Art HistoryMidterm

Proto-Cubism (also referred to as Protocubism, Pre-Cubism or Early Cubism) is an intermediary transition phase in the history of art chronologically extending from 1906 to 1910. Demoiselles is an example

Proto-Cubism

a style of abstract art that depicted spatial forms which were obtained arising from the intersection of the reflected rays of various objects, and forms chosen by the artist's will, the overall compositions resembling splintered glass. co-founded by natalia goncharova

Rayonism

Readymade. The term readymade was first used by French artist Marcel Duchamp to describe the works of art he made from manufactured objects. It has since often been applied more generally to artworks by other artists made in this way.

Ready Made

That year marked the culmination of Analytic Cubism in the work of Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque as well as the maturation of Fernand Léger's idiosyncratic Cubist style, as manifested in his lively painting The Smokers. All three artists were inspired by Paul Cézanne in their quest for a means by which to accurately describe three-dimensional objects on a two-dimensional canvas. By breaking the represented figures or items into series of splintered planes and rendering them against—or within—a similarly faceted background, they created an entirely integrated space in which field and object interpenetrate one another.

1912

Analytical Cubism is the second period of the Cubism art movement that ran from 1910 to 1912. It was led by the "Gallery Cubists" Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque. This form of Cubism analyzed the use of rudimentary shapes and overlapping planes to depict the separate forms of the subjects in a painting

Analytic Cubism

As applied to art, avant-garde means art that is innovatory, introducing or exploring new forms or subject matter

Avant-garde

Chiaroscuro, the traditional technique of light and shadow used to create the illusion of three-dimensionality within the two-dimensional reality of the picture plane. Chiaroscuro, in art, is the use of strong contrasts between light and dark, usually bold contrasts affecting a whole composition.

Chiaroscuro

Collage describes both the technique and the resulting work of art in which pieces of paper, photographs, fabric and other ephemera are arranged and stuck down onto a supporting surface

Collage

Constructivism was an artistic and architectural philosophy that originated in Russia beginning in 1913 by Vladimir Tatlin. This was a rejection of the idea of autonomous art. He wanted 'to construct' art. The movement was in favour of art as a practice for social purposes. to serve modern society for social purposes. Aleksei Gan penned a manifesto that began with words in glaring uppercase: "WE DECLARE UNCOMPROMISING WAR ON ART!" V russian, v aligned with communism

Constructivism

Relief is a sculptural technique where the sculpted elements remain attached to a solid background of the same material. The term relief is from the Latin verb relevo, to raise. To create a sculpture in relief is to give the impression that the sculpted material has been raised above the background plane.

Counter Relief

Dadaism is an artistic movement in modern art that started around World War I. Its purpose was to ridicule the meaninglessness of the modern world. Its peak was 1916 to 1922, and it influenced surrealism, pop art, and punk rock. It went against the standards of society. Duchamp, Man Ray. Even the name is menaingless

Dada

German Expressionism, Der Blaue Reiter began in Munich as an abstract counterpart to Die Brücke's distorted figurative style. While both confronted feelings of alienation within an increasingly modernizing world, Der Blaue Reiter sought to transcend the mundane by pursuing the spiritual value of art. Wassily Kandinsky and Franz Marc were the theoretical centers of the group. International group, german, austrian, etc. Though Der Blaue Reiter had no official manifesto, Kandinsky's treatise Concerning the Spiritual in Art (1910) laid out several of its guiding principles. Concerning the Spiritual crystallized the group's pursuit of non-objective or abstract painting and was widely read in avant-garde artistic circles across Europe and beyond. Der Blaue Reiter painting was structured around an idea that color and form carried concrete spiritual values. they explored music as the abstract art par excellence, lacking as it does a tangible or figurative manifestation. This also led them to explore notions of synesthesia, the crossing or "union" of the senses in perceiving color, sound, and other stimuli.

Der Blaue Reiter

(The Bridge) Second wave of German Expressionism. Kirchner, Erich Heckel. Revolted against academic impressionism. Interest in african art/masks. Spiritual vigor, primitive, spontaneous. The German Expressionists soon developed a style notable for its harshness, boldness, and visual intensity. They used jagged, distorted lines; crude, rapid brushwork; and jarring colours to depict urban street scenes and other contemporary subjects in crowded, agitated compositions notable for their instability and their emotionally charged atmosphere.

Die Brucke

artistic style in which the artist seeks to depict not objective reality but rather the subjective emotions and responses that objects and events arouse within a person. The artist accomplishes this aim through distortion, exaggeration, primitivism, and fantasy and through the vivid, jarring, violent, or dynamic application of formal elements. Munch in first wave, Die Brucke (the bridge) in second wave: Kirchner, Erich Heckel. Revolt against acedemic impressionism.

Expressionism

a style of painting with vivid expressionistic and nonnaturalistic use of color that flourished in Paris from 1905 and, although short-lived, had an important influence on subsequent artists, especially the German expressionists. Matisse was regarded as the movement's leading figure. Georges Seurat, and Paul Cézanne. The Fauves ("wild beasts") were a loosely allied group of French painters with shared interests. Matisse emerged as the leader of the group, whose members shared the use of intense color as a vehicle for describing light and space, and who redefined pure color and form as means of communicating the artist's emotional state. In these regards, Fauvism proved to be an important precursor to Cubism and Expressionism as well as a touchstone for future modes of abstraction. One of Fauvism's major contributions to modern art was its radical goal of separating color from its descriptive, representational purpose and allowing it to exist on the canvas as an independent element. Color could project a mood and establish a structure within the work of art without having to be true to the natural world. Another of Fauvism's central artistic concerns was the overall balance of the composition. The Fauves' simplified forms and saturated colors drew attention to the inherent flatness of the canvas or paper; within that pictorial space, each element played a specific role. The immediate visual impression of the work is to be strong and unified. Inidivualistic expression.

Fauvism

Futurism was an Italian art movement of the early twentieth century that aimed to capture in art the dynamism and energy of the modern world. launched by the Italian poet Filippo Tommaso Marinetti in 1909. On 20 February he published his Manifesto of Futurism on the front page of the Paris newspaper Le Figaro. Marinetti asserted that 'we will free Italy from her innumerable museums which cover her like countless cemeteries'. What the futurists proposed instead was an art that celebrated the modern world of industry and technology:dynamism, the energy and movement, of modern life. Chief artists associated with futurism were Giacomo Balla, Umberto Boccioni, Gino Severini.

Futurism

the global movement in society and culture (early twentieth century) sought a new alignment with the experience and values of modern industrial life. Used new imagery, materials and techniques to create artworks that they felt better reflected the realities and hopes of modern societies. "Modernism used art to call attention to art." -Clement Greenberg

Modernism

also called divisionism, the practice of applying small strokes or dots of colour to a surface so that from a distance they visually blend together. Georges Seraut.

Pointilism

Term invented by artist Robert Delaunay to describe the abstract painting developed by him and his wife Sonia Delaunay from about 1910. On the law of the simultaneous contrast of colours) was published in Paris in 1839. Chevreul identified the phenomenon of colours looking different depending on the colours around them. (Delaunay used complementary colors to denote movement, emotion). "Orphism" by the poet and critic Apollinaire.

Simultanism

they (the blue rider) explored music as the abstract art par excellence, lacking as it does a tangible or figurative manifestation. This also led them to explore notions of synesthesia, the crossing or "union" of the senses in perceiving color, sound, and other stimuli.

Synesthesia

In Synthetic Cubism, the subject is reduced to simple shapes that are built upon each other - literally. Synthetic Cubism wasn't limited to painting but also included collage. lasted from 1912 until 1914. characteristics like simple shapes, bright colors, and little to no depth

Synthetic Cubism

Began in 1897, key figures: Klimt, Olbrich, Hoffman. Provided in large part the visual representations of the new intellectual and cultural flowering of Vienna around 1900, in fields as diverse as medicine, music, and philosophy. Artistically defiant, paintings, murals, architecture. Lasted until 1905. Ver Sacrum was their journal.

Vienna Secession

Vorticism was essentially the British equivalent to futurism, but Wyndham Lewis the founder of the vorticists was deeply hostile to the futurists.

Vortism