ART FINAL 2

Aaron Douglas

One of the most vibrant movements of the time tool place in Harlem. NE of manhattan. Was and is home to greatest talents in music, actors, poets, scientists, educators... 3 experiences -rich heritage of Africa -Ugly legacy of Slavery -The realities of modern urban life. ______ developed a unique silhouette style that owes much to African art and that would define later African-American art. This work was painted for the Harlem branch of the New York public library under the sponsorship of the Roosevelt's "New Deal" program the Public Works of Art Project.

The Bridge

Revolt against academic painting and establish a new aesthetic that would form _______ between the German past and a modern enlightened experience. Kirchner

Andre Breton

AT THE SAME TIME IN FRANCE, A VERY DIFFERENT GROUP OF ARISTS WORKED IN REVOLT TO RATIONALISM AND LOGIC. __________ was a poet who trained in medicine and psychiatry and served in a neurological hospital during WWI. He used Freudian analysis on shell-chocked soldiers. He published Manifesto of Surrealism in 1924 in which he describes his interpretation of Freud's theory that the mind is a battleground where irrational forces of the unconscious mind battle rational oppressive forces of the conscious one. So he and other Surrealists developed strategies to liberate the unconscious through dream analysis, free association, automatic writing, word games and hypnotic trances. Some techniques were Automatism - To release the mind from conscious control and to produce surprising new juxtapositions of imagery and forms. Frottage and Grattage - A rubbing on paper or scraping of paint to inspire emerging images.

Regionalist Grant Wood, American Gothic (1930), Art Institute of Chicago

American scene painting - speaking to American values. Wood studied in Paris as many artists did. Northern Renaissance painting seems to be referenced. both real and symbolic with use of geometry and structure. The stock market has crashed and some see this painting as an eco of anti-internationalism ICON painting A father and a daughter (really his dentist and his sister) So many contested readings. hard working ,home town America, everything appears to be home-made as opposed to the industrial culture. The figures act as a barrier as they are right in front.

Readymade

An object that is manufactured. A sculpture style attributed to Duchamp. Bicycle Wheel by Marcel Duchamp (July 28, 1877 - October 2, 1968), French ______ sculpture, 1913 A _______ sculpture is a sculpture style attributed to Duchamp. Duchamp would take everyday objects, take them out of their everyday context, and alter their purpose. A bicycle wheel turned upside-down and attached to a stool becomes a sculpture. It's the idea of 'art for art's sake'. A ______ was meant to challenge the viewer's conception of what constituted art.

avant garde

Color and form were the building blocks of the ____. ______ was originally a military term, referring to the detachment of soldiers that went first into battle. By the 1880s, younger artists began to refer to themselves as the ___________.

photomontage

Dadaists expanded the Cubist notion of collage with ___________ - A collage made of photographs and prints.

Readymade

Duchamp used this urinal to create a ______ sculpture. The idea of taking an everyday object, placing it in a gallery setting and calling it art challenged the notion of what we call art. Duchamp titled this piece Fountain and signed it with a pseudonym, R. Mutt. Duchamp was part of an art movement called Dada. Dada was essentially an art movement that began in Switzerland. It rejected traditional notions of art and was a forerunner to abstract art. Purely prevocational, It was his goal to make a work that would have to be rejected as a comment on the true nature of exhibiting and making art. This work is one of the most transgressive in history. In response to the rejection of Fountain, Duchamp resigned from the Society in mock horror and took out an anonymous editorial in the Dada journal detailing what he described as the scandal of the R. Mutt case. the alchemy of the artist, transforms this into art. Juries were always selecting traditional work. Art is the transformation of materials into something new or to have us see things in a new way. Can art be sure philosophy and pure theory?

True

Dutch artist discovered cubism on a trip to Paris in 1912 and he began to abstract animals, trees and landscapes searching for their essential form. After WWI abstract art took a new turn in the Netherlands. This rational beauty involved an inner visual construction of nature consisting of balances between two opposing forces such as hot and cold or male and female. two kinds of beauty: 1) sensual or subjective beauty 2) higher, rational and universal beauty.

True

Exploring their artistic roots, American artists often studied in Europe, taking advantage of the museums. Many European artists explored new opportunities in America. But American artists were all aware of the new art being shown in Europe. In America, Romanticism was often expressed in the glorification of the landscape. Bingham paints the air heavy with the golden light of dawn about to break. The boat glides silently, as father and son both look our way. Adding to the mystery of this piece, a bear cub is chained to the prow. Mary Cassatt, an American artist, moved to Paris where she portrayed intimate, domestic scenes of mothers and children (genre). The Boating Party, painted in bold, simplified forms, broad areas of color and "bird's eye view" reflects the influence of Japanese prints, which were recently introduced through museums in Europe. True or False

Fantasy

Giorgio de Chirico proclaimed, "that we should rid art of all that it has contained of recognizable material." _______ art entered the realms of childhood visions and dreams. No sign of nature appears in The Disquieting Muses, composed of ancient Rome, the Renaissance and the Industrial Revolution, represented by the Classical columns, the statue and the factory. By contrast, the Futurists decided that motion itself was the glory of the new 20th century. Boccioni's Unique Forms of Continuity in Space represents a striding human figure imagined in the light of contemporary science. The sleek surfaces and wind-swept form suggests the power and possibilities of life in the modern world.

Symbolism

The soul-cry of the age. These artists focused on death, anxiety, pessimism, and despair.

Fauvists

These artists were interested in the disharmonies of color. These works proved controversial at the Salon due to the thick swatches of color and the crude usages of unnatural color. Despite the uproar, Gertrude and Leo Stein, the most important and influential patrons of avant-garde art at the time and siblings, purchased the work the year it was displayed.

cubism

This painting of Nude Descending a Staircase is one of the most significant ______ paintings in art history. The single figure walking down a flight of stairs is shown in movement by superimposing successive phases of each movement on each other. This monochromatic painting shows the dynamic painting style of _______. Influenced by stroboscope photography - sequential camera images show movement by freezing successive instants.

CUBISM

While in Paris, Duchamp experimented with _______, and one of his paintings would be the most controversial in the Armory Show. The Armory Show - 1913 International Exhibition of Modern Art organized by the Association of American Painters and Sculptors. The first large exhibition of modern art in America Tri-city show - New York, Chicago, and Boston

Edward Weston

_______, a photographer, was well-known for his sensual studies of natural objects such as this pepper. The image, shown in varying gray tones, is an up-close study of an often overlooked everyday object.

Vienna

____________ - highest rate of suicide than any other city of that time. Influenced by Freud - exploring the deeper recesses of the psyche.

Pablo Picaso

______________ Transformed Modern art in: Form Meaning Conceptual framework

Primitivism

the widespread tendency among Modern artists to scour the art of other cultures beyond the Western tradition for inspiration.

Piet Mondrian

Composition with Red, Blue, Yellow by ______ (March 7, 1872-February 1, 1944), Dutch 1930, Oil, 20x20" Abstract, non-representational, Neo-plasticism (de stijl) He was concentrating on a new aesthetic for harmony. The universal elements for him were straight lines, the primary colors and rectangular shapes The notion of art as being a kind of agency for peace and World change was a new, optimistic and exciting idea. This _______ painting is an even further departure from realism. In this painting, flat fields of primary colors are solid, not varying. Black divisional lines restrict the composition to horizontals and verticals. Here _________'s colors and lines balance a harmony of opposites that he called "dynamic equilibrium" He achieved this by carefully plotting the arrangement of colors, shapes and visual weight. They group asymmetrically around the perimeter of the canvas and allow the white to act as a fulcrum or pivotal resting place for the eye. ________ hoped to be the worlds last artist because although he saw art as bringing humanity to everyday life, when the "universal beauty" of De Stijl infused all aspects of life, there would be no need for art.

The Blue Rider

Concern for developing an art that would turn people away from false values and toward spiritual rejuvenation. Kandinsky

Fauvism

Wanted to move further down the expressive path of the post-impressionists. Use of wild, unexpected, and disharmonious colors. Subjective Color. ________did not last long, a mere three years or so, but was crucial for the development of modern art. __________ was part of a larger trend in Europe called Expressionism, which arose as artists came to believe that the fundamental purpose of art was to express their intense feelings toward the world. In Germany, artists were disillusioned by plagues, wars, economic depression, and an oppressive government. The bright colors of the Post-Impressionists and the __________ are used in a subjective way, and shapes are further distorted to focus on emotional impact.

Regionalists

________ 1930's rural American artists paint Midwestern themes.

De Stijl

________ a higher rational universal beauty

Braque

_________ was born in France where he trained as a decorator. His painting began when he moved to Paris and inspired by Fauvism and Cézanne, he established his own ideas of compressed space and altered forms. Their initial pursuit of broken and distorted forms as expressive was Analytic Cubism A relatively small scale still-life painting that the two artists would have started out experimenting with. In it, the gradual move toward abstraction of recognizable space and subject matter are made evident. The forms are all pushed toward the pictorial plane right on the surface rather than within an illusionary space. Where there are identifiable items, they are fragmented in order to harmoniously coexist within the compositional whole.

Gustave Klimt

___________ is known for his powerful and erotic forms along with his symbolic and sexual themes. His work explores cycles of love, death and regeneration. He greatly influenced our next artist, Egon Schiele.

Early 20th Century Historical Contributions

1900-Sigmund Freud The Interpretation of Dreams 1903-Wright Brothers Flew the first power-driven aircraft 1905-Einstein Introduces the Theory of Relativity (matter is not just a solid but a source of energy) 1913-Ford Cars role off of the assembly line. 1914-World War

Expressionism

A general term for art that emphasizes inner feelings and emotions over objective depiction.

Frottage & Grattage

A rubbing on paper or scraping of paint to inspire images.

Futurists

By contrast, the ______ decided that motion itself was the glory of the new 20th century. Boccioni's Unique Forms of Continuity in Space represents a striding human figure imagined in the light of contemporary science. The sleek surfaces and wind-swept form suggests the power and possibilities of life in the modern world. The ______ manifesto, written by poet Filippo Marinetti, called for a new art of "violence, energy, and boldness" that would proclaim the wonders of the machine age, an age "enriched by a new beauty; the beauty of speed". Scientific discoveries about movement and time obsessed the _________.

Man Ray

Dada, or the nonsense of the everyday Before arriving in Paris, _____was associated with the New York Dada group, which included the artist Marcel Duchamp. As a loosely-affiliated group of like-minded artists, they were particularly interested in using humor and antagonism to question the definition of a work of art. Re-defining art was prevalent in Duchamp's Readymades, such as his Bicycle Wheel, a sculpture made by conjoining a bicycle wheel and a stool, two utilitarian objects. Surrealists sought to release society from cultural constraints and the need to conform to social norms, which they felt curtailed people's desires to live as they wished.

Cubism

Contrasting with the Expressionists' emphasis on color were two Parisians that sought to concentrate on the representation of form in space. Pablo Picasso, at age 26, painted Les Demoiselles d'Avignon, a pivotal work in the development of 20th century art. Following Cézanne's advice on form, Picasso rocked the art world with this shockingly geometric version of nudes. The figure-ground begins to flatten and meld together. Picasso consciously broke traditions that had been followed since the Renaissance period. Form is fragmented like diamond facets to present multiple viewpoints, rather than the fixed position required of linear perspective. This painting is our first glimpse of the ______ movement. These prostitutes are far from enticing with their disturbing, angular forms. Note the use of the Egyptian eye on the left and the "primitive" African masks on the right. The Africans were adept at the use of abstraction to produce startling effects long before the Europeans.

Jacob Lawrence

Created the migration Series

Frida Kahlo

Facial hair indelibly marks the self portraits of Mexican artist _______. In an era when women still wore elaborate hairstyles, hosiery, and attire, _____ was a rebellious loner, often dressed in indigenous clothing. Moreover, she lived as an artist during a period when many middle-class women sacrificed their ambitions to live entirely in the domestic sphere. _____ flouted both conventions of beauty and social expectations in her self-portraits. These powerful and unflinching self images explore complex and difficult topics including her culturally mixed heritage, the harsh reality of her medical conditions, and the repression of women. This work reveals her in her two identities as having both European and Mexican heritages (father was German and mother was Mexican) This work alludes to her constant pain, as well as the Aztec custom of human sacrifice by heart removal. She investigates identity and sexuality as well.

Cubism

Form is fragmented to present multiple viewpoints, rather than the fixed position required of linear perspective. Fragmented, multiple viewpoints

Constructivism

Founded by Vladimir Tatlin. advanced ideas about art should be put to practical use. Soon condemned by the soviet regime.

Readymade

Fountain by Marcel Duchamp (July 28, 1877 - October 2, 1968), French ________________, 1917 Duchamp used this urinal to create a _______ sculpture. The idea of taking an everyday object, placing it in a gallery setting and calling it art challenged the notion of what we call art. Duchamp titled this piece Fountain and signed it with a pseudonym, R. Mutt. Duchamp was part of an art movement called Dada. Dada was essentially an art movement that began in Switzerland. It rejected traditional notions of art and was a forerunner to abstract art. Purely prevocational, It was his goal to make a work that would have to be rejected as a comment on the true nature of exhibiting and making art. This work is one of the most transgressive in history. In response to the rejection of Fountain, Duchamp resigned from the Society in mock horror and took out an anonymous editorial in the Dada journal detailing what he described as the scandal of the R. Mutt case. "The only work of art America has given are its plumbing and bridges" ... "Whether Mr. Mutt with his own hands made the fountain or not has no importance, He CHOSE it... He created a new thought for that object". the alchemy of the artist, transforms this into art. Juries were always selecting traditional work. Art is the transformation of materials into something new or to have us see things in a new way. Can art be sure philosophy and pure theory?

Non-Objective

He wanted to eliminate subject matter to let the art speak directly Kandinsky used music as an inspiration and example of his ideas

Picasso

He was mostly conservative in his painting during his teenage years at the National Academy in Madrid showing a bright future. His restless spirit however, lead him to Barcelona 1899, where he involved himself in avant-garde circles. He traveled to Paris and moved there permanently in 1904 He became fascinated with the subjects of traveling acrobats and rarely depicted them performing but preferred to focus on the hardships of their existence on the margins of society. Born in Spain, _____ was a child prodigy of art. Later, he incorporated African images into his artwork and his encounter with "primitive" art would be a decisive moment in his career. _______ greatly admired the expressive power and formal strangeness of the masks and since African art was relatively inexpensive, he bought several to keep in his studio. non traditional elements, merging figure and ground, fragmenting of elements and figures

True

Here the industrial-age political leaders stand as fractured giants among the things they have produced. The fragmentation is defining of culture at the time and she is also commenting on how she is treated as a woman. The Kitchen Knife reference and the inclusion of men as the object of pride and ridicule. Some Dadaists believed art was dead and it was useless to try and create beauty in a world that could destroy itself. Dadaists often attempted to anti aesthetic but ironically, only created a "new" one. At the time she created this work, she was attacked for lacking in originality. Early in 1917 Hugo and Ball and a friend start up the Galerie Dada as well as a magazine Dada, which captured the mind of like-minded artist and writers in several European capitals as well as the United States. The movement continued to spread when expatriate members of Hugo Ball's circle returned to their homelands In most of it's centers, Dada was expressed primarily in writing. Berlin however, produced an extensive amount of visual Dada art.

Mondrian Broadway Boogie Woogie 1942 Oil on canvas

Made at the end of his career and highly influential in the school of abstract geometric painting, this piece is made up of a number of shimmering squares of bright color that leap from the canvas, then appear to shimmer, drawing the viewer into those neon lights. Unlike his previous work, this painting is inspired by clear real-world examples: The city grid of Manhattan, and the boogie woogie music to which Manhattan was home and _______ loved to dance. Notice how the grid mimics urban life and the tiny repeated squares appear to dance around the composition like lights that fly by outside the window of a moving car.

Dorothea Lange

Migrant Mother by ____________(May 26, 1895 - October 11, 1965), American US, 1936 Political and social concerns - Documentary Photography ______ was a documentary photographer and photojournalist during the Depression era. Her photographs of farmers and migrant workers raised social consciousness and brought their plight into the open. One day _____ stopped at a migrant worker camp in Nipoma Valley. The pea crop had frozen and Lange had found the workers starving. She saw this mother with her three children and asked if she could watch them for a while and photograph them. At first she started taking photos away from the family, but soon got closer to them. Within this image we do see another pieta type scene. Look at the worried expression on the mother's face. Her children are leaning on her for support and she is wondering how she will feed them that day. Within days after the photo being published in the newspaper, people from all over the U.S. rushed food to Nipoma Valley. _____ was a documentary photographer and photojournalist during the Depression era. Her photographs of farmers and migrant workers raised social consciousness and brought their plight into the open.

Mary Cassat

She focused her work on the world she knew, domestic and social life of upper-class women. She was born of a well-to-do family and studied art at the Pennsylvania academy of Art and then moved to Paris to further her career. She would encourage her American friends to visit and purchase Impressionist art creating a market in the U.S. even before there was a market in France. She was influenced by Japanese prints which were newly available through trade with Japan (1855) She was also heavily influenced through do-it-yourself photography and in this work used aquatint and drypoint.

Frida Kahlo

She is known for her numerous self-portraits. Growing up, _____ had a rough childhood. She contracted polio when she was 6 and when she was 18, she was riding a bus when it was hit by a trolley. She suffered a broken back, pelvis, ribs and collarbone. Her right leg was broken in multiple places and her body was pierced by a handrail. Because of these injuries, she led a life in constant pain, would undergo over 30 surgeries in her and would spend the majority of it in bed, painting. She became enamored with Mexican muralist, Diego Rivera. They wound up being married and this marriage also proved to be tumultuous. Rivera often cheated on ______ and _______ would leave and then go back to him. ________ portrays herself as a Christ like victim - the crown of thorns replaced by a necklace of thorns with a hummingbird 'medallion'. This fusion of Christian and Aztec imagery is common in Mexican culture: the Aztec god Huitzilopochtli is often depicted as a hummingbird.

Surrealism

The Persistence of Memory by Salvador Dali (1904-1989), Spain 1931, 9.5 x 13' A haunting allegory of empty space in which time is at an end. The barren landscape, without a horizon, drifts to infinity, lit by an eerie, never-ending sun. An amorphous creature sleeps in foreground. Watches are like some decaying material with one watch being covered with ants and another having a fly on it.. The landscape is Port Ligat in North-East Spain. Dali claimed that he was inspired by an over-ripe camembert cheese which he was looking at one evening while working on this painting. Dali is one of the most recognizable artists of our time. This painting of The Persistence of Memory is a haunting allegory of empty space in which time is at an end. The barren landscape, without a horizon, drifts to infinity, lit by an eerie, never-ending sun. An amorphous creature sleeps in foreground. Watches are like some decaying material with one watch being covered with ants and another having a fly on it. Figure in center has morphed into artist's face. The landscape is Port Ligat in North-East Spain. Dali claimed that he was inspired by an over-ripe camembert cheese which he was looking at one evening while working on this painting. This style of painting depicts the unsettling experience of dreams.

Symbolist

The Scream by Edvard Munch oil on cardboard, Norwegian, 1893 The Scream is one of the most well-known images in art. This swirling composition shows a figure in the foreground and two smaller images in the background. The sharp diagonal bridge leads from the screaming figure in the foreground into the background. The complementary color scheme adds to the tension that the figure in the foreground feels. This screaming figure shows the moment, the instant where someone loses control and internally is screaming. The sharp diagonal bridge leads from the screaming figure in the foreground into the background. The complementary color scheme adds to the tension that the figure in the foreground feels. This screaming figure shows the moment, the instant where someone loses control and internally is screaming. This is an extension of the Expressive vision we see in Van Gogh and Gauguin. They are visual paradigms for humanity in crises. Munch, A Norwegian painter, traveled to Paris to study the Post-Impressionists and used their style to create _______________ works.

Post-Impressionists

The ______ each had a unique style. They admired the brighter palette and direct painting technique of the Impressionists. But what they had in common was the rejection of the transient moment in favor of enduring concepts. Paul Gaugain sought to escape from the emotional effects of modern life in Tahiti, his island paradise. Again we see a tendency to use exaggerated, bright colors, but within flattened areas. He felt the need for more substance and solidity. He expressed spiritual meaning through strong outlines, tertiary color harmonies to portray the exotic. Her pose, with legs shown in profile, shoulders depicted frontally, is derived from Egyptian art. Cézanne also exaggerated color, but his was a unique concept. Instead of flattening space, he did the opposite. He actually broke space up into geometric, solid forms: rectangular landscape, pyramid-shaped mountain. His brushstrokes are also geometric. A favorite subject of his was this mountain near his home, which he drew or painted 75 times. Picasso was intrigued by his writings on viewing nature in terms of its geometric structure: the cube, cylinder, and cone. This was an influence on the later Cubism movement.

Avant-garde

The analogy held that the most creative artist worked ahead of the general publics ability to comprehend. This model aptly symbolizes the social structure of artistic innovation far into the twentieth century. _________________ - The most creative artists worked outside the normal channels of advancement in the art world.

surrealists

The devices of _____ to come Strange juxtapositions Glaring lights Shadows Infinite distances Empty or claustrophobic spaces

Automatism

To release the mind from conscious control and to produce surprising new juxtapositions of imagery and forms.

Picasso's blue period 1901-1904

consists of somber paintings in shades of blue and blue-green, only occasionally warmed by other colors. In his austere use of color and sometimes doleful subject matter— prostitutes and beggars are frequent subjects— _____ was influenced by a trip through Spain and by the suicide of his friend Carlos Casagemas.