thick mane of hair of Lysippos's statue of Alexander with a lance. - Gazing at Zues - immortalized Alexander "leonine" hair and melting glance, capture his personality, risky and irrational allow his to accomplish things.

Corinthian Column

Late Classical period Invented by the 5th century sculptor Kallimachos are more ornate than Doric & Ionic capitals. They feature a double row of acanthus leaves with tendrils and flowers

Battle of Issus, Mosiac from the house of Faun Pompeii, Italy

Late Classical period Tessera mosaic (cubical pieces of glass or tiny stones cut to the desired size and shape) by Philoxenos of Eretria Roman copy - based on ancient Greek painting by Philoxenos - greate battle between the armies of Alexander the Great and the Achaemenid Person king Darius III, as Darius fled in defeat. - reflection of the man's terrified face on the polished shield. - shiny surface, and absence of light (shadow) stand contrast in early painting. - impressive: phycological intensity of drama unfolding before the view's eye. - Battle of Issus reveals Philoxenos' mastery of foreshortening of modeling figures in color, and of depicting reflections and shadows, as well as his ability to capture the psychological intensity of warfare. - Darius king of Persian, order his troop to retreat, pleading and fearful worry and surprise. Persian king is the big gesture highest one figure. - Alexander compassion, unified Greece.

Theater of Epidauros, Greece

Late Classical period built by Polykeitos the Younger. constructed after the birth of Alexander. -made of exclusively of stone without concrete - Symmetrical Stone seats - use natural landscape as a backdrop - acoustics, volume can be heard by back row - the precursor: circular patch of earth performed sacred rites/ songs harmony of its proportions - The Greeks always situated theaters on hillsides to support the cavea of stone seats overlooking the circular orchestra. - The Epidauros theater is the finest in Greece. 12,000 people

Hermes and the infant Dionysos by Praxiteles

Late Classical period from the temple of Hera, Olympia, Greece Copy of marble - Praxiteles humanize Olympian deities. This Hermes is as sensuous as the sculptor's Aphrodite. The god gazes dreamily into space while he dangles grapes as temptation for the infant wine god. - Lean on tree trunk, S curve - contrapposto - high softness of flesh, radience of skin - diffusion of lighting marble can be used to capture the elasticity of flesh and musle. - would held grapes, reach for it. - tender and very human interaction between an adult and a child that one encounters frequently in real life.

Woman sacrificing at an altar

Late antiquity one leaf of an ivory diptych Many people stay true to their tradition, emperor start to ban Pagan worship, year 400, war fought between Pagan and Christian, Pagan lose. Made for family members of the Pagan cemetery, name on the top, want to hold on their old tradition. It is a writing tablet, diptych, like a book that you open, exterior made out of ivory 12 inch high, expensive. Open it its blank, use it as note pad, heat and smooth tool smooth out the wax and use it again. Maybe it was a wedding present between family who share belief. Each side had line, precession, deliberately who ivy leaf, god of wine. Tree behind was oak represent Jupiter, multiple gods. Pine tree, goodness of green. Greek ideal face, youthful calm, sense of space, chosen to try to ennoble the scene, to show the way of the past as peaceful, the whole Greek and Roman culture, it is not allowed to worship. Christianity become the only religion.

Sant'Apollinare Nuovo, Ravenna, dedicated to Chris -2

On the left side, 22 women, they look the same with little differentiation, heavenly setting, background was gold, all holly figures with halos, names are included top head all saints. All saints who were virgins unmarried, saved themselves for Chris, describe as brides, all dress up as brides with white veil. All carrying crowns, bring them as gift, idea is that they will receive in heaven. Leading the procession, three man exotic customs, submissive poses, 3 kings or wise man who came to Chris birth present him with gifts. Represent Chris different character, king, rebirth.

Pantheon inside

Pantheon inside Oculus the eye, 300 feet dimeter, huge. Round opening has a ring of weakest, compression ring distribute dome makes it stronger. dynamic: column beautifully aligned with frieze of false windows. doesn't align with the coffers on the dome. Ground floor, columns, hidden wall like key chambers, allow light and air to allow concrete sit and take away the weight. Voids through the wall, hidden on the second / third level, walls were very thick 6 meters concrete, take out weight of the wall. Columns Niches held the concrete set, let light. Huge arches, help distributed the weight of the dome, we can see from the outside of the wall, means made of concrete. Underneath the arches void help with the drying. Dome: solid concrete, create a mode first, recessive panel called coffers, mode build standout, pour the concrete over it. Inside, the recessive coffers fooled your eye think that is a half circle. In fact, the circle is very shallow at the higher recessive coffers. Bottom limestone, move up turn to vocalic stone, further to brick, upper the stone was light stone called pumice, reduce the weight of the dome. A meter half still very thick, as it dries its crack. Cannot dispose to rain, so it always covers with centre waterproof material shangles, originally bronze, currently led.

Restored typical Roman house with atrium, Peristyle (列柱廊)

Pompeii - The Roman Empire The Republic Restored view and plan of a typical roman house of the late republic and Early Empire (John Burge) Older roman houses closely followed Etruscan models and had atriums and small gardens, but during the Late Republic and Early Empire, peristyles with Greek columns became common. - the peristyle garden with its marble tables and splendid mural paintings dating to the last years of the Vesuvian city. At that time, two brothers They were freeman who probably made their fortune as merchants, Their wealth enabled them to purchase and furnish the kind of fashionable townhouse in an earlier era only patricians could have acquired

Second style wall paintings, from Boscoreale Italy

Pompeii - The Roman Empire The Republic illusionism general view on the left the detail of tholos (圆屋), from cubiculum（地下墓穴的）墓室 M of the Villa of publius Fannius Synistor, Boscoreal Italy - in this second style bedroom, the painter opened up the walls with vistas of towns, temples, and colonnades courtyards. The convincing illusionism is due in part to the use of linear perspective. - Single point perspective - room got bright color, red column, blue skye, creating a palace. - Roman created illusive painting, look through the walls, create depth and spacial visional effect. Paint as a shadow, create distance. Single point perspective: all lines should combine in a single point called vanishing point.

Amphitheater

Pompeii Amphitheater The Roman Empire The Republic Pompeii's amphitheater is the oldest known and an early example of Roman concrete technology. In this arena, bloody gladiatorial combats and wild animals hunts took place before 20,000 spectators. - built by 2 wealthiest officials used their own funds. Seating was by civic and military rank- roman social hierarchy - amphitheater means "double theater" and Roman resemble two Greek theaters put together. - shallow concrete barrel vaults form a giant retaining running all the way through the elliptical mountain of earth form the tunnels leading to the arena.

Brawl in the Pompeii amphitheater, wall painting

Pompeii Amphitheater wall painting The Roman Empire The Republic This wall painting records a brawl (fighting) that broke out in the Pompeii amphitheater. The painter included the awning (天蓬) that could be rolled down to shield the audience from sun and rain. top was cover. Public swimming pool, important is : historical event. There was riot, local people support one team, people nearby city support. People were killed and injured. Amphitheater were shut down, no game for ten years. Riots broke up, because really high concentration of bars, counter you can order drink.

Pompeii Forum

Pompeii Forum (public square) The Roman Empire The Republic forum, temple of Jupiter, Capitolium, Basilica - Before the eruption of Mount Vesuvius, the forum was the center of civic life at Pompeii. At the north end was the city's main temple, the Capitolium, and the southwest cornor, the basilica( law court) - busy daily place with many people. - Temple of Jupiter where sacrificed to the god. - right by the Jupiter, was a covered market. For religion, government use, surround by most important buildings in the city. Ground plan, oldest is the left side, there was a temple. The front of the building are not line up, because build by different ages different people. Make it more beautiful and regular to line up. Create a uniform plaza in the center, ionic columns, slimer and feminine. Create a focus point, a temple to Jupiter (Zeus). War market on the right side. 11% area for entertainment.

Relief of Tellus Female personification panel on the east facade of the Ara Pacis Augustae

The Early Empire Augustus: Altar of Augustan. - a seated matron (主妇) with two lively babies on her lap, identity is uncertain - embodied the fruits of the Pax Augusta. - all around her beautiful earth is in bloom, and animals of different species live together peacefully. she represent abundance and nature and fertility, flower in her hair, fruits and vegetables. Agriculture on earth. 2 female who are partial nude on her sides, drapes in the air, means the gods of wind, and air above land. Riding a sea monster, she represents air or winds of the ocean. Augustus inscribed " Peace obtained by land and by sea".

Procession of Imperial Family detailed of the south frieze of the Ara Pacis Augustae Roma Italy

The Early Empire Augustus: Altar of Augustan. - although inspired by the frieze of the Parthenon, the Ara Pacis processions depict recognizable individuals, including children. - Augustus promoted marriage and childbearing Figures dress to come to worship, Augustus leading the procession. A group of beautiful woman, man children, Similar to the parthenon freize( all male). But roman has mix gender and children, more casual. Faces are ideal, calm. Augustus want to emphasis his family and his grandson, so there were children. Encourage people to have big family and have more children, represent the future. Showing people the benefit of the peace.

Ara Pacis Augustae (Altar of Augustan Peace)

The Early Empire Augustus: Altar of Augustan. dedicated to celebrate his achievement : establishment of peace. religious monument as a propaganda Augustus sought to present his new order as a Golden Age equaling that of Athens under Percles The Ara Pacis celebrates the emperor's most important achievement, the establishment of peace. - flouring empire, plant life decoration abundance of nature. - Roman myth, Greek influence

Pont-Du-Gard, Nimes, France

The Early Empire Augustus: Roman engineers constructed roads and bridges throughout the Empire This aqueduct bridge brought water from a distant mountain spring to Nimes - about 100 gallons a day for each inhabitant. The water flowed over the considerable distance by gravity alone, which required route from source to city The three story maintained the height of the water channel where the water crossed the Gard River The harmonious proportional relationship between the larger and smaller arches reveals the Roman hydraulic engineer who designed the aqueduct bridge also had a keen aesthetic sense.

Head of an Old Man - Veristic Male Portrait

The Roman Empire The Republic from Osimo marble Verstic portraits of old men from distinguished families were the norm during the republic. The sculptor of this head painstakingly recored every detail of the elderly man's face. why they are old? - ladder of office, start from the bottom to the up, to be important is to be older. They praise hard work, discipline, devote to the state your whole life. - Roman admire tough old ages, prove themselves over long period of time. The veristic style, mean true. Don't idealize Greek idealize portraits. Culture in contrast with Greek.

Augustus as General, copy of bronze original of ca

The Early Empire Augustus: copy of a bronze original of ca marble found in the villa of Vivia who was Augustus' wife - political significance, maybe used in public environment The models for Augustus' idealized portraits, which depict him as a never-aging god, were Classical Greek Statues - he made to look younger, and handsomer, more athletic, communicate as god-like recalling the ancient Greeks golden age. - Doryphoros by Polykleitos from ancient Greek show the beauty of the body. - down his ankle was Cupid, was the son of goddess Venus, trace his ancestry back to Aeneas, the founder of Rome. - Augustus is descended from a goddess - also son of God Julian Caesar - on his breastplate we see the god of the sky and the goddess of the earth - breastplate a thick leather cuirass that shows Roman reclaiming their standards from the Parthians that Augustus defeat, the Parthians showing returning the standards is a significant gesture of defeat and acknowledgement of the power of Rome This portrait presents the emperor in armor in his role as general - re-establishing the Sentate, as a strategy to consolidate power to become first true Emperor. Augustus: not his name. establish dynasty, never called himself dictator, slowly take over Roman government.

Funerary Reliefs of a Vegetable Vendor, Ostia

The Early Empire Hadrian Cemetery, tombs above ground, look like the building in Ostia, concrete face with brick, most people burned the dead, collect ash put in a basin urn. Building for family could be used for regeneration, because it accommodates of lots of urns. Limestone, brick and inscription identify the family, terracotta bake clay relief on the front to identify people's profession. Merchant town, people defined themselves by their work, aristocrats never do that, people want to live a record of their life. Inexpensive, small clay relief, reminded paint. Vegetables were important. Style is very odd, human figure gender is not important, no anatomy here, no obvious shoulder or elbow. Hand is big, the process of selling is important. Don't care about the portraiture, nor about the anatomy, nor about 3 dimensional phase. Table was shifted up, because they want to show the vegetable on the table, not from a consistent view point. Probably a slave, then get free, accomplish of their life.

Pantheon

The Early Empire Hadrian Hadrian adopted by Trajan. Originally the space in front of the Pantheon was colonnade (row of columns). Front column Corinthian, build with a single piece of stone called monoliths, unlike Greek stone, they are not segmented, not cut. Temple, pantheon means all gods. Originally built by Augustus , buried by fire, the 3 rd version pantheon. Roman temple base elevated, because modern city, now blow the ground. holes probably attached bronze at the top pediment. Front cannot see the dome. 142 feet. largest enclosed space without support until 19 century.

Model of an Insula (apartment house), Ostia,

The Early Empire Hadrian Ostia is the harbor of the Rome, only people lived here would be traders and merchants, shipped things go up to the Tiber. As Tiber moved, this area lost its purpose and abandoned. Middle class city, people in trade. Insula, means island, is a self-contained community. Paved street, usually preserved one to two stories, all building is brick face concrete, result of great fire under Nero. Fire burned down half of the city of Rome. After the fire, government passed building codes, you can have common walls, limited the height of building, still wood on the roof to support the tiles, wooden balcony or flooring. On the ground floor, big opening are shops, building combined business on the ground floor, apartment up above. The basic balcony designed to be attractive, pressurized water can only reach the second floor, big nice will be the second floor. The higher the smaller, drag water upstairs. Private toilet facilities were rare, only deluxe apartment had private toilet. None of the aristocrat live there.

Funerary Reliefs of midwife, Ostia

The Early Empire Hadrian found in a tomb, doctor is the husband, wife a midwife, wants us to know that her career and profession, showing woman giving birth. Special chair there was a hole, in the middle sitting in this chair. All figures are looking at us, like the vegetable vendors, they want to make contact with the viewer. Many of them were free slaves, the different between slave and people didn't matter, they chose to commemorate themselves through their work, that they are successful and important, want people to remember them.

Equestrian statue

The Early Empire Marcus Aurelius Last of the 5 good emperor, important because it is a surviving bronze, shows the emperor as a successful general, cast in lost wax method, originally it was gilded, Marcus was a philosopher, wrote a book called meditation, about philosophy Very intelligent ruler, Face ages in sad expression, tradition way to show roman power.

Colosseum (Flavian Amphitheater)

The Early Empire The Flavians Flavian Amphitheater means the shape of the building. Vespasian Build the Colosseum was politically shrewd. Give people the illusion that they have the political power even if they don't. entertain people. provide Roman the largest arena for gladiatorial combats and animal hunts, hold 50,000 spectators. Drained the artificial lake to build it, where the lake was belong to Nero's Domus Aurea, named Golden House of Nero. Get its nick name not because of the size but the location that was near a 120-foot-tall statue Colossus of Nero. A complex system of barrel-vaulted corridors held up the enormous oval seating area. During the fall of rome, the Colosseum serve as convenient quarry for building materials. Clearly designed lifted devices brought beasts from dens into the arena. Seats were designed according to social statues, important people close to arena, least on the top floor. 3 stories mixed Roman arches with Greek columns: 4th floor window, wooden poles held up an awning(遮篷). bottom Tuscan, similar to Doric with base. second floor Ionic columns third floor corinthian columns The diverse of proportions of the orders formed the basis for progression. Columns and a lintel to frame the openings to in facade, combine Greek post-lintel architecture namely arch, unified a multistories facade by casting a net of verticals and horizontals over it.

Portrait of a Roman general, Osimo

The Roman Empire The Republic from the sanctuary of Hercules, Tivoli Italy marble - the sculptor based this life-size portrait of a general on idealized Greek statues of heroes and athletes, but the man's head is a veristic style. The combination is typical of republican portraiture. - Romans believed the head or bust alone was enough to constitute a portrait. The Greek believe head and body were inseparable parts. - the cuirass (leather breastplate) at his side, which acts as a support for the heavy marble statue, is the emblem of his rank. - The incorporation of references to Greek art in these portrait statues evoked the notion of patrician cultural superiority. - to be portrayed nude also suggested the person possessed a heroic character.

Portrait of Vespasian

The Early Empire The Flavians Marble, 45cm He wants to show he is different from other emperor, go back to verstic style. A realistic image of what he looks like, chose this for - Distinguish himself from Nero, - suits his personality, didn't come royal family, fight from bottom, sound hard working ruler, pay his dues. A successful general who was famous for his military skills. Made a important political statement - break the tradition with Augustus established the roman emperor as an youthful god on earth. Although not brutally descriptive as Republican likeness, Portraits recorded his receding hairline and ageing, leathery skin. Vespasian's sculptors received veristic tradition of the Republic to underscore the elderly new emperor's republic values in contrast to Nero's self-indulgence and extravagance. This naturalistic portrait of the emperor Vespasian (reigned 69-79 C.E.) clearly shows the lined complexion of this battle-hardened emperor, and also the curious 'strained expression' . The loss of the nose is characteristic of the damage often suffered by ancient statues, either through deliberate mutilation or through falling or being toppled from their base. Vespasian was born in the Roman town of Reate (Rieti), a year of Chaos, Vespasian distinguished himself in military campaigns, suppress the rebellion. In Rome, emperors used official portraits to reach out to the public. They wanted the public to know that they are wise, experienced, and determined powerful leader Even though the portrait of Vespasian came from a larger statue, the attributes of the Roman Veristic Portraiture busts style can be clearly seen. He is identifiable, old, unflattering, battle-worn, and yet he gives us a sense of a powerful, wise and experienced leader.

Market of Trajan (adjacent to Trajan Forum ) by Apollodorus of Damascus

The Early Empire Trajan (adjacent to Trajan Forum ) shopping mall model, concrete shape space, use of groin vaults ( is a barrel vault that has been intercepted by a second barrel vault, that is perpendicular to it) long barrel vaults intersected by addition barrel vaults at right angles. Done by Appollodorus of Damascus, who build military structures, adept using concrete, let light in.

Column of Trajan

The Early Empire Trajan Basically made of drums of marble, stairs carved out of bronze, and painted. Base were Dacian a pile of weapons, laurel base. Forum of Trajan, the spiral frieze of Trajan's column tells the story of the Dacian wars in 150 episodes. The reliefs depicted all aspects of the campaigns, from battles to sacrifices to road and fort construction. 22 different layers, Trajan fought Dacian chronologically, beginning of the war, at way to top scene of sacrifice. Columns survived, currently there is statue of St. Peter, was bronze statue of Trajan, inside the columns is a spiral staircase. At the top a viewing platform, way above the basilica, fantastic view from above. Viewing platform was the largest one solid piece of marble, all lifted up, and whole exterior was carved. The band increases in width as it winds up to the top of the column, in order to make it easier to see. 125 figures and countless animals, painted by seen many figures with tool and bronze weapons were attached. Difficult for anyone to follow the narrative from beginning to end. Tell us two stories of campaigns, move into geographically to Dacian, moving forward in time. Sometimes figures turn their back, or trees marks the one episode to another episode.

Basilica Ulpia by Apollodorus of Damascus

The Early Empire Trajan Basilica Ulpia (Ulpia Trajan's family name). Central space called nave(教堂中殿), two rows of columns of on each side like aisles, Corinthian columns. Second story, called gallery, light enter through clerestory (天窗) windows, ceiling were timber beams, could not see the wood because covered with bronze, everywhere the surface cover with luxury materials. At the end of each side, each side had apses (semicircular recesses 半圆形后殿 ). Alter in apses, filled with statues (might be god or goddess, sacred), most elaborated area because it was set for Trajan conduct business, where a trail or judge sit or government conduct business. A basic model would be adopted for Christian churches. Apses would be change to alter. It is possible layout imitate reigning or military headquarters, architect designer Apollodorus of Damascus was part of Dacian war. Courtyard with public libraries, the literature was on scrolls made of papyrus to read.

Forum of Trajan

The Early Empire Trajan Trajan adopted by Nerva, ruled as solider, renovation of the Circus Maximus, enlargement of the Forum. Forum twice the size of the century-old forum of Augustus, dominated by basilica, and surround by 4 exedra. The forum glorified Trajan's victories in his two wars against Dacians. Trajan's chief military engineer Apollodorus of Damascus design the forum, he removed the hills that was in the way in order to build the forum, plan incorporated the main features of most early forums, except a huge basilica, dominated the colonnade（石柱廊) open square. Trajan Temple completed after the emperor's death and dedicated to the newest god Roman pantheon, Trajan himself. stood in front of basilica, facing two libraries, a giant commemorative column. Entry to Trajan's forum was triumph arch. Inside the forum reminders of Trajan's military prowess (super skills). A large glided bronze equestrian statue of the emperor stood at the the centre of the forum. columns of the forum porticos(柱廊) filled with Statues of defeated and captive Dacians.

Temple of Portunus, Rome Italy

The Roman Empire The Republic Temple of Fortuna Virilis, Rome Italy - Republic temples combined Etruscans plans and Greek elevations. - This stone temple employs the ionic order with flutes and bases, but it has a staircase and freestanding columns only at the front. - Ionic column derived from Greece. Compare with the parthenon, Portunues rised the base, column on the front free standing, back bring better limestone with plaster, different stones. - on a raised platform, only have steps in the front - directional on the front porch, worship directed in a specific way - Columns are decoration to the wall, which the wall support the celling. They want to create Greek style, but the basic orientation is more Etruscan. - Greek parthenon - enter from the front or the back, worship took place outside, statues of god inside, only priest got inside. Greek shape, Entruscan orieation in one direction. Priest stand the front of the temple to read signs from the skys.

Man with portrait busts of his ancestors

The Roman Empire The Republic from Roma, last first century Marble - Reflecting the importance patricians placed on genealogy, this toga-clad man proudly displays the portrait busts of his father and grandfather. Both are characteristically realistic likenesses. Patrician, wearing a toga two portrait busts of old men, representing ancestors. Bust to the left grandfather, right likely father. Busts indicate the importance of Roman ancestor worship, Only patricians could have ancestor busts status symbols - Style verists, used graphic depictions of the effect of old age to emphasis experience and authority of the patrician. - the heads reproductions of wax or terracotta portraits, serve as the spectacle of parading ancestral portraits at a patrician funeral. - the head of the body is more white than the head he was holding. Because museum put them together.

Funerary relief with portraits of the Gessii

The Roman Empire The Republic marble relief - Roman freedmen ( is a former slave who has been released from slavery, ) often placed reliefs depicting themselves and their former owners on the facades of their toms - The portraits and inscriptions celebrated their freedom and new status as citizens. - center citizen shown wearing a general's cuirass and portrayed in the veristic style. - depict a two men and a women, all named Gessius. At the left Gessia Fausta and at the right Gessius Primus. Roman million slaves, don't have a family, when they slaved, took their owner's name, didn't have any ancestors portrait, put it in the tomb, looks like family group. He might a soilder, both of two on the side may be his ex-slaves, could be brothers. - the relief depicts the living and the dead side by side, indistinguishable without the accompanying inscriptions.

Tuscan column

The Tuscan order is in effect a simplified Doric order, with un-fluted columns and a simpler entablature with no triglyphs (三竖花纹装饰) or guttae. made of wood, was un-fluted, had a base

Portraits of the four Tetrarchs

The late Empire Diocletian grab power also a solider emperor, came from humble beginning, father was slaved, he realised 2 problems: 1 too many defensive wars going on, one person cannot anywhere at once. 2: generals fight themselves. Solution: he choose to 3 other generals to share power, created a new form of government called Tetrarchy, Portraits of the four Tetrarchs (means rule by 4), two senior members two junior members, maybe inter marry each other daughters to secure this tight relationship. The senior is called Augustus, ruled until they retired, Junior members called Creaser, they step up to become Senior members and chose 2 senior and junior members. Instead of creating a family dynasty, he chooses this regular and orderly way to become successors. Public 2 statues, each statues two figures, only 4 foot 3 short, they are meant to be seen at ground level, pop out stone maybe on a column, so you look up at the statues. Made of porphyry (a purple stone), only comes from Egypt, purple is a color associate with royalty, stone is hard to carve it is incredibly dense, but if polished and last forever. They were outdoor statues, still have polish on it. We don't know where these originally put up. Venetian had merchant vassal, a tax that every ship come back had to bring a work of art to the Cathedral, St. Mark Venice, but not known where it originally places. Look the face, are not portraits, they don't look like individuals. They only thing distinguish them is each one figure got stubble beard, one figure is clean shaved, senior member looks older than the junior member. Diocletian create new costumes for them, instead of crown they wear hat, a hole which originally had gem stone, which was stolen. Faces were simple, exaggerated the eye lids, look like they are staring out at us, they had frown eye brow grim, but basically look like the same. Feet all flat, no weight distribution, legs like tube no sense of anatomy, all dress up identically, wearing breast plates amor with cloak on shoulder, may jewelry as pin on the shoulder, they have sword strap on their waist. Each figure on the same post, left hand on the regular sword, right hand are racing the co-ruler, hugging co-ruler. Such a change, at the end of classical world, artist had different aims, Augustus based on Greek, ideal and perfect. Who carved the Tetrarchs, had thrown out all the tradition, don't care about youthful ideal anatomy, all they care about the is political message. Any one sees get 4 emperors they are equal, they are hugging but they are ready to draw sword to fight each other as well, the system of 4 equal rulers, individuality does not matter. Political statement as clear as possible. Diocletian brings order to Roman world, after he retired collapse again into civil war, the winner of civil war was Constantine.

Baths of Caracalla

The late Empire Caracalla Resemble a modern health spa and included libraries, lecture halls, and exercise courts, in additon to bathing rooms and a swimming pool. build to win public's favor, all rooms had brick-faced concrete walls up by enormous concrete vaults display marble statuary, Lysippos's Herakles, whose muscular body must inspired Romans to exercise vigorously. windows can see the outside. Dome like the pantheon, not as big pantheon, but higher than it. water was constantly flew, centre hall the most ornate and important room. central hall, build out of concrete, 3 groin vault in the center. Huge concrete disguised by add column, like a palace, available to everybody 41 statues, more than that. copies of Greek art, associate with water, Gods of water, medicine, two statues Hercules, athlete looking statues, more like a museum and social. Person build this Caracalla the ruler, build this to show people what government can do for people. Woman separated, the way segregated gender is the sign says: hours open in the morning for man, and close for woman for a while, and open for man again. Emperor want to keep in touch with people, sometimes go to this bath, Hadrian. All equal, salves allowed to go to bath as well, rich man bring slaves carrying towels and clothes, display their wealth. Odd thing, pipe take water out, and lots jewelry out of pipes, wearing jewelries as in the bath to show their wealth.

Baths of Caracalla -2

The late Empire Caracalla Resemble a modern health spa and included libraries, lecture halls, and exercise courts, in additon to bathing rooms and a swimming pool. build to win public's favor, all rooms had brick-faced concrete walls up by enormous concrete vaults display marble statuary, Lysippos's Herakles, whose muscular body must inspired Romans to exercise vigorously. windows can see the outside. Dome like the pantheon, not as big pantheon, but higher than it. water was constantly flew, centre hall the most ornate and important room. central hall, build out of concrete, 3 groin vault in the center. Huge concrete disguised by add column, like a palace, available to everybody 41 statues, more than that. copies of Greek art, associate with water, Gods of water, medicine, two statues Hercules, athlete looking statues, more like a museum and social. Person build this Caracalla the ruler, build this to show people what government can do for people. Woman separated, the way segregated gender is the sign says: hours open in the morning for man, and close for woman for a while, and open for man again. Emperor want to keep in touch with people, sometimes go to this bath, Hadrian. All equal, salves allowed to go to bath as well, rich man bring slaves carrying towels and clothes, display their wealth. Odd thing, pipe take water out, and lots jewelry out of pipes, wearing jewelries as in the bath to show their wealth.

Arch of Constantine top

The late Empire Constantine Top: 4 on each side, standing sculptures - Dacian prisoners in period of Trajan. Not Roman, had hands tied, foreign captive tells by hair beard and dresses. Statues were torn from Trajan, called spolia (repurposed building stone for new construction, or decorative sculpture reused in new monuments), the majority of decoration were spolia. The panel between Dacian are Marcus Aurelius: - Marcus Aurelius was distributing largess to the poor, sitting on the stool, people received the handout, emphasize the family got child on the man's shoulder. Marcus curly hair and beard, it's been recut that looks like Constantine, looks like his giving out money to the poor. Trajan's recut looks like Constantine. - Left - foreign king has been captured, and Marcus Aurelius receive prisoners. - Right- Marcus speaking to his solider, and making a sacrifice before the battle. - Left - other side - arrival of Marcus into Rome - Right- other side - distribution of largess, submission of barbarian prisoners - Classical ancient Greek and Roman tradition, standing contrapposto.

Arch of Constantine

The late Empire Constantine Triumph arch, traditional building, voted by the senator to a general for a great victory. In the past always voted for foreign conquest, this one is different, commemorate a battle of Milvian bridge, Constantine conquest Italy Rome, fight fellow Roman, civil war between 2 people seize power. Senator voted immediately after that and completed by 315 within 3 years. Decoration on all 4 sides, three archways, central is triumph way, military parade when general return, Constantine march this way down to central Rome. two sides passenger way. Roundels, period of Hadrian. Came from some monument, but don't know where, to honor Hadrian, he lived a peace era, demonstrate his courage, show him hunting and give them to the gods after each hunt. Hadrian was the first emperor had beard, his hair recut to look like Constantine. South side 1. Hadrian departure for hunt - Sacrifice to the god Silvanus 2. Bear hunt - sacrifice to the goodness Diana North side 1. Boar hunt - sacrifice to the god Apollo 2. Aftermath a lion hunt - sacrifice to the Hercules. Spolia from different era, Hadrian, Trajan, Marcus, it's not accident, 3 emperors are the most admired in 5 good emperors. By taking images of them, and put Constantine features into them, showing he is going to be like them, who were good emperors, bring glory to Rome.

Distribution of largesse

The late Empire Constantine What's new: below the Roundels, a band of friezes cut specifically for the arch, tell story of how Constantine come to power. Left - show army making way to Verona, to attack another Roman emperor, Maxentius Constantine troops siege to Verona, siege Maxentius troops Right - Battle scene of Milvian bridge Constantine enter Rome Imperial address at the forum, and the distribution of largess money. Constantine on the center, staring at us, no head, maybe head carved in a better quality stone attached, and over time it fell off. Based on the outline his head must be big than the people around him, he raised up, officials hand out to receive money. 12 coins shaking out. Senators on the top bigger than average people, got hierarchy scale here, emperor sit in the middle and head is bigger. Proportion of figures are short and stunted and squat, big heads, only little tubes for legs, no contrapposto, no weight shift, body were flat and to show the cloth and crude pattern hang over them. Up above, those official are counting out money, keep scrolls and records, really simplified. Like the basilica, the second story of gallery. Constantine would sit in asp, people would in front of him and flat out from the middle, lines of people on the side instead of perspective way seeing it, symmetrical band, with emperor in the middle.

Battle of Romans and barbarians Sarcophagus

The late Empire Ludovisi Battle Sarcophagus marble carved Sarcophagus Roman tradition cremated their death, 2 centuries there is change from cremation to burial, not sure why happened. As life become unstable, people turn to religion and turn mystery cults, because a secrete initiation and create a relationship between you and god, what common is they offer people salvation after death, a better life after death. If the present is falling apart, people want reassurance to be better after death. Change from cremation to burial, maybe show respect for the dead and preserve the body to be resurrected. People want carved beautiful coffin to memorized someway. Sarcophagus (Ludovisi Battle scene or Battle of romans and barbarians), marble, beautified covered with sculpture, not know who buried. Maybe one of the emperor solider. Sense of anatomy, because no sense of space here, it is a wired composition. Every inch covered with tangle of people and horses, chaotic. Barbarian, gods, faces are expressive. Gods at the lower part of the composition, Roman soldiers wearing helmet carrying weapons. One figure pop out holding horse string, not showing his one leg, does not make sense. His is in the middle stands out for a few reason: 1. his face look like a portrait, distinct haircut, lost his helmet, his arm thrown wide, lost his weapon, fearless in the agony and chaos. He is holding an axe, means he is initiated into a mystery cult, which is popular in the army. Baptism by blood, if you had initiation you believe have better life after death. Maybe his unarmed to show his confidence and affirmation of his belief, he knows he is safe in a chaos. It reflects the time period of chaos. A turning away from classical tradition, that is an adventure of more complex style, less concerned with elegance. It is clear to see who the Roman, who the enemies Goths, Roman portrait themselves as good guys noble, heroic. Goths look character with puffy noses, cheeks, wild expression on their faces - means barbarians- foreigners.

Heroic portrait of Trebonianus Gallus

The late Empire Solider emperors A period of chaos, 47 periods 25 emperors, no one build anything, solider emperors, seize power and grab power, declare themselves emperor. Most art is portraits. Heroinic nudity. Made out of bronze, one hand up, leaning a spear a weapon on his hand. big drapery, had solider boots. Clearly someway refer to the past Greek gods and hero. His right foot balance himself, shift his hips, legs rest on his torso(躯干) is ugly, its ugly. It's lumpy looking than showing a man powerful. Odd status, right arm looks thin compare to the rest of torso, not connected to body muscle. Head is small to his body, typical solider hair style cut change, always had stubble, short beard. Took chisel for the beard and hair. Wrinkle brow, cast shadow over his eye, suspicious and nervousness looking, like salvage pieces to band them together, wants to put a statue to as soon as possible, scavenge hideous statue.

The Etruscans

What survived is found in large underground tombs, painted murals in tombs shows scenes of daily life resemble to Etruscan homes, evidence of daily life tools close and connect the world of dead to that of living. 1. Status found in temples 2. tombs lids for sarcophagi not indo-eurpan language, cannot decipher, precusor of Roman, influenced Roman. Similar to Greek gods, sacrifice animals like the Greek, had pries

Triumphal Arch

large arch the emperor would march his troops trough to symbolizes the victorious end of a campaign

Sant'Apollinare Nuovo, Ravenna, dedicated to Chris -3

on the throne, virgin Marry, with Chris child on her hand. She is in purple, intend as queen in heaven. Early, there is a huge dispute over the nature of the Chris, is he divine, or god come to earth, or human, or the combination of the two. King built church emphasize his humanity, the pope on the side said Chris as combination with human and divine. Problem, if Chris human Mary is a mother, half divine how he had human mother. So issue that Mary was god bearer, she worships herself. People worship her, angels on her side.