Art Appreciation Final
Synagogue
Jewish house of worship
Hieroglyphs
Pictures and other written symbols that stand for ideas, things, or sounds
Altar
a sacrificial or offertory table
Arcade
a structure composed of a series of arches supported by columns
Documentary
in artistic or written forms, work that records actual events as they happened
Imam
Islamic prayer leader, the one charged with the duty to issue the call to prayer at appointed times.
Animist
The belief that spirits are associated with objects in the natural world.
Stupa
a Buddhist monument signifying the presence of relics of Sakyamuni Buddha or sacred objects associated with the beliefs. Formed of an earthen mound, faced with brick, stone, or stucco. Worshippers circumambulate outside the stupa, rather than enter it
Pagoda
a Buddhist structure in China, Japan, elsewhere that signifies the practice of Buddhism in that place. The form evolved from the burial mound conception of the Stupa that appeared in India as the primary structural symbol of the belief system, as it spread to China and took on the native architectural form of the watchtower.
Basilica
a Roman building used for public administration
Wattle and Daub
a framework of interwoven sticks and mud or clay used to build homes
Frieze
a horizontal row of relief sculpture or painting on a building
Mandala
a ritual diagram with cosmic significance. Used by many different religions, and either circular or containing circular components, often designed for contemplation of specific teachings or tenets related to the particular belief system. varieties are used in diverse sects of Hinduism, Buddhism, Native American tribal worship, and others.
Sarcophagi
a stone coffin, typically adorned with a sculpture or inscription and associated with the ancient civilizations of Egypt, Rome, and Greece.
Minaret
a tower, usually tall and slender, associated with a mosque and signifying Islamic presence in a location.
Qibla
This wall in a mosque always faces Mecca.
Migrant Mother, Dorothea Lange
-hired by a new deal program (FSA), Lange traveled up and down California to document the lives of the states newest residents, migrant workers ~Pea picking camp ~Lange sent photos to Washington and government aid was sent shortly afterwards ~6 kids ~Great Depression and Dust BOwl -of florence Thompson and her kids (3 pictured)
Ethical Judgement
an alternative decision between being morally right or morally wrong.
Industrial revolution
period during the late eighteenth and nineteenth centuries in western Europe and the United States when industry quickly developed due to the invention of steam-powered engines and the growth of factories. Fundamental changes occurred in agriculture, textile and metal manufacture, transportation, economic and policies, and had a major impact on how people lived
Muse
personification of knowledge and the arts, and inspiration to write, sculpt, and compose
Las Meninas, Diego Velasquez
~(ladies in waiting), 1656. Princess, everyone looking at her, entertainment, chaperone, solider, painter Casual family portrait (princess checking in on her parents)
Grave Goods
artifacts interred with deceased members of family or tribes.
Terracotta Army, Unknown
famous arrangement of 6,000 clay soldiers meant to guard the grave of the first emperor of China.
Propaganda
information (written, verbal, artistic) that promotes a particular viewpoint or set of ideas about a person or event. The word indicates information that is biased, misleading, or sometimes hidden that is used in order to influence views, beliefs, or behavior
Ampitheatre
literally a double theatre. Roman building resembling two Greek theatres combined.
Gallery
narrow recessed balcony area along an upper floor on the interior of a building
Avant-garde
new and unusual or experimental ideas, especially in the arts, or the people introducing them.
Leo, 48 Inches High, 8 Years Old, Picks Up Bobbins at 15c a day, Lewis Hine
oHe always puts in the worst things in the titles(to fill in gaps so it can't be interpreted in any other way than what he intends) ~Child labor laws
Great Stupa, Unknown
oWas covered in shining white plaster made of ground up seashells oStupas- solid mounds enclosing a relic oHoused the Buddha's remains after he was cremated oThere were 8 original stupas that held his body oOne venerates the buddha by circumambulating- walking clockwise around the stupa oFence keeps purity in and bad out •Mandala: diagram of the cosmos, as envisioned in Buddhism oSpiritual map oMost sacred in the middle oStupas are built as a type of mandala
Caricature
portrait containing features or characteristics exaggerated for comic effect
Ethical Values
principles that determine one proper behavior in society.
Aniconic
the avoidance of figural imagery within a religion
Oculus
the round central opening of a dome
Censorship
the suppression of art and other forms of communication considered to be objectionable or harmful for moral, political, or religious reasons.
Appropriation
the use of pre-existing objects or images with little or no transformation applied to them.
Forum
A Roman public meeting place
Parthenon, Iktinos and Kallikrates
•Greek goals- Idealism, Rationalism, Humanism •Built on the Acropolis-Center of the city, highest point- for protection •Only one path to the Parthenon- one rational way to approach a building (not form the front). Going from front is irrational because you can't see the whole building all at once, coming from the side you know how long and big it is (rational way to walk up to a building) •Proportions, math, reason •Golden mean oComes from nature oSupposed to be ideal proportions oSometimes simplified as rule of thirds- never want horizon line in middle o Shells, Mono Lisa. Parthenon Algebraic formula: x=2y+1 •8 columns on the short side: x=2(8)+1 (x=17)17 columns on long side •This also applies to many lengths, widths, etc.. •Optical corrections/refinements oCounteract optical effect, make work look organism and dynamic (how we look at world) oFloor curves up (in middle) oColumns tilt in (at top) oColumns swell (at top) oCorner columns are wider o Humanistic approach to gods and architectural design •Flying buttressesribbed vaults (trying to stop tall ass buildings from falling over)
Breakfast Scene from Marriage a la Mode, William Hogarth
•William Hogarth critiques upper classes ideas of marriage, wealth, and mortality. This series depicts "fashionable marriage"
Mausoleum
An above-ground structure designed for entombment of the deceased.
Stele
-a stone or wooden slab, generally taller than it is wide, erected usually in Greek cemeteries as a monument, for funerary or commemorative purposes. -a blend of Greco-Roman and Palmyrene (and larger Parthian) styles and cultural influences.
Diety
A god or goddess
Cantilever
A projecting beam anchored without support
Ziggurat
A rectangular tiered temple or terraced mound erected by the ancient Assyrians and Babylonians
Colonnade
A series or row of columns, usually spanned by lintels.
Aesthetics
A set of principles concerned with the nature and appreciation of beauty, especially in art.
Post-and-Lintel
A structure consisting of vertical beams (posts) supporting a horizontal beam (lintel)
Logo
A symbol or design that serves to identify an organization or institution
Household, Allan Kaprow
Happenings •A type of performance art in which the viewer has to participate •Attempted to integrate art into life •They include chance and are temporary •Part improvised part scripted •Allan kaprow invented the in the late 1950s •Flash mobs are often considered a modern form of Happening (but are more scripted) •They usually relate to larger themes or issues, but it can be hard to identify these •Allan Kaprow, Household, 1964 oHad no spectators, only participants oIt occurred in a trash dump and its meaning is unclear, although it is related to the roles of man and woman in the household
Fallingwater, Frank Lloyd Wright
~All site specific ~Built over a stream and waterfalls ~Kauffman commissioned the work, was doubtful when he saw the plans, and sent them to an engineer who said it wouldn't work ~When he told Wright, the architecture said he didn't deserve the house and to return the plans ~Kauffman apologized and it was built ~Emphasis on using local materials, ones that reflect the area, use local stones and wood ~Includes cantilever roofs (only supported on one side)-which are only supported on one end and are possible with steel reinforced concrete oFocuses on combining organic nature and new techniques, materials oYou can't choose your own furniture- all reflect the colors and shapes of the house o"You should treat your house like you treat a painting)
Palace of Versailles, Louis le Vau
~French King Louis XIV decided to move the capital from Paris to Versailles (The Sun King) ~meant to take nobles, aristocrats out of their comfort zones-would have been staying with the king rather than their homes ~meant to show the glory of France, overdoes it and leads to the French Revolution ~palace becomes symbolic of the excess of the crown and nobles ~lowerclass overthrew the king ~700 rooms ~Baroque style furniture/decoration- focus on drama, theatrics, grandeur ~Hall of Mirrors (357 mirrors)
Shield Jaguar and Lady Xoc, Unknown
~Lady Xook pulls a thorned cord through her tongue so that she can bleed onto paper that fills a basket on the ground before her. She is engaged in bloodletting—the ritual shedding of blood. Her husband, Shield Jaguar II, holds a lit torch above her. The glyphs (writing) on the top note Lady Xook's titles, and mention that the events depicted occurred on 28 October 709 C.E. ~In this carved lintel made of limestone sometime around 725 CE, Lady Xoc (pronounced "shoke") kneels before her husband, King Shield Jaguar the Great who holds a burning torch, as she pulls as rope with thorns through a hole in her tongue. Blood drips down onto paper in a basket on the ground. The following lintel shows her burning the papers in order to conjure up a royal ancestor, who bears an uncanny resemblance to her husband. ~Mayan Queen
Maria Luisa of Parma Wearing Panniers, Fransisco Goya
~Royal marriages were intended to foster allegiances and cement alliances. The bride and groom generally did not meet one another until after lengthy negotiations were completed and the wedding date was near. It was not uncommon for portraits of the prospective couple to be exchanged; ~Maria Luisa of Parma depicts the fourteen-year-old bride-to-be holding a snuffbox in her right hand containing a miniature portrait of her future husband inside its lid. ~This portrait is a statement about the prestige and power she will bring to the marriage, and a congratulatory note to the groom's family on the beauty and worth of the mutually beneficial asset they are gaining. ~Twenty-four years after her portrait by Pécheux, Maria Luisa was thirty-eight years old and had borne ten children, five of whom were still alive, when Francisco Goya created this portrait, Maria Luisa Wearing Panniers. Francisco Goya was named painter to the court of Charles IV and Maria Luisa in 1789, and in celebration of Charles IV's ascension to the throne, created a portrait of the King, to go along with the Queen's portrait. Neither the years nor Goya were kind to Maria Luisa. (Between 1771 and 1799, she would have fourteen living children, six of whom grew to adulthood, and ten miscarriages.) In Goya's depiction, s
Last Judgement, Michelangelo
~Sistine Chapel -20+ years after doing the fresco on the cieling, Michelangelo was asked to do another one on the alter wall ~Assumes that the viewer is reasonable/logical ~Renaissance= reason, logic, science ~Reformation=exact opposite- pessimism, mystery, supernatural Last Judgement= ~right side rising up to heaven, left side down to hell colors are much more vibrant after cleaning ~different than the cieling ~logic was our downfall
The Dinner Party, Judy Chicago
~collaborative project- 300 female artists worked on (they're thanked but the work is under Judy Chicago becasue she planned it) ~Depicts place settings for dinner around a table representing women through history
The Table, Juan Gris
~round table (would be in a cafe for breakfast or snack, dinner would be a square table) ~bottles- water bottles, only one just at different points in time ~book-collage on page of a novel-that part is real-lie that is a full novel
Fountain, Marcel Duchamp
~sent to a nonjuried show with a different name ~they don't realize its Marcel Duchamp's and put it in ~Referencing Mott's plumbing and his fav cartoon Mutt and Jeff
Pantheon, Unknown
~took from numerous cultures to make the empire more cohesive ~Pantheon=total groups of gods-->focuses on all the gods ~Borrowing from Greek architechture (post and lintel, columns) ~Different from Greeks (dome) ~Romans wouldn't have been use to well lit rooms (oculus=eye-opening of dome)
Colosseum, Unknown
~used to have a temporary fabric roof ~gladiator fights ~criminals assigned to X# of matches-if win all-free ~slaves, war prisoners, volunteers (money and fame) ~rooms underneath allow animals/people to be sent in at any time to keep interest ~mock sea battles (pipes to flood it, did the so public could see these battles) ~these events were free to make people happy/placate them (made them forgt taxes, government, ect) Clear hierarchy where everyone gets to sit ~can be emptied/filled in half hour ~emperor decides outcome
Dome of the Rock, Unknown
~wooden roof, decorated with glazed ceramic tile, mosaics, and gilt aluminum and bronze dome ~Sits atop the Haram al-Sharif, the highest point in old Jerusalem, ~not a mosque ~At the center of the Dome of the Rock sits a large rock, which is believed to be the location where Abraham was prepared to sacrifice his son Ismail (Isaac in the Judeo/Christian tradition). Today, Muslims believe that the Rock commemorates the night journey of Muhammad. One night the Angel Gabriel came to Muhammad while he slept near the Kaaba in Mecca and took him to al-Masjid al-Aqsa (the farthest mosque) in Jerusalem. From the Rock, Muhammad journeyed to heaven, where he met other prophets, such as Moses and Christ, witnessed paradise and hell and finally saw God enthroned and circumambulated by angels. ~Jerusalem ~Sacred to Jews, Christians, Muslims, and Romans
The Unicorn in Captivity, Unknown
• Unicorns were long believed to be real • Narwhal tusks were used as evidence • Most people had no seen rhinos, elephants, lions, etc. and evidence of them served as evidence that other animals, like unicorns, might also exists • Symbolic of purity- white • Symbolic of Christ (resurrection, rarity, purity) • Often believed only a pure virgin could tame a unicorn
