Art History Quiz #3
Margherita Sarfatti
- friend of Boccioni - he depicted her many times - advisor to Mussolini
Balla, Dynamism of Boccioni's Fist, 1914
- he does furniture - he does toy design - bright colors - he does sculpture, and painting
Marinetti, "The Founding and Manifesto of Futurism", Le Figaro, Paris, 1909
- his call to action - published in the daily Parisian newspaper (Le Figaro) - first time that lots of people will read this - February 1909 - * Russolo, Carrà, Marinetti, Boccioni, Severini* (*Giacomo Balla is missing here, teacher of them all*)
Balla, Anti Neutral Suit, 1914
- his fashion design - bright color - did not want Italy to remain neutral in WWI - Manifesto of the Anti-Neutral Suit, 1913 - *first time fashion had ever been considered art*
Van Doesburg, Heroic Movement, 1916
- his ode to Kandinsky
Boccioni, Materia, 1912
- image of his mother (as a solid material mass) - playing on matter, mother, material
Assemblage
- incorporating everyday objects into the composition - *3D*
Collage
- incorporating paper - *2D*
Balla, Flight of the Swallows, 1913
- innovations of human photography, and what they permit art to become - looking to movement photography
Marcel Duchamp, Nude Descending a Staircase, 1912
- inspiration from the movement photography
Balla, Street Lamp, 1910-1911
- literal futurist subject
John Richardson
- most important biographer of Picasso
Luigi Russolo
- musical pioneer and painter - influenced by Theosophy - *Author of the "Art of Noises", 1913, and one of the first "Noise Artists"* - invented *intonarumori*
Alexander Rodchenko
- painter, graphic designer, and photographer - influenced by Malevich, by Cubism and Futurism, and by Dada photomontage - Kazan Art School (in Moscow) - *Productivism- offshoot of Constructivism negating Naum Gabo's devotion to abstract space in favor of furniture, textiles, ceramics, typography, advertising, etc.*
Varvara Stepanova
- peasant origins - Kazan art school (in Moscow) - textile designer at First State Textile Factory in Moscow - *Professor of Textile Design in 1924*
Theo van Doesburg
- pseudonym for Christian Küpper - *founder and leading ambassador or promoter of De Stijl* - influenced by Van Gogh and Kandinsky - countered Neoplasticism with Elementarism
Rodchenko, Pure Red Color, Pure Yellow Color, Pure Blue Color, 1921
- reduced painting to its logical conclusion - *"The Death of Painting"* - basic colors: every plane is a plane
Cubism
- revolutionary approach to representing reality - invented around *1907-1908* - *Picasso and Braque* - fragmented, abstracted - originally a derogatory term coined by *Louis Vauxcelles* - positively reappropriated by *Guilliame Apollinaire* - inspired by *Cezanne* - *"truth to materials"*, visual language - 2 stages: *analytic and synthetic*
Severini, Armored Train, 1915
- ribbits and the steel depicted - tank like structure with the gun
Pablo Picasso
- spanish emigre - cubism - favorite subjects: himself, circus/theatre, bull fights
Malevich, Victory Over The Sun, 1913
- stage and costume designs - *his first experiment with Suprematism*
El Lissitzky, Beat the White with the Red Wedge, 1919
- start to move into a different application of these abstract interests - nonobjectizism
Picasso, Dora Maar au Chat, 1941
- surrealist photographer - black cat
Neoplasticism
- term coined by Piet Mondrian - more so applied to painting - different from De Stijl, because it is only the one medium... not the whole thing
Collage
artistic composition of materials pasted over a surface; an assemblage of diverse elements
Rodchenko, Gosizdat Poster, 1924
- "books!" - *Lilya Brik* - some of the first advertisements
Futurist Serate
- "futurist evenings": trying to piss regular society off - not just an art movement, a movement of the times in general - *art is life, life is art*
Boccioni, Technical Manifesto of Futurist Scuplture, 1912
- *"sculpture should give life to objects by rendering their extension into space palpable, systematic, and plastic"* - *"the sculptor can use 20 different materials, or even more, in a single work, provided that..."*
Malevich, Black Square, 1915
- *"zero point in painting"* - *0.10 Exhibition in Petrograd inaugurated Suprematism* - *the birth of the monochrome*
Suprematism
- *1913-1924* - a movement spearheaded by *Kazimir Malevich* based on the "supremacy of pure artistic feeling" achieved formally through abstract geometries and limited colors - *utopian and anti-materialist*
Zatkova, Portrait of F.T. Marinetti, 1920
- *3 versions* - *most iconic portrait of the founder*
FuturBalla (Giacomo Balla)
- *Author of "The Futurist Reconstruction of the Universe, 1915* - divisionist painter turned futurist in 1913 - teacher of Boccioni, Severini, Sironi, and Benedetta at the Casa Balla - signatory of the Futurist Manifesto
Picasso, La Vile, 1903
- *Casegemas* (his friend who committed suicide) - *the blue period* - reference to Van Gogh
Natalia Goncharova, Cyclist, 1913
- *Cubo-Futurism*
Picasso, Portrait of Ambroise Vollard, 1910
- *analytic cubism*
Picasso, Still Life With Chair Caning, 1912
- *assemblage* - *synthetic cubism*
Gino Severini
- *born in Cortona* - *experienced "return to order" after the war - lived between paris and rome - pairs school - signatory of the Futurist Manifesto - painter and mosaicist
F.T. Marinetti
- *founder of futurism* - *author of Marfarka the Futurist, 1909* - *inventor of "parolibera" or "Words in Freedom"* - born in Alexandria, and raised in Paris - bilingual potet, novelist, and cultural theorist - author of multiple manifestos - *"We declare... a new beauty, the beauty of speed. A racing motor car... is more beautiful than the Victory of Samothrace"* - ran on political ticket with Mussolini in 1919 - identified himself with the number 11 and the color red
Vladimir Tatlin, Monument to the Third International, 1919-1920
- *radio tower, information center, conference center, symbol* - symbol of Russia's modernity - never built, Russia was too poor at the time (was supposed to be 3X bigger than the Eiffel Tower) - "made of steel, glass, and revolution" -- Victor Shklovsky
Picasso, Family of Saltimbanques, 1905
- *rose period* - *cirque médrano* - *saltimbanques* --> wealthy circus family
Stepanova, Working Clothing, 1920's
- *unisex*
Stepanova, Sportswear, 1923
- *unisex* (all of her designs for both sportswear and workwear) - practical, simple, utilitarian, basic geometric shapes - 150 fabric designs in 1924 alone
Parolibera
- *words in freedom* - you forgo all of the grammatical restrictions on words and on language, and set words free - how can you have words associated with images - Marinetti's most influential contribution as a writer and as a poet
Picasso, Francois, Claude, and Paloma, 1954
- 2 children with her, illegitimate - took children when she left Picasso
Picasso, Jacqueline Roque with Flowers, 1954
- 2nd wife - no children - "the dragon" --> protected Picasso
Picasso, Portrait of Gertrude Stein, 1905-1906
- 80-90 sittings - important in the emergence of cubism - an American art collector in Paris (with her husband)
Synthetic Cubism
- A later phase of Cubism, in which paintings and drawings were constructed from objects and shapes cut from paper or other materials to represent parts of a subject, in order to engage the viewer with pictorial issues, such as figuration, realism, and abstraction - adding textures/patterns - experimenting with collage
Futurist Artists
- Balla - Severini - Boccioni - Russolo - Benedetta - Zatkova
De Stijl
- Dutch publication of a movement of pure abstraction founded in 1917 - used only horizontal and vertical lines, black and white, and the primary colors - literally means "the style" - *Theo Van Doesburg - Piet Mondrian* -Bart van der Leck - JJP Oud - Gerrit Rietveld
Van Doesburg, Counter Composition V, 1924
- Elementarism - the diagonal
Russian Revolution 1917
- February Revolution - Abdication of Tsar Nicolas II - *October Revolution (Red October)* -- rise of *Bolsheviks* under Lenin - March 1918- Russian participation in "imperialist" WWI, ended by Bolsheviks - Russia is not industrializing, people are getting hungry, and WWI caused a lot of problems - Civil War between *Red Army* and "Whites" (1917-1922) - Foundation of the Soviet Union
New York Armory Show 1913
- Futurists were a NO SHOW
Russian Avant-Garde
- Kasimir Malevich - Vladimir Tatlin - Alexander Rodchenko - Varvara Stepanova
Picasso, Girl in Chemise, 1904-1905
- Madeline
Picasso, A Dream, 1932
- Marie Therese Walter - mother of Maya - associated with his surrealist style
Kasimir Malevich
- former member of the Blue Rider - *founder of Suprematism* - initially celebrated by Trotsky faction and held key teaching posts - banned from making art and imprisoned after Stalin rose to power in 1924
Gerrit Rietveld, Rietveld Schröder House, 1924
- a house with no walls -- only true De Stijl piece of architecture
Manifesto
- a published verbal declaration of the intentions, motives, or views of the issuer, be it an individual, group, political party, or government
Chronophotography
- a term coined by *Étienne-Jules Marey* as a set of photographs of a moving object, taken for the purpose of recording and exhibiting successive phases of motion. (a means to study motion)
Piet Mondrain
- academy of fine art in Amsterdam - member of the theosophical society in 1908 - paris school 1911-1914 and after the war from 1918-1938 - author of "The New Plastic in Painting, 1917"
Mondrian, Broadway Boogie Woogie, 1942
- action, but still squares verticals, and horizontals, but has a lot of color, not as much black anymore
Marie Laurencin, Apollinaire and his Friends, 1909
- all of the cubists, they're close friends
Futurism
- an Italian art movement of the early 20th century that aimed to capture in art the dynamism and energy of the modern world - launched in 1909 - *"their fascination with and exploitation of mass media and anticipated and influenced advertising in the 20th century"*
Constructivism
- an austere branch of abstract art and architecture founded by Vladimir Tatlin and Alexander Rodchenko that emerged in Russia after 1913 - rejected the idea of autonomous art (art for art's sake) in favor of utilitarian notions - *functional, practical, utilitarian, and materialist*
Braque, Violin and Palette, 1909
- analytic cubism example - taking out color/complications and trying to understand structure - *detail to Alberthi's window --> nail to create that 3D aspect*
Severini, Industrial Age, 1964
- assemblage
Umberto Boccioni
- born in Reggio-Calabria - *foremost painter and sculptor of Futurism* - Divisionist turned Futurist - Signatory of the Futurist Manifesto - Influenced by Theosophy - Died at 34 - *"the sectioning of the object and the fantastic variety of aspects a violin, a guitar, a glass can assume in his picture astonish us, just like the scientific enumeration of the components of an object that, out of ignorance or by tradition we had thought of until now as a unified whole. This was a fateful discovery, one necessary to art. It is the valuable outcome of a refined work but is not yet emotion... it is the scientific analysis that studies life in a cadaver" -- Boccioni's response to Picasso*
Benedetta Marinetti (Benedetta)
- born in Rome - artist and author of 3 novels - studied with Balla - married Marinetti in 1923 - 3 children (3 daughters) - *commissioned for major public works project by regime* - *Guardian of the Futurist legacy until 1977* - futurist woman artist
Étienne-Jules Marey
- chronophotography
Picasso, Musicians, 1921
- circus and commedia dell'Arte
Georges Braque
- co developed cubism - first to develop *papier collé technique* (unity of materials and style)
Severini, Blue Dancer, 1912
- dancer/s: theme that is most beloved by severini - sequins that have been applied to the surface
Balla, Pessimism and Optimism, 1923
- depicting through abstract forms - "thoughts are things"
Benedetta, Synthesis of Communication, 1934
- diptych and a triptych
Balla, Bankruptcy, 1902
- divisionist sensibility (or neo-impressionist)
Severini, Maternity, 1916
- dramatic return to order - the war for him was combined with the death of his wife - looks like (and is supposed to look like) a Madonna and Child - will not go back to the extreme abstraction
5x5 = 25 Exhibition, Sept-Oct 1921
- exhibition - *"The Death of Painting"* - Ekster - Popova -Rodchenko - Stepanova - Vesin (3 women and 2 men)
Rouge Zatkova
- female futurist - very interested in abstraction/abstract art - Czech - Married to Russian diplomat - emigre to Rome/Milan - died of tuberculosis at 38 - Present at the Casa Rossa in Milan and Casa Balla in Rome
Edweard Muybridge (aka Helios)
- filmmaker, photographer, inventor - photography of moving animals captured movement in a way that had never been done before. His work was used by both scientists and artists.
Guillaume Apollinaire, The Cubist Painters, 1913
- first theories on cubism - who the cubist painters are - what they're trying to do - *"achieved almost unaided" (on Picasso)*
Picasso, Olga in the Armchair, 1918
- first wife - mother of Paulo (Picasso's only legitimate child) - ballet dancer, gave up career to marry Picasso - neoclassical period of his styles
Force Lines
- formal term that is added -
The Monochrome
- the _________ was in practical terms simply an index of the technical support of easel painting, the frame and stretched canvas, the basic constituent component of painting itself as quadrilateral object to be mounted on a wall - symbol of life or death
Analytic Cubism
- the early phase of cubism, chiefly characterized by a pronounced use of geometric shapes and by a tendency toward a monochromatic use of color - *fragmentary appearance*
Boccioni, States of Mind, 1911
- triptych - The Farewells - Those Who Stay - Those Who Go
Mondrian, Composition N. 1 with Red and Blue, 1931
- trying to create a harmony of boxes - red is not blue, but it can be balanced with blue
Mondrian, Pier and Ocean, 1915
- trying to take the pier and ocean and deconstruct it into vertical and horizontal lines - breaking up the figure
Severini, The Boulevard, 1911
- urban life - society painting
Italian Futurism
1909-1944
