Art Hisory, Test 2

Anthony Van Dyck

A court portrait painter, influenced by Ruben in his colorist approach.

Important Landscape artists

Ruisdael and Cuyp

Dutch Republic Iconoclasm in Calvinist Protestant traditions

The Dutch were against church decoration and opposed to emotional, sensational depictions of saints and martyrs in churches, so religious art was very rarely produced

Rousseau's views, that man by nature was good, and polluted by society, were responsible for: the turn away from the frivolous rococo and to a more natural taste.

The Naturalism movement

Rembrandt group portraits

Unposed and momentary, natural, but still unified.

Quadri Riportato

A ceiling design in which painted scenes are arranged in panels that resemble framed pictures, transferred to the surface of a shallow, curved vault

Jesuits

A monastic order that aided in preaching and converting during the counter reformation

Judith Leyster

A student of Hals, best known for her portraiture and genre paintings. Her self portrait is simultaneously precise/detailed and spontaneous/immediate.

Academy of Art in Bologna

Academic style of art: classical, idealized, orderly. Established by the Carracci Family. Art taught very rigidly, all about copying from the masters

Camera Obscura

An ancestor of the modern camera in which a tiny pinhole, acting as a lens, projects an image on a screen, the wall of a room, etc.

Etching

An intaglio technique, a type of engraving in which the design is incised in a layer of wax or varnish on a metal plate. The parts of the plate left exposed are then etched (slightly eaten away) by the acid in which the plate is immersed after incising.

Italian Baroque Painting

An interest in illusionism and depicting expansive spaces and divine light in ceiling frescos

French Neo-Classical Art

Art was used in order to service the state/its ideals/victories

Salons

Artistic, intellectual meeting held in Parisian townhouse. Center of Rococo social life

Neo-Classicism in America

Associated with ancient democratic examples. Classical style used for U.S. Capitol, other federal monuments. Also Monticello and University of Virginia. Simple, with columns and rounded rotunda, but on a smaller, less grandiose scale.

Dutch Baroque Subject Matter

Because Dutch artists worked for middle class patrons, the paintings produced reflected the urban mercantile lifestyle. Landscapes, interior scenes, and still lifes, reflected what life looked like for an everyday citizen in the Dutch Republic.

Dutch Republic

Broke away from Spanish rule, established own republic.

Most important Italian Baroque painters

Carracci and Caravaggio

Naturalism in France

Chardin: Humble down to earth genre subjects with moral lessons that uphold middle class values. Lebrun: Self portraiture that contains self confidence. More naturalistic and less formal than Baroque, beautiful, but not frivolous like Rococo.

Death of Marat

Classical idealization of assassinated revolutionary

French Baroque Style

Classical painting in the Academic "grand manner." Academy teaches students to copy from classical/renaissance artists. Emphasis on continuing traditions, not innovation. Stoic and restrained. No emotion.

Carracci

Closely adhered to classical/renaissance painting traditions. Depicted nature as idyllic and divinely ordered.

Valazquez painting style

Colorist approach, blurriness gives sense of movement.

Gaulli

Combined real architecture with painted architecture in his ceiling frescos, creating awe and inspiration

Rubens's "Elevation of the Cross"

Contains a painterly surface, with rich/warm colors, depicting dynamic and violent actions, creating a sense of physical and emotional drama.

Rembrandt religious paintings/prints

Convey protestant sensibility. Bible stories are told in human terms, focusing more on the psychological. Humble, down to earth, restrained, and down to earth. Contrast dramatically to Catholic Counter Reformation art.

"Grande Odalisque" by Ingres

Conveyed growing interest/taste in the foreign and exotic. Yet she is classically depicted, she and everything around her has been europeanized. Her face is copied from Raphael's La Fornarina.

Fragonard's "Swing"

Conveys a sensual mood, depicted through a soft, coloristic approach, and containing frivolous aristocratic subjects

Napoleon used Neo-classical style to

Create monuments and buildings that would symbolize a connection between his empire and the Roman empire.

Artisma Gentileschi

Daughter of a prestigious painter who was brutally raped. Her painting "Judith Slaying Holofernes" reflects this. She was influenced by Caravaggio.

Dutch Baroque Style

Defined by a sense of naturalism and realism, its still, sober, calm, and restrained style is seen in high contrast to Italian/Flemish art.

Rococo Art/Architecture

Defined by feminine, aristocratic subjects/taste. Defined by a softness and frivolousness. Architecture was delicate, ornamented, and decorative. Curves and irregular shapes, use of contrast between concave and convex, and mirrors to play on light and reflection. Painting was coloristic, often depicting frivolous aristocratic subjects. It was fun, flirty, soft, and often had a sense of motion through its hazy color and brushstrokes.

Wright's "Philosopher Giving a Lecture at the Orrery"

Depicts a philosopher showing students something scientific. Shows the importance of science in understanding the natural world and advancing socially as a society.

"Raphael and La Fornarina"

Depicts his favorite artist, but also conveys the idea that artists take everyday subjects/people for inspiration, but idealize them to depict them in a purer, more beautiful light.

The most important Spanish Baroque painter

Diego Valazquez. He was influenced by Caravaggio, which can be seen in his use of Plebeian figures and usage of darks and lights to create drama. Did religious works and genre scenes, but after being appointed court painter to King Philip IV, he abandoned previous subjects for royal portraits and historical events

The Louvre (Perrault, Le Vau, and Le Brun)

Double columns with Corinthian capitals. Stately and monumental proportions. Serves as a symbol for centrally organized french authority.

Italian Baroque

Dynamic, dramatic, ornamented,

French Classicism

Established as the national style of France. The practice of art/architecture was regularized, organized, an placed at the service of the state. The King uses art for propaganda to reinforce his position of absolute control.

Romantic artists

Explored subjects that pertained to the outer edges of consciousness, through the exploration of the "Gothic" (the middle ages), dreams, fantasies, the occult, and the macabre. The sublime was also explored, which emphasizes themes of passion, terror, and emotion, containing strange and exotic subjects.

Dutch Still lifes

Focused attention on small, minute details (the microcosm) and continued the Northern tradition of symbolic moral messages: reminders of death and the transient nature of life.

French Rococo

Following the death of Louis XIV,there was a cultural shift from Versailles, back to Paris. Rococo was an aristocratic French style, softer, and less regular than Baroque. Architecturally it was defined by soft lines, flexible curves, and inward turning mirror that would multiply reflections

Romantics believed

Freedom could be actualized through imagination and feeling. They stressed individualism and subjectivity, not reason or logic. Their interest was not in repeating prototypes (as was the way of the Neo-Classicists), but in breaking from tradition and creating something new and unique.

Important French Romantic Painter

Gericault. He was a Rubenist, using expressive brushwork to convey emotion and passion through sublime subjects that would evoke feelings of fear, terror, horror, or danger. Painted pictures of mad people for psychiatric purposes. Not idealized, creates empathy and understanding.

Spanish Romanticism in Paintings

Goya explores irrational aspects of humanity through prints and paintings. His works depict a range of subjects, including real life horrors (The Third of May), Royal incompetencies (Family of Charles IV), and mythical horrors (Saturn Devouring his Children)

French Rococo Style

Had a very feminine look, suggesting the social initiative/taste of women began to dominate the cultural sphere of France during the Rococo period.

Ingres stylistically

He was a Poussinist, believing line/drawing most important element in art. Ingres adhered to classical tradition rather than creating anything new or unique. He believed classical forms/traditions were a way to convey higher, eternal truths. His style: sharp focus, smooth brushless surface, elongated contours and lines.

French Classical Style in Architecture

In high contrast to Italian Baroque architecture, French Baroque is rational, restrained, and geometrically organized with straight lines.

Gerrit Van Honthorst

Influenced by Caravaggio, mundane setting, dramatic lighting, unidealized figures. Moralizing genre scenes

French Neo-Classical painting in early 19th century was dominated by the artist

Ingres, who adopted what he believed to be a truer and purer Greek style than David's

Neo-Classicism in England

Is seen through architecture and interior design. Clear and simple styles were meant to reflect a system of parliament, not monarchy or empire.

Flanders

Is under the rule of the Spanish Monarchy and religiously, is Catholic.

Caravaggio

Italian baroque painter, rebelled against classical style. Depicted things realistically, not idealistically. Realism style. Used real, lowlife models for portraits. Depicted Saints and religious figures in a more human, down to earth way. His figures were grounded in the real world. Used Tenebrism in his paintings

Frans Hals

Known as one of the best Dutch portraitists. His depictions of people were relaxed and more spontaneous. Fleeting brush strokes added to a sense of immediacy in the figures and composition as a whole.

Transient

Lasting only for a short period of time; impermanent

Most important element of French painting

Line is most important, texture and brushstrokes are suppressed; modeling is smooth and even, creating an overall clarity.

Dutch East India Company

Made Holland a rich, mercantile economy. This environment shifted patronage from the Catholic church and monarchs to the new, rising middle class. It was the creation of a capitalist art market.

"fete gelante"

Many paintings of outdoor amusements of aristocrats.

Oath of Horatii

Message: patriotic serve to heroic cause. Men depicted with stoicism. Women depicted with emotion. Formal, clear, stable.

Neoclassical style served various political causes such as

Monarchy, the revolution, Napoleonic empire, and the restoration of French monarchy.

Genre scene themes

Moral thematic elements, focusing on things such as selfishness, pettiness, and jealousy

Most important French Academic Artist

Nicolas Poussin, leader of the classical style, heavily influenced by his studies in Rome. Paintings are rationally ordered, with classically draped allegorical figures. He depicts important ancient greek figures, serious moral messages about transience of life, idyllic landscapes. Figures and landscapes idealized, very rational, with a sober mood.

Tenebrism

Painting in the "shadowy manner," using violent contrasts of light and dark. Stark juxtapositions of lights and darks in order to create drama.

Naturalism in England

Paintings of satirical narratives and of the use of science and empiricism over faith and religion.

Rubens's "Arrival of Marie de' Medici at Marseilles"

Part of series of 21 paintings, it is rich, decorative, and opulent. It includes allegorical personifications and mythological figures. Conveys the divine right to rule. The sea and sky are rejoicing at the new queen's arrival in France.

Most important Flemish Painter

Peter Paul Rubens, whose style showed influence from many masters internationally, including Michalangelo, Titian, Carracci, and Caravaggio. He was able to synthesize these various style into his own unique style, that had widespread appeal. He was a colorist , had a brushy and fluid style, that was also dynamic and sensual.

The Age of Enlightenment and the Age of Reason

Philosophers such as Voltaire, Locke, Rousseau, and Diderot were part of a movement that held reason and intellect over faith and servitude. There was a move towards revolting against monarchies and church. World was understood through a scientific, empirical lens, not through the religious. Reason and common sense were applied to help solve social/political problems

"Las Meninas" by Valazquez

Portrait of five year old Princess Margharita, he includes himself in front of the canvas, and it becomes a dynamic painting about the art of painting. Reflections of the King and Queen can be seen in the mirror. His works becomes more about optical sensations through the manipulation of light and color tones.

Rubens's "Consequences of War"

Published written meanings for the allegorical figures depicted in this painting

Cortona

Received the commission for the Triumph of the Barberini (glorifying pope Urban VIII's family and legacy)

Most Important Dutch Painter

Rembrandt. A master of light; warm yellow light defines forms, creates drama, and conveys emotion.

"Apotheosis of Homer" by Ingres

Represented conservative neoclassical taste. Depicted Homer being honored for his great works, surrounded by important figures and philosophers from various periods. Very stiff, all clustered together, all classically painted. Reminiscent of Raphael's School of Athens, but less fluid in organization/composition.

Rembrandt Self Portraits

Reveal character/psychological insight. Soft light highlights faces, rest in shadow. Heavy impasto and brushy, fluid surfaces

José de Ribera, Martyrdom of Saint Philip

Ribera was heavily influenced by Caravaggio's style of naturalism and drama, as well as use of plebeian, unidealized figures. The theme of martyrdom satisfied Spain's counter reformation.

Romanticism in the late 18th and early 19th centuries

Rousseau's concept of freedom contributed to the rise of Romanticism. Romantics desired political freedom, and freedom of thought, feeling, action, and worship.

William Hogarth's "Marriage a la Mode"

Satirically represents the marital immoralities of the moneyed class in England. Is a comical critique on upperclass society and traditions and how these business decision marriages play out in the real world.

Genre Scenes

Scenes of daily life

Ruisdael's "View of Haarlem from the Dunes at Overeen"

Sensitive observance and precise details, including identifiable landmarks. Low horizon line make is so that the sky fills 3/4s of the painting. Vas, expansive space shows interest in macrocosmic.

Cuyp's, "View of Dordrecht with Cattle"

Shows a specific, unidealized landscape in which details have been carefully and skillfully observed

Zurbarán's "Saint Saraphian"

Shows influence of Caravaggio in its naturalism and tenebrism.

Watteau's "L'indifferént"

Small painting of a dancer exhibits lightness and delicacy. It is a coloristic, sensual, less serious (than french baroque) approach to painting.

Microcosm

Something small which is seen as encapsulating in miniature the characteristic qualities or features of something much larger

French Subject Matter

Strict subject matter hierarchy, with Myth/Religion/History at the top, and Still life/Genre Scenes/Portraits of regular people at the very bottom

Jaquess-Louis David

Subject matter shifted with patronage. Went from monarchy painter, to radical revolutionary, to Napoleon's side. Painting subjects had moral implications, and varied depending on who was in power in France. They depicted classical styles and ideals within the context of contemporary subject matter.

English Romanticism in Paintings

The Nightmare by Fuseli depicts a woman in the throes of a nightmare. It plays into the demonic and terrifying, dark subjects in the realm of the subconscious. Also plays into the male fantasy.

French Baroque Style Defined by

The Palace of Versailles. Symbolic of Louis XIV's power as "the sun king." Hall of mirrors contained hundreds of super tall mirrors, placed opposite of windows, made to extend the room, and reflect sunlight. The Park was symbolic of King's feeling that nature subordinated to his absolute rule.

Neoclassicism in late 18th Century Europe

The age of enlightenment, application of common sense/reason, alongside renewed interest in classical art/architecture, which embodied ideals of the Enlightenment. Ancient Greek/Roman focus on liberty, democracy, enlightened political organization was important to the new movement.

Counter Reformation

The catholic church countering reforms of protestors/the protestant movement

French Baroque was influenced by

The establishment of the French Royal Academy of Painting and Sculpture in 1648 under monarchy of Louis XIV. Strict art rules under an absolute monarchy

Hallmarks of Italian Baroque painting style

The interplay of various illusions, dramatic lighting to heighten illusion, such as lights/darks/shadows. Use of natural lighting mixed with painted lighting as well to create a divine looking scene.

Guido Reni, Aurora ceiling fresco

The painting utilized the quadro riportato effect, which reflected his training at the Art Academy in Bologna. His style reminiscent of Raphael, with bright colors and idealized, classically depicted figures.

Vermeer, "Allegory of the Art of Painting"

Used a genre scene to symbolically represent that the art of painting is inspired by history. Vermeer is famous for placing the viewer outside the plane of an intimate space, as though a voyeur. Also famous for illuminating interiors in a very naturalistic way through subtle variations of light and shadow. Scenes calm, sober, still, peaceful. Although most took place inside, they always contained allusions to outside world.

Important Rococo painters

Watteau and Fragonard

Etchings with Aquatint

aquatint achieves a range of dark, grainy tones. Rosin coats metal plate; acid eats into metal in a closely pockmarked matter; then plate is linked and rich, dark tones print in those areas.

Vignette

feeling that this is one part of a larger scene extending beyond the canvas

During Counter Reformation Art/Architecture was used to

instruct and inspire

Poussinistes

line is dominant element

Impasto

lots of texture, through heavy application of pigment

Microcosm

small, minute things

Sublime feeling

terror, fear, death