Art History Midterm

Which of the following was the most prominent patron of fifteenth-century Florentine art?

medici family

The term terribilita is most often used to refer to who?

michelangelo

Which sculptor believed that the artist must proceed by first finding the idea—the image—locked in the stone and then release it by chipping away the stone?

michelangelo

The Great Piece of Turf is which of the following?

nonreligious still life

Which of the following was one of the favorite compositional devices of painters of the High Renaissance?

pyramid

Courbet preferred to paint which of the following themes?

realistic scenes as he saw them

In Pieter Aertsen's Meat Still-Life, the artist has created what appears to be a descriptive genre scene, a butcher's shop displaying its products, as well as fish and pretzels. This work also has embedded within it which of the following?

religious references

In Masaccio's Trinity there is a coffered barrel-vault reminiscent of which of the following?

roman triumphal arch

Emerging capitalism led to urban prosperity. This prosperity led to a growing interest in which of the following art types?

secular portraits

which of the following artists influenced the work of Artemisia Gentileschi

Caravaggio

Timothy O'Sullican documented which of the following wars?

American Civil War

the term "sublime" was considered to inspire which of the following feelings?

Awe mixed with terror

Caravaggio's Conversion of St. Paul presents the same dynamic emotion and dramatic religious fervor with the use of eloquent pictorial devices and stage lighting in much the same way as in which of the following works of art?

Bernini's Ecstasy of St. Teresa

Which of the following is a manifestation of the commitment to private prayer?

Book of Hours

In Brugel's Netherlandish Proverbs, the artist has depicted the Netherlands obsession with proverbs. The Scene is busy with a topsy-turvy multiplicity of figures and activities. It is reminiscent of which of the following artists?

Bosch

The development of linear perspective is generally credited to ____________.

Brunelleschi

In Leonardo's Last Supper, how did the artist break with traditional iconography?

By the placement of Judas on the same side as Christ and the other Disciples

The first known northern European self-portrait by a woman is purportedly by which of the following?

Caterina van Hemessen

Velasquez held the titles of the First Painter to the King and which of the following

Chief Steward of the Palace

The word Renaissance means rebirth. Which of the following was a revived interest during this time?

Classical culture

which of the following artists was most concerned with painting realistic scenes of poor and oppressed peoples?

Courbet

Which of the following works functions as an "altarpiece" for the new civic religion of inspiring the viewer with the martyr's dedication to service?

Death of Marat

The great "Romantic diaglogue" about color and form was carried on in the famous contest between which of the following artists?

Delacroix and Ingres.

The Classical principle of contrapposto, or weight shift, was reintroduced into Western art by the sculptor ______________

Donatello

What is the name of the specific style of Rococo painting that depicted the outdoor amusements and entertainments of the upper classes?

Fete galante

Which Italian city played the most important role in the development of Renaissance ideas and art forms in the early fifteenth century?

Florence

Who among the following artists liked to paint images of Roman tic Transcendental landscape?

Friedrich

Which of the following artists was the winner of the famous competition for the bronze doors of the Florence Baptistery?

Ghiberti

This artist projected on a flat surface the illusion of space. He also projected the illusion of solid bodies moving though that space. This description describes which of the following artists?

Giotto

Whose work is best characterized by the use of solid volumes resting firmly on the flat and horizontal surface of this earth?

Giotto

What is the interpretation of Goya's Saturn Devouring his Children?

Goya became increasingly pessimistic and disillusioned and with declining health he began a series of works called the Black Paintings. This particular work is from that series. Some have interpreted this as the artist's despair over the passage of time whether this is correct or not; however it does present a darkly emotional image in keeping with the vocabulary of Romanticism.

Which of the following artists specialized in portraiture?

Hans Holbein

Velasquez was the court painter for Philip IV. He accompanied the king to Fraga during the Aragonese campaign. While there he painted Philip's portrait, it is known as the Fraga Philip. Due to the dynastic inbreeding in the Hapsburg line, Philip inherited the Hapsburg jaw. How did Velasquez compensate for this "jaw" in the Fraga portrait?

He focused attention of the cloak and baldric worn by the king by making them shimmer

How did the work of Hogarth present a "moral tone"?

He presented the immoralities of the elite, documenting their vices and their failures. He presented his work as a series of chapters in a book or scenes from a play. The viewer follows the characters, visually, through their mean and dishonest lives.

How does the Isenheim Altarpiece represent suffering and salvation?

He used color to contrast that suffering with salvation and hope. The shocking dissonant colors were employed for the depictions of pain and suffering while subtle tonalities and harmonies were used to depict hope and salvation.

Which of the following artists represented what was called the "sublime" in eighteenth-century art?

Henry Fuseli

the Protestant concern about the role of religious imagery was in many cases outright hostile. Martin Luther spoke about destroying images. This destruction of religious imagery also occurred during the Byzantine period. Which of the following defines this act?

Iconclasm

Which of the following characterizes grunewalds Isenheim Altarpiece

It is an exacting rendering of anguish

What is allegory and how is it used in art?

It is that practice of imbuing narratives, images, or figures with symbolic meaning in order to convey moral principles and philosophical ideas. In art these allegories are used as elegant shorthand to create images that have layers of meaning.

In Masaccio's Trinity, he embodies two principal Renaissance interests. One is realism based on observation. Which of the following is the other?

It is the application of mathematics to pictorial organization of perspective.

In Masaccio's Expulsion of Adam and Eve from Eden Adam's feet clearly come into contact with the ground. Which of the following is the interpretation for this?

It marks the human presence on earth

The artist whose work best spoke for the French Revolution was which of the following?

Jacques-Louis David

Which of the following eighteenth-century philosophers stressed the importance of the natural goodness of human beings and was an important forerunner of the Romantic sensibility?

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

Of the following, who was one of the most important Roman patrons of Michelangelo?

Julius II

In El Greco's Burial of Count Orgaz, the artist has successfully merged his early and late styles. He combined elongated figures and rich color in this one work. Which of the following describes his early and late styles?

Late Byzantine and Venetian 16th Century

In Dürer's The Great Piece of Turf, he has created a precise and scientifically accurate rendering of a small botanical landscape. Which of the following artists also heeded this notion of "observation yielded truth"?

Leonardo

In Hunters in the Snow, the artist has captured the atmosphere of a cold winter's day. The landscape is snow-covered and stark with the returning hunters wearily trudging home. It is reminiscent of earlier renditions of seasons. Which of the following also described the seasons and might have been influential in the conception of this work?

Limbourg Brothers' Les Très Riches Heures du Duc de Berry

Which of the following made up the territory known as the Netherlands in the 16th century?

Luxembourg, Holland, and Belgium

Leonardo painted the Virgin of the Rocks, and it is said this work is a masterpiece in expressing emotional states. He modeled the figures with light and shadow-- a technique he learned from earlier works. Which 15th century Italian artist would have influenced Leonardo?

Masaccio

Rubens has synthesized the styles of three Italian artists in his Elevation of the Cross. Which of the following are those three artists?

Michelangelo, Tintoretto, and Caravaggio

Neoclassicism invoked classical references of patriotism and trust in unshakable authority serving imperial agendas. Which of the following leaders embraced these aspects of Neoclassicism?

Napoleon

Which artist that did a series of six paintings showing seasonal changes?

Pieter Bruegal

Which of the following artists traveled to Italy yet chose not to incorporate classical elements into his work?

Pieter Bruegal

Which of the following artists was most closely associated with the style known as classical Baroque?

Poussin

Poussin was fascinated by ancient Rome and Italian Renaissance cultures. In his Et in Arcadia Ego that fascination has been translated into a visual text illustrating rational order and classicism. It is reminiscent of which of the following

Raphael

The major center for artistic development in the High Renaissance was ___________.

Rome

Which city has been generally credited with the birth of the Baroque style

Rome

Which of the following cities was considered the rightful capital of the Roman Catholic Church?

Rome

Bernini was commissioned to replace a dangerous stairway in the Vatican. He created a highly sophisticated design that was dramatic and dynamic. This design repeated on a smaller scale the grand processional sequence found in St. Peter's. Which of the following is that stairway?

Scala Regia

What anamorphic symbol appears in Holbein's French Ambassadors?

Skull

Gericault's "Raft" of the Medusa" represents which of the following?

The aftermath of the nineteenth- century French shipwreck and was considered an attack on government ineptitude.

Which of the following sculptural conventions did Michelangelo use for the figure of Moses in order to create an expression of "awful wrath"?

The bulging muscles and swollen veins of the figure

Leonardo's style fully emerges in the cartoon, Virgin and Child with Saint Anne and the Infant Saint

The cartoon is ordered with pictorial logic and visual unity.

In the 17th century the clergy rejected the central plans Bramante designed for St. Peter's during the Renaissance. Paul V commissioned Maderno to add three Nave bias to the nucleus of the basilica. Which of the following is the primary rationale for the rejection of Bramante's central plans?

The central plans are associated with pagan Buildings

Bernini's Baldacchino serves both functional and symbolic purposed. it provides a dramatic and compelling visual presentation for the interior of St. Peter's. Which of the following is also one of the symbolic purposes of the Baldacchino

The columns invoke the past

Which of the following were among the most important concerns of philosophers, scientists, and artists of the baroque period

The depiction of space, motion, and time

Muybridge used his device, the zoopraxiscope to project a series of images. Based on the motion studies he performed. Muybridge proved that the brain holds what of a second after the eye stops seeing it. The illusion of motion was created. Which of the following was also created as a result of the illusion of motion?

The illusion of continuous change

Briefly describe Realism in the United States

The notion of depicting the realities of modern life resonated well in the United States. Artists provided significant commentary on the Civil War and the subsequent aftermath. They portrayed American scientific advancements and medical understanding. The artists detailed real families in portraiture and ennobled otherwise disenfranchised groups. The American artists readily accepted the tenets of Realism.

Bernini's statue of David differs from previous generations of this depiction. His David seems to be moving through time and space. Which of the following would support this description?

The pivoting motion of the figure implies the movement through space and time.

How did Michelangelo's David become a political statement?

The placement of figure near the west door of the Palazzo della Signoria

In Rembrandt's Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Tulp, he has clustered the participants on the left side and has placed Dr. Tulp on the right side with the diagonally placed foreshortened corpse disrupting the strict horizontal, planar orientation.

The subjects were placed evenly across the canvas

A leading advocate of the Enlightenment in France was which of the following?

Voltaire

which of the following artists had firsthand knowledge and experience of the American Civil war?

Winslow Homer

How has Michelangelo portrayed David?

With stern watchfulness before the battle

la Madeleine in Paris was intended for which of the following purposes?

a Temple of glory for Napoleon's Armies.

In Leonardo's Last Supper, the curved pediment above the head of Christ represents which of the following?

a halo

In 1401 an important competition was held to determine the design of the Baptistery doors for the Cathedral of Florence. Even at this early date Renaissance traits were evident. Which of the following is one of those traits?

a new pictorial illusionism

In Masaccio's Trinity, the vanishing point can be found at which of the following?

at the foot of the cross

Vermeer was known to have used which of the following tools?

camera obscura

The Return from Cythera represents a group of lovers preparing to depart from the island of eternal youth. Watteau emphasized that elegance and grace using which of the following?

color

The roman catholic response to the reformation was formulated at which of the following

council of trent

At the turn of the century, the French Academy was divided rather sharply between two doctrines. One taught that form was the most important element in the painting and the other taught that color was the most important element. Which doctrine did the Rococo artist follow?

doctrine of color

In Leonardo's Last Supper, the numerous preparatory sketches and studies he made for the work indicate how carefully he thought about this work as a complete entity representing the entire story and its theme. Based on this which of the following would describe Leonardo's conceptualization of the figures from his Last Supper?

each figure was individualized

The French viewing public were greatly horrified b Manet's "Olympia not only because of the portrayal of a naked prostitute as a work of art but also due to which of the following.

her look of cool indifference and shamelessness

Why is Saint Anthony prominently featured in the Isenheim Altarpiece?

his association with diseases and miraculous cures

In contrast to Caravaggio's Conversion of St. Paul, Rembrandt's Return of the Prodigal Son can be said to be which of the following

it was not opulent

What did Thomas Eakins Believe was a prerequisite for his art?

knowledge

In Grünewald's Isenheim Altarpiece, the artist has used specific references, saints and symbols to depict pain, suffering, and salvation and redemption. Which of the following symbols can be interpreted to mean the Son of God?

lamb

Which of the following describes the style of Fra Angelico?

simple and direct

Spain in the sixteenth century supported which of the following? the

the Counter-Reformation

How did Georges de la Tour eliminated dogmatic significance and traditional iconographic meaning in his Adoration of the Shepherds

the absence of halos

The Sistine ceiling represents which of the following themes?

the chronology of Christianity

In the scene, Creation of Adam, from the Sistine Chapel ceiling God and Adam confront each other in the primordial void. Adam is part of the earth while the Lord transcends the earth. Which of the following interpretations best describes this depiction?

the humanist interpretation of the event

Knight, Death, and the Devil is a metaphor for which of the following?

the knight as a soldier of God

Ghiberti's competitive panel for the Baptistery doors of the Florence Cathedral shows classical references that reflect influences of humanism. Which of the following is a classical reference seen on Ghiberti's panel?

the names figure of isaac

In the Money Changer and His Wife by Quentin Massys, the artist has given us an image of a professional man transacting business. Massys has provided insight into which of the following?

the secular life of the Netherlands

Giotto's Enthroned Madonna reflected the new trend toward naturalism and classical modeling of the figures. Which of the following describes this new trend?

the virgin is solid and has mass

During the 17th century the worldwide market place was rapidly changing. By establishing a system that allowed merchant firms to hold money on account, traders no longer had to carry precious metals as a form of payment for trade goods. Which of the following describes this new system?

transfer banking

In Courbet's The Stonebreakers it has been said that he reveals to the viewer the drudgery of manual labor. What technique did he use to convey this message

use of a palette of dirty browns and greys

Donatello was commissioned to create five statues for the bell tower (Campanile) of Florence Cathedral. How did he design these figures in relation to the height factor?

with subtly calculated distortions