Art History exam 1

The high Renaissance began in the year ____, and concluded with the deaths of Leonardo in year _____ and Raphael in year _____ .

1495, 1519, 1520

Gardner's question-- The pose of the Man in a Red Turban (Fig. 20-8) is considered new and significant because: a. The sitter faces the viewer, and looks him/her in the eye. b. The sitter is wearing a turban, which was uncommon at the time. c. The sitter is not smiling. d. The sitter is idealized rather than being depicted in a truthful manner.

A

What allowed Jan van Eyck to create the luminous quality of the Arnolfini Portrait? a. Multiple layers of glazes b. Special brushes c. Undiluted oil paint d. Many layers of tempera paint

A

In the figure of St. Mark, Donatello revived several classical features that were important to later Renaissance sculpture, including . . . [mark all correct answers] a. contrapposto. b. revealing the body through the drapery. c. use of heavy drapery. d. freestanding marble figures.

A B

The artists most closely associated with the High Renaissance are: [mark all correct answers] a. Raphael b. Botticelli c. Leonardo d. Michelangelo e. Donatello

A C D

Choose all that apply -- Oil painting was appealing to renaissance artists because: [mark all correct answers] a. Oils are transparent, allowing for deep tones to be achieved through the layering of glazes. b. Oils can only be applied to canvas, not the common wood boards used in the past. c. Oils require a light touch because a thick application of the pigment results in premature cracking and flaking. d. Oils dry slowly, allowing the artists time to rework areas of the painting over time.

A D

Which of the following is NOT true of Campin's Merode Altarpiece? a. Campin's work, as a craftsman and painter, is reflected in the tools and activities of Joseph's workshop. b. Campin painted himself kneeling in prayer in the panel on the left. c. The scene of the Annunciation takes place in a contemporary Flemish home. d. Campin used oil paint and its related techniques, which allowed him to achieve effects that were not possible with tempera.

B

Which of the following is NOT true of Fra Flippo Lippi's Madonna and Child? a. Lippi tried to create a sense of beauty in the figure of Mary. b. Lippi was interested in the decorative elements of the painting. c. Lippi emphasized the golden divine light of the scene, creating distance between the figures and the viewer. d. The painting has an earthy tone that reflects the ideas of Renaissance Humanism.

B

Which of the following is NOT true of Sluter's Well of Moses? a. Originally, this well stood in a cloister surrounded by the cells of Carthusian monks. b. The Well of Moses was left unpainted by Sluter, who wanted to emphasize the timelessness of the stone. c. The sculpture is hexagonal, showing a prophet on each side. Sluter's prophets emerge from their niches, instead of being confined by the niches. d. The patron, Philip the Bold, paid particular attention to the monastery, and he had instructed the monks to say prayers on his behalf.

B

Which of the following is NOT true of the Arnolfini Portrait? a. Giovanni Arnolfini, an Italian merchant who worked in Bruges, was the patron of this painting. b. Giovanni Arnolfini's wife was pregnant with their first child at the time of this painting. c. The gestures and details are symbols that have meaning in this painting, but it is difficult to determine the particular meaning or purpose of this painting. d. Giovanni Arnolfini's wealth is an important theme of the painting, with evidence of his wealth in many details.

B

Which of the following is NOT true of the Ghent Altarpiece (open)? a. In representing a forgiving God, the van Eyck brothers are showing the influence of Humanism. b. In the scene below, four groups of people come to the altar with the goat bleeding into the chalice, which is a symbol of Mary and her sacrifice. c. The angels playing instruments and others who are singing recall the sounds of heaven. d. The fabric of God's throne shows the image of the pelican, who is feeding its children on its own flesh and blood. This is an image of God's love and forgiveness.

B

Select all that apply-- Which three tenets underlay Italian humanism? [mark all correct answers] a. Careful study of the known world and a desire to relay it faithfully. b. Emphasis on the inherently abstract and unrelatable nature of religion. c. Adherence to governmental models that emphasize strict caste systems, the subjugation of the poor, and the use of exclusionary tactics to prevent commoners from participating in civic life. d. Obligatory civic duty and the willingness to set aside one's own selfish desires in order to advance the greater good. e. Personal betterment through education in grammar, rhetoric, poetry, history, moral philosophy, and other disciplines.

B D E

What was the basis of the wealth of the Medici family? a. Engineering b. Goldsmithing c. Banking d. Farming

C

Which of the following is NOT true of Brunelleschi's dome? a. Brunelleschi created ribs that were supported horizontally that helped to bear the weight of the dome. b. The bricks that make up the dome were placed in locking pattern that helped to secure them in place. c. The bricks are hollow and therefore counter the downward and outward thrust of the dome. d. To help manage the weight of the dome, Brunelleschi created a hollow dome with inner and outer shells.

C

Which of the following is NOT true of Donatello's St. Mark and its location in Orsanmichele? a. Donatello studied classical sculpture and the way that ancient artists represented the body, but also imbued St. Mark with distinctly human behavior. b. This figure was separate from his niche, unlike medieval sculpture that blended niches and sculpture. c. The bottom of the niche was near the ground so that St. Mark would be eye-level with the viewer. d. Florence's guilds commissioned statues for the exterior niches of Orsanmichele, which was a granary and market.

C

Select all that apply-- David, the biblical underdog, defeated his giant enemy with God's help. Who identified with David? [mark all correct answers] a. The Duke of Milan b. The Siennese c. The Medici family d. The Florentines

C D

_____ made figures look like they were moving and really alive, unlike medieval sculpture.

Contrapposto

The Palazzo Rucellai is similar to which Ancient Roman structure? a. Arch of Titus b. Hadrian's Villa c. the Pantheon d. the Colosseum

D

The invention of linear perspective is generally attributed to: a. Alberti b. Bernini c. Ghiberti d. Brunelleschi

D

The small size of Campin's Merode Altarpiece suggests... a. the painting was made for patrons who needed to move frequently. b. the painting was for the altar of a small parish church. c. the patron was poor. d. the painting was made for a private home instead of a public church altar.

D

Which of the following is NOT true of Donatello's David? a. Donatello's David was the first free-standing classical nude since antiquity. b. Donatello's David shows a revival of the classical interest in and respect for the body. c. This sculpture is made of bronze and was made with the lost wax method, which is the same method that ancient sculptors used. d. The sculpture is typical of its time in that it shows a sense of eroticism.

D

In the Early Renaissance, the only acceptable female nude was the biblical figure of _____ Botticelli is breaking this convention by from showing a nude Venus.

Eve

Everything in the space of Masaccio's Holy Trinity is meant to appear disjointed and unnatural. True False

False

In the closed view of Jan Van Eyck's Ghent Altarpeice, prophets and sylbils are present in the upper sections. These figures prophecy of the end of the world. True False

False

Fra Angelico shows an awareness of the latest stylistic trends in _____, but also shows an unwillingness to employ them fully.

Florence

____ "the warrior pope," was the most notable patron of religious art during the Cinquecento Renaissance.

Pope Julius II

When the Duomo was built, it was the highest dome that had ever been raised, until the rebuilding of ____

St. Peter's Basilica

Fra Filippo Lippi's Madonna and Child with two Angels shows the influence of Renaissance Humanism in its. . . a. playful and earthly approach to the subject matter. b. inclusion of two angels. c. inclusion of the Virgin Mary d. solemn foreshadowing of the Crucifixion.

a

Martin Luther taught that Christians should follow . . . a. the Bible. b. Zwingli. c. Protestant bishops. d. Henry VIII

a

The Lamentation scene in the predella panel of Grünewald's "Isenheim Altarpiece," is an invitation to contemplate . . . a. mortality and resurrection. b. the pain of crucifixion. c. the horrors of the Black Death. d. Anthony's grief.

a

The removed shoes present in the Arnolfini Portrait may symbolize that . . . a. the couple stands on holy ground. b. the woman's devotion to her husband. c. it was customary at that time to remove shoes while indoors. d. that the house is warm.

a

Which of the following is NOT true of Michelangelo's ceiling for the Sistine Chapel? a. The architectural framing that we see surrounding the central scenes is the only real element on the ceiling, the remainder is paint. b. The scenes from the central panel show the Temptation of Adam and Eve and their Expulsion from Eden indicating the need for Christ's sacrifice in the New Testament. c. The scenes along the central panel represent episodes from Genesis in the Old Testament. d. The outer scenes show the prophets and sibyls that foretell the coming of Christ.

a

Which of the following is NOT true of Raphael's School of Athens? a. The two central figures in the painting are Christ and St. Peter. b. The scene is a fabrication, showing Greek philosophers who lived at different times together at a single gathering. c. The architecture in this painting is more Roman than Greek. d. Bramante's design for the new St. Peter's Basilica influenced the architecture in the painting.

a

Which historical circumstances may have had an influence on the Mannerist style we see in Pontormo's "Entobment of Christ"? [mark all correct answers] a. the Protestant Reformation b. the rule of the Medici and the dissolution of the Florentine republic c. the invention of the printing press d. the rediscovery of Gothic art

a b

Which of the following statements is true of Pontormo's "Entombment"? [mark all correct answers] a. Mannerism expresses spirituality differently than the Renaissance, where there was a heavy focus on naturalism. b. The figures are highly stylized and there is a rejection of the rational spaces of Renaissance paintings. c. Pontormo found evidence of the divine in the natural world. d. Pontormo was not interested in stability or balance, which were important artistic elements in the Renaissance. e. Pontormo, like most Mannerist painters, was interested in stability and balance.

a b d

Select the four general themes Raphael used for his paintings in the Stanza della Segnatura. [mark all correct answers] a. Theology b. Hedonism c. Philosophy d. Chastity e. Law/Justice f. Poetry

a c e f

Choose all that apply -- Protestants found religious imagery inappropriate because: [mark all correct answers] a. Sumptuous images were believed to distract the faithful while worshipping in church. b. The creation of imagery was thought to usurp the creative power of the Christian God. c. Imagery was seen as too successful in guiding people to salvation. d. The second commandment in the Old Testament forbids the creation of graven images. e. Images depicting religious figures were thought to lead to idolatry, or the worship of false idols.

a d e

Ancient Greeks thought that geometry was

an expression of the perfection of the divine realm

The skull in Hans Holbein's "The French Ambassadors" is an example of a(n) ____ image.

anamophic

Fra Filippo Lippi used ___ perspective to create a real landscape

atmospheric perspective

Prior to Leonardo's "Last Supper," most representations of the Last Supper look very similar. What key feature did Leonardo change in his version? a. Leonardo included Mary Magdalene, who was not normally present in paintings of the Last Supper. b. Leonardo placed Judas on the same side of the table with the other apostles. Traditionally he sits on the opposite side. c. Leonardo shows the Last Supper happening in a plain-looking room. Traditionally the room was highly decorated. d. Leonardo did not include any cups of wine. Traditionally there were always cups of wine for the Eucharist.

b

The following two elements of Dürer's "Adam and Eve" reflect his study of Italian models: a. References to Gothic sculpture and a lack of chiaroscuro b. Contrapposto and Vitruvian canon of proportions c. Little anatomical accuracy and twisted perspective d. The pudica pose and saturated colors

b

The physical suffering of Christ depicted in Grünewald's panel for the Isenheim Altariece reflects . . . a. Grünewald's own physical suffering b. the suffering of those with ergotism and other illnesses c. Grünewald's life-long interest in medical conditions d. the devastation of the black death

b

Which of the following is NOT true of Titian's "Venus of Urbino"? a. Titian manipulated the proportions of the body to make the figure especially elegant. b. Titian was looking back to Raphael's nude for inspiration. c. With this painting, Titian established the genre of the reclining female nude that many later artists would use. d. The painting is of a female nude and was given the title after it was painted, which justified the nude female figure.

b

Select all that apply - In Michelangelo's sculpture, the artist is best known for employing: [mark all correct answers] a. Spiritual detachment b. Massive musculature c. Anticipatory moments where the viewer waits for what is about to happen next d. Torque in the body e. Additive methods

b c d

Brunelleschi and Ghiberti's competition panels for the Florence _____ doors are sometimes seen as the beginning of the Renaissance.

baptistery

How did Bruegel approach the peasants in the "Peasant Wedding"? a. He painted the peasants with disdain. b. He showed the peasants as saintly. c. He painted the peasants with empathy. d. He showed the peasants as foolish.

c

Which of the following is NOT true of Fra Angelico's Annunciation? a. In this scene, the Angel Gabriel appears to Mary to tell her that she will bear a child that is God. b. Fra Angelico made careful observations from real life and applied them consistently throughout the painting. c. This painting is missing some of the iconographic and narrative details that normally accompany the scene, allowing the monks to fill in the details for themselves.

c

Which of the following is NOT true of Masaccio's Holy Trinity? a. The center of the painting shows the Trinity, or three-part nature of God, in the Catholic tradition: God the Father, the Holy Spirit, and Christ. b. The figure of Christ shows a realistic and sympathetic body, which is typical of the way that Renaissance artists married faith and science c. The barrel vault with coffers recalls the architecture of Ancient Egypt. d. Many families commissioned a chapel in fifteenth-century Florence, but this is more modest, as it is only the illusion of a chapel.

c

Which of the following is NOT true of Masaccio's Tribute Money? a. This scene shows three distinct events associated with this story: Christ ordering Peter to find a fish, Peter finding the money in the fish's mouth, and Peter paying the tax collector. b. This scene shows Christ and the apostles confronted by a tax collector, but Christ has renounced worldly possessions.The money for the tax is found in a fish, which is a miracle. c. Although Masaccio tried to create a convincing illusion of real life, the light in the painting does not align with the light from the windows in the Brancacci Chapel. d. Masaccio tries to create the most realistic scene that he can using linear perspective, atmospheric perspective, emotions, gestures, and contrapposto.

c

Which of the following is NOT true of the sibyls in Michelangelo's paintings on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel? a. Michelangelo used a male model for the Libyan sybil, which may explain the great physical strength we see in her body. b. The sibyls were ancient pagan soothsayers who could foresee the future and in the Catholic tradition, they foretold the coming of Christ. c. The body of the Libyan Sybil twists in a complex pose that is typical of the High Renaissance.

c

Which technique did Titian use to paint the Venus of Urbino? a. cross hatching combined with chiaroscuro b. thick layers of oil paint that create a three-dimensional surface c. thin layers of oil paint, called glazes d. thin layers of tempera paint, called glazes

c

In "The Assumption of the Virgin" Titian created an asymmetrical composition, that ... [mark all correct answers] a. was typical for that time b. looked back to Early Renaissance painting c. anticipated Mannerism d. was unusual for that time

c d

Choose all that apply -- Which of the following characteristics of Mannerist painting can be called "anti-Classical" and distinguish the Mannerist from the High Renaissance style. [mark all correct answers] a. Imagery from classical literature b. Pictorial conventions such as linear and atmospheric perspective c. Unique presentations of traditional themes d. Mathematical orderliness and logic as the foundation of compositional design e. Ambiguous spatial constructions f. Occasional eroticism g. Distorted color palettes

c e f g

Raphael is painting the Stanza della Segnatura at the Papal Palace at the same time that Michelangelo is painting the ______

ceiling of the Sistine Chapel

Dürer's 1500 self-portrait shows the artist fully frontal, which was a pose that was generally reserved for_____

christ

Masaccio's Tribute Money shows atmospheric perspective, which allows the mountain to recede into the background through changes in ____

color

The Catholic Church's response to the Protestant Reformation was the

counter reformation

Bruegel's "Hunters in the Snow" is a landscape painting that is given meaning by . . . a. the natural features of this town. b. the looming mountains in the distance. c. the artist's choice of colors. d. the activities of the people who inhabit it.

d

In works like "The Tempest," Giorgione used oil paint in a different way than Bellini by emphasizing the . . . a. mixing it with tempera. b. use of glazes. c. transparency of the paint. d. opacity of the paint.

d

Mannerism emerged in the courts of Rome in the 1520s and . . . a. embraced the compositional structures of the High Renaissance while rejecting balance. b. rejected the high status that artists had achieved in the High Renaissance. c. rejected the elegance of the High Renaissance. d. defied the perfection of the High Renaissance.

d

The figure of Venus in Botticelli's Birth of Venus was based on . . . a. an Ancient Greek sculpture of a market woman. b. an Ancient Egyptian sculpture of a goddess. c. a Minoan sculpture of a priestess. d. an Ancient Roman copy of a Greek sculpture of Aphrodite/Venus.

d

The skull in the center of Hans Holbein's The Ambassadors is... a. present to show that the French Ambassador had died by the time the painting was completed. b. a reminder to honor the dead. c. present to show off Holbein's knowledge of human anatomy. d. a memento mori (reminder of death).

d

To what aspects of Veronese's painting "Christ in the House of Levi" did the Holy Office of the Inquisition object? a. The placement of the narrative in the refectory of a convent. b. The use of canvas rather than the traditional fresco. c. The over-dominant architectural setting. d. The presence of dogs, dwarves, and German soldiers alongside Christ.

d

What was the most important factor contributing to Venice's wealth? a. mining b. farming c. manufacturing d. trade e. fishing

d

Which of the following is NOT true of Leonardo's "Last Supper"? a. Judas holds his bag of silver, which he was paid to betray Christ. b. At the Last Supper, Christ informs the apostles that one of them will betray him. The apostles each react in a very different way. c. Christ subtly reaches for the bread and wine, anticipating the first Eucharist or communion. d. Leonardo includes all of the traditional symbols of the divine in this painting.

d

Iconoclasm is defined as the ___ of images.

destruction

Mannerist artists were interested in creating _____

elegant, elongated bodies, and looked to art for inspiration (where Renaissance artists looked primarily to the natural world).

Compared with Brunelleschi's panel, Ghiberti's panel of the "Sacrifice of Isaac" is more _____ as Abraham hesitates as looks directly into Isaac's face.

emotionally complex

Bruegel's "Hunters in the Snow" was commissioned for a church to show the labors of the months. True False

false

Dürer embraced medieval ideas and was interested in the way that faith and fear worked together. True False

false

In Donatello's sculpture of St. Mark, St. Mark's face is highly individualized with a lot of detail, showing the influence of medieval spirituality. True False

false

In his version of "The Sacrifice of Isaac," Ghiberti's Isaac references Ancient Egyptian sculpture. True False

false

In order for Renaissance buildings to be truly Humanist, they must look to medieval buildings for inspiration. True False

false

In the "Virgin of the Rocks," Leonardo's interest in the details of the natural world is obscured by his use of sfumato. True False

false

Leonardo's "Last Supper" is the altarpiece for the main church space in Santa Maria delle Grazie. True False

false

Piero della Francesca's figures have an energy and vibrancy that is very characteristic of his work. True False

false

Raphael's "School of Athens" shows how the Catholic world rejected the classical world during the High Renaissance. True False

false

The figures in Botticelli's Birth of Venus are in realistic positions, which is typical of Renaissance realism. True False

false

The overt sensuality of Titian's "Venus of Urbino" meant that its influence in art history was limited. True False

false

Piero della Francesca used ____ to organize the figures in his Baptism of Christ.

geometry

In the center of the upper center panel of the Ghent Altarpiece (open), _______ is dressed like a king with the papal crown on his head and another crown at his feet.

god the father

The Isenheim Altarpiece sits in a chapel attached to a ____

hospital

In Bruegel's work the most dominant theme was_____

human activity

Alberti designed the Palazzo Rucellai so that it would follow Renaissance values of architecture. It was the first private residence that employed _________ in its design.

humanism

In the colossal statue of David, Michelangelo created a(n) _____ body.

idealized

___ sparked the Reformation in 1517 at Wittenberg.

martin luther

The tone of Bruegel's "Hunters in the Snow" is mixed. In the valley, people are playful while the hunters appear _____

melancholic

The setting for the scene of Fra Angelico's Annunciation is spare, with few additional details or objects, which is appropriate to this ______ space.

monastic

Campin used _____, when painting the Merode Altarpiece.

multiple viewpoints

The ______ painting technique was perfected by 15th century Flemish painters

oil

The Duomo's dome was almost as wide as the ____ 's dome.

pantheon

On Claus Sluter's Well of Moses, the prophet Jeremiah is a portrait of the _____

patron Philip the Bold

The Ghent Altarpiece is a _______, which is made of many panels that can open and close.

polyptych

The art of_______ developed rapidly with the invention of moveable type and widespread availability of paper.

printmaking

Because ____ were inexpensive and easily circulated, they were a useful and effective teaching tool.

prints

Bronzino was a painter in the Medici court in Florence, whose members loved _____

riddles and visual poetry

One of the hunters in Bruegel's "Hunters in the Snow" carries a rabbit, showing the ____

scarcity of food in the winter

Michelangelo brought a strong _____ element to the painted figures on the Sistine Chapel.

sculptural

Venetian painters generally, are known for their _____

sophisticated use of color

In Parmigianino's "Madonna of the Long Neck," the Madonna and Child foreshadow____

the pieta

At the time Masaccio painted the Tribute Money, the Florentine government had just initiated a new tax and this painting may show that Christ approved of that kind of civic responsibility. True False

true

Brunelleschi's panel of the "Sacrifice of Isaac" shows a violent and dramatic moment where Abraham is in the process of killing Isaac before he is stopped by the angel. True False

true

Dontalleo's "David" shows a return to the admiration of the human body we see in ancient Greek and Roman art. True False

true

In Fra Angelico's Annunciation, both Mary and the angel are idealized, but lack the facial details to make them look like real individuals. True False

true

In Raphael's "Marriage of the Virgin," the traditional iconography of the divine was replaced with symbols derived from classical mythology. true false

true

In Raphael's "School of Athens," the gestures of Plato and Aristotle reference the ideas of these philosophers. Plato points to the heavens, as his writings dealt with intangible heavenly things. Aristotle points down because he was interested in observable, tangible, earthly things. True False

true

In the Well of Moses, Sluter individualizes the faces and carves the drapery folds so that they fill the space around the figures, which marks a change from earlier Gothic sculpture. True False

true

Leonardo's letter to the Duke of Milan tells us that court artists were engaged many activities, including engineering, not just painting and sculpting. true false

true

Lippi's Mary appears real and beautiful, which departs from earlier representations of the Madonna and Child. True False

true

Masaccio's Holy Trinity is credited with being the first true example of one-point linear perspective. True False

true

Pope Julius II financed his art and architecture projects in part through military campaigns.

true

The Merode Altarpiece contains many subtle and overt symbols of Christian belief. True False

true

The landscape in Piero della Francesca's Baptism of Christ recalls the ____ landscape that the artist was familiar with.

tuscan

Brunelleschi came up with a way of constructing a dome that did not require the use of _____

wooden scaffolding

Dürer's "Great Piece of Turf" exhibits the artist's interest in____ theory.

zoomorphic